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ISBN 978-1-60533-205-5
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Exploring Mechanisms Table of Contents
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt vii
Introduction .................................................................................................................1
Introduction to Mechanical Power ............................................................................3To-Do List ..............................................................................................................3Study Guide ...........................................................................................................4
The Inclined Plane and Wedge ..................................................................................6To-Do List ..............................................................................................................6Study Guide ...........................................................................................................7Data Sheet: Inclined Plane ....................................................................................9
The Lever...................................................................................................................10To-Do List ............................................................................................................10Study Guide .........................................................................................................11Data Sheet: First-Class Lever ..............................................................................12
Types of Levers ........................................................................................................13To-Do List ............................................................................................................13Study Guide .........................................................................................................14Data Sheet: Second-Class Lever .........................................................................15Data Sheet: Third-Class Lever .............................................................................16Impacts Video Response: Construction on the Environment ...............................17
The Wheel and Axle ..................................................................................................18To-Do List ............................................................................................................18Study Guide .........................................................................................................19Data Sheet: Wheel and Axle ................................................................................20
The Pulley..................................................................................................................21To-Do List ............................................................................................................21Study Guide .........................................................................................................22Data Sheet: Pulley ...............................................................................................23
The Screw and the Gear...........................................................................................24To-Do List ............................................................................................................24Study Guide .........................................................................................................25Data Sheet: Screw ...............................................................................................28Data Sheet: Gear Train ........................................................................................29
Energy .......................................................................................................................30To-Do List ............................................................................................................30Study Guide .........................................................................................................31Data Sheet: Potential Energy ...............................................................................33Data Sheet: Kinetic Energy ..................................................................................34Data Sheet: Spring Energy ..................................................................................35
Friction ......................................................................................................................36To-Do List ............................................................................................................36Study Guide .........................................................................................................37Data Sheet: Sliding Friction .................................................................................38Data Sheet: Comparative Friction ........................................................................39
Table of Contents Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide
viii Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
The Friction-Belt Drive .............................................................................................40To-Do List ............................................................................................................40Study Guide .........................................................................................................41Data Sheet: Friction-Belt Drive ............................................................................43
Torque ........................................................................................................................44To-Do List ............................................................................................................44Study Guide .........................................................................................................45Data Sheet: Torque ..............................................................................................46
Conservation of Energy/Careers.............................................................................47To-Do List ............................................................................................................47Study Guide .........................................................................................................48Data Sheet: Energy Conservation .......................................................................49
Appendices ...............................................................................................................51Independent Study
Project Proposal ...............................................................................................53Topic Outline ....................................................................................................54Bibliography .....................................................................................................55Activities ...........................................................................................................56Drawings ..........................................................................................................57
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 1
Introduction
IntroductionThis Student Guide is organized by unit. In each unit you may find:
Unit Objectives• New Terms and Words• To-Do List• Study Guide• Data sheets (worksheets)• Video response sheets•
The Unit Objectives are a summary of what you can expect to learn in the unit.
New Terms and Words provide the definitions for words you may not be familiar with. If you come across any other words you do not understand, look them up in a dictionary, write the definitions, and add them to your Student Guide. Understanding vocabulary is the biggest key to understanding any information.
The To-Do List helps you keep track of all the work you do.
The Study Guide will help you to take notes as you read the unit. You can use this to study for the unit test. You can use all of the unit Study Guides to study for the course test.
Data sheets or worksheets provide space to record information or answer questions about activities. Some also give you a place to write down the details of your projects.
Video response sheets are worksheets that go with the videos you will watch. After you watch a video, answer the questions on the video response sheet.
You can save any other work you do for this course in this guide.
Use the Student Guide to study what you have learned. Your teacher may also ask to collect your work for a grade.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 3
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Introduction to Mechanical Power
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
consider and define force, work, and energy.•examine mechanical advantage.•review the Timeline and complete the Timeline Activity.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Timeline Activity
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordsfoot-pounds—a unit of measure for work or energy.joule (J)—a unit of work or energy, approximately 0.7375 foot-pounds.physics—the science of matter and motion.
????
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide4 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Study Guide
Introduction to Mechanical Power
ForceI.
Force is the A. that can cause an object to change its
and .
The force that attracts objects toward Earth’s center is called B. .
The weight of an object is the force of 1. acting in the object.
Weight is equal to the product of 2. times the
due to gravity.
WorkII.
Work is the A. of energy from one system to another.
Mechanical work is equal to the B. applied to an object times the
the object moves.
Work is measured in C. or in .
EnergyIII.
Energy is defined as the A. to do work.
An object in motion has 1. .
An object that could do work due to its position is said to have 2.
.
The energy of heat is called 3. .
Energy is measured in B. in Imperial Units and
or in the International
System of Units.
Mechanical Advantage (MA)IV.
Mechanical advantage measures the A. provided by the use of
machines.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 5
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
The basic definition of MA is the ratio of the B. divided
by the .
MA trades C. for .
Use of a machine with D. MA
It does not change the amount of 1. done.
It does not change the 2. required to do the work.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide6 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
The Inclined Plane and Wedge
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
investigate the inclined plane.•demonstrate how an inclined plane works.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Inclined Plane
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordsfriction—a rubbing of one object against another; resistance to motion of surfaces that touch.
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer RulerTwo textbooks or blocks of wood with similar dimensions (not supplied)
????
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 7
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
The Inclined Plane and Wedge
The Inclined PlaneI.
An inclined plane is a A. set at an intended
to reduce the required to move an object to a
level.
The inclined plane trades B. for
.
A common application is the C. ; examples include:
load a 1. .
2. a building.
Mechanical Advantage:D.
All inclined planes have a 1. distance that
creates a angle with the ground.
The profile of a ramp is a geometrical 2. .
The longest leg of the ramp is called the 3. .
The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the 4. divided
by the .
Effect of FrictionE.
The mechanical advantage calculation as a 1. of distances
account for the effect of friction.
The effect of friction can be included by dividing the 2.
forces by the .
The WedgeII.
The wedge is, in effect, a A. inclined plane.
Examples of wedges include: B. and .
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide8 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
The mechanical advantage of the wedge is given by the ratio of the C.
divided by the .
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 9
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Inclined Plane
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
3 Length of Ramp
3 Height of Upper Ramp Structure
4 Weight of Wooden Block Hanging Freely
5 Force Needed to Pull Wooden Block up the Ramp
6 Mechanical Advantage (Length/Height)
7 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/Input Force)
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide10 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
The Lever
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
explore the lever, another type of simple machine.•perform an activity that demonstrates how a lever works.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: First-Class Lever
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordsfulcrum—Latin word for “support.”load—any object or resistance, including friction, that a machine must move.
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer Ruler
????
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 11
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
The Lever
The LeverI.
A lever is any tool that rests or rotates on a A. , called
the .
A lever changes the B. and of a force
or movement.
Examples of levers include: a C. , a ,
etc.
The lever D. at the fulcrum, it does not move
.
Levers are used to E. the force needed to raise a
.
The Lever LawF.
The product of the 1. at one side of the fulcrum
is to the product of the force and distance at the other side.
When the lever law is satisfied, the lever is said to be 2. .
In this lever, the fulcrum is located G. the applied input force
and the load, or output force.
In first-class levers, the input force and the load always move in H.
directions.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide12 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: First-Class Lever
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
5 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Second Hole (Spring Scale Side)
5 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Second Hole (Weight Side)
6 Force Needed to Balance the Load
7 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
7 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/Input Force)
8 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Farthest Hole on Left Side
10 Force Needed to Balance the Load
11 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
12 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/Input Force)
13 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Nearest Hole on Left Side
15 Force Needed to Balance the Load
16 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
17 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/Input Force)
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 13
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Types of Levers
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
explore the different types of levers.•demonstrate how the different levers work.•determine the mechanical advantage of the different types of levers.•view the Impacts Video and complete the video response worksheet.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Second-Class Lever
F Data Sheet: Third-Class Lever
F Impact Video Response: Construction on the Environment
F Unit Test
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide14 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Study Guide
Types of Levers
Types of levers:I.
First-Class LeverA.
The fulcrum is 1. the input force and the load.
The input and the output forces (or load) move in 2.
directions.
Examples include: 3. , ,
etc.
Its mechanical advantage can be 4. than one.
When it is greater than one, a. force is traded for
distance.
When it is less than one, b. force is traded for
distance.
Second-Class LeversB.
The output force (or load) is 1. the input force and the fulcrum.
2. input force and output force move in direction.
Examples include: 3. ,
, etc.
Its mechanical advantage is 4. than one.
Third-Class LeversC.
The 1. is applied between the fulcrum and .
Both input force and output force move 2. direction.
The amount of work is traded for 3. and .
Examples include: 4. , , etc.
Its mechanical advantage is always 5. to one.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 15
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Second-Class Lever
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
4 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Nearest Hole
4 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Further Hole
5 Force Needed to Balance the Beam
8 Force Needed to Balance the Weight
9 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
10 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/(Input Force – Beam Weight))
11 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Fourth Hole to the Right
14 Force Needed to Balance the Weight
15 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
16 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/(Input Force – Beam Weight))
15 Force Needed to Balance the Load
16 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
17 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/Input Force)
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide16 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Third-Class Lever
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
2 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Fourth Hole
3 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Farthest Hole
4 Force Needed to Balance the Beam
7 Force Needed to Balance the Weight
8 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
9 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/(Input Force – Beam Weight))
10 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Seventh Hole
11 Force Needed to Balance the Beam
14 Force Needed to Balance the Load
15 Mechanical Advantage (Input Distance/Output Distance)
16 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/(Input Force – Beam Weight))
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 17
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Impacts Video Response: Construction on the Environment
Why focus on the construction industry when studying simple machines?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is an important item to consider when planning a new construction project?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
How do machines used affect the environment?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is the impact of the materials used for construction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is an immediate impact of any construction on the environment?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What construction environmental impacts may be temporary?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is a long-term impact of construction?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What other industries are impacted by construction projects?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What are common health issues?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide18 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
The Wheel and Axle
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
examine the principles of the wheel and the axle.•explore how a wheel and axle work.•determine the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Wheel and Axle
F Unit Test
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 19
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
The Wheel and Axle
Wheel and AxleI.
The wheel and axle is a special case of a A. , a .
The center line passing through both wheel and axle is the 1. .
Input work done in turning the wheel passes to the 2. ; which in turn performs
the .
A common example is the automobile’s 3. .
Mechanical Advantage (MA)B.
MA is determined by the 1. of the wheel and axle.
The mechanical advantage is given by the ratio of the 2.
divided by the .
The bigger the 3. , the less force is needed to turn the
.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide20 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Wheel and Axle
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
10 Weight of 1-Pound Weight
10 Average Weight Using the Crank Wheel
11 Mechanical Advantage (Output Force/Input Force)
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 21
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
The Pulley
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
examine the pulley.•demonstrate how the pulley works.•determine the mechanical advantage of a pulley.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Pulley
F Unit Test
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide22 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Study Guide
The Pulley
The PulleyI.
A pulley is a wheel that A. freely.
There are two types of pulleys: B. and .
Fixed Pulleys1.
This type of pulley cannot move a. , it can only rotate.
This pulley provides only change in b. of the force.
It does not c. either the force or distance.
It operates like a d. lever.
Its mechanical advantage is e. .
An example of a fixed pulley is a f. .
Movable Pulleys2.
This type of pulley can move a. , in addition to
.
It operates like a second-class lever, trading b. force for
distance.
The fulcrum is at the c. of the pulley.
The mechanical advantage of a single movable pulley is d. , given by the
ratio of the pulley divided by its .
Multiple PulleysC.
Multiple pulley systems always involve both 1. and
pulleys.
A common example is the 2. pulley system.
The mechanical advantage of a multiple pulley system is given by the number of 3.
supporting the load.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 23
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Pulley
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
6 Single Fixed Pulley: Force Needed to Hold the Weight
13 Single Movable Pulley: Force Needed to Hold the Weight
14 Block and Tackle: Force Needed to Hold the Weight
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide24 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
The Screw and the Gear
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
examine the screw.•demonstrate how a screw works.•determine the mechanical advantage of the screw.•explore the gear and the gear train.•demonstrate the operation of a basic gear train.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Screw
F Data Sheet: Gear Train
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordsdifferential—the arrangement of gears in an automobile axle that allows one of the rear wheels to turn faster that the other in going around a corner or curve.odometer—a device that measures distance by counting the revolutions of the car’s wheels.
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer
????
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 25
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
The Screw and the Gear
The ScrewI.
The screw is basically an A. wrapped around an
imaginary .
The screw trades B. for .
The screw requires many C. to advance the thread a
.
A nut moves along a bolt with much D. force than the
applied.
Examples of screws include: E. ,
, , etc.
The GearII.
A gear is basically a A. with teeth.
Gears transmit power to other gears by interconnecting their B. .
Gears can transmit power in the C. or
direction.
By changing the D. and of teeth,
interconnected gears can be made to rotate or ,
and transmit force than the input force.
There are E. of gears:
The 1. gears have their teeth on the outside
of the gear.
The teeth are on an inside 2. of the
gears.
Kinds of GearsIII.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide26 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Within these types of gears, there are A. designs:
Meshed gears that connect to parallel shafts are called 1. .
They regulatea. and its direction.
Typical application is a car b. system.
Gears that intermesh at an angle are called 2. .
They change the a. of rotation.
They can also alter the b. and
from one gear to the other.
Often used to join c. at a 90º angle
A gear that meshes with a shaft that has a screw thread is called a 3.
.
This gear changes the a. , the
and the .
It is often used tob. the speed of the main gear
.
An example is the shaft that turns an c. in a car.
A gear that meshes with a sliding toothed bar is called a 4.
gear.
The gear is the a. and the toothed bar is the .
Rotation of the pinion is converted to b. motion of the rack.
Examples include the c. in many cars.
The Gear TrainIV.
A set of A. gears is called a gear train.
By using many gears, a gear train can change the B. ,
and over a wide range.
All gears in a gear train must have an C. of teeth.
The gears in a gear train are named according to their D. :
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 27
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
The gear at the input axle is called the 1. gear (also called the
gear).
The gear at the output axle is called the 2. gear.
Any other gear in between the driving and driven gears is called an 3.
or gear.
The direction of rotation of the driven gear depends on the E.
in the gear train.
The driven gear rotates in the same direction as the driving gear if there are an 1.
of gears in the train.
The driven gear rotates in the opposite direction to the driving gear if there is an 2.
of gears in the train.
The mechanical advantage of a gear train is given by the ratio of the number of F.
to that of the .
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide28 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Screw
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
2 Weight 1 (0.4 lb)
2 Weight 2 (0.8 lb)
2 Weight 3 (1.0 lb)
2 Sum of Weights 1, 2 and 3
9 Force Needed to Turn the Screw
10 Mechanical Advantage (Weights/Force to Turn Screw)
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 29
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Gear Train
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
7 Speed of Driven Gear
Step 7 Speed Measurements
Trial # Revolutions in 12 sec X 5
1
2
3
Step # Item Measured Results
8 Mechanical Advantage (Driving Gear Teeth/ Driven Gear Teeth)
15 Amount of Time for Lift to Reach Destination
20 Amount of Time for Lift to Reach Destination
21. The second time was than the first time.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide30 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Energy
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
investigate the different types of energy.•calculate energy.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Potential Energy
F Data Sheet: Kinetic Energy
F Data Sheet: Spring Energy
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordsslug—the gravitational unit of mass in the foot-pound-second system.
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer Tennis Ball Ruler Masking Tape
????
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 31
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
Energy
Energy I.
Energy is the A. to do work.
Power is B. work over a period of time.
Energy can be C. from one type to another.
Forms of EnergyD.
There are two types of 1. : potential and kinetic
energy.
The energy stored in an object due to its position with respect to other objects is called 2.
.
An object with large mass has a. potential energy than one with
mass.
An object set at a b. location than another similar object has
potential energy.
The energy in an object in motion is called 3. .
The amount of kinetic energy depends on the a. and
of the object.
Given two objects moving with the same velocity, the one with b.
has kinetic energy.
Given two objects of equal mass, the one movingc. has
kinetic energy.
The energy stored in heat is called 4. .
An object with higher temperature has a. thermal energy than one
with temperature.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide32 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
This energy is transferred from a higher temperature object to one with lower b.
temperature if the objects are .
The energy stored in a fluid is called 5. .
The fluid is a liquid in a. .
The fluid is a gas in b. .
The energy stored at the molecular level of matter is called 6.
.
An example is fuel a. , where the fuel is burned and
converted to energy.
This energy can be released as a result of b. .
When the reaction gives off heat it is called c. .
A reaction that absorbs heat is called d. .
The energy stored by the electric charge nature of matter is called 7.
.
Electric current is a. by conducting wires.
b. use chemical, fluid, or nuclear energy to
them to electrical energy.
The energy released by the decay of radioactive materials is called 8.
.
A a. amount of this matter can produce
amounts of energy.
Radioactive materials need to be handled b. .
The energy present in sunlight is called 9. .
Solar cells can collect this energy and a. it to
energy.
The kinetic energy stored in blowing wind is called 10. .
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 33
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Potential Energy
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
1 Height of Trainer
4 Potential Energy = m x g x h
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide34 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Kinetic Energy
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
4 Time for Ball to Travel From One End of Tape to the Other
6 Velocity of the Ball
7 Kinetic Energy = (1/2) x m x V2
7 Force Needed to Balance the Weight
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 35
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Spring Energy
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below. Assume the spring provided with the Accessories Kit has a spring constant k = 60.1
Step # Item Measured Results
2 Free length of Spring
3 Length of Compressed Spring
5 Compression Distance (X) = Free – Compressed Length
6 Compression Force = 60.1X
6 Spring Stored Energy = (½)(60.1)(X2)
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide36 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Friction
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
explore friction, the type of force that opposes moving objects.•examine the different types of friction.•verify the effects of friction.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Sliding Friction
F Data Sheet: Comparative Friction
F Unit Test
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms TrainerTwo textbooks or blocks of wood with similar dimensions (not supplied)
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 37
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
Friction
FrictionI.
Friction is a force that A. an object in motion in any media other
than .
Friction is caused by two surfaces 1. against each other.
Smoother surfaces create2. friction than
ones.
Lubrication between the surfaces 3. friction.
There are different B. of friction:
The friction between two objects that slide against each other is called 1.
.
The friction between a moving wheel and the surface it is moving on is called 2.
.
Car tires are made to a. friction so they can grip
the road.
High rolling and sliding friction is also experienced in a car when theb.
are applied.
Trying to stop a fast moving car on a wet surface can c.
.
The wheels will not experience d. friction.
The car can e. for a long distance with only sliding friction.
Resistance to a moving object through air is called 3. .
Air friction is also called a. .
The b. the velocity of the object the
the air friction
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide38 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Sliding Friction
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
2 Height of Book Stack
4 1-Pound Weight in Newtons
4 1-Pound Weight in Pounds
5 Sliding Weight in Newtons
5 Sliding Weight in Pounds
6 Mechanical Advantage (Length of Ramp/Height of Book Stack)
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 39
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Comparative Friction
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
4 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Nearest Hole on Left
5 Distance from Fulcrum to Center of Farthest Hole on Right
6 Force in Newtons Needed to Balance the Beam
6 Force in Pounds Needed to Balance the Beam
7 Mechanical Advantage (Fulcrum to Scale/Fulcrum to Weight)
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
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Name: Date:
The Friction-Belt Drive
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
investigate the friction-belt drive and its characteristics.•perform an activity to show the operation of a friction-belt drive.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Friction-Belt Drive
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordsdiameter—the measurement from one side of a circle to the other through the center.synchronization—moving or taking place at the same rate and exactly together.tension—the amount of force used to stretch a belt around a pulley.
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer
????
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 41
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
The Friction-Belt Drive
Friction-Belt DriveI.
A friction-belt drive consists of at least two A.
connected by a .
Generally the wheels are of 1. size.
The larger wheel rotates a. than the smaller wheel.
The bigger the difference in wheel size, the bigger the advantage in b.
Difference between a friction-belt drive and a gear train:B.
The wheels in a friction-belt drive rotate in the 1. .
The gears in a two-gear gear train rotate in 2. .
Friction-belt drives are most often C. when:
There is a 1. between the driving and driven wheels.
2. is a consideration.
Power transmission characteristics:D.
In a gear train, power is transmitted by 1. as many
as necessary for the distance and function.
In a friction-belt drive, power is transmitted by providing for 2.
between the wheels and the belt.
Friction-belt pulleys:E.
The 1. is connected to the ,
such as an .
The 2. is connected to the that
performs the desired work.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide42 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Sometimes additional pulleys are used, called 3. , if
necessary to maintain adequate on the belt.
Characteristics of Friction-Belt DrivesII.
There areA. characteristics that may
impact the efficiency of a friction-belt drive:
1. occurs when there is insufficient friction between pulleys
and belt.
This could happen with either a. or pulleys.
There will be b. transmission with this condition.
Proper c. and
adjustments can prevent this.
Over time, the 2. beyond the range of tension
adjustments.
The belt can be strengthened with a. .
The belt b. to improve its strength.
As a belt starts to weaken, a condition called 3. may
develop.
This condition is characterized by the belt moving a.
in a pulley while working.
This can be reduced by increasing theb. of the belt.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 43
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Friction-Belt Drive
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
6 Size of O-Ring Pulley Rotating in Opposite Direction
7 Number of Rotations of 2-in Pulley for Every Rotation of 2.5-in Pulley
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
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Name: Date:
Torque
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
examine torque, the type of force that causes rotation.•calculate the torque in a wheel and axle system.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Torque
F Unit Test
New Terms and Wordstorque—From the Latin word meaning “to twist,” torque is a measurement of turning effort.
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer
????
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 45
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Study Guide
Torque
Torque is a force that causesI. acting at a .
It is measured in A. or .
It is the force that keeps wheels B. .
When we turn a door knob to open the door, we are applying C. .
The work performed is given by the D. times the
.
Effect of torque:II.
When torque is applied within design limits, the object A. and performs the
.
When torque is applied beyond design limits, the object can B. and
.
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide46 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Torque
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
10 Average Force in Newtons Needed to Balance the Load
10 Average Force in Pounds Needed to Balance the Load
11 Crank Wheel Radius
12 Torque = Force x Radius
13 Torque on Long Axle (in Foot-Pounds)
13 Torque on Long Axle (in Newton-Meters)
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 47
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Conservation of Energy/Careers
ObjectivesDuring this unit, you will:
examine the conservation of energy.•demonstrate the conservation of energy.•explore careers associated with mechanical power applications.•
To-Do List Complete the following assignments. Use this to-do list to keep track of each task.
To-Do Due Date Notes
F Study Guide
F Data Sheet: Energy Conservation
F Careers Activity
F Unit Test
Additional Equipment RequiredLab-Volt Exploring Mechanisms Trainer Tennis Ball Stopwatch Masking Tape Heavy book (not supplied)
Unit Details Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide48 Tech-Design by Lab-Volt
Study Guide
Conservation of Energy/Careers
Energy ConservationI.
Energy cannot be A. or , it can only be
.
The product of force and distance remains B. because of this
principle.
Knowing the input force and distance, it is easy to calculate the C.
for any given machine.
Mass and EnergyII.
Albert Einstein demonstrated that energy and mass are A. .
Energy is equal to the product of 1. times the square of the
.
Since the speed of light is a 2. , a very
amount of mass can produce an amount of energy.
The decay in mass from a radioactive material is 3. into
.
This principle is used to convert radioactive material into electricity using B.
.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 49
Exploring Mechanisms Unit Details
Name: Date:
Data Sheet: Energy Conservation
Follow the instructions in the multimedia, and record your results below.
Step # Item Measured Results
5 Distance from Hanging Weight to the Floor
6 Distance from Pulled-Back Hanging Weight to the Floor
7 Change in Height
8 Time it Takes Tennis Ball to Travel 5 Feet (or 1.5 Meters)
9 Change in Potential Energy = Weight x Change in Height
10 Velocity of the Tennis Ball = V = Distance/Time
10 Kinetic Energy of the Ball = (1⁄2) x m x V2
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 53Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 53
Exploring Mechanisms Independent Study
Project Proposal
Name:
Course:
Section:
Topic
State as specifically as possible the idea, question, and/or activity you have chosen.
Description
State why you have chosen this topic, what you expect to learn, any previous experience you had with this topic, and the type of investigation you will conduct.
Materials
State what materials, people, or activities will be involved in the completion of your project.
Due Date:
Instructor’s Approval:
Student’s Signature: Submit this proposal with your completed project.
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Independent Study Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide
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Topic Outline
Name:
Course:
Section:
In the area provided, write the outline you will use for your independent study project.
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
Due Date:
Instructor’s Approval:
Student’s Signature: Submit this proposal with your completed project.
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 55
Exploring Mechanisms Independent Study
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 55
Bibliography
Name:
Course:
Section:
In the area provided, supply the name, author, publisher, and publication date of the references you plan to use for your independent study project.
Texts1.
2.
Journals1.
2.
3.
Others (Examples: work experience, interviews)1.
2.
Due Date:
Instructor’s Approval:
Student’s Signature: Submit this proposal with your completed project.
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Independent Study Exploring Mechanisms
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Activities
Name:
Course:
Section:
In the area provided, give descriptions of the activities or exercises you plan to incorporate into your independent study project. Include the materials and the time required for each of the activities or exercises.
Activities
Exercises
Due Date:
Instructor’s Approval:
Student’s Signature: Submit this proposal with your completed project.
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Exploring Mechanisms Independent Study
Student GuideTech-Design by Lab-Volt 57
Drawings
Name:
Course:
Section:
Due Date:
Instructor’s Approval:
Student’s Signature: Submit this proposal with your completed project.
In the area provided, supply rough sketches of any drawings you intend to use in your independent study project. If you need additional worksheets, you may make additional copies.
Student Guide
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Independent Study Exploring Mechanisms
Student Guide
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