DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 9-1300-275/1
MARINE CORPS TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 1300-30
TECHNICAL ESCORTMOVEMENT PROCEDURES
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND THE MARINE CORPSJANUARY 1971
TM 9-1300-275/1 TM 130030
Technical ManualsNo. 9-1300-275/1No. 1300-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 2 January 1971
TECHNICAL ESCORT
MOVEMENT PROCEDURES
SectionParagraph Page
1. MOVEMENT PROCEDURESIntroduction............................................................................................................ 1-1 3Definitions ............................................................................................................. 1-2 3Safety................................................................................................................... . 1-3 3
2. EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTSDetection Equipment ............................................................................................. 2-1 5Protective Clothing ................................................................................................ 2-2 5Masks ................................................................................................................... 2-3 5Fire-Fighting Equipment ........................................................................................ 2-4 5
3. PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION PROCEDURESGeneral ................................................................................................................ . 3-1 6Before-Loading Inspection ..................................................................................... 3-2 6After-Loading Inspection ........................................................................................ 3-3 6Loading Diagrams ................................................................................................. 3-4 6Marking and Placarding ......................................................................................... 3-6 6Unsafe Loads ........................................................................................................ 3-6 6Regulations .......................................................................................................... 3-7 6Delivery Arrangements ......................................................................................... 3-8 7
4. INTRANSIT OPERATIONSNormal Conditions ................................................................................................. 4-1 8Emergency Conditions........................................................................................... 4-2 8
5. DELIVERY PROCEDURESServiceable Munitions or Agent Containers............................................................ 5-1 9Unserviceable Munitions or Agent Containers ....................................................... 5-2 9APPENDIX A-REFERENCES ............................................................................... --- 10
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
TOXIC MATERIALS1. Vapors of many decontaminating agents are toxic, if inhaled in
large quantities for extended periods. Assure thatdecontaminating agent containers are kept closed when not inactual use.
2. Wear rubber gloves when handling these materials. Ifdecontaminant gets on the skin, wash immediately and thoroughlywith soap and water.
FLAMMABLE MATERIALSDo not allow anyone to have sparks, open flames, or other sources ofignition nearby when using flammable materials. Use explosion-prooflighting.
EXPLOSIVE MATERIALSIn addition to chemical agents, some munitions contain highexplosives. Do not strike or drop high-explosive components. Do nothave sparks, open flames, or other sources of ignition nearby whenhandling high explosives.
CHEMICAL AGENTSSuch agents are extremely dangerous. Many are designed to causepermanent injury or death. Do not handle these agents or attempt torepair leaky containers without use of correct protective equipmentand clothing. In situations not covered by procedures herein, requestaid from the CBAICO or EOD personnel.
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SECTION 1
MOVEMENT PROCEDURES
1-1 INTRODUCTION.1-1.1 Purpose.This manual is published for personnel who escortshipments of chemical agents and chemical munitions.
1-1.2 Scope.1-1.2.1 Procedures outlined herein are standardized foruse when escorting chemical agents and munitions. If abiological mission is assigned, refer to Appendix A forapplicable publications.
1-1.2.2 Report of errors, omissions, andrecommendations for improving this publication by theindividual user is encouraged. Reports should besubmitted on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changesto DA Publications) and forwarded direct toCommanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, ATTN:SMUPA-WD2, Dover, New Jersey 07801.
1-2 DEFINITIONS.1-2.1 Incident.1-2.1.1 Significant Chemical-Biological Incident. Anysituation which, if not corrected, could result in anaccident. Such situations include malfunction ordeterioration of a container or associated equipmentcomponents; attempted seizure or theft; physicaldamage to containers which does not but could result inspillage; and any possibility of contamination, explosion,or release of CB material.1-2.1.2 Minor CB Incident. An unexpected event orprocedural violation, not reportable as a significantincident, but which could cause damage, malfunction, orfailure of a CB weapon or associated equipment.
1-2.2 Accident.1-2.2.1 Chemical-Biological Accident. Any situationinvolving CB agents that results in:
a. Physical damage to munitions or containerswhich causes spillage.
b. Exposure of unprotected personnel tohazardous quantities of chemical or biological agents.
c. Contamination of public or private land,buildings, equipment, animals, or vehicles.
d. Fire, explosion, or natural disaster involvingchemical or biological agents which causes release of orcontamination by the agent.
e. Loss, seizure, or theft of chemical or biologicalagents.1-2.3 CBAICO, AFDPO, and NDCO.Officers to call upon during an accident or incidentemergency are the Chemical-Biological Accident andIncident Control Officer (CBAICO), the Air ForceDisaster Preparedness Officer (AFDPO), and the NavyDisaster Control Officer (NDCO). Dependent uponwhether on an Army, Air Force, or Navy base, informthe appropriate officer when an accident or majorincident occurs. He is in charge of all technicaloperations resulting from an accident or incident.
1-2.4 Consignee.The person or agency receiving the cargo.
1-3 SAFETY.1-3.1 Personnel.Escort personnel must be trained thoroughly in thehandling of chemical materiel and in the hazards andsafe practices involved. Technical escort training isconducted at the U. S. Army Chemical Center andSchool, Fort McClellan, Alabama 36201.
3.1.1 All personnel who work with toxic chemical agentsmust wear the medical ID bracelet continuously for atleast 2 days after completion of a mission.
1-3.1.2 Escort personnel will wear adequate protectiveclothing when handling, inspecting, and containingleakers (refer to TM 9-1300275/3).
1-3.1.3 Personnel must keep a first-aid kit available andsuitable for the mission involved.
1-3.1.4 At all times, follow general safety precautions,such as traffic safety.
1-3.2 Breathing Apparatus.
Wear suitable, self-contained breathing apparatus forthe following:
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1-3.2.1 When entering a closed space that contains atoxic agent, or an area suspected of having highly toxicconcentrations.
1-3.2.2. At any time the presence of cyanogen chloride(CK) is suspected.
1-3.2.3 Whenever the term leader suspects theavailable oxygen content is too low to support humanlife, as when there is dense smoke, or fuel or solventvapors.
1-3.2.4 In any operation involving chemical agents orchemical munitions, have at least two persons performthe necessary steps. In addition, a third person shouldbe used as a safety observer, if possible. The safetyobserver should be dressed in the same protectiveclothing as the others to enable him to render immediateassistance.
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SECTION 2
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
2-1 DETECTION EQUIPMENT.2-1.1 ABC-M18A2 Chemical Agent Detector Kit.
2-1.1.1 Use. This kit is for detecting dangerousconcentrations of chemical agents: AC, CX, CK, CG,ED, MD, G, H, HD, HN, HT, L, and V.
a. The kit measures 8 x 6 x 3 inches and containsall materials necessary for adequate detection. It canalso be used to take samples of unknown agents forlaboratory analysis. It should always be readilyaccessible to an escort team when escorting chemicalagents or chemical munitions.
b. For further information on this kit, refer to TM 9-1300-275/2 or to TM 3-6665-254-12. 2-1.1.2Surveillance. Surveillance equipment for the detectionof G-series chemical agent leakers consists of live,caged rabbits, at least two in each truck, railway car,aircraft, or ship's hold. After estimating the number ofrabbits needed for escort, add 10 percent extra to havereplacements for any that die in transit. These rabbitsare supplied by the consignor.
2-1.2 AN-M15A2A and AN-MISA2N Chemical AgentDetector Kits.
2-1.2.1 Use. These kits are for detecting dangerousconcentrations of CK, CX, G, H, and V.
a. The kits measure 5 x 5 1/2 x 2 3/4 inches withall of their contents enclosed.
b. For further information on these kits, refer to TM3-6665-254-12.
2-2 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.2-2.1 General.Two main types of protective clothing are available toescort personnel: impermeable and permeable. Referto TM 10-227 for detailed description and use ofprotective clothing. FM 21-40 has information on thewearing of protective clothing.
2-2.2 Impermeable Protective Clothing.
2-2.2.1 Description. This type is not penetrated byvapor and is highly resistant to liquid chemical agents.It consists of cotton cloth coated on both sides with butylrubber. Generally, impermeable protective clothing isworn for protection of personnel engaged in extremelyhazardous decontamination work or in other specialoperations involving danger from spillage or splash ofliquid chemical agents.
2-2.2.2 Use. This clothing is normally used under thefollowing conditions:
a. When handling blister or nerve agents.b. In heavily contaminated areas.c. When the danger of spillage of a liquid agent
exists.
2-2.3 Permeable Protective Clothing.
2-2.3.1 Description. This clothing consists of clothtreated with chemicals that absorb or neutralize vapors,aerosols, and small (up to 1/8 inch) liquid droplets ofchemical agents.
2-2.3.2 Use. Generally, permeable protective clothingis worn for protection of personnel exposed to vaporsand small liquid droplets of blister and V-agents in fieldconcentrations. Such clothing is for use by combattroops and has only limited application for technicalescort teams. Impregnated underwear is used underappropriate protective clothing when exposure to blisteragents and V-series nerve agents is imminent.
2-3 MASKS.
At present, the protective mask in general use fortechnical escort teams is the M9. The team commandermay be issued the M15 (Scott Air Pack), M17, M19, andthe OBA-M20.
2-4 FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT.
Once the mission (including cargo, mode oftransportation, and dunnage) is known, determinefirefighting requirements and make provisions fornecessary equipment and personnel.
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SECTION 3
PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION PROCEDURES
3-1 GENERAL.Before shipment the technical escort team commanderis responsible for inspection to assure the safety andsecurity of the cargo and compliance with applicableregulations. All inspections should be conducted by orunder the supervision of the team commander.
3-2 BEFORE-LOADING INSPECTION.The technical escort team commander should takeprecautions to make certain that no leakers are loaded.This includes checking containers and munitions forobvious damage (dents, cracks, and broken boxes). Allsuspected items must be checked with the chemicalagent detector kit. The team commander should refuseto escort any items that show leakage.
3-3 AFTER-LOADING INSPECTION.3-3 .1 All Shipment Involving G-Agents.After the cargo carrier is loaded, place two rabbits ineach cargo compartment; wait 30 minutes, then monitorto assure that no leaky items are present.
33.2 Vessel Shipment.3-3.2.1 Inspect all blocking and bracing for loose,broken, or missing boards and protruding nails. Assurethat with all palletized items the pallet is not damagedand that the item is fastened securely to the pallet.3-3.2.2 Inspect the vessel's holds to assure that thevents and drains are sealed as prescribed in CG 103.One of the vessel's officers should assist in theinspection. (A copy of CG 108 can usually be procuredfrom the port commander or the vessel's captain.) Anydiscrepancies noted during the inspection should bereported to the captain and corrected before departure.
3-3.3 Rail Shipment3-3.3.1 After the rail car is loaded, the cargo should bereinspected for damaged items, and damaged itemsrechecked for leaks. If any such leaks are found, thetechnical escort team commander should refuse toaccept the cargo.
3-3.3.2 Inspect all blocking and bracing as outlined inparagraph 3-3.2.1.
3-3.4 Truck Shipment.
Cargo carried by truck is either blocked and braced withwood or tied to the truck with steel or nylon strapping.Inspect the strapping for broken, missing, or otherwisedamaged straps. Inspect pallets and blocking andbracing (if used) as outlined in paragraph 3-3.2.1.Inspect for leakers (paras 3-2 and 3-3.1).
3-3.5 Air ShipmentAboard aircraft, the items are tied down securely.Inspect the tiedown for broken, cut, frayed, or missingcomponents. Inspect the pallets, if any, as outlined inparagraph 3-3.2.1; also inspect for leakers (paras 3-2and 3-3.1). The loadmaster on the aircraft isresponsible for loading and tiedown operations.
3-4 LOADING DIAGRAMS.If possible, use service-prepared Bureau of Explosivesapproved loading diagram' as a reference wheninspecting the loaded cargo carrier. The consignor'scopy of the loading diagram can usually be referred tobefore or during loading. Although it is the responsibilityof the shipping installation to load the cargo correctly,the team commander should refuse to accept theshipment, if its loading method makes it unsafe or easilydamaged, or would allow it to interfere unnecessarilywith the technical escort mission.
3-5 MARKING AND PLACARDING.The team commander must assure that the load carrierhas correct placards displayed. Placards are shown inTM 3-250, TM 8-750 (AFM 71-4, NAVAIR 15-03-500,MCO P4030.19), and T.C. GEORGE'S TARIFF, part23.
3-6 UNSAFE LOADS.If the team commander believes the items are loadedimproperly, he should refuse to escort the cargo until theconsignor makes the necessary changes.
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If the consignor refuses to change the load, the teamcommander will contact his superior for instructions,immediately.
3-7 REGULATIONS.The escort team must be familiar with regulationsgoverning shipments of chemical munitions beforestarting an escort mission.
3-8 DELIVERY ARRANGEMENTS.Before the trip, make arrangements for specific detailsof delivery. Arrange delivery procedures with theconsignee or his representative. The name andtelephone number of the consignee and his alternatemust be furnished.
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SECTION 4
INTRANSIT OPERATIONS
4-1 NORMAL CONDITIONS.4-1.1 Monitoring.Monitor the cargo as required, and, for G-series, checkthe condition of the rabbits. If any have died, use achemical agent detector kit to determine whether aleaker has developed.
4-1.2 Inspection.When the cargo is monitored, inspect the blocking,bracing, and cargo for damage. Obvious damage to thecargo or blocking and bracing is considered an incidentsituation. In such case, begin application of emergencyprocedures immediately.
4-2 EMERGENCY CONDITIONS.4-2.1 General.Since each incident or accident situation is different, nospecific procedures can be prescribed to cover eachsituation. For guidance, the following procedures areoffered.
4-2.2 Evacuation of Personnel.Evacuate all personnel from the area for at least 2,000meters downwind and 450 meters in other directions.
4-2.3 Repair.Begin containment of the agent as soon as possible.Refer to TM 9-1300-275/2 and /3. Repair blocking andbracing, if possible.
4-2.4 First Aid.
Render first aid to the injured, treating first the mostserious casualty. For specific applications, refer to TM9-1300-275/2.
4-2.5 CBAICO, AFDPO, and NDCO.When not on an Air Force base or aircraft, or on a Navybase or ship, notify the chemical-biological, accident-incident control officer as soon as possible. When on anAir Force base, notify the Air Force disasterpreparedness officer and, on a Navy Base, notify theNavy disaster control officer. It is mandatory that allpersonnel of the technical escort team carry the name,address, and phone number of the CBAICO, AFDPO, orNDCO.
4-2.5.1 Personnel. Personnel decontamination shouldbe included with first-aid measures. For the body,excepting the eyes, use the ABC-M13 decontaminationkit or soapy or plain water. Use plain water to wash theeyes.
4-2.5.2 Equipment. All tools and equipment used bythe escort team must be decontaminated thoroughly.Refer to TM 9-1300-275/2 for recommendeddecontamination methods and how to mix thedecontaminates. For more detailed procedures, refer toTM 3-220.
4-2.5.3 Cargo and Carrier. The cargo and carrier mustbe decontaminated before moving it to complete theescort mission. Proceed as outlined in TM 9-1300-275/2. Use only soapy water or deicing solution on or inan aircraft. Decontaminating agent DS-2 may be usedin most other cases.Check the cargo carrier thoroughly with a chemicalagent detector kit and get permission from the CBAICO,AFDPO, or NDCO before moving the carrier. If thecargo and carrier must be moved out of thecontaminated area before they are decontaminated, theteam commander must get permission from theCBAICO or AFDPO or NDCO before taking action.
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SECTION 5
DELIVERY PROCEDURES
5-1 SERVICEABLE MUNITIONS OR AGENTCONTAINERS.5-1.1 Responsibility.The technical escort team's responsibility for theshipment is ended once the items have been deliveredand inspected by the consignee. The escort team mayrender assistance to the consignee, if requested, or if aproblem involving safety or security arises.
5-1.2 Delivery.Get a signed copy of the DD 1348 or other shippingdocuments signed by the consignee, which is a release.This must state that the complete cargo has beenreceived.
5-2 UNSERVICEABLE MUNITIONS OR AGENTCONTAINERS.5-2.1 General.Delivery procedures for leakers and damaged itemsvary, depending upon the extent of damage and local
receiving policy. Therefore, the escort teamcommander should contact the consignee for specificinstructions.
5-2.2 Leakers.After reaching the consignee, repaired leakers areusually taken to an isolated area, designated by theconsignee, where he will receive and inspect them. Anynew leakers should be patched and decontaminated.
5-2.3 Damaged items.The CBAICO, or ADFPO, or NDCO will instruct theescort team commander about delivery of itemsdamaged during an accident or incident.
5-2.4 Handling.Handle leakers and damaged items with maximum careand with the strictest safety precautions. Wearprotective clothing and a protective mask at all timeswhen handling leakers and damaged items.
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APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
1. ARMY.AR 11-17 Chemical and Biological Weapons Surety Program.AR 55-8 Transportation of Biological Materials.AR 55-16 Movement of Cargo by Air and Surface--Including Less Than Release Unit and Parcel Post
Shipments.AR 55-56 Transportation of Chemical Ammunition, Chemical Agents and Other Dangerous Chemicals.AR 55-355 Military Traffic Management Regulations.AR 59-11 Air Transportation, Army Use of Log AIR.AR 75-14 Responsibilities for Explosives Ordnance Disposal.AR 75-85 Authority to Waive Ammunition and Explosives Quantity-Distance Safety StandardsAR 740-32 Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents.AMCR 385-27 Safety Regulations for Disposal of Bulk Chemical Agents and Munitions.AMCR 385-28 Safety Regulation for Agent BZ.AMCR 385-101 Shipping Criteria for Etiological Agents and Material.AMCR 385-102-1 Safety Guide for the Processing, Filling, Handling, and Decontamination of VX.AMCR 385-232 Shipping Criteria for Chemical Agents, Chemical Ammunition, Poisons and Other Dangerous
Articles.AMCR 385-233 Safety Criteria for Processing, Filling, Handling and Decontamination.TM 3-215 Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents.TM 8-216 Military Biology and Biological Agents.TM 3-220 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Decontamination.TM 3-240 Field Behavior of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents.TM 3-250 Storage, Shipment and Handling of Chemical Agents and Hazardous Chemicals.TM 3-522-15 Mask, Protective, Field, M9 and Mink, Protection M9A1.TM 3-4240-202-14 Organizational, DS, GS, and Depot Maintenance Manual: Mask Protective, Field ABC-M17.TM 3-4240-212-15 Breathing Apparatus, Oxygen Generating, M20 Operator, Organizational Field and Depot
Maintenance Manual.TM 3-4240-258-14 Operator, Organizational, DS and GS Maintenance Manual Mask, CBR: Field M17A1 and
Accessories.TM 3-6665-254-12 Operator and Organizational Maintenance Manual: Detector Kit, Chemical Agent ABC
M18A2.TM 8-285 Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties.TM 9-1300-206 Care, Handling, Preservation and Destruction of Ammunition.TM 9-1300-275/2 Technical Escort Information on Chemical Agents and Decontaminating Procedures.TM 9-1300-275/3 Technical Escort Containment Procedures.TM 9-1900 Ammunition, General.TM 10-227 Protective Clothing for Chemical Operations.
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TM 38-250 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft.FM 21-40 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense.TM 55-602 Movement of Special Freight.TM 743-200 Storage and Materials Handling.TB 3-4230-207-10 Decontaminating and Reimpregnating Kit--Individual M13.TB CML 83 Calculator, Downwind Toxic Vapor Hazard Point Source ABC M2.TB MED 114 Immunization.TB MED 223 Respiratory Protective Devices.TB MED 273 Collection and Preparation of Specimens for Shipment to Medical Laboratories.SB 3-24 Shipping Chart for Chemical Corps Ammunition, Ammunition Components, and Military
Chemical Agents.SB 3-30 Serviceability Standard for CB MaterielSB 3-30-2 Protective Mask Canisters: Serviceability Lists.SB 3-30-10 Field Protective Masks, M3, M4, and M9 Services and Protective Mask Canisters, M10A1
and M11: Serviceability.SB 3-30-13 Decontaminating Apparatus, Portable: 3-gallon M1; 1½ quart M2; 1½ quart M11;
Serviceability Standard.SB 3-30-24 Breathing Apparatus, Compressed Air, M15 and ABC M15A1: Serviceability Standard.
2. NAVY.OPNAVINST 8070.1 Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents.NAVSUP Pub 444 Military Traffic Management Regulations.OPNAVINST 8027.1C Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.NAVAIR 15-03-500 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft.NAVORD OP 2239 Drivers Handbook Ammunition, Explosives, and Dangerous Articles.NAVORD OP 2165 Volume I. Navy Transportation Safety Handbook.NAVORD OP 5 Volume I. Ammunition Ashore Handling, Stowing, and Shipping.
3. AIR FORCE.AFM 75-2 Military Traffic Management Regulations.AFR 136-8 Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.AFM 71-4 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft.TO 11A-1-42 General Instructions-Disposal of Ammunition.TO 11A-1-46 Ammunition Complete Round Chart and Transportation and Storage Guide.TO 11A-1-55 General Manual-Fire Fighting and Withdrawal, Time, Distance and Related Criteria for
Explosives (except Nuclear Weapons).TO 11C-1-8-0 Technical Escort-Chemical, Biological and Etiological Material.AFR 55-14 Operational Procedures for AIRCRAFT carrying Dangerous Materials as Cargo.AFM 71-4 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Materials for Transportation by Military Aircraft.AFM 75-1 Transportation of Material.AFM 75-2 Military Traffic Management Regulation.AFR 75-15 Reports for Military Overseas and Domestic Transportation Requirements During Peacetime
and Emergency Conditions.AFR 127-4 Investigating and Reporting USAF Accidents/Incidents.
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AFM 127-100 Explosives Safety Manual.AFR 136-4 Responsibilities for Technical Escorts of Chemical, Biological and Etiological Agents.AFR 190-4 Community Relations and Emergency Assistance Procedures After An Offbase Aircraft,
Missile, Ground, Water, or Explosives Accidents.AFR 190-10 Release of Information on Accidents.AFR 205-1 Safeguarding Classified Information.AFR 205-17 Special Security Procedures, Classification Guide for Sensitive Controlled Fragmentation
Munitions.AFM 207-1 Doctrine and Requirements for Security of Aerospace Systems.AFM 355-1 The AF Disaster Preparedness Program.AFM 355-5 Employment of Biological Agents.AFM 355-6 Military Biology and Biological Agents.AFM 355-7 Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents.AFR 355-7 Response to Major Peacetime Accidents Involving Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Weapons, and
Other Dangerous Materials.
4. MARINE CORPS.MCO 4030.25 Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents.MCO P4600.12 Military Traffic Management Regulations.MCO 8027.1 Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.MCO P4030.19 Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft.
5. CIVIL PUBLIUCATION.
T. C. George's Tariff #23 Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation.CG 108 Rules and Regulations for Military Explosives and Hazardous Munitions.
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Parts 146-149.Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Parts 71-91.Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Section 72.75.Bureau of Explosives Pamphlets No. 6/6A/6C.Tariff 6-D (CAB No. 82).
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By Order of the Secretary of the Army:W. C. WESTMORELAND,General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of StaffKENNETH G. WICKHAM,Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.
Distribution:Special. See /2 & /3
US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994 0 - 300-421 (82287)
The Metric System and Equivalents
Linear Measure Liquid Measure
1 centiliter = 10 milliters = .34 fl. ounce1 centimeter = 10 millimeters = .39 inch 1 deciliter = 10 centiliters = 3.38 fl. ounces1 decimeter = 10 centimeters = 3.94 inches 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 33.81 fl. ounces1 meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches 1 dekaliter = 10 liters = 2.64 gallons1 dekameter = 10 meters = 32.8 feet 1 hectoliter = 10 dekaliters = 26.42 gallons1 hectometer = 10 dekameters = 328.08 feet 1 kiloliter = 10 hectoliters = 264.18 gallons1 kilometer = 10 hectometers = 3,280.8 feet
Square MeasureWeights
1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters = .155 sq. inch1 centigram = 10 milligrams = .15 grain 1 sq. decimeter = 100 sq. centimeters = 15.5 sq. inches1 decigram = 10 centigrams = 1.54 grains 1 sq. meter (centare) = 100 sq. decimeters = 10.76 sq. feet1 gram = 10 decigram = .035 ounce 1 sq. dekameter (are) = 100 sq. meters = 1,076.4 sq. feet1 decagram = 10 grams = .35 ounce 1 sq. hectometer (hectare) = 100 sq. dekameters = 2.47 acres1 hectogram = 10 decagrams = 3.52 ounces 1 sq. kilometer = 100 sq. hectometers = .386 sq. mile1 kilogram = 10 hectograms = 2.2 pounds1 quintal = 100 kilograms = 220.46 pounds Cubic Measure1 metric ton = 10 quintals = 1.1 short tons
1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters = .06 cu. inch1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters = 61.02 cu. inches1 cu. meter = 1000 cu. decimeters = 35.31 cu. feet
Approximate Conversion Factors
To change To Multiply by To change To Multiply by
inches centimeters 2.540 ounce-inches Newton-meters .007062feet meters .305 centimeters inches .394yards meters .914 meters feet 3.280miles kilometers 1.609 meters yards 1.094square inches square centimeters 6.451 kilometers miles .621square feet square meters .093 square centimeters square inches .155square yards square meters .836 square meters square feet 10.764square miles square kilometers 2.590 square meters square yards 1.196acres square hectometers .405 square kilometers square miles .386cubic feet cubic meters .028 square hectometers acres 2.471cubic yards cubic meters .765 cubic meters cubic feet 35.315fluid ounces milliliters 29,573 cubic meters cubic yards 1.308pints liters .473 milliliters fluid ounces .034quarts liters .946 liters pints 2.113gallons liters 3.785 liters quarts 1.057ounces grams 28.349 liters gallons .264pounds kilograms .454 grams ounces .035short tons metric tons .907 kilograms pounds 2.205pound-feet Newton-meters 1.356 metric tons short tons 1.102pound-inches Newton-meters .11296
Temperature (Exact)
°F Fahrenheit 5/9 (after Celsius °Ctemperature subtracting 32) temperature
PIN: 027366-000
