TECHNICAL REPORT INVENTORY OF … REPORT INVENTORY OF SANDALWOOD TREES AT TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN...

TECHNICAL REPORT INVENTORY OF SANDALWOOD

TREES AT TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN DISTRICT

FORESTRY AND ESTATE CROP SERVICE OFTIMOR TENGAH SELATAN DISTRICT

Team ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F)Yani SeptianiElizabeth LukasDodi Andriadi S.Esther Martha Joseph Christian Mocka

Address :ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F)

Jakarta: Manggala Wanabakti Building Blok 4, 7th floor Wing B No. 715Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Jakarta 10210Tel. : (62-21) 574 6747, 570 3246, ext 5291Fax.: (62-21) 574 6747

Kupang:Provincial Forestry Office of Nusa Tenggara TimurJl. Perintis KemerdekaanKelapa Lima – Kota Kupang. 85228Tel.: (62-380) 831 847Fax.: (62-380) 833 102

Executing Agency:Kementerian KehutananDirektorat Jenderal Bina Produksi KehutananDirektorat Bina Pengembangan Hutan Alam

Address :Manggala Wanabakti Building Blok I, 11th floorJl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Jakarta 10210Tel.: (62-21) 573 0381, 573 0382Fax.: (62-21) 573 0381

Collaborating Agency:Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Address :Jl. Perintis KemerdekaanKelapa Lima – Kota Kupang. 85228Tel.: (62-380) 831 847Fax.: (62-380) 833 102

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)International Organizations Center, 5th FloorPacifico-Yokohama 1-1-1, Minato-Mirai,Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0012 JapanTel : +81-45-223-1110Fax : +81-45-223-1111Email : [email protected]

TECHNICAL REPORT INVENTORY OF SANDALWOOD TREES AT

TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN DISTRICT

FORESTRY AND ESTATE CROP SERVICE OFTIMOR TENGAH SELATAN DISTRICT

iiiInventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

PREFACE

Sandalwood (Santalum Album Linn.) is an important tree species in East Nusa Tenggara province because of its economic value and the best endemic tree in the world.

Past regulations and policies are identified as the main reasons behind the decrease of Sandalwood population particularly in Timor island. Regulations and policies which excluded communities resulted in the scarcity of Sandalwood. Funded by ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization) through Project ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F).; “Improving the Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Management of Sandalwood Forest Resources in East Nusa Tenggara” , the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia currently supports Sandalwood conservation in East Nusa Tenggara through strengthening policy frameworks, economic incentive, and local institution for sustainable Sandalwood management. It becomes a priority program to deal with Sandalwood-related issues in East Nusa Tenggara.

At the inial stage with a support from ITTO, policy analysis and economic incentive for Sandalwood management in East Nusa Tenggara as the realisation of the Action Plan and the Master Plan of Sandalwood management, have been conducted. The activities included stand inventory of Sandalwood in South Timor Tengah (TTS). It was conducted by TTS district forestry and plantation offices in 23 villages. The inventory data is very important as the input to improve policies on Sandalwood management in East Nusa Tenggara particularly in TTS district.

The initiave to conduct the stand inventory is highly appreciated and expected to be conducted in every village in TTS district. We thank TTS district forestry and plantation office which has worked very hard and the ITTO PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F) project which has facilitated the inventory activity and supports the publication. We hope that this publication will encourage similar inventory activities in other districts in East Nusa Tenggara.

Jakarta, August 2010

The Director of Natural Forest Management

Ir. Listya Kusumawardhani, MSc

iv Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

vInventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

FOREWORD

In implementing the provincial government program of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) to regain the odor of sandalwood, one of the program of the governor is formulated in the spirit of local government mission to put back the NTT Province to become again the sandalwood province. Various activities have been done among others the making of sandalwood working unit, seminars at national as well as regional levels.

In order to improve sandalwood development, inventory is needed especially for trees that later are to become seed source.

Supported by ITTO funding, inventory was done at the Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) District, but which has not been completely done due to lack of time and funding, eventhough it does not lessen the spirit to implement the activities. At the end of the said activities, a public consultation will be done to ask for opinion about how sandalwood would be in the future, especially about the regulation to guarantee communities which planted sandalwood.

Finally we wish to say thank you to ITTO and everyone involved who have given a helping hand in the sandalwood inventory in the South Central Timor (TTS) District.

May what is given by the inventory team will be useful to all stakeholders who are concerned about the development of sandalwood in NTT.

Soe, 24 May 2010

Ir. RUFINUS PURBA, MM

vi Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

viiInventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

TABLE OF CONTENS

PREFACE .................................................................................................................. iii

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ v

LIST OF TABLE AND PICTURE ............................................................................ ix

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xi

1. Background ............................................................................................................. 1

2. Why sandalwood need to be inventorized ................................................................ 2

3. Flashback on the history of Sandalwood ................................................................... 4

a. Period before year Anno Domini ............................................................................ 4

b. The period at the beginning of Anno Domini ......................................................... 4

c. Regulations on sandalwood by the King in colonial period .................................... 4

d. Sandalwood regulations during the Portugese rule ................................................. 5

e. Sandalwood regulations during the VOC period .................................................... 5

f. Sandalwood regulation during the Netherlands East Indies ..................................... 5

g. Effort to re-establish sandalwood by the Dutch ...................................................... 6

h. Condition during the Japanese occupation ........................................................... 6

i. Period after Indonesia’s independence ..................................................................... 6

4. Method and time of implementation ....................................................................... 8

a) Location and time of data collection ..................................................................... 8

b) Materials and tools for data collection .................................................................... 9

5. Approaches in data collection .................................................................................. 10

a). Initial preparation ................................................................................................. 10

b). Implementation of data collection ........................................................................ 10

6. Implementing Organization ..................................................................................... 11

7. Inventory Data on Sandalwood Seed Source Stands in 23 villages at TTS ............... 12

8. Analysis of Findings ................................................................................................. 15

9. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 28

10. Recommendation ................................................................................................... 28

11. References ............................................................................................................. 28

APPENDIXES ............................................................................................................ 31

viii Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

ixInventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

List of Table

Table 1. Population of Sandalwood stand in year 1992/1993 .............................................. 3

Table 2. Contribution of IHC to the PAD of Forestry Office of

TTS District 2003 up to 2009 .............................................................................. 3

Table 3. Result of inventory of sandalwood plants in year 1973 to 1993 ............................ 7

Table 4. Inventory Time Schedule Implementation Plan Year 2010 ................................... 9

Table 5. Location of villages where inventory is done ......................................................... 11

Table 6. Personnel of Team for Data Collection consists ..................................................... 12

Table 7. Data on Sandalwood Inventory Result, 2010 ......................................................... 13

LIST OF TABLE AND PICTURE

List of Picture

Picture 1. Sandalwood tree with a girth measurement of 100 cm and height of 10 m in Binaus village, Central Mollo Sub-District ............................... 14

Picture 2. Location map of villages in TTS district where inventory is done ......................... 14

Picture 3. Sandalwood tree growing in Babuin village, Kolbano sub-district. (Picture was submitted by the Babuin village Inventory team) ............................ 15

Picture 4. Graph on inventory data of sandalwood seed source stand at 23 villages in TTS District 2010 ......................................................................................... 16

Picture 5. Sandalwood trees growing naturally in a cluster at Obesi village, North Mollo sub-district. (courtesy of Inventory Team III, Obesi village) ........... 17

Picture 6. Sandalwood seedlings naturally growing at private land in the village of Nekemunifeto ............................................................................ 17

Picture 7. Map of spread of sandalwood seed trees as the result of inventory ....................... 18

Picture 8. One of the old (hundred of years) sandalwood that is still being safeguarded and maintained is still living in the traditional village of Boti in the olden times of our elders sandalwood was really safeguarded ........................................ 24

x Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

xiInventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

Santalum album Linn, is a plant species that has a high economic value. Part of the wood that contains

santalol oil is widely used for making handicraft, incense, used in religious rituals, medicinal herbs, and

for aroma theraphy. The fruit of santalum is also a source of feed for some species of birds. Santalum album Linn is an endemic species of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) in Indonesia. Exploitation of

sandalwood in the islands of Timor and vicinity has been done for centuries without paying any

attention to its preservation. Now the existence of this plant which is classified as a semi-parasitic plant

is being threatened.

ABSTRACT

xii Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

1Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

1. Background

Sandalwood is an Indonesian indigenous species growing endemically in the Province of East Nusa

Tenggara (NTT) in the islands of Timor, Sumba, Alor, Solor, Pantar, Flores, Rote, and other islands.

Besides in NTT, sandalwood is also found at Gunung Kidul, Imogiri, Kulon Progo at the Special

Province of Yogyakarta (DIY), Bondowoso (East Java), and the island of Sulawesi. The ideal condition

for the growth of sandalwood is at altitudes of between 50 - 1200m above sea level (asl), a rainfall

between 625 - 1625 mm/year with dry months of between 9 - 10 months. During germination period,

sandalwood is very sensitive to high temperature and dryness, and thus the seedlings need a shade

cover of about 40-50 %.

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a very potent forest product in NTT because the wood has a

particularly nice smell and has a high economic value, saleable in domestic as well as the export market.

Its high economic value is caused by the high content of volatile oil in its wood, the best in the world,

and a high volume of core wood. The high economic value of sandalwood is the result of a high

content of santalol volatile oil in its wood which has a typical aromatic smell. The sandlawood oil is

obtained from the destillation of its wood, and is used as an ingredient for medicine and perfume. The

wood is used as raw material for craft industries to make craftwork, wooden statues, fan, prayer beads,

and others. Sandalwood oil is exported to Europe, the USA, China, Hongkong, Korea, Taiwan and

Japan. Handicrafts from sandalwood are mostly sold domestically. The world need for sandalwood oil

is around 200 tons per year. From that amount, the majority is supplied from India (50%). Indonesia,

Australia, New Caledonia and Fiji supplies about 20 tons, while the world market still need about 80

more tons per year tahun (press release, Center for Forestry Information, February, 2009)

The exploitation of sandalwood at Timor island and its surrounding islands has been done for centuries,

Ormeling noted from Van Leur (1934) that indian traders have reached Timor at the beginning of

the year AD. Ormelling (1955) also noted from Groeneveldt (1880) that on the logbook of Chinese

traders it was noted that the island of Timor is an island covered with sandalwood and there is no

other produce besides sandalwood. Up to year 1990 sandalwood still existed. However, because of

incompatible management system, decrease of sandal-wood plants has occurred nowadays.

2 Inventory of Sandalwood Trees at Timor Tengah Selatan District

The decrease is caused by the high annual allowable cut, high rate of stealing, and at the same time

unbalanced with successful rate of regeneration from forest plantations as well as from natural forests.

In year 1999 a moratorium of sandalwood felling from forest land is imposed. The current sandalwood

available in the market is derived from privately owned land of community members.

At present, the demand for sandalwood is continually icreasing in line with the increasing growth

of industry, tourism, mining and the increasing number of population, therefore to overcome this

predicament, conservation must be done, among others by planting and re-inventory of sandalwood

stands to know the spread of existing seed source plants. Effort of re-planting need quality seeds of

sandalwood, for this purpose sandalwood seed source is required.

After friendly operation has ended, the number of existing sandalwood seed source, its location and

condition is not known for sure. Therefore an inventory of sandalwood seed tree stands is imperative

in order to know the spread of the seed trees. To collect data on sandalwood seed source, it naturally

need fund, manpower and time. ITTO, through its PD 459/07 (F) Rev.1 project, together with the

Ministry of Forestry, is evaluating the policies of sandalwood management in East Nusa Tenggara

(NTT). One of the activities implemented by the project is to make an inventory of sandalwood in

the District of South Central Timor (TTS).

The attention from ITTO is a form of encouragement to the regional government, specifically the

forestry and estate crops unit to be more diligent in developing sandalwood plants which was the prime

produce of the TTS district in the previous years, to regain the prominence of the NTT province and

especially the district of TTS.

2. Why sandalwood need to be inventorized

The logo of the TTS District contain a tree stump with eight brown colored roots, a symbol of

sandalwood in TTS specifically, depicting the eight sub-districts where sandalwood is found. Now,

the TTS district has 32 sub-district after the program of regional growth was done. Sandalwood is a

forest produce that is very significant in the TTS district in the period of between the years of 1958

until the 1990s.

Re-inventory of the sandalwood stand in years 1992/1993 through forestry delopment and production

project funded by regional budget (APBD I) implemented in eight sub-districts, found clusters of tree

stand with a population of 284.893 sandalwood trees consisting of 91.528 mother trees and 193.365

saplings, The result of sandalwood stand inventory in year 1992/1993 is seen in Table 1.


Sandalwood is classified as a very important plant species endemic in TTS and was once a very important asset of TTS District, supporting the regional economy in the last several decades ( see Table 2).

While the natural resources of sandalwood is now continually decreasing, and its condition inside forestry area as well as within private lands is not known precisely, there arose guesses from some parties that sandalwood is now extinct. The guess is not without reason because some findings based on scientific investigations such as mentioned by Jenne de Beer in one of her book “Riches of the forest, food, species, craft and resins of Asia 2004” about the disappearance of raw material for local industries and the loss of one of the sources of income that is very important in this region. Moreover there is a research report at the Institute of Forestry Research at Kupang which stated that up to year 2008, the sandalwood population still existing at NTT is the one growing at the islands of Sumba and Timor, nonetheless in a very poor state which nears extinction *)1

No Sub-District Mother trees Saplings Total1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

Nort Mollo South Mollo West Amanuban East Amanuban Central Amanuban South Amanuban South Amanatun North Amantun

21.900 Trees 19.356 Trees

4.960 Trees13.447 Trees



9.000 Trees89.671 Trees18.562 Trees12.827 Trees17.882 Trees24.706 Trees18.716 Trees

1.089 Trees


23.522 Trees26.274 Trees23.199 Trees37.520 Trees28.387 Trees

5.152 TreesTotal 91.528 Trees 193.365 Trees 284.893 Trees

Table 1.Population of Sandalwood stand in year 1992/1993

No YearPAD TTS Forestry and

Estate Crops (Rp)

IHC Contribution(Rp)

Percentage(%) Expl.

1 2 3 4 5 61234567

2003200420052006200720082009

200,000,000200,000,000 200,000,000 200,000,000 275,000,000 275,000,000 475,000,000

68,410,000 46,243,775

120,295,875 172,389,150

12,565,000 2,663,500 6,914,686

34,20 %23,12 %60,14 %86,19 %

4,56 %0,96 %1,45 %

Table 2. Contribution of IHC to the PAD of Forestry Office of TTS District 2003 up to 2009

1 *) The quoting of this paper was presented by I Komang Surata, Senior Researcher of silviculture at the Forest Research Institute at Kupang in a seminar on development of superior local and rare plant species conducted by the Regional Research Institute of District TTS at Soe, 2 September 2008

Data Source: Result of re-inventory of sandalwood stands in year 1992-1993 through project for development of forestry and production (APBD I) implemented in eight sub-districts in TTS


From the various opinions mentioned above, questions arise whether it is true that sandalwood has

perished from the lands of the TTS District and is it true that no one is planting and taking care

of sandalwood anymore. To answer the various questions above, it is necessary for the forestry and

plantation estate unit of TTS District, aided by ITTO to make an inventory of sandalwood.

3. Flashback on the history of Sandalwood

a. Period before year Anno Domini

In this period, there are some important notes about sandalwood trade made by ruling

landowners who has authority. The substance of the rules are on regulations of barter of

ceramics and other needed goods. Common people can only exchange sandalwood with other

goods from traders such as silver, gold, elephant tusks, and ceramics with the compulsion to

pay tax to the king. According to Van Leur (1954) quoted by Widyatmika (2007), Indian

seafarers have reached the islands of NTT at around the beginning of the A.D. century

followed by Chinese and Indonesian traders originating from the western part of the country

who has started the quest of sandalwood to the Sumba island. Dr. Ormeling quoted from

Van Leur (1934) that Indian traders reached Timor at the beginning of year A.D., Ormeling

(1955) also reported that Chinese and Hindus were looking for sandalwood as an important

aromatic material for various religious rituals.

b. The period at the beginning of Anno Domini

During this period, Arab and Chinese ships have berthed at the beaches of Timor island and

for compensation of mooring their ships, the traders must provide beetle nuts to the Kings.

In this period the trade monopoly were held by the noble community and sandalwood was

purchased with a very cheap price from the community, and all profit is enjoyed by the king

and the noble group and all their family members (Widyatmika, 2007). Ormeling (1955)

noted that Arab and Chinese traders bought sandalwood originating from Timor in year

1000 AD while European traders began to purchase in year 1400 AD. Ormeling (1955)

noted from Groeneveldt (1880) that the Cinese traders noted in their logbooks that the

island of Timor is an island covered by sandalwood and there are no other commodities than

sandalwood.

c. Regulations on sandalwood by the King in colonial period

At the time of the reign of the kings, the kings have the right on all sandalwood growing in

the forest and in people’s land. The community received only wages for felling the tree and

transporting the wood. Profit distribution is regulated this way, 5/10 for the kings, 2/10

for fetor (sub-ordinate of the king), 1/10 for temukung (aids to the king) and 2/10 for tree

feller, There is also a rule that sandalwood growing at land of the common people is dead

because of lack of care, the said person is fined by giving his cattle, pig or other livestocks.


Also, if somebody damage a sandalwood tree in the course of opening a patch of forest land

for agriculture, that person is also fined. This traditional way of rulings shows that ownership

and trade of sandalwood is concentrated on the elites.

d. Sandalwood regulations during the Portugese rule

In year 1656 Portugese traders stationed at Lawajong, East Flores, sent sandalwood originating

from Timor to Makau (Ormeling, 1955). This regulation of sandalwood by the king is outside

the agreement with the Portuguese. At this period felling and trading of sandalwood was

allowed with the requisite that for all sandalwood growing on the king’s land, 2/3 is for the

portuguese and 1/3 for the king or local authority.

e. Sandalwood regulations during the VOC period

Sandalwood trade in this period is done through ordering sandalwood from local trader

at Sumba island with the concurrence that for every sandalwood acquired from the Bima

sultanate located at Sumba island or from local people, a price of 12 ringgit for every 16 pieces

of sandalwood is paid (Widyatmika, 2007). Trade monopoly is regulated by VOC and the

king with profit devided among them.

A Dutch, Jan H van Linschoten (1956), noted that sandalwood grows wild covering the land

of Timor island, and in year 1613 before occupying Batavia, the Dutch has reached Timor to

obtain sandalwood. 40 years later the Dutch conquered Fort Concordia at Kupang, defeating

the Potuguese and took over the sandalwood trade. The Dutch forced the kings in Timor to

sell sandalwood to the Dutch with a lower price compared to the price paid by the Chinese

and Portuguese traders.

Communities at that time believe that this is what is meant by the traditional wisdom yearned

to be re-lived, but in fact Raemburch (1614, as quoted by Ormelling, 1955) noted that

sandalwood trade is under the control of the kings, fetor, temukung and landlords as well as

by the colonial government. Common people has only the job of felling and transporting of

felled wood.

f. Sandalwood regulation during the Netherlands East Indies

Ormeling (1955) noted that traditional rule mutually established by the kings and the Dutch

adequately repressed the destruction of sandalwood felt to begin as early as the 17th century

when the use of fire in swidden agriculture has become widespread, as well as the increase of

livestock and population. Ormeling also noted that by the time the population feel that they

did not get any benefit from the sandalwood trade, they care no more for the damage on the

sandalwood population.

The regulation at that time were:


1. If someone damages a grown up sandalwood tree, a fine of 10 silver guilders is imposed.

2. Illegal sandalwood tree felling is fined 10 silver guilders and a three years imprisonment.

3. If someone intentionally burn brushes and causes the sandalwood leaves to fall in the

process, a fine of one silver guilder and an imprisonment of three years is imposed.

4. If someone is discovered to cause a sandalwood seedling to die in his garden or in his yard

or farm field, a fine of 5 silver guilders and a six years imprisonment is imposed.

5. A sandalwood pilferer is fined 10 silver guilders and imprisoned for three years.

6. If someone intentionally cut a sandalwood branch during gardening, he is fined one silver

guilder and an imprisonment of three years.

g. Effort to re-establish sandalwood by the Dutch

In year 1910 – 1915 Chinese traders cooperated with the Netherland’s government which

began to worry about the sandalwood population that is drastically deminished to make a re-

establishment effort by making seed stands in several locations. This cooperation caused the

Dutch Forestry Service to take part by establishing sandalwood seed orchards and at the same

time take the following four measures:

1. Controlled sandalwood felling

2. Protection from disturbance of livestocks and fire by co-opting police institutions in

implementing regulations

3. Enumeration on residual sandalwood stands

4. Scientific research on artificial cultivation

Enumeration of sandalwood stands delivered a regulation that allows felling of sandalwood

trees that must have at least 37,5 ton (600 pikul) weight of wood while also doing registration

on all sandalwood trees. Ormeling noted that the success of Forestry Service was impeded by

the attack of a disease on sandalwood trees in the sandalwood plantations.

h. Condition during the Japanese occupation

There was almost no attention from the Japanese occupational govern-ment on sandalwood

and sandalwood population decreased.

i. Period after Indonesia’s independence

The management of sandalwood was relegated to the local government and sandalwood

population decreases.

A flash of this past history give the information that the island of Timor is covered with sandalwood

trees, in the forest lands as well as in privately owned areas. Present condition is known based on the

assumption that there are no more sandalwood growing in the forest; it is only growing in the privately


owned land. This notion is of course not wholy true although it needs to be proven to convince the

general public. From the result of sandalwood inventory done by BPKH Region VIII Denpasar in

year 1995 until 2000 in eight forest locations covering an inventorized area of 128.000 ha, result were

gained on seedlings found which are between one to 833 per ha, with average number of seedling from

none to three in one hectare.

This shows that although the number of sandalwood population in the forest is scanty, nevertheless it

proves that sandalwood are still growing inside the forest area. This data need to be improved again by

making an inventory on all forest area in the district of TTS to prove the allegation that sandalwood

has perished from the forest is not true.

In the meantime, the notion that sandalwod is now only growing in private lands, must also be

admitted that this might not be true at all. It all need to be proven in the field and therefore an

inventory of sandalwood trees in public land is needed to answer the various assumptions which has

arisen.

The sandalwood inventory that has ever been done by the forestry institution of TTS District during

the years of 1973 s/d 1993 is as follows: (Table 3)

No Year Mature trees Young trees Total number Data Source

1.

2.3.4.

5.

1973 – 1974

1983 – 19841987 – 19881992 – 1993

1992 - 1993

76.701 Trees

55.320 Trees30.561 Trees50.849 Trees

91.528 Trees

102.194 Trees

-60.967 Trees

-

193.365 Trees

178.895 Trees


50.849 Trees

284.893 Trees

1. Report on traditional concensus between local government of District TTS with all traditional elders at Buat, South Mollo Sub-District on May 2nd 1988 and Sub-District Forestry at Soe

2. Annual report of year 1982/1983 NTT Provincial Forestry at Soe

Same as above Plus 193.365 seedlings (same as above)

Instruction of Head of TTS Forest Service Number 54/Eks.110/II/CDK/S-94 dated 3 September 1994 about sandalwood allowable cut and collection of dead / dried sandalwood as well as sandalwood stumps, year 1994/1995

Result of re-inventory of sandalwood stands in year 1992-1993 through the forestry and product development project (APBD I) implemented at eight sub-districts in TTS

Table 3. Result of inventory of sandalwood plants in year 1973 to 1993


The result of said inventory shows that mature sandalwood trees are still to be found in abundance.

The final result of the 1992-1993 inventory is still showing that sandalwood trees are still found in

great amounts and producing at TTS. The reduction in population quickly occurred in some period

where felling are unchecked, the cause of which is because the community do not participate in taking

care of the sandalwood, the reason being their attitude that sandalwood is owned by the government.

It is only natural because of something that governs the live of many people, ought to be controlled

by the government and the community do not make an issue about it because sandalwood grows wild

in the forests as well as in bushland owned by the people. If the sandalwood were planted and taken

care of by the people, the government would never have taken the measure of controlling the plants

without giving any compensation for it.

4. Method and time of implementation

The method used is direct terestrial forest inventory, or data collection on the potential sandalwood

seed source stand by direct cruising and counting in the field, assisted by sandalwood seed source

owner to show the locations of the seed stands.

This method is used because the population of the seed source stand is unevenly spread and it is at the

same time imperative to see the sandalwood seed stand at a close distance.

The sandalwood plantations at TTS have more specific spread in nature especially in blocks of land

owned by the population. Therefore, villages chosen for inventory are villages where sandalwood grows

endemically.

a) Location and time of data collection

Activities of data collection is done in 23 villages in 11 sub-district of the TTS district. Data

collection is done in the month of March 2010 until it is finalized.


b) Materials and tools for data collection

Materials and tools for data collection are as follows:

1. Sandalwood plants (Santalum album Linn)

2. GPS for fixing coordinate point and elevation for every location of living sandalwood

plants

3. Camera and handycam to document activity and objects of data collection.

4. Roll measuring tape

5. Field book, notepad and writing tools

6. Administrative map of TTS District area

7. Soil type map of TTS District area

8. Contour map of TTS District area

9. Emergency First Aid package

N0 TYPE OF ACTIVITYMONTH OF IMPLEMENTATION IN YEAR 2010

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1Consultation /Coordination of inventory plan, formulation of inventory proposal and confirmation

2 Preparation of inventory permit and coordination of field activities

3Implementation of inventory and identification of growth ecology of sandalwood plant

4Collection of primary and secondary data on the distri-bution of sandalwood plant location

5 Data compilation, processing and mapping analysis

6 Seminar on inventory result

7Data improvement and supporting information and compilation of final report on result of inventory

Tabel 4. Inventory Time Schedule Implementation Plan Year 2010


5. Approaches in data collection

a). Initial preparation

Data collection is done in 23 villages in 11 sub-districts where sandalwood is distributed in District of

TTS. Decision of locations is done through several steps as follows (1) stratification forming based on

the distribution of sandalwood plant community on every zone class. The said stratification is made by

taking into account the representation of zones consisting of zone I which has an altitude below 250 m

asl, zone II with altitude between 250 – 500 m asl, zone III with altitude between 500 - 750 m asl and

zone IV with an altitude of more than 750 m asl. Zoning consideration is one of the factors to be paid

attention to because according to Resosudarmo (1985) and Simon (1988), difference in altitude has an

influence on temperature, soil moisture, species composition, vegetation distribution and population, and

(2) determination of location for observation samples at each zone.

Samples are made with purposive sampling / sampling area at samples in villages and sub-districts

where sandalwood are spread. The number of samples taken are 23 villages. Considerations in picking

samples in only 23 villages is because those villages are for the time being existing sandalwood endemic

villages spread naturally in unit blocks owned by the population.

b). Implementation of data collection

The basic method in this research is the descriptive observational method, which is a method used to

describe the condition of the object of inventory, to be later on continued with a library study to get

supporting data and information. The research stages are as follows:

a) Library study, to investigate data and information as well as previous results of research which

supports the research.

b) Inventory, done in the physical aspects such as among others the ecology of the growth of local

superior species, rainfall, growth site, and soil type. Observed biodiversity is the identification

of vegetation species living in a plant community with sandalwood.

c) Total number of localities of inventory is very much determined by the field condition where

sandalwood plants are found, spread over several areas of sub-districts and sample villages.

d) Locating inventory sites was done in 23 villages which are Kuanfatu, Anin, Oinlasi, Tupan,

Kesetnana, Nunumeu, Fatukoto, Eonbesi, Obesi, Oelbubuk, Pika, Bikekneno, Haunobenak,

Babuin, Ofu, Haumenibaki, Nule, Tublopo, Tetaf, Nobi-nobi, Nekemunifeto, Kualeu and

Binaus. More clearly it can be seen at Table 4.


NO Village Sub-District Altitude, m. asl

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Kuanfatu

Anin

Oinlasi

Tupan

Kesetnana

Nunumeu

Fatukoto

Eonbesi

Obesi

Oelbubuk

Pika

Bikekneno

Haunobenak

Babuin

Ofu

Haumenibaki

Nule

Tublopo

Tetaf

Nobi-nobi

Nekemunifeto

Kualeu

Binaus

Kuanfatu

South Amanatun

South Amanatun

Batuputih

South Mollo

City of Soe

North Mollo

North Mollo

North Mollo

Central Mollo

Central Mollo

Central Mollo

Kolbano

Kolbano

Kolbano

West Amanuban

West Amanuban

West Amanuban

Kuatnana

Central Amanuban

Central Mollo

Central Mollo

Central Mollo

454

755

909

171

776

808

1.144

1.044

1.000

1.069

770

759

750

755

710

841

787

630

997

Table 5 . Location of villages where inventory is done

6. Implementing Organization

Organization to implement this inventory activity is done by Forestry and Plantation Estate Unit of

TTS District, consisting of 11 Field Inventory Team personnel aided by KRPH officers at each area

where inventory was made.


7. Inventory Data on Sandalwood Seed Source Stands in 23 villages at TTS

Inventory was done in 23 villages located in 11 sub-district area of TTS District. Inventory result shows

the number of seed source stand of various tree girth measurement as can be seen in the following

Table 6 as follows:

No Name / NIP Expertise Status Work Unit / Institution

1 Semuel K.Boru, S.HutNIP.1970011998031004

Forest Product Technology

Team Leader TTS Forest and Plantation Estate Office

2 Christian L. Koenunu, S.HutNIP.197607282002121009

Forest Product Technology

Vice Team Leader Same as above

3 Honorius Galle,S.HutNIP. 196908201999031008

KSDH Secretary Same as above

4 Xaverius Retob, S.HutNIP.198109122000031003

Forest Management Field Assistant Same as above

5 Robert T. Sempel, S.HutNIP.197108102000031009

KSDH Field data processor Same as above

6 Yohanis P.Otu, STPNIP.19600321985031017

Agriculture Technology

Assistant Same as above

7 Abdulah UnNIP.196102281986031015

Agriculture Industry Technology

Field data processor Same as above

8 Ananias DanuataNIP. 196608272007011056

Seedling Field Assistant Same as above

9 Julianus LamboNIP.195807191990021002

Seedling Administrative Staff Same as above

10 L.G. NabenNip. 197111042007011018

Seedling Administrative Staff Same as above

11 John E. SaetbanNIP.197606132007011020

Seedling Field Assistant Same as above

Table 6. Personnel of Team for Data Collection consists of:


No VillageNumber of trees with tree

girth between 10 cm s/d 49 cm

Number of trees with tree girth between

50 cm s/d 100 cm

Total number of trees

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.

KuanfatuAninOinlasiTupanKesetnanaNunumeuFatukotoEonbesiObesiOelbubukPikaBikeknenoHaunobenakBabuinOfuHaumenibakiNuleTublopoTetafNobi-nobiNekemunifetoKualeuBinaus

10 1 1 2 1 2

18 105

42 241

49 171 261 146

24 60 6513

-59 10

1 4

2 3 1 -5 2 4

10 8 9 2 8

14 28

2 2 1 4 1 8 2 4

18

12 4 2 2 6 4

22 115

50 250

51 179 275 174

26 62 66 17

1 67 12

5 22

Total of trees 1.286 119 1.405

Table 7 : Data on Sandalwood Inventory Result, 2010

The number of sandalwood investigated in the 23 villages amounts to 1.405 trees. Trees studied have

girth of between 10 cm up to 100 cm, most are found in the class with girth of between 10 cm up to

49 cm with an average age of between 10 up to 23 year (see attachment) amounting to 1.286 trees,

while those with girth of between 50 cm to 100 cm numbers 119 trees. There are seven trees with girth

of 100 cm and only two trees with girth of between 90 up to 99 cm. The reduction of sandalwood trees

with girth measurement of 90 to 100 cm is caused by the many buyers who offer to buy sandalwood

trees with attractive prices, one example is the price offered as high as Rp.175.000.000 for a sandalwood

tree with girth of 100 cm and branch free stem height of 12 meters at Kuanfatu village. Sometimes

sandalwood is bought for a future trade, paid now but felled several years later.


Picture 1. Sandalwood tree with a girth measurement of 100 cm and height of 10 m in Binaus village, Central Mollo Sub-District

Picture 2. Location map of villages in TTS district where inventory is done


Inventoried villages numbers 23 in 11 sub-districts area in the district of TTS, and data is collected

from mother trees as source of seed. However, to collect more information we also counted not only

source of seed trees but also younger trees. We also noted the environmental condition of the growth

site as additional data.

In the future we also hope to inventory not only the 23 villages but all villages in the TTS district and

not only its number but also the spread pattern of the sandalwood tree.

8. Analysis of Findings

At the beginning of year 2010 the office of forestry and plantation estate made inventory of sandalwood

mother trees, a part of the ITTO Project PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F) implemented in TTS. Mother trees

are trees having a certain size regarded as sufficient to produce fruits. 1,426 trees recorded at the

implementation of the inventory provide information on sandalwood growing at privately owned land

in 23 out of 240 villages in the TTS district. Generally, only mother trees are inventoried with girth

measurement of between 20 to 100 cm. Data collected shows that only a small amount of trees have

girth of between 70 to 100 cm, regarded as having adequate core wood for production.

Piture 3 shows a sandalwood with a 100 cm girth.

Picture 3. Sandalwood tree growing in Babuin village, Kolbano sub-district. (Picture was submitted by the Babuin village Inventory team)


The table below indicates that sandalwood is still observed living in the locations where inventory was

done with a distribution spread of various sizes, the smallest being 20 cm up to the biggest, 100 cm

in girth. It can be said that this condition satisfy what is said to be the normal distribution of growth.

Facts and information gathered in the field at the time inventory was done shows that the most

abundant are tree sizes of between 20 to 49 cm in girth showing a promise for sandalwood to develop,

produce and regenerate in the time to come.

Picture 4.

Picture 4. Graph on inventory data of sandalwood seed source stand at 23 villages in TTS District 2010

Note on graph, y axis: number of trees; x axis: tree girth in cm

Kelas Ukuran (Keliling cm)

Nom

or B

atan

g

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

020-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 > 100

242

304

143

87 62 32 23 2 7

Survey data found out an indication of sandalwood mother tree from the analysis of 859 trees above

20 cm in girth. The most abundant size are trees with girth of 10 to 20 cm as can be seen from the

picture below, a cluster of trees growing naturally on a land owned by the people in the village of Obesi

at North Mollo sub-district.

Above graph shows sandalwood in TTS district which will become an important commodity in the

long run, well kept on private land block. The graphs shows the potential of the large number of small

trees which will eventually grow into big trees in the years to come.


Picture 5. Sandalwood trees growing naturally in a cluster at Obesi village, North Mollo sub-district. (courtesy of Inventory Team III, Obesi village)

Picture 6.Sandalwood seedlings naturally growing at private land in the village of Nekemunifeto


The purpose of the survey is to find out about the number of mother trees, the data can also be used to

get an indication of the source of income from sandalwood growing in private lands and the continuity

of life of the trees. The survey for sandalwood mother trees reaches 23 villages, representing 9,6 % of

all villages in TTS. The survey team presumes that in each village that was visited, about 50% of the

village area has sandalwood growing on it, and if it is assumed that the same condition is also true for

the other villages, the team calculates that around 29,700 mother trees grow in private lands and the

region, where good seed source are also to be found there.

Sandalwood plants are found evenly spread at almost all the villages of TTS district. Generally these

are seedlings and saplings with girth of between 5-10 cm. The plants grow naturally and it should

be guarded and maintained for the continuing growth of these plants. One of the efforts that must

be done is through the empowerment of communities by encouraging them to position themselves

accordingly and become the main actor in using the strategic environment to reach sustainability of

sandalwood.

The answer is in the need to return ownership of sandalwood growing in private lands unconditionally

for 100 % to the owner, and to create activities of empowering communities by respecting their

outlook, way of thinking and doing things, their economic and their social need for the environment.

These activities must be socialized to all members of communities without exception.

Picture 7. Map of spread of sandalwood seed trees as the result of inventory


Coordinates of tree position is transformed into a map of the spread of seed trees of sandalwood.

This information is hoped to give a picture on the spread of sandalwood plants in the district of TTS.

Although this is the result of a survey in only 23 villages but this has given an answer to deny some

belief that sandalwood has vanished from from TTS and also to the opinion that communities in TTS

has an antipathy to sandalwood plants.

The information gathered by the office of forestry and estate plantations for TTS district which had

made an inventory shows that every member of the community at TTS district has on the average

one to two sandalwood trees growing in their garden, some have even more than 100 plants. With the

assumption that every household in the community has around 10 trees (according to information

from local farmers), with the number of household of about 60.000 in the TTS district, there are

about 600.000 sandalwood trees in various sizes in the region.

This survey is also meant to get information on the number of sandalwood saplings under 20 cm

in girth size. This shows that sandalwood can sustain its existence in the long time to come and will

not perish. This is not without reason, proven from statements of community members about the

sandalwood plants, the problems they face in maintaining the plants, what the community yearns with

regard to regulations on its management and marketing in the time to come. The picture of some of

the wishes of communities in the sandalwood management in private lands, below are some of the

interview result done by the team with the local population, unchanged and presented as it is:

Haunobenak Village, Kolbano Sub-District

Almost all members of the Haunobenak village community owns sandalwood in their private

land

Haunobenak village owns an eight ha village garden planted with sandalwood since year 1989

and is still mantained up to now alhough there were already three times change of the village head

Living sandalwood trees must be destroyed because its name is haumalasi, (Timor Soe term for

problem wood)

Planted sandalwood has corewood which developed slower compared to those growing from

natural regeneration

Sandalwood must be better valued, about Rp.200.000 to Rp.300.000 per kg.

Sandalwood privately owned by people ought not to be claimed as posessed by the local

government

The procedure for sandalwood harvesting is no more known up to now by the community

Sandalwood must be ruled by village regulation, minimal age for cutting is 25 years

Pilferings for sandalwood plants which has no corewood as yet must be anticipated

Sandalwood is one of the commodities to satisfy people’s need

Community is willing to plant but need to be assisted in making nurseries


Babuin Village, Kolbano sub-district

Problem of sandalwood pilferings at privately owne land

Government through village regulation control the mangement of sandalwood

The process of returning sandalwood ownership to communities who owns it

The wish to make a sandalwood village

Sandalwood tree is a valuable tree, how to safeguard it from theft

To re-live traditional values, especially related to its result

Large sandalwood trees are difficult to find because of individual right and freedom for everyone

to fell sandalwood trees without heeding aspects of sustainability

If possible, government to regulate control and sustainable managed sandalwood

The reformation and individual rights era causes people to become greedy and fight over

ownership of sandalwood and destroying it in the process

The sandalwood garden found at Babuin village is made into seed trees and to be developed

and distributed to other area

Community empowerment is yearned to develop sandalwood planting

Draft for village regulation is available but has not been discussed at village level

Community support the development of sandalwood to make TTS district sweet smelling

again

Sandalwood traders are now free to purchase sandalwood

Transgression against local regulations must be mended

Village rules and traditional rights must again be empowered

Formation of farmer’s group to motivate community

Improve local rules, community share must be bigger than for the government

Sandalwood sale’s price must be reviewed

Sandalwood development for villages of Babuin, Haunobenak and Oeleu ought to be prioritized

To increase number of forestry police personnel for field supervision

Kuanfatu village, Kuanfatu sub-district (Mrs.Viktoria Akatesu)

We plant sandalwood for our children because surely it will fetch a better price in the future

Local government regulation about sandalwood is already known

There is a need for effort to again plant sandalwood in privately owned land

Kuanfatu village head is preparing a village regulation on sandalwood in Kuanfatu

There is a concurence with communities in the Kuanfatu village for everyone to plant 200

sandalwood seedlings in each homeyard (information from Kuanfatu village head)


I use to buy sandalwood seeds from from one village to another and plant the seeds at home

which has now become 500 saplings with an average height of 4 meters in my home garden

In the past, all proceeds from sandalwood sale enters the state coffers making community

members become lazy

If government has the intention to give incentive to the people to own sandalwood plants, then

if someone has benefited, others will follow suit to plant

Sandalwood is prefered than teak or mahagony because the price is higher

Anin village, South Amanatun sub-district (Mr. Kase)

Sandalwood decreases in number because regulation are not pro people

No rule and severe sanctions for illegal tree feller

People are given ony the wage for tree felling eventhough the tree grows in his land

The process of sandalwood clearance took a long time to make and by the time it was to be

enacted there are no more sandalwood left

Formerly an amaf and pah tuaf control sandalwood, trees that will be cut must have the consent

of amaf and pah tuaf to make sure that it has a corewood

Rules must be tight for sandalwood culture and must refer to directives of an amaf and pah

tuaf who have the role of imposing heavy sanctions if felling is done outside what was directed

by them such as slaughtering a cattle to be consumed by the whole village.

To give incentive to amaf and pah tuaf as a stimulus

Sandalwood has not perished because sandalwood also re-grow through its roots, and

sandalwood that grows by itself in this way grows better

Amaf and pah tuaf still exist but their role has deminished

Amaf and pah tuaf ought to be acknowledged and given appreciation

The re-formation of traditional institution

Community abides more to traditional rulings

Formerly sandalwood is regulated by traditional rules

The desire to plant sandalwood still exist among members of community

Tupan village, Batuputih sub-district ( Adrianus Soru, Tupan village head)

In the time past sandalwood was aplenty but were stolen by people

There is a grudge against the government at the time common people take sandalwood, get

caught and jailed. After they get out of jail, all sandalwood plants growing in their homeyard,

bushes dan forest are destroyed because it will bring them suffering and misery.


There is no village rule that regulates sandalwood

The government take away sandalwood owned by the people and people get very little of the

benefit

Rules on sandalwood is unknown up to now, what we know is sandalwood is owned by the

government

Even sandalwood growing in front of their house are claimed by the government as government

owned causing disappointment of communities. This dissillusion is the reason they fell all

sandalwood plants growing in the front of their houses, homegardens, and in the forests

Communities never know rules about sandalwood, what they do know is that sandalwood is

owned by the government and if they happen to have a sandalwood growing in front of their

house, forestry officials will come and give a number to the tree. If the tree is not to be found

anymore in the location, the tree owner is penalized

Communities are willing to plant sandalwood if they are assured that they are the owner of

the tree

Ofu village, Kolbano sub-district (Head of Ofu village)

Formerly sandalwood grows in large quantity but during the friendly operation, many of them

are felled

Through Ofu village concurrence, an obligation was agreed for everyone to plant 10 sandalwood

each

Ofu village has a need to be aided with 5000 seedlings

There is a willingness of the community to plant and preserve sandalwood

Sandalwood saplings of 2 to 3 years old are about 2000 plants in number

The potential of sandalwood is better compared to livestock to be left for descendants because

livestock tend to be a cause of disharmony among them

Rulings on sandalwood are still unkwon by the community

Traditional rule will be formulated for sandalwood felling if every member of the community

has planted

Community is disappointed because at the time they fell their privately owned sandalwood, they

are arrested and jailed. Beacsue of this ill feeling they destroy all sandalwood trees still living.

Make effort to preserve sandalwood in order that NTT “is the sandalwood source” is not only a

slogan where there are no sandalwood left

There ought to be a motivation from the government in order that community has the sense of

ownership of sandalwood

All this time there were no support from the government on sandalwood planting and tending


The traditional institution at Ofu village has still a role to play

Traditional institution is invited in supporting village dialogue

Seed source is available in the community of Ofu and is being utilized to meet the demand of

seeds in the village. Ofu community is motivated to market the seeds to various neighboring

villages with the help of forestry extension service

Oelbubuk village, Central Mollo sub-district (Mrs. Martince Sanam)

• The problem of sandalwood theft

• Community is not aware about the new local rule on sandalwood

• Community is unfamiliar with sandalwood planting technique

• White cendana wood (sapwood) trade is still in practice

Boti village (Namah Benu, raja Boti or king of Boti)

• Sandalwood is the symbol of Timor because of the sweet smelling aroma of the wood

• This is the only place I keep watch and not in other location because only the pople developed

and not the land

• We are here to protect our culture which symbolized the Timorese and this is our culture as it

is and we will defend it in such a way in order that it stays distinctively different than the other

• All decisions in this village be it for agriculture or other activities are decided by king of Boti,

livestock can be left free to roam and only at night the animals need to be penned

• Three aspects are inter-related in the lives of the Boti community, these are food, livestock and

forest. Thus when we do not have food, we sell livestock to buy food. Planting food crops need

one year to reap its result

• Swidden agriculture moves from one place to another but sandalwood seedlings and saplings

are still being protected

• Boti village consists of four dusuns (clusters of houses), the dusun where we are at have 70

houses with a total of 315 persons

• The social system they observed to regulate their lives is for a man or a woman to be married

with outsiders must follow the customs of their spouse in our environment

• Felling permit must be asked from raja Boti, but only for dry wood and not for unripe wood

• There are many tree felling here, a reason for decreasing rainfall

• Swidden agriculture moves for one place to another, and sometimes they burn causing fire to

spread over outside the area causing bigger fire and we admit that this was our mistake


• To handle wood pifering in our village, we caught the culprit and bring them to the police

station to whack them and possibly the thieves will be penalized by sending send them outside

the village

• If we can catch the thieves we warn them not to steal again and is penalized by letting them

know not to steal again and they will be pealized by bringing livestock and is given a prayer

that they will not steal again

• This rule holds only true in our dusun

• A place of prayer is on the top of a hill where we have our lopo which we call FAENMATE

• We take care of sandalwood growing as a symbol of Timor land

• Sandalwood growing in the village disappear because of people living in the village, this

sandalwood has been provided by nature and we need only safeguard it

• Sandalwood need to grow a long time and not like a manihot plant which grows fast and given

result

• From former generations who did not go to school they did not destroy the environment but

the present generations who goes to school are the ones who destroy the environment

• Aids in whatever forms we did not receive because it will make us become lazy, we are only to

make effort by using existing seedlings which we will plant

Picture 8. One of the old (hundred of years) sandalwood that is still being safeguarded and maintained is still living in the traditional village of BotiIn the olden times of our elders sandalwood was really safeguarded


• There is no government aids which we received to rehabilitate forests, we are rehabilitating

ourselves

• Thre are 70 houses here which do not receive any aids in whatsoever form

• We wish to take care of our own kampong and not to take care for others

• We are ashamed to receive any aid, if we give no result we are humiliated

• The produce from our garden we sell to the market

• In year 1970s the price of sandalwood is Rp.75 per kg. at the time of pak Anus Dethan

• Village dweller who steal sandalwood is destroying his own village, often differences of opinion

arise among themselves

• Formerly somebody can cut sandalwood only after getting a written permis-sion from the

village, now everyone goes in and out of the village to fell sandalwood, how can the tree grows

when they already cut the small ones

• From one generation to another, Boti king is the rainmaker

Bikekneno village (Martince Mella)

• Formerly there are three big trees, now they are growing them into hundreds of trees

• The big trees were stolen at the time my father was sick and we are all at the hospital

• Before we moved here we have made a garden here and plant sandalwood

• In year 1980s her brother came while there were no sandalwood here. He brought three seeds of

sandalwood and planted it here until it profusely regenerates

• Our father asked us to plant sandalwood seedlings in the years 1986-1988

• We put the seedlings in plastic bags containing soil mixed with animal dung before we planted it

• Our small brother becomes a soldier funded by selling four naturally grown sandalwood in 1983

• In year 2002 my brother sold two trees

• After that we are not selling sandalwood trees anymore

• The person who stole sandalwood from our land is a family of ours, he sold most of the wood,

the rest which is still unsold was taken away by my brother

• The price of sandalwood at that time in 2005 was Rp.50.000/kg, and after his father died in

2007 they are not selling sandalwood anymore

• We expect help from the government in the form of seeds, capital, tools and technical guidance

• Our land has already a Land Certificate

• Distance between our land to the forest is about 500 meters

• Formerly there are many big trees growing in the forest and wild animals, now they both are

reduced in number


• We fell trees to build our house

• Plant species that ought to be planted in the forest to make it green again are kabesak, kayu

merah among others

• We are not taking any wood from the forest, we only fell trees growing in our own land

Fatukoto village (Abdis Kase)

• Since time passed forest is safeguarded, only sandalwood are stolen

• Sandalwood buyers are from Soe and Kupang

• We protect sandalwood by our own initiative and not as an organization

• Good quality sandalwood can fetch a price of Rp. 150.000/kg

• I have lived in this Fatukoto village for seven generations

• Sandalwood buyers contact sellers directly without reporting to the government

• If sandalwood is already recorded by the government, felling must be reported to the government

although it is privately owned

• There are no sandalwood sale in the last ten years

• At the time there was a storage room for sandalwood at Soe, a buyer came to me to buy my

sandalwood but I refuse the offer because the tree is for my descendants who must go to school

later

• In year 2003 somebody stole two of my sandalwood trees

• Sandalwood is a token of the history of Timor and I do not want to cut the small trees that I

have

• My land area is one ha and is not certified as yet, there are sandalwood trees growing in my land

• My land boders, although without a Land Certificate, are acknowledged by my neighbors

• There is big tree growing in my land but it grows there naturally

• There is one big tree which we cut down for building a house

• We replaced the felled tree with mahogany and gmelina

• We do wish to plant sandalwood although it has a long felling cycle

• If we cut down a tree in our own land, we do not need to ask for a permit, only if we cut trees

from the forest we need to have a permit, usually for general community purposes such as

building a school, a church and the village administration office

• Sandalwood that grows here is the result of natural regeneration

• In 2006 a buyer offered to buy my sandalwood Rp 5000/kg which I refuse because the trees are

still small

• Distance between my land to the forest is 100 meter


• Our local traditional place at Fatukoto is naususu

• I am planning to collect sandalwood seeds to plant in my land

• In Fatukoto village, everyone has one sandalwood tree although still small

Binaus village, Nahor Tasekeb (Binaus village Head)

• 30 years ago sandalwood is sold for Rp.30 per kg

• Sold sandalwood are the big trees

• In former times, sandalwood is safe from stealing because everyone has it

• Formerly sandalwood is sold to the forestry service

• Current transaction occurs between buyer and seller with a mutually agreed price

• Forestry service do not take part in this direct transactions

• Seeds are aquired from within the village, aided by the forestry service

• There is a need of an incentive to stimulate people to plant sandalwood until it reaches the age

of three years where incentive is paid

• Corn is needed for daily sustenance while sandalwood is for long term need, incentive is for

those who plant now to receive what little benefit sandal-wood can give them now for the large

benefit of those who will reap it later in the future, their descendants or others

• On land, we own land for our house, for our garden and traditional land.

• Communities has no right to plant in the traditional land

• The name of our traditional place for the Binaus village is Afuah

• Traditional land of the Binaus village covers and area of two hectares, out of 1.040 ha of the

village land with a total number of 1.629 dwellers, with 112 youth. Sandalwood is not planted

in the traditional land

• Sandalwood is only found at lands owned by the people

• Land Certificate exists but only for land where we live and have our house but not for our gardens

and bushes, although community acknowledge land borders owned by each and everyone

• Sandalwood is our priority because of its high price and a source of traditional medicine, also to

be introduced to our children/grandchildren.

• Sandalwood planted in the forest are quite often stolen because of lack of supervision, the same

is true for mahogany but not candle nut (kemiri) trees.

• Communities wish to enter the forest if there is socialization

• Communities have lands of their own, except migrants who come from outside the village


From the result of this inventory, we received many input from the community about the management

of sandalwood and at the end we are able to conclude that communities of TTS is still protecting and

safeguarding sandalwood for the sake of their offspring.

9. Conclusion

1. Sandalwood is a symbol of TTS region that must be protected, developed and preserved.

2. Most sandalwood trees growing at TTS are still small and need time to grow until they reach

the age of 10 years old or more to be able to produce again.

3. Sandalwood still exist in TTS and have not perished.

4. Some villages at TTS have an adequately large number of sandalwood growing in their land.

5. A wish still exists among the communities in TTS to plant, take care and protect their

sandalwood plants.

6. Some villages have adopted a village rule on duties to plant sandalwood.

7. Traditional rule is enliven again, and during traditional festivities sandal-wood is given a

special place to be safeguarded, planted and tended.

10. Recommendation

1. Sandalwood inventory for all villages in TTS District.

2. To revise TTS District regulation on sandalwood No. 25 year 2001 to give more guarantee on

the rights of community on owning sandalwood.

3. To give incentives (financial and technical) to encourage communities to plant and tend

sandalwood in private lands.

4. Regional government must focus on policies and development of sandal-wood in the TTS

region.

11. References

1. Ormeling, F.J. 1955. The Timor Problem : a geographical interpretation of an underdeveloped

island, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Indonesia. J.B. Wolters, Djakarta and Groningen.

2. Provincial Forestry Ofice of NTT at Soe 1982, Annual Report 1982/1983, Soe

3. District Government of TTS, Forestry Office at Soe 1988, “Traditional Accord between

District Government of TTS with all traditional elders” at Buat, South Mollo Sub-District,

1988 at Soe.


4. Provincial Forestry Office of NTT at Soe 1994, Instruction on felling and collection of

sandalwood in TTS District, year 1994/1995

5. Jenne de Beer “Riches of the forest, food, species, craft and resins of Asia 2004”

6. I Komang Surata, development of local superior and rare tree species at TTS District, Forest

Research Institute, Kupang, 2008



APPENDIXES

Appe

ndix

1.

Map

of s

prea

d of

sand

alw

ood


Appe

ndix

2.

Keriti

s lan

d W

est T

imor


Appendix 3.Documentation of inventory


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