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Tech nic a l Handb ook
Valve-RegulatedLead-Ac id Ba t te r ies
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Aerial view of the italian facto ry in Avezzano
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHARACTERISTICS PAGE 51.1 Total absence of maintenance1.2 Sealed construction1.3 High energy density1.4 Recovery after overdischarge1.5 Low self-discharge1.6 Long life1.7 Wide ranging operating temperature1.8 International certifications1.9 Economy of operation
COSTRUCTION PAGE 6
WORKING PRINCIPLES FORVALVE-REGULATED LEAD ACID BATTERIES PAGE 73.1 Basic theory3.2 Theory of Internal Recombination
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PAGE 84.1 Capacity4.2 Discharge4.3 Self-discharge4.4 Open c ircuit tension4.5 Charge
4.5.1 Constant tension charge4.5.2 Fast charge4.5.3 Two -stage charge4.5.4 Parallel charge
4
3
2
1
ll FIAMM-GS batteries have been spec ifically developed to enhance
economy of operation, reliability and energy output .
The values reached in these areas position FIAMM-GS b atteries among the very best p resently
available on the market. They represent the ideal solution fo r all app lications which require a
high- density energy source, that is both reliable and maintenance- free for several years.
A
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LIFETIME PAGE 125.1 Lifetime in cyclic use
5.2 Lifetime in buffer use5.3 Lifetime in deep d ischarge
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS PAGE 136.1 Assembling and connecting6.2 Storage6.3 General comments
HOW TO SELECT THE APPROPRIATETYPE OF BATTERY PAGE 14
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS PAGE 16
7
6
5
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CHARACTERISTICS
Tota l absence o f m a in tenance . The g a s e s w h ic h a re g e ne ra t e d b y t he
electrolysis of water, during the period of overcharge, are completely recombined in the
elements , thereby e limina ting the nee d for the period ic a dd ition o f wa ter.
Sealed c onst ruct ion . The s ea led co ns truction, typ ic a l of a ll FIAMM-GS
ba tteries permits a s a fe use in any po s ition w ithout a ny lea kag e of electrolyte a nd/or red uction
of elec tric c a pa city.
High energy density. The us e o f highly porous g la s s fibre se pa ra tors p ermits
the ma ximum po s sible e nergy de ns ity pe r unit o f volume a nd/or w eig ht.
Reco very after overd ischarge. The glas s f ibre sepa ra tors, c omb ined w ith
s pec ia l elec trolyte a dd itives , a llow FIAMM-GS ba tteries to c ontinue to a cc ept c ha rging c urrent,
even in ca ses of overdisc harge, or after long storag e period s.
Low self-discharge. The perfec t se a ling o f the ba ttery ca se a nd the us e of pure
P b-Ca a lloy g rids keep the se lf-disc ha rge values b elow 3% of ba ttery c a pa city per month.
Long life. B oth the pos itive a nd neg a tive pla tes have b een optimized , to ob tain
excellent results in either cyclic or stand-by use.
Wide rang ing operat ing temperature . FIAMM-GS batteries are special ly
des igned to operate within a w ide tempera ture range .
Internat ional cert i f icat ions. FIAMM-GS bat ter ies are tes ted and cert i f ied
a cc ording to UL 924, se ction 38. The b a ttery types c ommo nly use d in sec urity a pplica tions a re
further cert if ied by the VdS , the G erman insuranc e und erwriters a ss oc ia t ion. The VdS
certification is one of the few product certificates that tests the effective battery capacity.
Moreover, FIAMM-G S ba tte ries meet the req uirements of provis ion A 67 of the IATA Da ng erous
G ood s Reg ula tion a nd c a n therefore be trans ported b y a ircraft.
Economy of operat ion. FIAMM-GS highly automated production and the
ba tteries spec ia l des ign permit ma ny yea rs of s a fe a nd trouble-free us e.
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
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COSTRUCTION2
1
12
4
5
6
3
Components M aterials
Terminals Tin-plated brass
Safety valve Lubricated synthetic rubber
Separator Glass fibre
Container and cover ABS synthetic resin
Negative plate Lead and lead oxide
Positive plate Lead and lead oxide
Electrolyte Diluted sulphuric acid
6
5
4
3
2
1
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WORKING PRINCIPLESFOR VALVE-REGULATED LEAD
ACID BATTERIES
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Basic t heory
The follow ing c hemica l rea c tions de sc ribe the
exact transformation which occurs both in the
p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e p l a t e s , d u e t o
electrochemica l proc ess es:
Combining the two formulae one can therefore
obtain:
DischargeDuring discharge, the PbO2 (lead dioxide) of the
posi t ive plate becomes PbSO4 (lea d s ulpha te);
and the Pb (spongy lead) of the negative plate
b ecom es P b S O4 (lea d s ulpha te). This c a use s a
reduction of the specific weight of the electrolyte,
as the sulphuric acid contained in the electrolyte
pa ss es to the pla tes d uring discha rge.
These proc es se s a re reverse d during the c harging
phase.
Charge
D u rin g t h e c h a rg in g p h a s e , t h e P b S O 4 (lead
sulphate) of the positive plate oxidizes and re-
Discharge
P bO2 + 2H2S O4 + P b P b S O4 + 2H2O + P b S O4Charge
Negative plate
Discharge
P b + S O4 P bS O4 + 2e Charge
Positive plate
Discharge
P bO2 + 4H+ + S O4 + 2e P bS O4 + 2H2O
Charge
3.1
3 forms as PbO2, while in the negative plate, theP b S O4 (lead sulphate) re-forms as Pb (spongylead).
The g enera l formula (see be s ide ), c onc erning the
to t a l t r an s f o r m a t i on occu r r i n g d u r i n g th e
ch a rge/d isc h ar ge p h as es , c o r resp o n d s t o a n
e l ec t r i c q u an t i t y o f 2F ( Far ad s ) o r 53 .6 Ah
(Ampere/ho ur).
For a d i scharge reac t ion to occur , one would
therefore require active materials in a ratio of
239.2 grams of PbO2, 207.2 grams of Pb, and
1 9 6 . 2 g r a m s o f S O 4 . Th e s a m e w e i gh t ra t io
likewise holds true for the charge reaction.
Theory of Intern al Recombinat ion
When a tra ditiona l open lea d-ac id ce ll is cha rge d,
a re lea se o f g a s o cc u rs . Th is h a p p en s w h en
w a t e r , t h r o u g h t h e p r o c e s s o f e l e c t r o l y s i s ,
decomposes into its foming elements.
To m a inta in the c hemica l ba la nce in the c ell, the
lost water must therefore be replaced periodically,
involving time consuming verification and refillingof the e lec trolyte.
In the ca se of Va lve-reg ula ted ba tteries , how ever,
the elements in the gases created are combined
anew during the charge phase, through the so-
called cycle of oxygen recombination, thereby
producing water as described in the following cycle:
1) On the positive plates, oxygen is generated by
wa ter electrolysis:
and i s d i f fused through the separa tors to the
negative plates.
2) On the negative plates, the oxygen combines
with a part of the lead contained in these plates
prod ucing lead oxide:
3) The lea d oxide c om bines w ith the s ulphuric
P b + 1/2 O2 P bO
H2O 1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e
3.2
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acid of the electrolyte, forming lead sulphate and
water:
Water is therefore regenerated on the positive
plates, while lead sulphate is formed from the
pa rtia lly disc harged nega tive pla tes .
4) The c ha rge proc es s rec ha rge s the pa rt ia lly
discharged negative plates, thereby closing the
cycle.
The rec omb ination cyc le, a s d es cribed a bo ve, is
therefore the oretica lly c omp lete (se e a lso Fig .1).
The c ons tituent pa rts of w a ter and sulphuric a cid
in the elec trolyte, a s we ll a s the a mount of lea d o f
the negative plates, reappear at the end of the
process in their or iginal s tate , wi thout having
mod ified the c harge c onditions of the pla tes.
N.B. In everyday circumstances, recombination
yields tend to be s l ight ly less than complete,
giving approximately 98% efficiency.
Necessary conditions
To fa c ilita te the d iffusion o f oxyg en, highly uniform
a nd porous se parators are used .
Furthermore, to avoid saturat ing the avai lable
poros ity of these sa me s epa ra tors, the q uantity of
H2O 2H+
+ 1/2 O2
H2SO4PbSO4 +H2O
Pb + H2SO4
PbOPb
Fig. 1
P b S O4 + 2H+ + 2e P b + H2S O4
P bO + H2S O4 P b S O4 + H2O
electrolyte must carefully be measured, thereby
en su r i n g th a t th e e l ec t r o l y t e i s com p l e te l y
contained inside the plates and the separators,
leav ing no f ree e lec t ro ly te ins ide the ba t terycontainer.
To prevent co ntac t of the lea d o f the nega tive
p l a t e s a n d t h e o x y g e n c o n t a i n e d i n t h e
surrounding a tmosphere , and the consequent
chemical oxidation, the electrical elements must
be held in fully closed containers. At the same
time, it is also necessary to allow the venting of
any overpressurizat ion of gases which may be
generated within the container during anomalous
a nd/or overly ha rsh cha rg ing c ond itions .
Every battery cell is therefore equipped with a
one-wa y valve. This va lve allow s exc es s g a se s to
be vented when required, but does not permit
outs ide a ir to enter. The presenc e o f these one-
way valves therefore gives r ise to the correct
Valve-regulated classification for FIAMM-GS
batteries, instead of the more commonly used,
but inac cura te, sea led cla ss ifica tion.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Capacity
The c a pa c ity of a ba t tery (Ah) is the prod uct
between the d i scharge curren t (expressed in
Amperes) and the t ime that passes before the
final discharge tension is reached (expressed in
hours).
The c a pa city varies a cc ording to the intensity ofthe o utput c urrent . The rat ed c a pa c ity (C ) is
con v en t i on a l y ca l cu l a t ed b y d i s ch ar g i n g th e
ba t tery at a s ta ble tempera ture of 20-25 C, in
such a way as to reach a final discharge tension
of 1.75 V per cell after 20 hours.
Discharge
Figures 2 and 3 represent the discharge curves
with currents from 0.05 C, up to 2 C. In the caseof a 12V-7,2Ah ba ttery, for insta nce , the d isc ha rge
current is expressed according to the following
formula:
4.2
4.1
4
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Due to the internal resistance of the battery, the
vol tage decreases f as ter when the d i scharge ,
currents a re higher (see figures 2 a nd 3).
In order to avoid shortening the battery life, it is
reco mmended not to discha rge the ba ttery beyond
the indicated minimum tensions (see table 1).
The m a ximum pe rmiss ible c ontinuous disc ha rg e
current depends on the type of terminal which is
use d (fa s ton or s c rew /bo lt te rmina l). As a rule ofth u m b , i t i s gen er a l l y g i v en a s 6 t i m es th e
ca pac ity of the ba ttery.
0.5C
1C
2CC: Rated capacity
Temperature: 25C (77F)
0 8010 20 30 40 50 60
13,0 6,5
12,0 6,0
11,0 5,5
10,0 5,0
9,0 4,5
8,0 4,0
6cells
3cells
Discharge time (minutes)
Terminalvoltage(V)
Discharge time vs. discharge current
70
Fig. 3
0.2C0.1C 0.05C
C: Rated capacityTemperature: 25C (77F)
0 222 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
13,0 6,5
12,0 6,0
11,0 5,5
10,0 5,0
9,0 4,5
8,0 4,0
6cells
3cells
Discharge time (hours)
Terminalvoltag
e(V)
Discharge time vs. discharge current
Fig. 2
0,05 C = 0,05 x 7,2 = 0,36 A
2 C = 2 x 7,2 = 14,4 A
For cable-terminals, the maximum permissible
discharge current is general ly accepted to be
a pproxima tely 3 times the c a pa city of the ba ttery.
Table 1 - Discharge current and final discharge voltage
Battery discharge is an electrochemical reaction
b e tw een th e e l ec t r od es ( th e p l a t e s ) an d th e
diluted sulphuric a c id.
When the discharge current is particularly high, or
the temperature is very low, thereby causing a
greater viscosity of the acid, the diffusion rate of
the a cid through the pla tes ca n no long er keep up
wi th the d i scharge , reducing the capaci ty , as
sho w n in figure 4.
Self-discharge
The los s of ba ttery c a pa city over a period of timeis ca lled se lf-discha rge . Through the use of P b-Ca
alloys, self-discharge caused by the sulphating of
the plates has been great ly reduced. Bat ter ies
4.3
20
40
60
80
100
120
-10 0 10 20 30 40-20
2,0C(A)
1,0C(A)
0,2C(A)
0,1C(A)0,05C(A)
Availablecapacity(%)
C: nominal capacity
Temperature (C)
Fig. 4
Effect of the temperature on capacity
0
Discharge current Final discharge voltage
Less than 0.2 C 1.75 V/cell
0.2 C - 0.5 C 1.70 V/cell
0.5 C - 1.0 C 1.60 V/cell
1.0 C - 2.0 C 1.50 V/cell
2.0 C - 3.0 C 1.35 V/cell
Over 3.0 C 1.00 V/cell
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can therefore be stored for long periods, or used
only oc ca sionally.
Under normal condi t ions, at about 20C-25C,sel f-discharge is around 0.1% of the nominal
c a p a c it y p er d a y. Th is i s 25- 30% les s th a n
co nventiona l open lea d-ac id b a tteries .
The re la t ions h ip b etw een s e lf -d i sc ha rg e a nd
temperature is shown in figures 5 and 6. For every
1 0 C i n c r e a s e i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e s e l f -
disc harge ra te do ubles.
Open circui t voltage
In traditional open lead-acid batteries with fillingcaps, where free acid is used, i t is possible to
estimate the residual capacity of the battery by
mea suring the d ensity of the a cid.
4.4
032
1050
2068
3086
40104
50122
60 (C)140 (F)
0,02
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,5
1
2
Temperature
Self-disch
argerate(%
day)
Relation between self-discharge rate and temperature
Fig. 6
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
40C
20C
10C
Storage time (months)
Availablecapacity(%)
Fig. 5
Self discharge rate
0
This is how ever not po ssible with valve-reg ula ted
batteries, thus leaving a comparison of the value
of the open circuit tension as the only method to
a pproxima te the res idua l c a pa c ity. The res ult of ameasurement of the open circuit tension, taken
either 24 hours after a full charge, or at least 10
minutes a f ter d i scharge , when p lo t ted on the
curve found in figure 7 allows an approximation of
the res idua l ca pa city.
Charge
A proper charge is among the most important
elements that help ensure long life to FIAMM-GS
batteries.
Constant tens ion charge
This is the most c ommonly used method of cha rging.
G enera lly, a constant tension charger is used togetherwith a current limiter. In this way, the charging current
cannot pass the suggested limit of 0.25C during the
initial charge phase. When the battery tension
reaches the fixed level (see figures 8 and 9), the
charger switches from constant current to constant
voltage. During this phase, the charging current
begins to dec rea se until it reac hes a level of minimum
charging current, also known as maintenance current
which generally eq uals 0.3 mA/Ah.
The rec omme nde d va lues for cha rg ing voltag e,with a temperature o f 20-25 C, a re the follow ing:
cyc lic us e: 2.40 - 2.45 V/cell - cha rging current 0,25C
stand-by use: 2.25 - 2.30 V/cell - cha rging current 0,25C
4.5.1
4.5
Conditions:24 hours after charge10 minutes after dischargeTemperature 25C (77F)
Opencircuitvoltage(V/cell)
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2 50 100
Remaining capacity (%)
Relation between open circuit voltage and remaining capacity
Fig. 7
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With tempe ra tures low er or hig her than 10 C -
30 C , i t i s n ecessa r y t o m od i f y th e ch ar g i n g
tens ion , by apply ing a thermal compensat ion
f ac to r . O th er w i se , t h e r e i s th e r i sk o f
u n d e r c h a r g i n g a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s , o r
overcharging a t high te mperatures .The therma l co mpensa tion fac tors to be applied a re:
If the temperature is betw een 10 C a nd 30 C, it is
generally not neces sa ry to ta ke the c ompensa tion
fac tor into a cc ount.
Caution: in cyclic use it is recommended to use
either a timer to interrupt charging at the preset
voltage or a sensor.
Fast charg e
Higher than normal tensions and currents are
4.5.2
- 3 mV/cell/ C for sta nd -by- 5 mV/cell/ C for c yc lic use
Charge
Current
Voltage
2,5
2,0
2,4
2,3
2,1
2,2
Voltage(V/cell)
Chargeamount(%)
20
0
120
100
40
80
60
Current(CA)
0
0,25
0,20
0,05
0,15
0,10
Charge time (hours)
(2.30V/cell, 25C (77F))
Constant voltage charging characteristics
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Fig. 9
2,5
2,0
2,4
2,3
2,1
2,2
00
0,25
0,20
0,05
0,15
0,10
20
0
120
100
40
80
60
Chargeamo
unt(%)
Current(CA
)
Voltage(V/c
ell)
2 4 6 8 10
Charge time (hours)
Charge
Current
Voltage
(2.45V/cell, 25C (77F))
Constant voltage charging characteristics
Fig. 8used to fast charge batteries. By increasing the
limit of initial current to 1.5 C, it is possible to
recharge previously 70% discharged batteries in
about 1,5 hours (see f igure 10). In the case ofbatteries with over 10 Ah capacity, it is however
n e c e s s a r y t o k e e p t h e i n i t i a l c u r r e n t t o a
maximum of 1 C in order to avoid a temperature
i n cr ease d u r i n g th e ch ar g i n g p h ase . Bey on d
thermal compensation (see 4.5.1), the installation
o f a t h e r m a l f u s e i s a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d t o
immediately halt the charge should the batteries
reach overly high temperatures.
Two-stage charge
The use of a tw o-stag e cha rger ca n also be used
to a cc elerate the c harge. Figure 11 repres ents the
functioning o f a tw o-sta ge cha rge r.
Charge
Voltage
Current
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
2,5
2,4
2,3
2,2
2,1
2,0
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Chargeamount(%)
Current(CA)
Voltage(V/cell)
Charge time (hours)
Two-step constant voltages of 2.45 V/cell and
2.30 V/cell at 25C (77F)
Fig. 11
4.5.3
Charge
Voltage
Current
0 30 60 90
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
100
50
0
Chargeamount(%)
Current(CA)
Voltage(V/cell)
Charge time (minutes)
Battery: 70% dischargedTemperature 25C (77F)
Characteristics of fast charging
Fig. 10
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Parallel char ge
Use only ba tteries of the same type a nd bra nd.
Ensure tha t the connect ing c a b les ha ve the
sa me elec tric resista nce va lue.
Use only ba t teries wi th the sa me product ion
da te and usa ge history.
LIFETIME
After being used for a longer period, the electric
capacity of a battery begins to deteriorate, until it
r e a c h e s a p o i n t w h e r e i t c a n n o l o n g e r b e
res tored through recha rg ing . This indic a tes tha t
th e en d o f th e b a t t e r y s u se f u l l i f e h as b een
reached. It is very difficult to forecast the lifetime
of a bat tery , as many factors can have a great
influence thereon.
The ma in fac tors w hich neg a tively a ffec t ba ttery
life are:
Deep discharge
High quantity of overcharge
Charging current and voltage
During the charging phase, a high initial current
ca n generate exc es sive hea t. This phenome non
may c ause both as sembled a nd non-as sembled
b a t t e r i e s t o s w e l l i f t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n a n
insufficiently ventila ted spa ce . The s a me c a n
hap pen w hen the cha rging tension is to o high.
Surrounding temperature
The highe r the s urround ing t emp era ture, the
more the ba ttery dete riorates .
Lifet ime in cycl ic use
Figure 12 shows the l i f e t ime of FIAMM-GS
batteries in cyclic use. Initially, the capacity tends
t o i nc r e a s e . Th e n u m b e r o f u s a b l e c y c le s
dec rea ses if the de pth of disc harge increa ses .
5.1
5
4.5.4A battery with a higher capacity will have a much
longer lifetime, if compared to a smaller capacity
ba ttery using the sa me loa d.
Lifet ime in stand-by use
Figure 13 shows the l i f e t ime of FIAMM-GS
ba tteries in sta nd-by us e. The w idth of the c urveind ica tes the normal to lerance o f the ba t tery
capacity. As the lifetime is considerably affected
by the charging voltage, it is important to remain
w ithin the limits of 2.25 - 2.30 V/cell (+ the therma l
compensat ion f ac tor) . As can be seen in the
figure, a tremendous reduction of battery lifetime
i s cau sed b y an i n c r ease i n th e su r r ou n d i n g
temperature.
0,5
1
2
5
10
0 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (C)
Life
(years)
Fig. 13
Lifetime in stand-by use
5.2
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
(100% depthof discharge)
Number of cycles ()
A
vailablecapacity(%)
Temperature 25C
(50% depthof discharge)
(30% depthof discharge)
(%) indicates the depth ofdischarge per with nominalc a pa c i t y t a ken a s 100%
Fig. 12
Lifetime in cyclic use
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Lifet ime in deep discharge
The lifetime o f a FIAMM-GS ba tte ry is serious ly
reduced if discharged too deeply or if stored in a
disc harged state.
Figure 14 demonstrates the relationship between
the number of overdischarges and the percentage
of ra ted c a pac ity which c a n be ob tained a fter the
recharge of FIAMM-GS batteries.
Figure 15 sho ws the c harge a fter a n overly s evere
discharge.
Voltage
Current
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2,5
2,4
2,3
2,2
2,1
2,0
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0
Current(CA)
Voltage(V/cell)
Charging time (hours)
Charging characteristics after deep discharge
1) Totally discharged with resistorover 30 days.
2) Charged at 2.45 V/cell constant voltage(0.25CA max) for 20 hours.
Fig. 15
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Capacity
(%)
Deep discharge cycles
Deep discharge cycle durability
0 2 4 6 8 10
1) Totally discharged with resistorover 30 days.
2) Charged at 2.45 V/cell constant voltage(0.25A max) for 20 hours.
3) Discharged at 0.1CA to check capacityrepeat steps 1) to 3).
Fig. 14
5.3 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Assembl ing and connect ing
Never put the ba tteries in a se a led c onta inerduring charging.
S e c u re t h e b a t t e ry w e l l, a n d p ro t e c t fro mvibrations and impacts.
If the ba ttery is insta lled inside a ca binet, fas tenit well at the lowest possible level.
Do not install the ba ttery near sources of heat or
sources of pos sible s parks.
It is co mmon for slight te mperature d ifference sto exist between batteries installed in series orparallel. It is however important to avoid thatsuch differences exceed 3C .
Do not pla ce the ba ttery in contac t with objectscontaining plasticizers, organic solvents or softP VC , a s t h e y m a y d a m a g e t h e AB S b a t te rycase .
Do not c ompress a nd/or bend the termina ls,
a n d d o n o t o v e r h e a t t h e m ( d o n o t w e l d o rsolder!).
It is not rec ommend ed to insta ll the ba tteries ina n upside-do wn po sition.
Ba tteries should be insta lled in a dry cool andw ell-ventila ted loc a tion.
Alwa ys lea ve sufficient spa ce betwe en ba tteries(preferably 10 mm).
Alwa ys disc harge a ll batteries co ntempora neously.
Avoid us ing the b a tteries in pla ce s w here, d ueto temperature changes, water may condenseon the ba tteries .
F o r b a t t e r ie s u s e d in s e r ie s , e n s u r e t hei n t e r c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e b a t t e r i e s b e f o r econnecting them to the load.
Due to the se lf-disc ha rge proc es s , it is likelythat batteries will have lower capacity followingtrans po rtation and /or sto rag e, i t is the reforenecessary to recharge the batteries well before
their installation.
N.B. The ma nufa cturing d a te co de is sho w n on allbatteries.
6.1
6
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Storage
S torage tempera ture must be betw een -20 C
and + 40C .
B efore sto ring the ba ttery, disc onnec t from a nyelec tric circuit, a nd plac e in a c oo l, d ry pla ce .
During the storag e period , rec harge the ba tteryat least once every six months.
B a tteries a lso a ge d uring s torag e, it is thereforereco mmended to use them as soo n as pos sible.
General comment s
Never short-c ircuit the termina ls .
Use a cloth for the cleaning of the ba tteries .Never use gasoline, oils, or solvents, and neveru s e c l o t h s i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h t h eaforementioned.
Avoid a ny spa rks or fla mes nea r the ba tteries .
6.3
6.2 Do not a t tempt to open the ba t teries . In the
event that the diluted sulphuric acid electrolytehapp ens to co me in co ntac t with skin and /orclothes, wash immediately with water. Shouldthe acid come in contact with eyes, wash themthoroughly, a nd immed ia tely c ons ult a do cto r.
Never incinera te ba tteries, they may e xplode.
N e v e r e m p l o y b a t t e r ie s h a v in g d i ff e re n tc a p a c it ie s a n d /or co m in g f r om d if f e ren tm a n u f a c t u r e r s o r p r o d u c t i o n b a t c h e s .Differences in battery characteristics can caused a m a g e t o t h e b a t t e rie s a n d /o r t o t h eeq uipment they s erve.
Upon reaching the end of their useful life,
bat ter ies should be disposed of us ing
appropr iate col lec t ion and/or recyc l ing
channels (please consult local authorities for
information).
Do not d ispose of with household waste.
HOW TO SELECT THE APPROPRIATE TYPE OF BATTERYTh e req u ired b a t t e r y ca p a c i t y c a n b e d e te rm in ed b y p l o t t in g th e p o i nt w h er e th e need ed
d i s c h a r g e c u r r e n t c o m b i n e s w i t h t h a t o f t h e n e e d e d d i s c h a r g e t i m e o n f i g u r e 1 6 .
Any ba ttery type dep icte d by a curve tha t fa lls to the right o f the va lue c a lcula ted w ill provide the
needed capaci ty .
6
Fig. 16
Minu
tes
How to select the appropriate type of battery
1
10
100
1000
0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Ampere
FG27004
FG26504
FG24204
FG22703
FG12003FG21803
FG21201
FG10801
FG20086
FG20121
FG20201
FG20301
FG20451
FG20721
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Constant power discharge (W)
Time 5' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h
FG20721 29 A 17,8 A 13,2 A 10,7 A 7,8 A 5,7 A 4,6 A 2,6 A 1,86 A 1,21 A 0,66 A 0,38 A
FG21202 48 A 31 A 23 A 18,5 A 13,5 A 9,7 A 7,7 A 4,3 A 3,0 A 1,92 A 1,04 A 0,64 A
FG21803 67 A 41 A 31 A 25 A 18,6 A 13,7 A 11,0 A 6,4 A 4,6 A 3,0 A 1,65 A 0,93 A
FG22703 97 A 60 A 45 A 37 A 27 A 21,5 A 17,2 A 10,7 A 7,4 A 4,8 A 2,67 A 1,43 A
FG24204 156 A 100 A 76 A 63 A 47 A 35 A 28 A 16,1 A 11,6 A 7,5 A 4,09 A 2,16 A
FG27004 246 A 168 A 129 A 106 A 79 A 58 A 46 A 26 A 18,3 A 11,8 A 6,50 A 3,59 A
Final Voltage: 1.6V/Cell
Time 5' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h
FG20721 27 A 17,2 A 13,1 A 10,6 A 7,9 A 5,8 A 4,6 A 2,6 A 1,84 A 1,18 A 0,65 A 0,37 A
FG21202 45 A 29 A 22 A 18,2 A 13,3 A 9,7 A 7,6 A 4,2 A 3,0 A 1,89 A 1,03 A 0,64 A
FG21803 62 A 40 A 30 A 25 A 18,6 A 13,8 A 11,0 A 6,4 A 4,6 A 3,0 A 1,62 A 0,92 A
FG22703 95 A 59 A 44 A 36 A 27 A 21,1 A 16,9 A 10,5 A 7,3 A 4,7 A 2,62 A 1,42 A
FG24204 140 A 96 A 75 A 62 A 47 A 35 A 28 A 16,0 A 11,4 A 7,4 A 4,02 A 2,15 A
FG27004 226 A 160 A 125 A 103 A 78 A 57 A 45 A 26 A 18,1 A 11,7 A 6,44 A 3,58 A
Final Voltage: 1.7V/Cell
Time 5' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h
FG20721 23 A 15,6 A 12,1 A 10,0 A 7,5 A 5,6 A 4,4 A 2,5 A 1,80 A 1,16 A 0,63 A 0,36 A
FG21202 39 A 27 A 20 A 16,8 A 12,5 A 9,2 A 7,3 A 4,1 A 2,9 A 1,86 A 1,01 A 0,60 A
FG21803 54 A 37 A 29 A 24 A 18,0 A 13,5 A 10,9 A 6,3 A 4,5 A 2,9 A 1,59 A 0,90 A
FG22703 78 A 48 A 39 A 33 A 24 A 19,3 A 15,6 A 9,8 A 6,9 A 4,5 A 2,46 A 1,41 A
FG24204 119 A 86 A 68 A 57 A 44 A 33 A 27 A 15,7 A 11,2 A 7,3 A 3,96 A 2,14 A
FG27004 194 A 142 A 113 A 95 A 73 A 55 A 44 A 26 A 18,3 A 11,9 A 6,48 A 3,58 A
Final Voltage: 1.8V/Cell
Constant current discharge (A)
Time 5' 7' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h
FG20721 298,3 W 243,2 W 193,8 W 147,7 W 120,9 W 90,2 W 66,5 W 53,2 W 30,4 W 21,6 W 13,9 W 7,5 W 4,0 W
FG21202 359,0 W 307,8 W 256,1 W 202,9 W 169,5 W 129,3 W 96,7 W 77,9 W 44,9 W 32,0 W 20,6 W 11,2 W 6,0 W
FG21803 680,8 W 556,5 W 445,5 W 342,3 W 282,0 W 212,7 W 158,7 W 128,2 W 75,0 W 54,1 W 35,4 W 19,5 W 10,5 W
FG22703 808,2 W 702,3 W 590,3 W 471,1 W 394,8 W 301,5 W 225,4 W 181,3 W 104,1 W 74,2 W 47,9 W 26,3 W 14,6 W
FG24204 1620,8 W 1322,8 W 1060,0 W 817,4 W 676,1 W 513,3 W 386,1 W 313,6 W 186,0 W 135,1 W 88,9 W 48,9 W 26,0 W
FG27004 2474,9 W 2092,3 W 1723,5 W 1357,0 W 1132,5 W 864,9 W 650,1 W 526,3 W 308,1 W 221,9 W 144,9 W 79,8 W 43,3 W
Final Voltage: 1.6V/Cell
Time 5' 7' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h
FG20721 281,4 W 233,3 W 188,3 W 145,1 W 119,4 W 89,5 W 66,1 W 52,8 W 30,1 W 21,4 W 13,8 W 7,5 W 4,0 W
FG21202 333,3 W 288,7 W 242,7 W 194,3 W 163,4 W 125,7 W 94,7 W 76,6 W 44,5 W 31,8 W 20,5 W 11,2 W 6,0 W
FG21803 628,9 W 525,9 W 429,0 W 334,8 W 278,1 W 211,2 W 158,2 W 127,8 W 74,6 W 53,7 W 35,1 W 19,3 W 10,5 W
FG22703 756,1 W 664,3 W 564,4 W 455,5 W 384,5 W 296,3 W 223,2 W 180,4 W 104,5 W 74,6 W 48,2 W 26,4 W 14,5 W
FG24204 1482,2 W 1243,8 W 1019,8 W 801,3 W 669,0 W 512,1 W 386,5 W 314,0 W 185,4 W 134,1 W 87,8 W 48,2 W 25,8 W
FG27004 2292,4 W 1981,4 W 1662,5 W 1329,2 W 1117,9 W 859,8 W 648,5 W 525,4 W 306,9 W 220,4 W 143,5 W 78,9 W 43,2 W
Final Voltage: 1.7V/Cell
Time 5' 7' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 1h 2h 3h 5h 10h 20h
FG20721 250,4 W 211,6 W 174,0 W 136,4 W 113,4 W 85,9 W 64,0 W 51,5 W 29,6 W 21,1 W 13,6 W 7,3 W 3,9 W
FG21202 286,6 W 253,9 W 217,9 W 178,0 W 151,6 W 118,3 W 90,2 W 73,5 W 43,2 W 31,0 W 20,1 W 11,0 W 5,9 W
FG21803 540,3 W 464,7 W 388,6 W 310,2 W 261,0 W 201,1 W 152,1 W 123,6 W 72,7 W 52,4 W 34,3 W 18,9 W 10,3 W
FG22703 660,4 W 593,3 W 514,8 W 423,9 W 362,3 W 283,2 W 215,7 W 175,3 W 102,2 W 73,0 W 47,0 W 25,4 W 13,7 W
FG24204 1296,0 W 1122,1 W 944,9 W 760,1 W 642,5 W 498,2 W 379,0 W 308,9 W 182,8 W 132,1 W 86,3 W 47,5 W 25,7 W
FG27004 1996,7 W 1760,7 W 1506,0 W 1227,8 W 1045,5 W 816,6 W 624,1 W 509,6 W 302,0 W 218,1 W 142,6 W 78,5 W 42,7 W
Final Voltage: 1.8V/Cell
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FG Series
q Batteries produced in Italian factory of Avezzano
Batteries also available with a case that responds to UL-94 V0 flame retardant standards; these models carry an FGV prefix
s VdS homologated batteries
v Under VdS homologation
Discharge20 h rate
1,75V/cell
Discharge10 h rate
1,75V/cell
Discharge5 h rate
1,70V/cell
Discharge1,5 h rate1,60V/cell
L W H THType VdSNominalvoltage
(V)Terminal
Weightgr
CAPACITY (Ah) DIM ENSIONS (mm)
Terminalpositionfigure
Maxdischarge
current(A)
TEMPERAT. (C)Max
chargecurrent
(A)Charge
Discharge
Storage
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 6,3
BOLT+NUT TYPE M5
LEAD WIRE+SOCKET
FASTON 4,8FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 6,3
FASTON 4,8
FASTON 6,3
BOLT+NUT TYPE M5
BOLT+NUT TYPE M5
BOLT+NUT TYPE M5
BOLT+NUT TYPE M6BOLT+NUT TYPE M6
BOLT+NUT TYPE M6
FG10121
FG10301
FG10321
FG10451
FG10721
q FG11201
q FG11202
FG12003
FG20086
q FG20121FG20121A
q FG20201
FG20271
FG20301
FG20451
q FG20721
q FG20722
q FG21201
q FG21202
q FG21503
q FG21803
q FG22703
q FG24204FG26504
q FG27004
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
1212
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1212
12
1,20
3,00
3,20
4,00
7,00
12,00
12,00
20,00
0,80
1,201,20
2,00
2,70
3,00
4,00
7,20
7,20
12,00
12,00
15,00
18,00
27,00
42,0065,00
70,00
1,08
2,70
2,88
3,60
6,30
10,80
10,80
18,00
0,72
1,061,08
1,83
2,43
2,70
3,60
6,50
6,50
10,80
10,80
13,70
16,20
25,00
38,5062,00
66,70
1,00
2,55
2,72
3,40
5,95
9,60
9,60
16,50
0,63
0,981,00
1,65
2,25
2,55
3,40
5,90
5,90
9,60
9,60
12,30
14,76
23,00
34,5055,80
60,00
0,78
1,95
2,08
2,60
4,55
7,50
7,50
13,40
0,53
0,800,78
1,37
1,76
1,95
2,60
4,60
4,60
7,50
7,50
9,90
11,86
18,00
28,5046,10
50,00
97
134
66
70
151
151
151
157
96
9797
178
79
134
90
151
151
151
151
181
181
166
196271
350
24,5
34
33
48
34
50
50
83
25
48,542
34
55,5
68
70
65
65
98
98
76
76
175
163166
166
50,5
60
118
102
94
94
94
125
61,5
50,551
60
102
61
102
94
94
94
94
167
167
125
174190
174
55
65
124
106
98
99
99
125
61,5
5555
65
106
65
106
99
99
99
99
167
167
125
174190
174
300
680
750
890
1380
2100
2100
3700
360
580550
890
1100
1300
1750
2650
2650
4200
4200
6100
6200
9000
1500022600
24000
6
2
3
1
3
2
2
8
7
44
2
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
88
8
7,2
18,0
19,2
24,0
36,0
72,0
72,0
120,0
3,2
7,27,2
12,0
16,2
18,0
24,0
43,2
43,2
72,0
72,0
108,0
156,0
162,0
252,0390,0
420,0
0,300
0,750
0,800
1,000
1,500
3,000
3,000
5,000
0,200
0,3000,300
0,500
0,670
0,750
1,000
1,800
1,800
3,000
3,000
4,500
6,500
6,750
10,50016,250
17,500
0
40
-20
50
-20
50
How to read the code number
The c od e number of FIAMM-GS ba tteries indica tes volta ge , c a pa city and type o f terminal.
Technica
ldatamaybesubjecttovariations
AFGA indicates a different form compared to thestanda rd type of same c apa city and voltage
Termina l type1: faston type 4,82: faston type 6,33: bo lt type M54: bo lt type M66: lead wire with socket
Capacityin tenthsof Ahat 20 hoursrate
Voltage1: 6V2: 12V
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TERMINAL POSITION
MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS TERMINAL TYPE
Fig. 8Fig. 7Fig. 6Fig. 5
Fig. 4Fig. 3Fig. 2Fig. 1
Termina l po s ition
Connecto r + wire
Bolt and nut
Front side
Nut M5
2 12
12
Nut M6
2,5 16
17,5
7,5
13,5
5,1
21,8
8
6,3
0,8
6,5
4,8
0,8
L W
HTH
Terminal 1
Termina l typ e
Terminal 2
Termina l typ e
Terminal 3
Bo lt a nd nut type M5
Terminal 4
Bolt and nut type M6
Terminal 6
Lead w ire w ith connecto r
Wire lengt h
105 (D. 4134) 10 (D. 0394)
MALEAMP. INC.N. 1-480318-0
FEMALE
AMP. INC.N. 60617-1
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NOTES:
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V i a l e E u r o p a , 6 336075 Montecchio MaggioreV I C E N Z A - I T A L Y Phone +39 0444 709350F a x + 3 9 0 4 4 4 7 0 9 3 6 0htt // fi 0
978