Technical Report NREL/TP-560-43049 April 2008 Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure...

Technical ReportNREL/TP-560-43049

April 2008

Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Demonstration and Validation Project

Spring 2008

Composite Data ProductsFinal Version February 29, 2008

Keith Wipke, Sam Sprik, and Jennifer Kurtz

NOTICEThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.

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3

Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Demonstration and

Validation Project

Spring 2008 Composite Data Products

Final Version: February 29, 2008

Keith Wipke, Sam Sprik, Jennifer Kurtz

4

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2006 Target

2009 Target

Actual Operating Hours Accumulated To-Date Projected Hours to 10% Degradation

Max Hrs Accumulated (1)(2) Avg Hrs Accumulated (1)(3) Projection to 10% Degradation (4)(5)

Tim

e (H

ou

rs)

DOE Learning Demonstration Fuel Cell Stack Durability:Based on Data Through 2007 Q4

Max ProjectionAvg Projection

Created: Feb-26-08 11:46 AM

(1) Range bars created using one data point for each OEM.(2) Range (highest and lowest) of the maximum operating hours accumulated to-date of any OEM's individual stack in "real-world" operation.(3) Range (highest and lowest) of the average operating hours accumulated to-date of all stacks in each OEM's fleet.(4) Projection using on-road data -- degradation calculated at high stack current. This criterion is used for assessing progress against DOE targets, may differ from OEM's end-of-life criterion, and does not address "catastrophic" failure modes, such as membrane failure.(5) Using one nominal projection per OEM: "Max Projection" = highest nominal projection, "Avg Projection" = average nominal projection. The shaded green bar represents an engineering judgment of the uncertainty due to data and methodology limitations. Projections will change as additional data are accumulated.

CDP#1: Hours Accumulated and Projected Hours to 10% Stack Voltage Degradation

5

Dyno Range (2) Window-Sticker Range (3) On-Road Range (4)(5)0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Veh

icle

Ran

ge

(mile

s)

Vehicle Range1

2015 Target2009 Target


(1) Range is based on fuel economy and usable hydrogen on-board the vehicle. One data point for each make/model.(2) Fuel economy from unadjusted combined City/Hwy per DRAFT SAE J2572.(3) Fuel economy from EPA Adjusted combined City/Hwy (0.78 x Hwy, 0.9 x City).(4) Excludes trips < 1 mile. One data point for on-road fleet average of each make/model.(5) Fuel economy calculated from on-road fuel cell stack current or mass flow readings.

CDP#2: Vehicle Range

6

Dyno (1) Window-Sticker (2) On-Road (3)(4)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Fu

el E

con

om

y (m

iles/

kg H

2)

Fuel Economy


(3) Excludes trips < 1 mile. One data point for on-road fleet average of each make/model.

(1) One data point for each make/model. Combined City/Hwy fuel economy per DRAFT SAE J2572.

(2) Adjusted combined City/Hwy fuel economy (0.78 x Hwy, 0.9 x City).

(4) Calculated from on-road fuel cell stack current or mass flow readings.

CDP#6: Fuel Economy

7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

All OEMs

Eff

icie

nc

y (

%)

Fuel Cell System1 Efficiency2 at ~25% Net Power.

DOE Target

Created: Aug-29-06 4:09 PM

1 Gross stack power minus fuel cell system auxiliaries, per DRAFT SAEJ2615.

2 Ratio of DC output energy to the lower heating value of the input fuel (hydrogen).Excludes power electronics and electric drive.

CDP#8: FC System Efficiency

8

Safety Reports - Vehicle Operation

0

1

2

3

2005

Q2

2005

Q3

2005

Q4

2006

Q1

2006

Q2

2006

Q3

2006

Q4

2007

Q1

2007

Q2

2007

Q3

2007

Q4

Nu

mb

er

of

Re

po

rts

Tank ScratchTraffic AccidentH2 Leak - During FuelingH2 Alarm - StackH2 Alarm - Fuel SystemH2 Alarm - Passenger Compartment

Created: 2/15/07 9AM

CDP#9: Safety Reports – Vehicles

9

350bar 700bar0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Wei

gh

t P

erce

nt

Hyd

rog

en (

%)

Weight Percent Hydrogen

2015 DOE MYPP Target1



Created: Feb-15-08 7:32 AM1Targets are set for advanced materials-based hydrogen storage technologies.

CDP#10: Storage Weight % Hydrogen

10

350bar 700bar0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Mas

s H

2 p

er L

iter

(kg

/L)

Mass of Hydrogen Per Liter




Created: Feb-15-08 7:32 AM1Targets are set for advanced materials-based hydrogen storage technologies.

CDP#11: Volumetric Capacity of H2 Storage

11

CDP#12: Vehicle Hydrogen Tank Cycle Life

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

All OEMs

Nu

mb

er

of

cy

cle

s

Hydrogen Tank Cycle Life




Created: 23-Feb-20061Some near-term targets have been achieved with compressed and liquid tanks. Emphasis is on advanced materials-based technologies.

12

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20

100

200

300

400

500

600

Avg Fuel Rate (kg/min)

Nu

mb

er o

f F

uel

ing

Eve

nts

Histogram of Fueling RatesAll Light Duty Through 2007Q4

5 minute fill of5 kg at 350 bar


Average = 0.79 % >1 = 24

2006 Tech Val Milestone2010 MYPP Adv Storage Materials Target

Created: Feb-15-08 1:44 PM

CDP#18: Refueling Rates

13

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Non-Event

Near Miss

Incident

Number of Reports

Sev

erit

y

Total Infrastructure Safety Reports by Severityand Report Type Through 2007 Q4

Alarms OnlyAutomatic System ShutdownElectrical IssueEquipment MalfunctionFalse Alarm/MischiefH2 Release - Minor, NO IgnitionH2 Release - Significant, NO IgnitionNon-H2 ReleaseStructural IssueSystem Trouble, not Alarm


An INCIDENT is an event that results in: - a lost time accident and/or injury to personnel - damage/unplanned downtime for project equipment, facilities or property - impact to the public or environment - any hydrogen release that unintentionally ignites or is sufficient to sustain a flame if ignited - release of any volatile, hydrogen containing compound (other than the hydrocarbons used as common fuels)A NEAR-MISS is: - an event that under slightly different circumstances could have become an incident - unplanned H2 release insufficient to sustain a flame

CDP#20: Safety Reports – Infrastructure

14

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1.4oF

122.9oF

Deg

rees

Cel

siu

s

Ambient Temperature During Operation

All OEMs


CDP#21: Range of Ambient TemperatureDuring Vehicle Operation

15

Vehicle Hours: All OEMs Combined

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0-150

150-300

300-450

450-600

600-750

750-900

900-1050

1050-1200

1200-1350

>1350

Total Vehicle Hours

Nu

mb

er o

f V

ehic

les

Through 2007 Q4

Created: Feb-15-08

Total Vehicle Hours = 52,268

CDP#22: Vehicle Operating Hours

16

Vehicle Miles: All OEMs Combined

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0-35

00

3500

-700

0

7000

-105

00

1050

0-14

000

1400

0-17

500

1750

0-21

000

2100

0-24

500

2450

0-28

000

2800

0-31

500

>3150

0

Total Vehicle Miles

Nu

mb

er o

f V

ehic

les

Total Miles Traveled = 1,105,440

Through 2007 Q4

Created: Feb-15-08

CDP#23: Vehicles vs. Miles Traveled

17

Cumulative Vehicle Miles Traveled: All OEMs

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

2005

Q2

2005

Q3

2005

Q4

2006

Q1

2006

Q2

2006

Q3

2006

Q4

2007

Q1

2007

Q2

2007

Q3

2007

Q4

Ve

hic

le M

iles

Tra

ve

led

Created: Feb-15-08

CDP#24: Cumulative Vehicle Miles Traveled

18

On-Board Hydrogen Storage Methods

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2005

Q2

2005

Q3

2005

Q4

2006

Q1

2006

Q2

2006

Q3

2006

Q4

2007

Q1

2007

Q2

2007

Q3

2007

Q4

Cu

mu

lati

ve V

ehic

les

Dep

loye

d

Liquid H2

700 bar tanks

350 bar tanks

Created Feb-08-2008 8:57AM

92

CDP#25: Vehicle H2 Storage Technologies

19

Cumulative Hydrogen Produced or Dispensed Through 2007 Q4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2005

Q2

2005

Q3

2005

Q4

2006

Q1

2006

Q2

2006

Q3

2006

Q4

2007

Q1

2007

Q2

2007

Q3

2007

Q4

Calendar Quarter

Mas

s o

f H

ydro

gen

(kg

) (t

ho

usa

nd

s)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Nu

mb

er o

f S

tati

on

s

Cumulative Hydrogen

Number of Stations

Created Feb-28-08

CDP#26: Cumulative H2 Produced or Dispensed

20

99.7399.7499.7599.7699.7799.7899.7999.8

99.8199.8299.8399.8499.8599.8699.8799.8899.8999.9

99.9199.9299.9399.9499.9599.9699.9799.9899.99

100

Hyd

rog

en F

uel

Qu

alit

y In

dex

(%

)

Hydrogen Fuel Quality Index Sampled from Stations(1)

Data RangeDataSAE J2719

Created: Feb-15-08 2:10 PM(1) Includes sampling from both electrolysis and reforming

CDP#27: Hydrogen Purity Scatter Plot

21

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Particulates

g/L

H2 Impurities

Data Range SAE J2719 Measured Less Than or Equal To (Detection Limited)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

(N2 + He + Ar)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

H20 Total HC

O2 CO2 CO

NH3

mol/mol (ppm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Total S*

nmol/mol (ppb)Created: Feb-15-08 2:10 PM *Calculated from SO2, COS, H2S, CS2, and Methyl Mercaptan (CH3SH).

CDP #28: Hydrogen Impurities Scatter Plot

22

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


Nu

mb

er o

f F

uel

ing

Eve

nts

Histogram of Fueling RatesComm vs Non-Comm Fills - All Light Duty Through 2007Q4



Fill Type Avg (kg/min) %>1 ------------- ------------------ -------Comm 0.94 36%Non-Comm 0.66 20%

CommNon-Comm2006 Tech Val Milestone2010 MYPP Adv Storage Materials Target


CDP#29: Fueling Rates – Communication and Non-Communication Fills

23

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

AdjustmentCheck Only

OtherRepair

Replacement

Maintenance: Average Labor Hours Per Station Since InceptionThrough 2007 Q4

ScheduledUn-Scheduled

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

AdjustmentCheck Only

OtherRepair

Replacement

Maintenance: Average Number of Events Per Station Since Inception

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

# of Events

Hours

Comparison of Scheduled/Un-Scheduled Maintenance


CDP#30: Infrastructure Maintenance

24

Online Stations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2005Q2

2005Q3

2005Q4

2006Q1

2006Q2

2006Q3

2006Q4

2007Q1

2007Q2

2007Q3

2007Q4

Reporting Period

Nu

mb

er

of

Sta

tio

ns

Created Feb-15-08

CDP#31: Number of Reporting Stations

25

Infrastructure Hydrogen Production Methods

0

1

2

3

4

5

DeliveredCompressed H2

Natural Gas On-siteReforming

Electrolysis Delivered Liquid H2

Production Technology

# o

f S

tati

on

s

Created Feb-15-08

CDP#32: Infrastructure Hydrogen Production Methods

26

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12Range Histogram: All OEMs

Percentage of chassis dyno range1 b/w refuelings

Per

cen

tag

e o

f R

efu

elin

gs

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

25

50

75

100

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erce

nta

ge


Total refuelings2 = 10991

1. Range calculated using the combined City/Hwy fuel economy from dyno testing (not EPAadjusted) and usable fuel on board.2. Some refueling events are not detected/reported due to data noise or incompleteness.

CDP#33: Percentage of Theoretical Range Traveled Between Refuelings

27

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vehicle Range Factors

Percentage of chassis dyno range1.

All

OE

Ms

Win

do

w-S

tick

er 2

On

-Ro

ad 3

Dyn

o 1


1. Calculated using the combined City/Hwy fuel economy from dyno testing (non-adjusted)and usable fuel on board.2. Applying window-sticker correction factors for fuel economy: 0.78 x Hwy and 0.9 x City.

3. Using fuel economy from on-road data (excluding trips > 1 mile, consistent with other data products).3. Using fuel economy from on-road data (excluding trips > 1 mile, consistent with other data products).

CDP#34: Effective Vehicle Range

28

2005Q2 2005Q3 2005Q4 2006Q1 2006Q2 2006Q3 2006Q4 2007Q1 2007Q2 2007Q3 2007Q40

5

10

15

Reporting Period

Nu

mb

er o

f S

tati

on

s

Infrastructure Safety Trend and Online Stations Through 2007 Q4

Number of Online StationsAvg Refuelings Between Safety Reports


0

50

100

150

200

250

Nu

mb

er o

f R

efu

elin

gs

713

3441

114125 129

43

67

114

89

CDP#35: Average Refuelings Between Infrastructure Safety Reports

29

2005Q2 2005Q3 2005Q4 2006Q1 2006Q2 2006Q3 2006Q4 2007Q1 2007Q2 2007Q3 2007Q40

5

10

15

20

25

Reporting Period

Nu

mb

er o

f R

epo

rts

Type of Infrastructure Safety Reports by Quarter Through 2007 Q4

IncidentNear MissNon-EventStations OnlineAvg # Reports/Station



CDP#36: Type of Infrastructure Safety Report By Quarter

30

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Non-Event

Near Miss

Incident

Number of Reports

Sev

erit

y

Primary Factors of Infrastructure Safety ReportsThrough 2007 Q4

Calibration/Settings/ Software ControlsDesign FlawEnvironment (Weather, Power Disruption, Other)Inadequate Training, Protocol, SOPInadequate/ Non-working EquipmentMaintenance RequiredMischief, Vandalism, SabotageNew Equipment MaterialsNot Yet DeterminedOperator/Personnel Error



CDP#37: Primary Factors of Infrastructure Safety Reports

31

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Time (min)

Nu

mb

er o

f F

uel

ing

Eve

nts

Histogram of Fueling TimesAll Light Duty Through 2007Q4

Average = 3.43 % <5 = 87


CDP#38: Refueling Times

32

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Amount Fueled (kg)

Nu

mb

er o

f F

uel

ing

Eve

nts

Histogram of Fueling AmountsAll Light Duty Through 2007Q4

Average = 2.25


CDP#39: Refueling Amounts

33

Tank Levels: DOE Fleet

15%

FE



1. Some refueling events not recorded/detected due to data noise or incompleteness.

Median Tank Level = 39% at Fill

2. The outer arc is set at 20% total refuelings.

3. If tank level at fill was not available, a complete fill up was assumed.

CDP#40: H2 Tank Level at Refueling

34

FE

Tank Level Medians: DOE Fleet, All Vehicles



1. Some refueling events not recorded/detected due to data noise or incompleteness.

2. If tank level at fill was not available, a complete fill up was assumed.

CDP#41: Refueling Tank Levels - Medians

35

Refueling by Time of Day: DOE Fleet

9%

3

12

9

6


Total Fill3 Events = 11356% of fills b/t 6 AM & 6 PM: 86.5%

1. Fills between 6 AM & 6 PM

2. The outer arc is set at 12 % total Fill.

3. Some events not recorded/detected due to data noise or incompleteness.

AM PM

CDP#42: Refueling by Time of Day

36

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday0

5

10

15

20

Fills by Day of Week: DOE Fleet

% o

f F

ills

in a

Day

Day


CDP#43: Refueling by Day of Week

37

Driving Start Time - Day: DOE Fleet

9%

3

12

9

6

DOE FleetNHTS


Total Driving3 Events = 139968% of driving trips b/t 6 AM & 6 PM: 88.7%

1. Driving trips between 6 AM & 6 PM

2. The outer arc is set at 12 % total Driving.


AM PM

% of NHTS trips b/t 6 AM & 6 PM: 81.5%

2001 NHTS Data Includes Car, Truck, Van, & SUV day trips ASCII.csv Source: http://nhts.ornl.gov/download.shtml#2001

CDP#44: Driving Start Time – Day

38

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday0

5

10

15

20

Driving Trips by Day of Week: DOE Fleet

% o

f D

rivi

ng

Tri

ps

in a

Day

Day

DOE Fleet

NHTS


2001 NHTS Data Includes Car, Truck, Van, & SUV day tripsASCII.csv Source: http://nhts.ornl.gov/download.shtml#2001

CDP#45: Driving by Day of Week

39

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

%Time at Power Levels v2: DOE Fleet

% T

ime

at P

ow

er L

evel

0-5%

5-10

%

10-1

5%

15-2

0%

20-2

5%

25-3

0%

30-3

5%

35-4

0%

40-4

5%

45-5

0%

50-5

5%

55-6

0%

60-6

5%

65-7

0%

70-7

5%

75-8

0%

80-8

5%

85-9

0%

90-9

5%

95-1

00%

>100%

% Fuel Cell Power (Gross) of MaxCreated: Feb-27-08 12:04 PM

17.6%-47.9% of operating time at idle(Vehicle Speed = 0 & F.C. Power > 0)

CDP#46: Fuel Cell System Operating Power

40

0 5 10 15 20 250

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fre

qu

ency

(%

)

Trip Length (miles)

Trip Length: DOE Fleet

DOE FleetNHTS



CDP#47: Trip Length

41

CDP#48: Primary Factors Affecting Learning Demo Fleet Fuel Cell Degradation

DOE Fleet

High Current TimeHot StartsStarts/hour

Low Voltage TimeHigh Voltage Time

Cold StartsShort Trips

0 Speed TripsHot Ambient Temp

H*

H*

1) On-going fuel cell degradation study using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model for combined Learning Demonstration Fleet.

2) DOE Fleet model has a low percentage of explained decay rate variance.


H*: Factor group associated with high decay rate fuel cell stacksL**: Factor group associated with low decay rate fuel cell stacks

Due to differences among teams, the DOE Fleet Analysis results are spread

out and concrete conclusions are difficult to draw.

Individual team analyses (CDP#49) focused on patterns within a fleet.

DOE Fleet

High Current TimeHot StartsStarts/hour

Low Voltage TimeHigh Voltage Time

Cold StartsShort Trips

0 Speed TripsHot Ambient Temp

H*

H*

1) On-going fuel cell degradation study using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model for combined Learning Demonstration Fleet.

2) DOE Fleet model has a low percentage of explained decay rate variance.



Due to differences among teams, the DOE Fleet Analysis results are spread

out and concrete conclusions are difficult to draw.

Individual team analyses (CDP#49) focused on patterns within a fleet.

42

CDP#49: Primary Factors Affecting Learning Demo Team Fuel Cell Degradation

Team 1

High Voltage TimeHigh Current TimeHot Ambient Temp

Short TripsStarts/hour

Team 2

Team 3

Team 4

Hot StartsStarts/hour

High Voltage TimeLow Current Time

Idle TimeCold Starts

Warm Ambient TempLong Trips


Hot StartsIdle Time


1) On-going fuel cell degradation study using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model for each team.

2) Teams’ PLS models have a high percentage of explained decay rate variance, but the models are not robust and results are scattered.

H*

L**


Idle Time

Low Voltage TimeCold Starts

Hot Ambient TempShort TripsStarts/hour

H*

H*

H*

H*

L**

L**



Team 1

High Voltage TimeHigh Current TimeHot Ambient Temp


Team 2

Team 3

Team 4

Hot StartsStarts/hour


Idle TimeCold Starts

Warm Ambient TempLong Trips


Hot StartsIdle Time


1) On-going fuel cell degradation study using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model for each team.

2) Teams’ PLS models have a high percentage of explained decay rate variance, but the models are not robust and results are scattered.

H*

L**


Idle Time

Low Voltage TimeCold Starts

Hot Ambient TempShort TripsStarts/hour

H*

H*

H*

H*

L**

L**



43

Refueling by Time of Night: DOE Fleet

5%

3

12

9

6


Total Fill3 Events = 11356% of fills b/t 6 PM & 6 AM: 13.5%

1. Fills between 6 PM & 6 AM

2. The outer arc is set at 12 % total Fill.


PM AM

CDP#50: Refueling by Time of Night

44

Driving Start Time - Night: DOE Fleet

3%

3

12

9

6

DOE FleetNHTS


Total Driving3 Events = 139968% of driving trips b/t 6 PM & 6 AM: 11.3%

1. Driving trips between 6 PM & 6 AM

2. The outer arc is set at 12 % total Driving.


PM AM

% of NHTS trips b/t 6 PM & 6 AM: 18.4%

2001 NHTS Data Includes Car, Truck, Van, & SUV day trips ASCII.csv Source: http://nhts.ornl.gov/download.shtml#2001

CDP#51: Driving Start Time – Night

45

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Nu

mb

er o

f F

uel

ing

Eve

nts

Histogram of Fueling RatesAll Light Duty by Year Through 2007Q4



Year Avg (kg/min) %>1 ------- ----------------- -------2005 0.66 17%2006 0.72 20%2007 0.86 28%

2005200620072006 Tech Val Milestone2010 MYPP Adv Storage Materials Target


CDP#52: Refueling Data by Year

46

0

2

4

6

8

10% Energy by Power levels: DOE Fleet

% E

ner

gy

0-5%

5-10

%

10-1

5%

15-2

0%

20-2

5%

25-3

0%

30-3

5%

35-4

0%

40-4

5%

45-5

0%

50-5

5%

55-6

0%

60-6

5%

65-7

0%

70-7

5%

75-8

0%

80-8

5%

85-9

0%

90-9

5%

95-1

00%

>100%

% Fuel Cell Power (Gross) of Max

Cu

mu

lati

ve %

0

20

40

60

80

100


CDP#53: Fuel Cell System Energy within Power Levels

47

0-1 hr 1-6 hr 6-12 hr 12-18hr 18-24hr 1-7days 7-30days >30days0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% T

rip

s

Time

Time between Trips: DOE Fleet

0-10 min 10-20 min 20-30 min 30-40 min 40-50 min 50-60 min0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% T

rip

s

Time

0-60 min Breakdown: DOE Fleet


CDP#54: Time Between Trips

48

0-0.5 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-2.5 2.5-3 3-3.5 3.5-4 4-4.5 4.5-5 >50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Trip Energy: DOE Fleet

% T

rip

s

Energy Consumed [kWh]Created: Feb-27-08 12:04 PM

# of Trips: 150221

CDP#55: Fuel Cell System Energy

49

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

5

10

15

20

25

Fre

qu

ency

(%

)

Daily Distance (miles)

Daily Distance: DOE Fleet

DOE FleetNHTS


Cumulative Frequency@ 20 miles

DOE Fleet: 50.9%NHTS: 27.2%

Cumulative Frequency@ 40 miles

DOE Fleet: 69.9%NHTS: 52.9%


CDP#56: Daily Driving Distance

50

Average Breakout of H2 Storage System Volume

73%

24%

3%

Average Breakout of H2 Storage System Mass

73%

23%

3.26%

350 bar

55%35%

10%

H2 Volume (%)Pressure Vessel Volume (%)Balance of Plant Volume (%)

26%

3.45%

71%

H2 Mass (%)Pressure Vessel Mass (%)Balance of Plant Mass (%)

700 bar


CDP#57: H2 Storage System Mass and Volume Breakdown

Date post:	20-Jan-2016
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Technical Report NREL/TP-560-43049 April 2008 Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure...

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