100
( 3 )
APFC Relay & Capacitors 56ARC Welding Cable 23Automatic Power Factor Correction 55Building Automation 75Cable Selection Chart for DG Set 74Cables 18Capacities of PVC Conduits 65Capacitor Ratings for Direct Connection to Induction Motor 58Capacitors in KVAR for Power Factor Correction 57Chemical Earthing 44Classification of Insulating Materials 53Common Terms & Symbols used in Electrical Technology 8Comparison Chart (LED vs incandescent vs CFLs) 34Compulsory ISI Markation Order 87Conductors & Wires (A.A.C.) Electrical & Mechnical Properties 14Conductors & Wires (A.C.S.R) Electrical & Mechanical Properties 16Constructional Details and Current Carrying Capacity of Aluminium Bus Bars 12Constructional Details and Current Carrying capacity of Copper Bus Bars 13Constructional Details for Bare Aluminium Conductor 23Constructional Details of 1100 Volts Cables 21Conversion Tables 9Copper & Aluminium Strips 47Current Capacity Size of Cable for Distribution Transformers 66Current Ratings : Cables 20Dimension of Standard Slip Joint polygonal High Mast 90Earth Wire & Earth Plate for Domestic & Motor Installation 46Earthing Systems 42Electrical House Wiring Diagram 31Electrical Units-their Equivalents & Formulae 9Energy Meter Selection Chart 65First Aid in Case of Electric Shock 5Flourescent, Sodium Vapour & Metal Halide Lamps 35Full Load Current Chart for Electric Motors 49Generators 72GI Flat / Wire 46Hard Drawn Bare Copper Solid Wire 10Hard Rubber Batteries/Tubular Batteries 85House Wiring Cables 27HPMV Colour Corrected Lamp/Blended Lamp 36Installation method of Chemical Earthing 45IP Classification 86Laying of Cables 19LED Facts & Benefits 32
I N D E X
Page
( 4 )
I N D E X
Page
Lightning 40Lightning Arrester 41LT & HT Tariff Schedule (Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission) 91Lux Level - Lighting Scheme 36MCB Selection Guide 62Methods of Installation 18Miniature Circuit Breaker and RCCB/ELCB 59Motor and Switchgears 48Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) 63PA Systems 67Performance Table for water Pumpsets 81Power Factor & Calculation 54PVC & XLPE cables & Its Advantages 26PVC Insulated Flexible Single and Multicore Cables 28Ready Reckoner for Monthly Consumption 64Ready Reckoner for Selection of Switchgears 52Room Automation 80Selection, Installation & Maintenance of Submersible Pumpsets 83Silent DG - Set Selection Chart 73Solar Energy 37Specification for PA Systemes in Electrical Construction Contract Works 69Submersible Motor Pumps 82Swaged Type Steel Tubular Poles 88Switchgear Selection Chart (DOL Feeder) 50Switchgear Selection Chart (Star - Delta Feeder) 51Technical Specification for Solar Street Light with LED, CFL, Sodium Vapour 39Useful 3-Phase Formulae 9Voltage Drop in Cables 25XLPE Cables 24
REFER DIARY 2013TOPICSLed Lighting 34Advantage of New Technology Lighting Protection 35Motor and Controlgears 43Illumination 56Design of Lighting Scheme 57Ventilation Scheme 60Exhaust Fan/Ceiling Fan/ Table Fan/ Air Circulator 63Pumps 64Useful Centrifugal Pump Data (Domestic Centrifugal & Submersible Pumpsets) 65Water Requirements- Public Buildings 68Water Requirements- Rural & Domestic 69Selection for Installation and Maintenance of Water Pumps 72
( 5 )
fctyh ds vk?kkr dk bykt
ftu yksxksa dks fctyh dk vk?kkr yx x; gks] mUgsa Bhd gkyr esa ykus ls lEcfUèkr vuqns'k ekfyd}kjk çR;sd fctyh?kj] f?kjs gq, midsUnz] f?kjsgq, fLopdsUnzksa rFkk iQSDVjh ,sDV] 1948 dh èkkjk 2 ds [k.M(M) esa dh xbZ ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj gj iQSDVjh esa tgka fctyh bLrseky dh tkrh gks] fdlh ,slh txg ijyxk;s tk;saxs tks vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldsaA ;s vuqns'k vaxzsth] fgUnh vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa gksaxsA ;s vuqns'k uhpscrk;s x;s <ax ls mu ifjljksa esa Hkh yxk;s tk;saxs ftuds ekfyd dks fujh{kd us fyf[kr :i ls uksfVl nsdjbl çdkj dk funsZ'k fn;k gksA
çR;sd fctyh?kj] f?kjs gq, midsUnz] f?kjs gq, fLopdsUnzksa vkSj ,sls iQSDVjh ;k vU; ifjljksa ds ekfyd ftuij ;g fu;e ykxw gksrk gS] bl ckr dh iDdh O;oLFkk djsaxs fd mUgksaus ftrus Hkh vfèkdkj çkIr O;fÙkQ;ksa dksfu;qÙkQ fd;k gks] ;s mifu;e (1) esa crk;s x;s vuqns'kksa ls ifjfpr gks vkSj mudk ikyu djus ds ;ksX; gksA
[krjs ds le; bUgsa rqjUr lqfpr djuk pkfg, %(1) MkDVj (2) ,EcwysUl (3) vLirky (4) iqfyl (5) fctyh ?kj (6) vkx cq>kusokysA
fctyh ds v?kkr ds le; dqN t:jh lq>ko
1) fLop dks cUn djksA fctyh lEcUèk dks rksM+ nsaA2) Iyx dks ckgj fudkysaA3) ?kk;yks dks [krjs ds LFkku ls gVk ysaA4) fctyh ds lEcUèk rksM+s csxSj ?kk;y dks u Nq,A5) uaxs gkFkksa ls ejht dks u Nq,A6) fctyh ds rkj ls vkneh ds 'kjhj dks fdl rjg vyx djuk pkfg, %& fdlh lq[kh oLrq ij
[kM+s gks tk, tSls lq[kk r[rk ;k [kM+ dh pVkbZ ;k eksVs v[kckjksa dh rg ;k cksjh dh rg ;k lq[kh yEchykBh ;k jcM+ksa ds nLrkuksa dk ç;ksx djksA bu oLrqvksa dks lkoèkkuh ls bLrseky djuk pkfg,A
cgqr lh gkyrksa esa tcfd vkneh dks fctyh dk lnek yxrk gS rks og ns[kus esa er çrhr gksrk gS] fdUrq;fn gks'k esa ykus dh dksf'k'k esa vfèkd le; u gks x;k gks rks og vkneh nqckjk gks'k esa vk ldrk gSA
gks'k esa ykus dh fofèk
(1) gks'k esa ykus dh fofèk cukoVh lk¡l ysuk gS] blds fy,yxkrkj vFkok LFkk;h dksf'k'kksa dh t:jrgSA
(2) gks'k esa ykus ds fy, yxkrkj liQy dksf'k'kksa dh t:jh ckrksa esa ls ,d gS] ;fn ckn esa fujk'k gksukiM+s] ijUrq fiQj Hkh ctk;s blds vkijs'ku 'kq: esa gh NksM+k fn;k tk;] yxkrkj dksf'k'k tkjh j[kuh pkfg, tcrd fd dksbZ MkDVj ;g u dg nsa fd bl esa tku ugha gSA ml n'kk esa tc fd lnek l[r igqapk gks rks lk¡lysus ds fy, ,d ?kaVk dkiQh gksrk gS] ijUrq ekeqyh lk¡l okil ykus ds fy, rhu ?kaVs vko';d gksrs gSA
( 6 )
fctyh ds lfdZVksa dks rksM+ nsuk pkfg;s
(3) vxj dksbZ baVsªIVj (fLol ;k Ý;wt) utnhd gks rks fctyh ds lfdZV dks 'kh?kz rksM+ nsuk pkfg,A ijUrqbaVªsIVj (Lohp ;k Ý;wt) ikl esa u gks rks le; u‘ ugha djuk pkfg, ijUrq ykbZu d.MDVj (fcth dk rkj) lsvkneh 'kjhj dks 'kh?kz gh vyx dj nsuk pkfg,A
?kk;y vkneh ds 'kjhj dks Nwus ls Hk;
(4) euq"; ds 'kjhj dks uaxs gkFkksa ls ugha Nquk pkfg,] ;fn jcM+ ds nLrkusu gks vkSj euq"; ds diM+s xhys ugha gks rks mlds dksV ds uhps dh vksj idM+djrkj ls vyx dj nsuk pkfg, ;k vius dksV ;k dksbZ vkSj lq[kh oLrq ;k lekpkji=k bR;kfn dks rhu pkj rg djds vkSj xíh lh cukdj 'kjhj dks idM+ yks] vkSjmldks lfdZV ls vyx dj nksA ,d vPNh ;qfÙkQ ;g Hkh gS fd lq[kh ydM+h dsr[rs ij ;k eksVs lekpkj i=k ij ;k diM+ksa dh xBjh ij [kM+s gks tkvks vkSj 'kjhjdks dUèks ls èkdsy dj vyx dj nksA
MkDVj dks rqjUr cwykuk pkfg,
(5) fdlh prqj vkSj vuqHkoh MkDVj dks cqykus esa dnkfi nsj ugha djuhpkfg,] ijUrq ftl le; rd MkDVj u vk;s fuezfyf[kr fofèk;ka ç;ksx esa ykuhpkfg,A
'kjhj dks fdl rjg j[kuk pkfg;s
(6) rkj ls 'kjhj dks vyx djds xnZu ls diM+s vyx dj nsuh pkfg,]vkSj tks fofèk;ka Mqcrs gq, euq"; dks cpkus ds fy, ç;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ gks og Hkhbl n'kk esa ç;ksx esa ykuh pkfg,A
mnkgj.k&'kjhj dks lw[kh pVkbZ ij ;k lw[kh ?kkl ij eq¡g uhps djds fpr ysVknsuk pkfg,A
gks'k esa ykus dk rjhdk(7) blds ckn cukoVh lk¡l ysus dh fofèk ç;ksx esa ykuh pkfg,A og bl
rjg dh igys ?kk;y euq"; ds 'kjhj ij >qddj cjkcj vkSj yxkrkj uhps dh vksjncko Mkyuk pkfg,A
blds i'pkr~ ?kk;y euq"; ds 'kjhj ls gkFk mBk;s fcuk gh vius 'kjhj dks ihNs dh rjiQ >qdkdj lkjk ncko gVk ysukpkfg,A blh çdkj fcuk nsjh ls ,d feuV esa yxkrkj de ls de 15 niQk ncko Mkyuk o gVkuk pkfg, tc rd fd BhdrkSj ij lk¡l vkus yxsA lk¡l okil ykus ds fy, fgEer ls dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,] D;ksafd fdlh le; tkgjh eR;q ds dqNle; ckn gh lk¡l vkrk gSA 'kjhj dks xhys rkSfy, ls eyus ;k Nqus ls lk¡l ykus esa cgqr lgk;rk feyrh gSA
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 3
( 7 )
��
Fig. 7
Fig. 6
Fig. 5
u'khyh oLrqvksa dk cpko djuk pkfg;s
(8) tc rd dksbZ MkDVj lykg u nsa] u'ks okyh dksbZ oLrq ç;ksx ugha ykuh pkfg,A
nwljk rjhdk
(9) ;fn jksxh dh ihB ds cy fyVkuk vko';d gks rks lhus vkSj isV ds diM+ksadks <hyk dj nsuk pkfg,] vkSj dksV ;k fdlh vkSj pht dks rg djds dUèkksa dsuhps bl rjg j[kuk pkfg, fd] lhj uhps dks yVd tk;s] blds i'pkr~ jksxh dslgk;d dks blh çdkj cSBkuk pkfg, tSls fd (fp=k uañ 3) esa fn[kk;k x;k gS];kuh jksxh ds gkFk dgqfu;k¡ ds uhps vPNh rjg idM+ dj jksxh dk flj mijmBkdj lhèks iQSyk nsuk pkfg, vkSj nks lsds.M le; ds ckn nksuksa gkFkksa dks ykdjNkrh ds cjkcj jksxh ij >qdkdj ncko nsuk pkfg,] tSlk fd fp=k uañ 5 esa fn[kk;kx;k gSA nks&nks lsds.M ds ckn bl mik; dks dbZ ckj ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A
fp=k 5&jksxh ds lj ds ikl [kM+s gksb;s vFkok ?kwVus ds cy cSB tkb;sA jksxhds lj dks ,d gkFk ls iwjh rjg ihNs dh rjiQ >qdk fnft, vkSj nwljs gkFk lsmlds FkksM+h Åij dh rjg djds idfM+,A
fp=k 6&tksj ls lk¡l fyth,A vc jksxh ds eq¡g ds Åij >qddj jksxh ds [kqyseq[k ij viuk lk¡l èkhjs&èkhjs NksM+rs jfg,A nsf[k, jksxh LokHkkfod :i ls 'oklys ik jgk ;k ughaA
fp=k 7&viuk lj gVk fyth,A fiQj 'okl fyth,A çR;sd feuV esa 10@12ckn ;g i¼fr pyk;s tkb,A jksxh ds eq¡g esa 'okl <qdkus esa vlqfoèkk gksus ls] [;kydjds nsf[k, fd gksB lkekU; [kqyk gS ;k ugha vFkok p<+k gqvk nk¡r vkfn ckèkk iSnkdj jgk ;k ughaA blls iQy u feyus ij ukd esa eq¡g nsdj 'okl <qdkus dk dksf'k'kfdth,A bl i¼fr esa Åij ds fp=k vkSj fo'ysf"kr çFkk vuqlj.k djds pyuk gksxkAvUrj ,d gS&jksxh ds eq¡g ds vykok ukd ds vUnj esa 'okl <qdkuk] tks fp=k uañ 6 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vPNh çdkj lksp fopkj dj dke djus dh vko';drk(10) ;g fofèk dsoy mlh le; ykHknk;d fl¼ gks ldrh gS tc fd ml esa vPNh tkudkjh gksA fctyh
ds dkj[kkuksa esa dke djus okyksa dks igys ls gh bu ckrksa dks lh[k ysuk pkfg, vkSj le; ij bldk vH;kl djrsjgsa rks bl ls Hkh cgqr dqN ykHk çkIr gks ldrk gSA
dkj[kkus esa dke djus okyksa dks Åij fy[ks rjhds fdl rjg lh[kus pkfg;s(11) bl gky dks vPNh rjg tku ysuk pkfg, fd liQyrk ds fy, Åij fy[ks mik; dks vPNh rjg
lksp&le>dj vkSj tSlk dgk x, mlh çdkj djuk pkfg,A tYnh dHkh u djuh pkfg, fdUrq tku rksM+ dksf'k'kvkSj iwjh yxu ls dke djuk pkfg,A tYnh dHkh u djuh pkfg, A
( 8 )
COMMON TERMS & SYMBOLS USED IN
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGYPractical Units :
The three principal units with which one in Electrical field has to deal are those of current,pressure or voltage and resistance.
Current is measured in amperes. Pressure or voltage is measured in volts. Resistance is mea-sured in ohms.
Electric Power :
The Unit of Electical Power is watt (W).
The total watts in a circuit are obtained by multiplying the current in amperes by the pressure involts.
Watts in a circuit = I x E, Where I = current in amperes, E = pressure in volt.
Example
The voltage in a circuit is 230 volts & the current passing is 5 amperes, what power is being usedin the circuit?
Because Watt = Ix E since I = 5 amps, E = 230 volts.
Power used = 5 x 230 = 1150 watts.
Mechanical Power :
A foot pound is the work done in raising 1 Ib. through a vertical height of
1 ft. and 33000 ft. Ibs. = 1H.P . =746 watts.
Horse Power :
The watt is the electrical unit of power & 746 watts is equal to one Horse Power.
Board of Trade Unit :
A kilowatt is 1000 watts, so that a kilowatt hour (KWH) is the quantity of energy when 1000-watts of power is used for a period of one hour.
This unit is the standard unit on which charges for Electrical energy are made.
Power Factor :
Power Factor (P.F.) =Real watts
——————Apparent watts
Where real watts mean, watts measured by watt meter & apparent watts is the product ofvoltage & current measured by voltmeter and ammeter (in practice it is called VA)
Watts KW KWHIn other terms P.F. = ——— or —— or ——–
VA KVA KVAH
Classification of Voltage :LOW - Where the voltage does not exceed 250 volts.MEDIUM - Where the voltage does not exceed 650 volts.HIGH - Where the voltage does not exceed 33, 000 volts.EXTRA HIGH - Where the voltage exceeds 33, 000 volts.
( 9 )
USEFUL 3-PHASE FORMULAEGeneral Formulae :
KWKW = KVA x P.F. , KVA = —— P.F.
KVA = 3 x Phase Volts x Phase Amps ÷ 1000
KVA = 1.732 x Line Volts x Line Amps ÷ 1000
H.P. × 746KW = —————
1000
In case of 3 Phase Motor :
H.P. × 746Line Amps = ———————————
Line Volts × 1.732×p.f. × eff.
KW × 1000Line Amps = ———————————
Line Volts × 1.732×p.f. × eff.
In case of 3 Phase Generator :
KVA × 1000Line Amps = —————————
Line Volts × 1.732
KW × 1000Line Amps = ———————————
Line Volts × 1.732×p.f.
In case of Transformer :
KVA × 1000Primary Line Amps= ———————————
Primary Line Volts × 1.732
KVA × 1000Secondary Line Amps =Secondary Line Volts × 1.732
ELECTRICAL UNITS( THEIR EQUIVALENTS & FORMULAE)
H.P. = 746 watts = 0.746 k.w.= 33, 000 ft. lbs per min.= 1.104 Metric H.P.
Torque (Ft. Ibs.) = (H.P. x 33, 000) ÷ (R.P.M. x 2)1 Electric Unit = 1 Kilowatt hour (KWH)1 Kilowatt (K.W) = 738 ft. Ib. per sec.
= 102 M kg. per sec.= 1.341 horse power= 1.360 Metric horse power
1 Kilowatt hour (K.W.H.) = 3,413 B. Th. U.= 860 Calories
1 Foot Pound (ft. Ib.) = 0.1383 Mkg.1 B.Th. U. = 1778.3 ft. Ib.
= 107.6 Mkg.= 0.2520 calories
1 Calorie (cal) = 3.088 foot pounds
CONVERSION TABLESTo Convert Multiply by :
LINEAR EQUIVALENTS
Mills to Millimetres (1,000 mils–one inch) ...... 0.0254
Inches to Centimetres ..... 2.540
Centimetres to Inches ..... 0.3937
Feet to Metres ..... 0.3048
Metres to Feet .... 3.281
Yards to Metres ..... 0.9144
Metres to Yards ..... 1.0936
Miles to Kilometres ..... 1.6093
Kilometres to Miles ..... 0.6214
AREA EQUIVALENTS
Square Inches to Circular Mills (Circ, Mils) ..... 1,273.240
Square Inches to Square Millimetres ..... 645.16
Square Millimetres to Square Inches ..... 0.00155
Square Yards to Square Metres ..... 0.8361
Square Metres to Square Yards ..... 1.196
Hectares to Acres ..... 2.471
Acres to Hectares ..... 0.4047
VOLUME EQUIVALENTS
Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimetres ..... 16.387Cubic Centimetres to Cubic Inches ..... 0.0610Cubic Yards to Cubic Metres ..... 0.7645Cubic Metres to Cubic Yards ..... 1.308Gallons to Litres ..... 4.546
Litres to Gallons ..... 0.22
WEIGHT EQUIVALENTS
Pounds (Ibs.) to Kilogram ..... 0.4536
Kilograms to Pounds (Ibs.) ..... 2.205Tons (2240 Ibs.) to Kilograms ..... 1016.02Kilograms to Tons (2240 Ibs) ..... 0.00098Ounces (Avoirdupois) to Grams ..... 28.35Grams to Ounces (Avoirdupois) ..... 0.0353Grains (Troy) to Grams ..... 0.0648Grams to Grains (Troy) ..... 15.432
ELECTRICAL UNIT EQUIVALENTSHorse Powers to Foot Pounds per minute ..... 33000Watts to Foot Pounds per minute ..... 44.24Horse Power to Kilowatts ..... 0.746Kilowatts to Horse Power ..... 1.34Atmospheres to Ibs. per square inch ..... 14.68Miles per hour to Feet per minute ..... 88.0
TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENTS0 F to 0 C -- Subtract 32 and Multiply by ..... 5/9 0 C to 0 F -- Multiply by 9/5 and add ..... 32
( 10 )
7/0 12.7000 126.6769 1126.000 .1388 4170
6/0 11.7856 109.0921 969.008 .1613 1711
5/0 10.9728 94.5638 840.007 .1863 3313
4/0 10.0166 81.0732 720.007 .2175 2917
3/0 9.4488 70.1202 623.004 .2516 2584
2/0 8.8392 61.3643 545.005 .2877 2310
1/0 8.2296 53.1921 472.009 .3320 2040
1 7.6200 45.6037 405.004 .3875 1781
2 7.0104 38.5990 343.002 .4579 1535
3 6.4008 32.1780 386.001 .5495 1302
4 5.8928 27.2730 242.004 .6489 1119
5 5.3848 22.7734 202.004 .7770 .945
6 4.8768 18.6792 1666.006 .9478 787
7 4.4704 15.6958 139.053 1.0129 671
8 4.0640 12.9717 115.032 1.0366 562
9 3.6576 10.5071 93.043 1.0686 461
10 3.2512 8.3019 73.079 2.0136 370
11 2.9464 6.8183 60.063 2.0601 307
12 2.6416 5.4805 48.072 3.0237 249
13 2.3368 4.2888 38.013 4.0137 196
14 2.0320 3.2429 28.083 5.0471 149
15 1.8288 2.6268 23.035 6.0756 122
16 1.6256 2.0755 18.451 8.0552 96.6
17 1.4224 1.5890 14.126 11.0018 74.4
18 1.2192 1.1675 10.379 15.0021 38.1
19 1.0160 .8107 7.207 21.0091 38.1
20 .9144 .6567 5.838 27.0004 31.0
21 .8128 .5189 4.613 34.0022 24.5
22 .7122 .3973 3.531 44.0070 18.8
HARD DRAWN BARE COPPER SOLID WIRE
Size Diameter Calculated Weight Resistance at UltimateArea 20OC Tensile
ohms Strength
S.W.G. mm sq.mm kgm per per km Kgkm
( 11 )
HARD DRAWN BARE COPPER SOLID WIRE
Size Diameter Calculated Weight Resistance at UltimateArea 20OC Tensile
ohms Strength
S.W.G. m.m. sq.m.m. kgm per per km kgmkm
23 .6096 .2919 2.595 60.85 13.0
24 .5588 .2453 2.180 72.42 11.7
25 .5080 .2027 1.8018 87.63 9.66
26 .4572 .16417 1.4595 108.20 7.80
27 .4166 .13628 1.2116 130.40 6.49
28 .3759 .11099 .0865 160.10 5.31
29 .3454 .09372 .8334 189.5 4.48
30 .3150 .07791 .6928 227.9 3.72
31 .2946 .06818 .6063 260.4 3.27
32 .2743 .05910 .5252 300.6 2.83
33 .2540 .05067 .4505 350.6 2.43
34 .2337 .04289 .3813 414.3 2.05
35 .2134 .03575 .3178 496.8 1.71
36 .1930 .02927 .2602 607.0 1.40
37 .1727 .02343 .2083 758.2 1.12
38 .1524 .018241 .16217 973.9 .88
39 .1321 .013701 .12180 1297 .66
40 .1219 .011675 .10370 1522 .56
41 .1118 .009810 .08721 1811 .47
42 .1016 .008107 .07207 2192 .32
43 .0914 .006567 .05838 2706 .32
44 .0813 .005189 .04613 3423 .25
45 .0711 .003973 .03531 4473 .19
46 .0609 .002919 .02595 6087 .14
47 .0508 .002027 .01802 8766 .10
48 .0406 .001297 .01153 13696 .059
49 .0305 .0007297 .006487 24350 .035
50 .0254 .0005067 .004505 35063 .024
( 12 )
12x2 23.5 0.0633 80 140 - - 80 145 - -
15x2 29.5 0.0795 95 170 - - 95 175 - -
15x3 44.5 0.120 115 210 - - 115 220 - -
20x2 39.5 1.107 120 220 - - 125 225 - -
20x3 59.5 0.161 145 270 - - 150 280 - -
20x5 99.1 0.268 195 350 - - 200 370 - -
25x3 74.5 0.201 180 330 - - 185 340 - -
25x5 124.0 0.335 230 430 - - 235 440 -
30x3 89.5 0.242 205 385 - - 220 400 - -
30x5 149.0 0.403 270 500 - - 275 520 - -
40x3 119.0 0.323 280 500 - - 285 525 - -
40x5 199.0 0.38 350 650 - - 360 660 - -
40x10 399 1.08 515 975 1350 1800 540 1000 1420 -
50x5 249 0.673 425 700 1120 1500 445 815 1220 -
50x10 499 1.35 625 1150 1600 2160 655 1220 1730 -
60x5 299 0.808 500 900 1300 1730 530 960 1420 1850
60x10 599 1.62 730 1330 1900 2500 770 1430 2030 2600
80X5 399 1.03 698 1170 1650 2230 700 1260 1850 2400
80X10 799 2.16 940 1700 2360 3150 985 1840 2640 3400
100X5 499 1.35 820 1440 2000 2600 855 1550 2220 2900
100X10 999 2.70 1150 2050 2800 3700 1200 2240 3200 4200
100X15 500 4.04 1450 2500 3350 4400 1500 2750 4000 5200
120X10 1200 3.24 1350 2400 3250 4300 1420 2700 3900 5100
120X15 1800 4.86 1660 2900 3900 5000 1750 3250 4800 6300
160X15 2400 6.47 2100 3600 4850 6250 2300 4800 6200 8100
200X10 2000 5.40 2150 3650 4950 6400 2300 4300 6200 8100
200X15 3000 8.09 2550 4200 5600 7300 2850 5250 7650 10100
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILSAND CURRENT CARRYINGCAPACITY AT 350 C AMBIENTTEMP AND 300 C TEMP RISE
BUS BARS :ALUMINIUM
Continuous Current carrying capacity in Amps.Cross
Size in Sectional Weightmm area (Approx)
mm2 Kg/Mtr.
A.C.No. of Buses
1 2 3 4I II III IIII
D.C.No. of Buses
1 2 3 4I II III IIII
( 13 )
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILSAND CURRENT CARRYINGCAPACITY AT 350 C AMBIENTTEMP AND 300 C TEMP RISE
BUS BARS :COPPER
Continuous Current carrying capacity in Amps.Cross
Size in Sectional Weightmm area (Approx)
mm2 Kg/Mtr.
A.C.No. of Buses
1 2 3 4I II III IIII
D.C.No. of Buses
1 2 3 4I II III IIII
12X2 23..5 0.209 110 200 - - 115 205 - -
15X2 29.5 0.262 140 200 - - 145 245 - -
15X3 44.5 0.396 170 300 - - 175 305 - -
20X2 39.5 0.351 185 315 - - 190 325 - -
20X3 59.5 0.529 220 380 - - 225 390 - -
20X5 99.1 0.882 295 500 - - 300 510 - -
25X3 74.5 0.663 270 460 - - 275 470 - -
25X5 124.0 1.11 350 600 - - 355 610 - -
30X3 89.5 0.796 315 540 - - 320 560 - -
25X5 149.0 1.33 400 700 - - 410 720 - -
40X3 119.0 1.06 420 710 - - 430 740 - -
40X5 199.0 1.77 520 900 - - 530 930 - -
40X10 399.0 3.55 760 1350 1850 2500 770 1400 2000 -
50X5 249.0 2.22 630 1100 1650 2100 650 1150 1750 -
50X10 499.0 4.44 920 1600 2250 3000 960 1700 2500 -
60X5 299.0 2.66 760 1250 1760 2400 780 1300 1900 2500
60X10 599.0 5.33 1060 1900 2600 3500 1100 2000 2800 3600
80X5 399.0 3.55 970 1700 2300 3000 1000 1800 2500 3200
80x10 799.0 7.11 1380 2300 3100 4200 1450 2600 3700 4800
100x5 499.0 4.44 1200 2050 2850 3500 1250 2250 3150 4050
100x10 999.0 8.89 1700 2800 3650 5000 1800 3200 4500 5800
120x10 1200.0 10.7 2000 3100 4100 5700 2150 3700 5200 6700
160x10 1600.0 14.2 2500 3900 5300 3700 2800 4800 6900 9000
200x10 2000.0 17.8 3000 4750 6350 8800 3400 6000 8500 10000
( 14 )
CalculatedResistance
at 20 0CWhen
Corrected toStandard
WeightOhm/Km
Approx.Current
CarryingCapacity Amp
NominalCopper
Areamm2
Stranding& Wire
Diameter
CalculatedEquivalent
Area ofAluminium
mm2
CODENAME
40 0CAmb.Temp.
45 0CAmb.Temp.
No. Dia(mm)
CONDUCTORS & WIRESALL ALUMINIUM (STRANDED) CONDUCTOR (A.A.C.)
Based On I.S. 398/1961
ROSE 13 20.89 1.36200 - - 7 1.96
GNAT 16 26.56 1.07100 - - 7 2.21
IRIS 20 33.45 0.85060 - - 7 2.48
PANSY 25 42.02 0.67700 - - 7 2.78
LADY BIRD 25 42.33 0.67210 178 165 7 2.79
ANT 30 52.26 0.54440 204 189 7 3.10
FLY 40 62.86 0.45260 229 212 7 3.40
BLUE BOTTLE 45 72.84 0.39360 252 234 7 3.66
EARWIG 48 77.70 0.36620 264 245 7 3.78
GRASS-HOPPER 50 83.13 0.34220 275 255 7 3.91
CLEGG 60 94.56 0.30090 298 276 7 4.17
WASP 65 104.80 0.27150 318 295 7 4.39
- 80 132.20 0.21520 - - 19 3.00
- 90 148.50 0.19160 - - 19 3.18
CATERPILLER 110 183.00 0.15550 460 386 19 3.53
CHAFFER 130 209.90 0.135660 504 468 19 3.78
SPIDER 140 233.80 0.12170 540 500 19 3.99
COCKROACH 160 261.50 0.10880 575 535 19 4.22
BUTTERFLY 185 317.50 0.08959 655 608 19 465
MOTH 255 367.20 0.07749 720 660 19 5.00
LOCUST 260 421.90 0.06743 790 734 19 5.36
MAYBUG 300 473.60 0.05982 850 790 37 4.09
SCORPION 325 518.40 0.05488 895 830 37 4.27
CONDUCTOR ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
( 15 )
CONDUCTORS & WIRESALL ALUMINIUM (STRANDED) CONDUCTOR (A.A.C.)
Based On I.S. 398 / 1961
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
CalculatedFinal
Modulus ofElasticity
CalculatedCoefficient of
LinearExpansion
ApproxUtimateStrength
Approxi-mate
Weight
ConductorArea
ConductorDiameter
mm mm2 Kg/Km Kg 0Cx106 Kg/ 0 Cm2
x106
ROSE 5.88 21.12 58 385 23.0 0.6187
GNAT 6.63 26.85 73 485 23.0 0.6187
IRIS 7.44 33.81 92 582 23.0 0.6187
PANSY 8.34 42.49 116 730 23.0 0.6187
LADY BIRD 8.37 42.80 117 737 23.0 0.6187
ANT 9.30 52.85 144 892 23.0 0.6187
FLY 10.20 63.55 174 1051 23.0 0.6187
BLUE BOTTLE 10.95 73.65 201 1203 23.0 0.6187
FARWIG 11.34 78.55 215 1272 23.0 0.6187
GRASS-HOPPER 11.73 84.05 230 1356 23.0 0.6187
CLEGG 12.51 95.60 261 1523 23.0 0.6187
WASP 13.17 106.00 290 1673 23.0 0.6187
- 15.00 134.30 369 228 23.0 0.6082
- 15.90 150.90 414 2484 23.0 0.6082
CATERPILLER 17.65 186.00 511 2985 23.0 0.6082
CHAFFER 18.90 213.20 586 3381 23.0 0.6082
SPIDER 19.95 237.60 652 3736 23.0 0.6082
COCKROACH 21.10 265.80 730 4144 23.0 0.6082
BUTTERFLY 23.25 322.70 886 4947 23.0 0.6082
MOTH 25.00 373.10 1025 5695 23.0 0.6082
LOCUST 26.80 428.70 1176 6516 23.0 0.6082
MAYBUG 28.63 486.10 1343 7289 23.0 0.5976
SCORPION 29.89 529.80 1464 7878 23.0 0.5976
CodeName
( 16 )
MOLE 6.5 8 10.47 2.71800 _ _
SQUIRREL 13 8 20.71 1.37400 115 107GOPHER 16 7 25.9 1.09800 133 123WEASEL 20 6 31.21 0.91160 150 139FERRET 25 4 41.87 0.67950 181 168RABBIT 30 3 52.21 0.54490 208 193M I N K 40 2 63.32 0.45650 234 217HORSE 42 _ 71.58 0.39770 _ _
BEAVER 45 1 74.07 0.38410 261 242RACCOON 48 1/2/0 77.83 0.36560 270 250OTTER 50 1/0 82.85 0.34340 281 260CAT 55 1/2/0 94.21 0.30200 305 283DOG 65 2/0 103.60 0.27450 324 300LEOPARD 80 4/0 129.70 0.21930 375 343COYOTE 80 4/0 128.50 0.22140 375 348T I G E R 80 4/0 128.10 0.22210 382 354WOLF 95 5/0 154.30 0.18440 430 398LYNX 110 6/0 179.00 0.15890 475 440PANTHER 130 7/0 207.00 0.13750 520 482LION 140 _ 232.50 0.12230 555 515BEAR 160 _ 258.10 0.11020 595 552GOAT 185 _ 316.50 0.08989 680 630SHEEP 225 _ 366.10 0.07771 745 690KUNDAH 250 _ 394.40 0.07434 _ _
DEER 260 _ 419.30 0.06786 806 747ZEBRA 260 _ 428.60 0.06800 795 736FLK 300 _ 465.70 0.06110 860 796CAMEL 300 _ 464.50 0.06125 _ _
MOOSE 325 _ 515.70 0.05517 900 835MORKULLA 330 _ 549.20 0.05182 _ _
SPARROW 20 6 33.16 0.85780 _ _
FOX 22 6 36.21 0.78570 165 135GUINEA 49 1/0 78.56 0.36200 _ _
LARK 125 _ 196.10 0.14510 _ _
CONDUCTORS & WIRES
ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED
(A.C.S.R.) Based On I.S. 389/1961
CODENAME
Nominal Copper AreaEquivalent
mm2
CalculatedEquivalent
Area ofAluminium
mm2
S.W.G.
40 °CAmb.Temp.
Approx.CurrentCarrying Capacity
Amp.
Area(mm2)
CalculatedResistance at20 °C When
Corrected toStandard
WeightOhm/Km
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESCONDUCTOR
45 °CAmb.Temp.
( 17 )
MOLE 6 1.50 1 1.50 4.50 12.37 43 29 14 407SQUIRREL 6 2.11 1 2.11 6.33 24.48 85 58 27 771GOPHER 6 2.36 1 2.36 7.08 30.62 106 72 34 952WEASEL 6 2.59 1 2.59 7.77 36.88 128 87 41 1136FERRET 6 3.00 1 3.00 9.00 49.48 171 116 55 1503RABBIT 6 3.35 1 3.35 10.05 61.17 214 145 69 1860MINK 6 3.66 1 3.66 10.98 73.65 255 173 82 2207HORSE 12 2.79 7 2.79 13.95 116.20 542 205 338 6108BEAVER 6 3.99 1 3.99 11.97 87.53 303 206 98 2613RACCOON 6 4.09 1 4.09 12.27 91.97 318 215 103 2746OTTER 6 4.22 1 4.22 12.66 97.91 339 230 109 2923CAT 6 4.50 1 4.50 13.50 111.30 385 261 124 3324DOG 6 4.72 7 1.57 14.16 118.50 394 288 106 3299LEOPARD 6 5.28 7 1.76 15.48 148.40 493 360 133 4137COYOTE 26 2.54 7 1.90 15.86 151.60 521 365 165 4638TIGER 30 2.36 7 2.36 16.52 161.80 604 363 241 5758WOLF 30 2.59 7 2.59 18.13 195.00 727 436 291 6880LYNX 30 2.79 7 2.79 19.53 226.20 844 506 338 7950PANTHER 30 3.00 7 3.00 21.00 261.60 976 586 390 9127LION 30 3.18 7 3.18 22.26 293.90 1097 659 438 10210BEAR 30 3.35 7 3.35 23.45 326.10 1219 734 485 11310GOAT 30 3.71 7 3.71 25.97 400.00 1492 896 596 13780SHEEP 30 3.99 7 3.99 27.93 462.60 1726 1036 690 15910KUNDAH 42 3.50 7 1.94 26.82 424.80 1282 1120 162 9002DEER 30 4.27 7 4.27 29.89 529.80 1977 1188 789 18230ZEBRA 54 3.18 7 3.18 28.62 484.50 1623 1185 438 13316FLK 30 4.50 7 4.50 31.50 588.40 2196 1320 876 20240CAMEL 54 3.35 7 3.35 30.15 537.70 1804 1318 486 14750MOOSE 54 3.53 7 3.53 31.77 597.00 2002 1463 539 16250MORKULLA 42 4.13 7 2.30 31.68 591.70 1790 1564 226 12236SPARROW 6 2.67 1 2.67 8.01 39.22 135 92 43 1208FOX 6 2.79 1 2.79 8.37 42.92 149 101 48 1313GUINEA 12 2.92 7 2.92 14.60 127.20 590 224 366 6664LARK 30 2.92 7 2.92 20.44 247.80 922 556 366 8559
CONDUCTORS & WIRESALUMIINIUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED
(A.C.S.R.) Based On I.S. 398/1961
Stranding & WireDiameter (mm) Conductor
DiameterConductor
Areamm 2
Approx.WeightKg./Km.
No. Diam. Total Kg.
SteelAluminium
mm AI. St.
Approx.UltimateStrength
No. Diam.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
CODENAME
( 18 )
CABLES
Cables form the necessary connections between the machine which generates electricity and theapparatus which uses it. They comprise a very wide range of sizes & types. A cable has three main parts.The conductor, the insulation & the mechanical protection.
Conductor materials : Copper or AluminiumResistivities of copper - 17.24 m ohmResistivities of Aluminium - 28.2 m ohmStranding - 1,3,7,19,37, 61 & 91Sizes of conductor range from 1.0 mm2 (1/1.113 mm) to 630 mm2 (127/2.52 mm)
Insulation : Types of insulating materials
(1) Polyvinyl Chloride (P.V.C.) (2) Cross Linked Polyethylene (X.L.P.E) (3) Elastomers (VulcanizedRubber) (4) Butie Rubber (b.r.) (5) Ethylene- Propylene (e.p.) (6) Silicone Rubber (s.r.) (7)Impregnated paper (8) Mineral lnsulation
Cables may be Single core, Twin Core, Triple Core or Multi core.
Mechanical ProtectionUnarmoured Cable - Lead sheathing Jute or Hessian tapeArmoured Cable - Galvanized iron wire - steel tape
METHOD OF INSTALLATIONIt is recommended to lay cables as per configration method below :FOR SINGLE CORE CABLESI. Laid direct in the ground
a) Three in close trefoil formation, orb) Two touching in horizontal formation.
2. In ductsa) Three in trefoil formation, orb) Two in horizontal formation.
3. In aira) Two single core cables are installed one above the other fixed to a vertical wall as follows,
the distance between the wall & the surface of the cable being 25mm in each case.i) Cables of sizes up to & including 185 mm2 are installed at a distance between centres
of twice the overall diameter of the cable.ii) Cables of sizes 240 mm2 and above are installed at a distance between centres of 90 mm.
Note. The ratings for two cables may be applied with safety in cases where suchcables are installed in horizontal formation, on brackets fixed to a wall, either spaced as indicated aboveor touching throughout.
b) Three single core cables are installed in trefoil formation touching.FOR TWIN & MULTI CORE CABLESi. Installed single in the groundii. Installed single in the air
( 19 )
LAYING OF CABLESFor laying of cables special cares to be taken to prevent sharp bending, kinking, twisting. Cable should be unwound fromdrum by proper mounting the cable drum on a cable wheel making sure the spindle is strong enough to carry the weightwithout bending and that it is lying horizontally in the bearings so as to prevent the drum creeping to one side or the otherwhile it is rotating.
This is incorrect way of pulling the cable & will causekinks & twist in cable. Shall be avoided at all
However, following salient points are to be considered duringlaying procedure of cables laid in racks and in built-in trenches.1. For laying of cables power cables to be placed at the bottom most layer and control cables at top most layer.2. Single core power cable for use on A.C. system shall be laid in delta formation supported by non-magnetic material.
Trefoil clamps of suitable size are to be placed at regular intervals but preferably not more than 800 mm. Axial spacingof two circuits in delta formation shall not be less than 4 times the cable dia.In case of multicore power cables, cables shall be laid side by side with spacings not less than one cable diameter.However derating factors for cables laid on trenches are to be referred.Multicore power cables and single core D.C. circuits may be clamped by means of galvanised mild steel saddles but 1.1KV single core cables should be clamped by means of non-magnetic saddles. The saddles shall not be placed at intervalsmore than 1500 mm. for horizontal and 1200 mm. for vertical runs.
3. Multicore control cables can be laid touching each other on cable racks and wherever required may be taken in twolayers. They should be clamped by means of PVC straps both for horizontal and vertical runs (alternatively. fabricatedaluminium clamps may be used) at regular intervals.
4. a) If the cables are buried directly in ground I.S. 1255 is to be followed for code or practice. However, generallycables are laid 1000 mm. below finished ground level at any point of cable run and 75 mm. of sand cushioningto be provided.
4. b) In loose soil concrete pillar should be provided for as support and hence pipes are recommended to the usedfor cable path.
5. If there is a possibility of mechanical damage, cables should be protected by means of mild steel covers placed on racks.6. While laying cables, special care to be taken at bends. Followings are the recommended bending radius for power and
control cables.
Voltage Rating PVC and XLPE CablesKV Single Core Multi CoreUpto 1.1 15 D 12 DAbove 1.1 but upto 11 K.V. 15 D 15 DAbove 11 K.V. 20 D 15 D
Where 'D' is overalldiameter of cable.
7. Maximum safe pulling force (when pulled by eye Aluminium Conductor Cables : 3.0 Kg/mm2 Copper Conductor Cables:5.0 Kg/mm2 Proper of pulling of cable should be used.
Cable must be pulledfrom the top
Provision should be made to break the drumto avoid further rolling & buckling of cableduring sudden stop. A simple wooden plankcan serve this purpose
Cable must be pulled accross hard & sharpobjects to avoid the damage to ve covering &insulationCable must be laid in ducts or trenches as shownin Fig.
( 20 )
1.5 17 21 18 16 17 19 16 14 15 18 16 13 2.5 24 28 25 21 24 25 21 18 21 25 21 18 4 31 36 32 28 30 33 27 23 27 32 27 23 6 39 44 40 35 37 42 34 30 35 41 35 30 10 51 59 55 46 51 56 45 39 47 56 47 40 16 66 75 70 60 65 71 58 50 64 72 59 51 25 85 97 90 76 84 93 76 63 84 99 78 70 35 100 120 110 92 100 110 92 77 104 120 99 86 50 120 145 135 110 115 130 115 95 130 150 125 105 70 140 170 160 130 135 155 140 115 155 185 150 130 95 175 205 190 165 155 180 170 140 190 215 185 155120 195 230 210 185 170 200 190 155 220 240 210 180150 220 265 240 210 190 220 210 175 250 270 240 205185 240 300 275 235 210 240 240 200 290 305 275 240225 260 315 305 260 220 260 260 220 320 335 305 265240 270 335 320 275 225 270 275 235 335 350 325 280300 295 370 355 305 245 295 305 260 380 395 365 315400 325 410 385 335 275 335 345 290 435 455 420 375500 345 435 _ 370 295 355 _ 320 480 480 _ 425630 390 485 _ 405 320 395 _ 350 550 560 _ 480800 440 530 _ _ 345 430 _ _ 600 640 _ _
1000 490 580 _ _ 370 465 _ _ 720 740 _ _
Rating factors for variation in Ground Temperature for cables laid direct in the ground:Ground Temperature oC 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Rating factors 1.17 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.79Rating factors for variation in Ground Temperature for cables in ducts:Ground Temperature oC 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Rating factors 1.17 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.79Rating factors for variation in Ambient Air temperature.Air Temperatue oC 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Rating factors 1.33 1.25 1.16 1.09 1.00 0.90 0.83
LAID IN THE GROUNDNominalarea of
ConductorSINGLECORE
IN SINGLE WAY DUCT IN AIR
TWINCORE
3 Nos.amp
2 Nos.amp
Singleamp
3or
4coreampm m2
SINGLECORE
TWINCORE
3Nos.amp
2Nos.amp
Singleamp
3or
4coreamp
SINGLECORE
TWINCORE
3Nos.amp
2 Nos.amp
Singleamp
3or
4coreamp
CURRENT RATINGS: CABLES650/1100 VOLTS ARMOURED/ UNARMOURED PVC INSULATED AND SHEATHED ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTOR CABLES CONFORMING TO IS - 1554 (PART-I) 1976 AMENDED UP TO DATE
RATING AT 40 °C AIR TEMPERATURE
( 21 )
sq.mm mm Kg./Km. mm Kg./Km.
2×2.5 11.8 175 15.7 540
2×4 13.1 220 17.0 630
2×6 14.2 260 18.0 710
2×10 15.7 320 19.6 830
2×16 18.8 460 20.8 860
2×25 19.8 530 21.4 870
2×35 21.1 600 22.6 960
2×50 23.7 760 25.2 1160
3×2.5 12.4 190 16.3 580
3×4 13.8 240 17.4 680
3×6 15.0 280 18.7 780
3×10 16.6 350 19.5 840
3×16 20.4 530 22.5 980
3×25 21.2 630 23.0 1040
3×35 22.5 730 24.0 1160
3×50 25.3 940 26.9 1430
3×70 28.7 126 30.9 1840
3×95 32.2 1590 34.0 2200
3×120 35.4 1920 37.2 2590
3×150 38.1 2210 40.0 2950
3×185 44.0 2780 46.3 3680
3×225 48.4 3470 50.3 4410
3 ×240 50.8 3920 52.0 4960
UNARMOURED
No. of Cores &Nominal areaof Conductor
Approximateoverall
diameter
ApproximateNet
weight
Approximateoverall
diameter
ApproximateNet
weight
ARMOURED
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF 1100 VOLTSALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR
UNARMOURED AND ARMOURED CABLE TO IS : 1554(PART1)
( 22 )
UNARMOURED
No. of Cores &Nominal areaof Conductor
Approximateoverall
diameter
ApproximateNet
weight
Approximateoverall
diameter
ApproximateNet
weight
ARMOURED
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF 1100 VOLTSALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR
UNARMOURED AND ARMOURED CABLE TO IS : 1554(PART1)
3 ×300 55.0 4480 57.2 562
3 ×400 63.8 6140 65.7 7400
3.5 ×25 23.5 750 25.2 1150
3.5 ×35 25.0 870 26.8 1300
3.5 ×50 27.7 1110 29.4 1620
3.5 ×70 32.2 1500 34.0 2100
3.5 ×95 35.5 1840 37.2 2500
3.5 ×120 39.0 2350 40.4 3050
3.5 ×150 42.8 2730 44.7 3450
3.5 ×185 48.6 3360 50.5 4190
3.5 ×225 54.6 4190 56.3 5180
3.5 ×240 57.2 4690 58.9 5740
3.5 ×300 61.0 5300 63.1 5680
3.5 ×400 71.5 7090 73.7 8500
4 ×2.5 13.3 220 17.2 640
4 ×4 14.8 280 18.7 760
4 ×6 16.2 330 19.0 780
4 ×10 18.0 420 21.3 850
4 ×16 22.2 640 25.0 1110
4 ×25 24.1 810 25.6 1250
4 ×35 25.7 920 27.2 1400
4 ×50 29.0 1190 31.0 1790
sq.mm mm Kg./Km. mm Kg./Km.
( 23 )
6 1/2.80 2.80 120 37/.2.06 14.42
10 1/3.55 3.55 150 37/2.24 15.68
16 7/1.70 5.10 185 37/2.50 17.50
25 7/2.24 6.72 225 37/2.80 19.60
35 7/2.50 7.50 240 37/3.00 21.00
507/3.00 9.00 300 61/2.50 22.50
19/1.80 400 61/3.00 27.00
61/4.25 29.25
70 19/2.24 11.20500
91/2.65 29.15
95 19/2.50 12.50 625 91/3.00 33.00
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS FOR BAREALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR
Area Stranding Overall Area Stranding OverallDiameter Diameter
mm2 mm mm mm2 mm mm
{{
NominalHand
weldingcurrent
CONDUCTOR
NominalArea
Number anddiameter of
wires
MaximumResistanceper Km at20 °C foruntinned
wire
Totalthickness
ofRubber
covering
Nominaloverall
diameter
ARC WELDING CABLE(IS 434 Part 1/1964 with latest amendments)
Amp. Sq.mm mm Ohm mm mm
100 16 509/0.20 1.1550 2.00 10.7
150 25 796/0.20 0.7384 2.00 12.2
230 35 1114/0.20 0.5276 2.00 13.5
400 50 1591/0.20 0.3694 2.00 15.2
600 70 2228/0.20 0.2638 2.00 17.2
( 24 )
Nominal CrossSectional Area
(sq.mm.)
THREE CORE CABLE
CABLE IN AIR CABLE IN GROUND
3.3 kV 2.2 kV&3.3 kV
Upto3.3kV
6.6 kV to11kV
6.6 kV11kV
2.2 kV&3.3 kV
25 97 100 _ 93 93 _
35 118 123 127 110 110 11050 150 150 154 130 130 12870 177 185 189 157 157 15895 218 220 229 191 187 186
120 254 260 262 218 217 208150 291 290 295 243 243 238185 332 338 340 277 275 270240 391 396 400 320 312 316300 455 449 446 358 357 352400 526 519 518 409 401 400
XLPE CABLESCross-Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cables (XLPE) are insulated with superior grade high molecularunfilled polythene with a cross linked structure. XLPE Cables offer various advantages over PVCinsulated cables of requiring lesser Maintenance and having excellent Electrical and Thermal properties.The Application of XLPE cables, therefore, has recently expanded rapidly both for low voltage and highvoltage ranges.
A. C. Current Rating of Aluminium Conductor Cables With XLPE insulation
Normal Areaof Conductor Single Core Multicore
In Ground In Air In Ground In AirSq.mm Amp Amp Amp Amp
25 99 115 95 9935 117 140 115 11050 138 170 140 13570 168 210 170 17095 204 255 200 205
120 230 300 225 240150 265 342 255 275185 295 385 285 315240 340 450 325 370300 390 519 370 430400 450 605 435 490
A. C. CURRENT RATING OF ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR HT CABLE ( XLPE)
( 25 )
VOLTAGE DROP IN CABLES
The size of every bare conductor or cable conductor shall be such that the drop in voltage from consumer’sterminals to any point in the installation does not exceed 2.5 percent of the declared or nominal voltagewhen the conductors are carrying the full load current, but disregarding starting conditions. The approxi-mate drop in average ciruits such as lighting and domestic heating loads may be found as follows. neglect-ing increased resistance due to temperature rise:
D.C. AND SINGLE PHASE A.C.
TWO-WIRE CIRCUITS
Drop = Current x total resistance of cables, lead and return = 2IR, where I = current and R = resistance ofone conductor only (not lead and retum)
As a rough correction for temperature add 15 per cent to the result for cables insulated with rubber, P.V.C. andpolythene and 25 per cent for paper insulated cables, operating at maximum permissible temperature.
THREE PHASE, CIRCUITS
I = line current per phase and, R = resistance of one core onlyDrop = 1.73 x IR where
Note : For large three core cables carrying heavy alternating current, allowance must be made for theincrease in a.c. resistance due to skin effect.
VOLTAGE DROP IN PVC/XLPE CABLES(Voltage drop -Volts / Km Amps)
Nominal P.V.C.Cables XLPE Cables area of
Conductor Single Three Single Three (Sq.mm) Phase Phase Phase Phase
1.5 43.44 37.62 46.34 40.132.5 29.04 25.15 30.98 26.83
4 17.78 15.40 18.98 16.446 11.06 9.58 11.80 10.22
10 7.40 6.41 7.82 6.8216 4.58 3.97 4.9 4.2425 2.89 2.50 3.8 2.6735 2.10 1.80 2.25 1.9450 1.55 1.30 1.65 1.4470 1.10 0.94 1.15 1.0095 0.79 0.68 0.83 0.70
120 0.63 0.55 0.66 0.56150 0.52 0.46 0.55 0.48185 0.42 0.37 0.35 0.30240 0.34 0.30 0.35 0.30300 0.28 0.26 0.30 0.26400 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.22500 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20630 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.18800 0.19 _ 0.20 _
1000 0.18 _ 0.18 _
Above voltage drops (volts/Km/amps) shall be multiplied with rated current & length of Cable in K.M. tocalculate total voltage drop in particular length and size of cables.
( 26 )
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES OF PVC CABLES
1. A non-hygroscopic insulation almost unaffected by moisture.2. Non-migration of compound permitting vertical installation.3. Complete protection against most forms of electrolytic and chemical corrosion.4. A tough and resilient sheath with excellent fire - resisting qualities.5. Good ageing characterstics.6. Not affeted by vibration.
ADVANTAGES OF XLPE CABLES
1. Higher Current Rating.2. Higher Short Circuit Rating.3. Longer Service Life.4. For a short time it can withstand maximum 1300C and is favourable to endure short circuit stresses.5. It is less sensitive to the setting of the network protection.6. Because of the thermosetting process taking place due the effect of cross linking, the crack
resistance is increased.7. Due to the chemical cross-linking internal stresses are reduced. Consequently the material is less
sensitive during manufacturing process to the setting of the cooling gradient.8. The thermal resistivity of cross-linked material is favourably low, compared to thermoplastic
material.9. The low dielectric loss is a significant advantage.10. The excellent mechanical features of the insulation improves the protection against external effects.11. The resistance of the XLPE to acids, alkalies is outstanding and is often compensating the adverse
environmental influences.
CIRCUIT PROTECTION1. PVC insulated cables should not be operated, evenfor comparatively short durations, at temperature
appreciably higher than that permissible for continuous operation, since the PVC insulation isliable to soften at higher temperatures and sustain serious damage.
2. It is, therefore, essential that such cables shall be continuosly operated at the rated currents givenin the tables only if they are suitably protected against excess currents arising out of the faultconditions, It is assumed that duration of such faults does not exceed four hours and protection isconsidere to be adequated if the minimum current at which the protective device is designed tooperate does not exceed 1.5* times the tabulated ratings for cables laid in air or in ducts, and notmore than 1.3* times the tabulated values for cables laid direct in the ground.
3. If by the nature of the circuit protection, it is not possible to operate the cable at the rated currentunder the foregoing provisions, the cable required for a given continuous load current shall bechosen to have a ratings as given in the tables which shall be not less than :a) The given continuous load current andb) For cables in air on in ducts, 0.57* of the minimum current at which the excess current
protection is designed to operate, or For cables laid direct in the ground, 0.77* of theminimum current at which excess current protection is designed to operate.
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ConductorArea Sq. mm.
ConductorSize in. m.m.
ConductorResistance
at 20 °Cohm/Km
CurrentCarryingCapacity
Amp.
CURRENT RATING OF HOUSE WIRING CABLES650/1100 VOLTS.P.V.C. INSULATED SINGLE
CORE SHEATHED CABLE WITHALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR CONFORMING TO IS : 694-1977
1.5 1/1.38 or 3/0.81 19.7 10
2.5 1/1.78 or 3/1.06 11.8 15
4.0 1/2.28 or 7/0.86 7.39 20
6.0 1/2.76 or 7/1.06 4.91 27
10.0 1/3.57 or 7/1.35 2.94 34
16.0 7/1.70 1.85 43
25.0 7/2.14 1.17 59
35.0 7/2.50 0.859 69
50.0 19/1.78 0.592 91
ConductorArea Sq.
m.m.
Conductorsize in m.m.
Conductorsize ininches
ConductorCode(SWG)
CurrentCarrying
Capacity Amp.
HOUSE WIRING CABLESSINGLE CORE ELECTROLYTIC COPPER CONDUCTORSHEATHED AND UNSHEATHED HOUSE WIRE CABLE
AS PER B.S.S. : 2004/61
1/18 1/1.12 1/.044 0.984 053/22 3/.737 3/.029 1.27 103/20 3/.914 3.036 1.96 157/22 7/.737 7/.029 2.984 207/20 7/.914 7/.036 4.59 287/18 7/1.12 7/.044 6.892 337/16 7/1.635 7/.064 14.51 53
19/18 19/1.12 19/.044 18.709 6219/16 19/1.635 19/.064 39.38 9619/14 19/2.10 19/.083 65.77 16037/16 37/1.635 37/.064 76.60 17737/14 37/2.10 37/.083 128.08 250
( 28 )
PVC INSULATED FLEXIBLE SINGLE ANDMULTI CORE CABLES
PVC insulated Flexible Single and Multicore Cables, manufactured with bright annealed barecopper conductor for flexible use, insulated with electric grade PVC Compound and/or PVC Sheathed.
Impervious to Oil, water, petrol, acid and greases generally as per latest is specification ISI:694/1977, for working voltage up to and including 1100 Volts.
TECHNICAL DATA - FLEXIBLE CABLESCOLOUR CODING
Colours :
Type Core Sheath
Single Core Unsheathed (SC UNSH) Red; Yellow; Blue; Black;Single Core Sheathed (SC SH) Black WhiteTwin Twisted Red & BlackTwin Parallel White; GreyTwin Flat Sheathed (TF SH) Red & Black Black & Grey2 Core Round Sheathed (2Cr Rd) Red & Black Black & Grey3 Core Round Sheathed (3Cr Rd) Red; Black & Yellow/Green for earth Black & Grey4 Core Round Sheathed (4Cr Rd) Red; Blue; Yellow; & Yellow; Green for earth Black & Grey
SINGLE CORE, UNSHEATHED CABLES IN VOLTAGEGRADE 650/1100V.
Type : PVC insulated single core cables with copper conductor. 250/440 V. Sheathed and unsheathed.High conductivity bright annealed bare Copper conductors bunched Together, insulated with electricgrade PVC Compound.
Resistance(Max.)
per Km. at 20 0C
1.0 14/.3 0.7 2.8 11 12 18.10
1.5 22/.3 0.7 3.1 13 16 12.10
2.5 36/.3 0.8 3.8 18 22 7.41
4.0 56/.3 0.8 4.4 24 29 4.95
6.0 85/.3 0.8 5.2 31 37 3.30
Nominalarea
ofConductor
Sq .m m.
Number /NomDia.
of wire
Thicknessof
Insulation(Nom.)
Approx.Overall
Diameter
Current carrying Capacity2 cables, single phase
In conduit /Trunking
Ohmsm m. m m. m m. A mps.
Unenciosed-clipped directlyto a surface oron a cable tray
A mps.
(Nom.)
( 29 )
NominalOD
Max.Resistance
at 20 °C
DC orSingle PhaseAC (Separate
in Air)
Area No.& Size Diameterof Wire
NominalThickness
ConductorOverall
Diameter
NominalArea
No.andSize of Wire Diameter
Max.Resistance
at 200 C
CurrentRating 3 Core
Sq. mm mm mm Ohms/Km Amps mm mm
4 Core
PVC INSULATED SINGLE CORE UNSHEATHED HEAVY DUTY FLEXIBLE CABLES
Generally as per IS 694/1984
Conductor Insulation
Sq. m.m. m.m. m.m. ohm/Km Amps m.m. m.m.
6.0 85/.30 3.2 3.100 31 0.8 5.65
10.0 140/.30 4.6 1.884 42 1.0 7.15
16.0 101/.45 5.9 1.138 57 1.40 8.95
25.0 168/.45 7.6 0.6845 71 1.40 10.65
35.0 220/.45 8.7 0.5227 91 1.40 11.75
50.0 325/.45 10.6 0.3538 120 1.60 14.05
70.0 440/.45 12.3 0.2613 161 1.80 16.15
95.0 485/.50 14.7 0.1920 200 1.90 18.75
120.0 614/.50 16.7 0.1517 225 2.10 21.25
150.0 943/.45 18.3 0.1219 240 2.10 22.50
185.0 925/.50 20.0 0.1007 300 2.50 25.50
240.0 1221/.50 23.0 0.0763 425 2.50 28.50
6 85/.3 3.2 3.259 31 13.80 15.65
10 140/.3 4.6 1.978 42 17.10 18.80
16 226/.3 6.0 1.226 57 20.50 22.65
25 354/.3 7.6 0.7825 72 26.00 28.75
THREE AND FOUR CORE HEAVY DUTY FLEXIBLE
CABLES FOR WORKING VOLTAGE 1100 V.
( 30 )
0.50
7/.3
0.94
37.1
039
.04
0.6
2.30
4.20
4.2x
6.5
6.50
6.85
7.45
0.75
11/.
31.
2024
.70
26.0
70.
6
2.5
54.
454.
45x7
.07.
00
7
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8.05
1.00
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31.
3418
.50
19.5
110.
6
2.7
04.
60-
7.30
7.7
58.
45
1.50
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31.
605
12.7
013
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14
0.6
2
.95
4.85
-7.
80
8
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9.25
2.50
36/.
32.
107.
607.
98
19
0.7
3
.65
5.75
-9.
40
10
.00
10.9
5
4.00
56/.
32.
614.
714.
95
26
0.8
4
.35
6.50
-10
.75
11.5
012
.65
Co
nd
uct
or
Ove
rall
Dia
met
erIN
SULA
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N
No. &
Size
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Wir
e
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TF S
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r R
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mm
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hm
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mp
sm
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mm
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mm
mm
m
( 31 )
A TYPICAL ELECTRICAL HOUSE WIRING DIAGRAM
S B S B
S B - Swith Board JSEBMAINS FROM
MCB MCBMCB MCB MCB MCB ELCB
( 32 )
LED FACTS & BENEFITS
LEDs are the light source of the future, and more and more people are using them for lighting –both indoors and outdoors. LED’s or Light Emitting Diodes, represent the only family of lighting that doesnot utilise heat or toxic gases needing to create light. To gain a full understanding of the concept andbenefits behind LED’s verse conventional lighting the following few pages have been put together foryou.
Incandescent light (Conventional House hold light globe/bulb) is a source of electric light that worksby incandescence (a general term for heat-driven light emissions, which includes the simple case of blackbody radiation). An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it to a temperature that produceslight. The enclosing glass bulb contains either a vacuum or an inert gas (some toxic) to prevent oxidation ofthe hot filament. Unfortunately in this process by heating the filament not only does it dramatically lowerthe shock resistance but also heats the glass bulb/globe to well over 100 degrees Celsius. In conjunctionwith this, 80% of the incandescent lights power consumption is used in maintaining the heat needed tocreate the light and as a side effect heating its surrounding environment. The following 20% of power isactually producing the light, and therefore incandescent lighting only runs at a power efficiency of around10% to 20% with a life expectancy of around 1000 hours. Halogen lighting also falls under this categorybut as halogen lights burn even hotter to produce a brighter light they only run at an efficiency of around5% to 15%.
Fluorescent light is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor (Extremley toxic).The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causesa phosphor to fluorescence, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into usefullight more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial costof the lamp. The lamp is more costly because it requires a ballast to regulate the flow of current throughthe lamp. However fluorescent light’s do not like being frequently turned on and off as this lowers their lifeexpectancy. Fluorescent light’s contain very toxic chemicals Mercury & Phosphorous, on accidental breakagethese chemicals are released. Fluorescent lights are also subject to lamp flicker problems and visiblesurface colour variants. While larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in commercial buildings,the compact fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular sizes as incandescent bulbs and areused as an energy-saving alternative in homes. The benefits of fluorecents over incandescents are thiercooler running temperatures and increased running efficiency of up to 50% to 60% and a life expectancyof up to 8000 hours.
LED or light-emitting diode is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward based (switchedon), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.This effect is called electroluminescenceand the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of thephoton) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and have integrated optical components that are used toshape its light pattern and assist in reflection. Versions of LED’s are availablein visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths and present manyadvantages over incandescent lightsources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, fasterswitching, and greater durability and reliability. However, current LED products for general lighting aremore expensive to buy than fluorescent or incandescent light sources of comparable output.The following facts will give you a good indication of the benefits of LED’s over conventional lighting.
1) They never burn out. LED lights are generally made up of multiple LED’s all joined together working as one unit. Therefore, if oneLED stops working it will have very minimal to no impact on the light being emitted, where as when aconventional light has any problem it ceases to work completely. LED’s have a lifetime estimate of 60,000to 100,000 hours, compared with the 1,000 hour lifetime of incandescent light bulbs and the 8,000 hourlifetime for compact fluorescent lamps. And even after they reach that limit, they will simply becomeprogressively dimmer rather than immediately burning out.
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2) Long term cost saving With the average life expectancy of LED globes being 10 years plus, combined with an energy efficiency of80% to 90%, there will be an immediate saving of around 60% to 70% on your electricity lighting bill. Incomparison, to the conventional globe, over the same period of time up to ten light globes (of which runat 20% power efficency) would be needed, not to mention the time and recources required. This energysaving can be a huge added bonus to people who rely on solar & battery power, large scale lightingsystems or simply around home.
3) They are better for the environment All of our products are RoHS compliant to ensure the reduction of harmful chemicals such as lead, cadmium,mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)into our urban environment and the people that manufacture them.4) They attract bugs less
Bugs are attracted to high levels of UV rays and as LED’s do not emit ultraviolet light they are less inviting.This will not put a total end to your bug problem but you will notice a greater reduction of bugsaccumulating around the light. 5) They help you absorb more nutrients from fruits and vegetables. Because UV rays from natural and conventional light sources decrease nutrient levels in foods, LED’s are amore effective option in supermarkets, restaurants and kitchens as they do not emit UV rays or give offheat. 6) They can improve motor vechicle lighting LED headlights have a higher color temperature, which may improve driver vision in low-light conditions. 7) They are reasonably priced Since LED manufacturing technology is relatively new, some LED light options can be costly, however, thelong term benefits far outweigh the initial costs. 8) They emit very low if any heatLED lights generate very low heat and are therefore cool to touch and can be left on for hours without riskto both the LED or individual if touched. Allowing them greater versatility in applications for whichconventional lighting simply will not work.
9) They switch on instantlyLEDs switch on instantly and provide their full strength immediately. In the long term, the small componentsin LEDs are suitable for dimming the lights, and the light doesn’t change colour when dimmed, which iswhat happens with incandescent and halogen lights.10) Colour propertiesThe colour properties of a light source are relevant in relation to white light, and are characterised by twoparameters, namely colour temperature (expressed in Kelvin) and the colour rendering index (CRI) or Raindex.The colour rendering index of a light source lies between 0 and 100 and indicates how good a light sourceis at rendering certain reference colours. A CRI of 100 is the best, and is equivalent to daylight.Today, LED’s are available with a CRI of up to 91. A-rated energy saving bulbs have a CRI of just over 80.The light from LED’s is either warm (typically 2,700-3,000 Kelvin), neutral (3,500-4,500 Kelvin) or cold (4,500-10,000 Kelvin). The best LED’s have a colour rendering index of 80-90.
11) Unidirectional lightLED lights traditionally projected all their light in one direction, whilst the conventional lighting was ableto emit light in all directions. This is why LED bulbs were best suited to lamps that project light in onedirection, such as spotlights and downlights. But now, the recent introduction of the retro fit LED globe hasenabled LED’s to perform this function through cleverly arranged LED’s around a central rod that evenlydistributes the light in a 360 degree radius. 12) Safe voltage working levels.LED’s use low voltage DC current within their own circuit, making them safer to work with.13) Wider temperature toleranceLEDs can operate in harsh environments and withstand temperatures ranging from -40 c to +85 c.
( 34 )
COMPARISON CHARTLED Lights vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs vs. CFLs
Energy Efficiency& Energy Costs
Light EmittingDiodes (LEDs)
IncandescentLight Bulbs
CompactFluoresents (CFLs)
8,000 hours1,200 hours50,000 hoursLife Span (average)
Watts of electricity used(equivalent to 60 watt bulb).
LEDs use less power (watts) per unit oflight generated (lumens). LEDs helpreduce greenhouse gas emissions
from power plants and lower electricbills
6 – 8 watts 60 watts 13–15 watts
Kilo-watts of Electricity used(1 Incandescent Bulbs per year
equivalent)
35 KWh/yr. 263 KWh/yr. 66 KWh/yr.
Annual Operating Cost(1 Incandescent Bulbs per year
equivalent)
` 168 /Yr. ` 1262 /Yr. ` 317 /Yr.
Light Output
Lumens Watts Watts Watts
450 4-5 40 9-13
800 6-8 60 13-15
1,100 9-13 75 18-25
1,600 16-20 100 23-30
2,600 25-28 150 30-55
Important Light Emitting Incandescent CompactFacts Diodes (LEDs) Light Bulbs Fluorescents (CFLs)
Sensitivity to low None Some Yes-may not worktemperatures under nagative to 10
degrees fahrenheit or over120 degrees Faherenheit
Durability Very Durable-LEDs can Not Very Durable- Not Very Durable-handle jarring and glass or filament glass can break
bumping can break easily easily
Heat Emitted 3.4 btu's/hour 85 btu's/hour 30 btu's/hourfailure Modes Not typical Some Yes-may catch on
fire, smoke, or omitan odor
NOTE : Considering 12 hrs in a day & 365 days burning position.
( 35 )
HALOGEN LAMPS FOR FLOOD LIGHTING WITH R 7S BASE
Type and Voltage Overall Diameter Luminous AverageWattage V Length mm Flux lm. Life hrs
150 W 230 78.3 11 2250 2000300 W 230 117.6 11 5100 2000500 W 230 117.6 11 9000 2000
1000 W 230 189.1 11 22000 2000
LAMP DATA FOR FLUORESCENT LAMPLIFE IN HOURS 5000 TO 7000 HOURS
Nominal Nominal NominalTYPE Length Dia CAP Light Luminous
mm. mm. Colour Flux lm.TL20 W 610 38 G 13 White Warm 1160
Cool Daylight 970TL40 W 1220 38 G 13 Warm White 2770
Cool Day Light 800T5 6 W 226.3 16 G 5T5 8 W 302.5 16 G 5 in 6500 K / 4200 K / 2900K
T5 14 W 563.2 17 G 5 Colour TemperatureT5 28 W 1163.2 17 G 5T5 35 W 1463.2 17 G 5
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMPS
Sodium Vapour Elliptical Tubular
Wattage Lumens Height (mm) Dia (mm) Height (mm) Dia (mm) Base70 W 6000 E 27
150 W 15000 227 92 47 E 40250 W 25000 227 92 257 47 E 40400 W 45000 286 122 283 47 E 40
1000 W 130000 E 40
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
Metal Halide Double Ended / RX 7sWattage Lumens Colours Height (h) Width (w)
70 W 5500 White 3K/5K 117 mm 21 mm150 W 12100 White 3K/5K 135 mm 24 mm250 W 20000
Metal Halide Single Ended / E 27 E 40 BASEWattage Lumens Colours Height (h) Width (w)
70 W 5600 White 3K/5K 120 mm 55 mm150 W 11500 White 3K/5K 138 mm 55 mm250 W 17000 White 3K/5K 257 mm 48 mm400 W 30500 White 3K/5K 283 mm 48 mm
}
( 36 )
LAMP DATA FOR BLENDED LAMP
Lamp & Nominal Min. Mains Lamp Luminous Max. OverallType No. Voltage Voltage Current Flux Dia. Length
V V V A lm. mm. mm.MLL 160 W 230 190 0.72 2900 75 177MLL 250 W 230 195 1.15 5200 90 277
Wattage of CFL Lamps Equivalent Wattage Compared to GLS LUMENS5 W 25 W 2257 W 40 W 3559 W 60 W 535
10W 60 W 58011 W 75 W 69513 W 75 W 85014 W 75 W 90018 W 100 W 118020 W 100 W 120022 W 110 W 130023 W 115 W 150030 W 150 W 240036 W 260 W 2900
55 W 400 W 4800The above are available in 2G7, G23, 2G11, G24, B22, E14, E27, Base. Available in 2700K (Warm White)& (Cool day light).
LAMP DATA FOR H.P.M.V. COLOUR CORRECTED LAMP
Lamp Lamp Luminous Starting Max.Cap Current Voltage Flux Time Diameter Length
A V Im. Min. mm. mm.
3 Pin BC & E27 0.80 115 3500 3.5 70 152
3 Pin BC & E27 1.15 125 6250 1.5 75 173
E 40 2.00 135 13500 4.0 90 227
E 40 3.20 140 23000 4.0 120 290
E 40 7.50 145 57000 4.0 165 410
SUGGESTIVE LUX LEVELAREA OFFICES LUXConference Rooms 750SHOPSupermarkets 500Showrooms- Car 500- General 500SCHOOLClassrooms 500HOSPITALSGeneral 300Examination 1000
Corridors- General 150- Reception/Enquiry 300HOMESLiving Rooms- Casual Reading 150- Desk and prolonged reading 300HOTELSReception/Cashier/Lobby 300Coffee Bar/Restaurants 150MULTI-PURPOSE SPORTS HALL-Table Tennis, Gymnasium, Squash 500
( 37 )
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy, solar power derived from the sun through the use of solar panels, is just one of thenewest initiatives the “Going Green” movement has presented to us, in an effort to build and maintainrenewable and sustainable power sources. As with any new addition to your home, there is always theinitial cost of the components and installation cost to get it up and running.
Solar Powered Ventilation
How would you like the sun’s power to run bath fans, floor fans, and ceiling fans in your home. Fans arewidely used throughout the home to move air around for comfort, moisture, and smell control. Think aeheating and coling within your home and cut down on the utility bills.bout how many ceiling fans run inyour home each day. Now, think about how many bath fans run throughout the day, How about floorfans and fans above the stove? I think you’ll agree, we all use fans to either keep us cool, circulate theairor disguard unwanted air. With solar powered fans, you can optimiz
Heat Your Swimming Pool With Solar Energy
Swimming pools are one of the greatest joys of summer for children and parents alike. Everyone isexcited the first day the pool is opened, except when the pool is just to cold to jump into it. To fix thatproblem, you can add a solar blanket that will warm the water, much to everyone’s delight. This heatingworks directly through the blanket and no other installations are needed. However, if you’d like to geta little more high tech, simply install a solar hot water heating system. This utilizes solar hot waterheating panels that are mounted on your roof to collect the sun’s heat and then is circulated to the pool. As the water is slowly pumped from the pool, heated and then returned from the panels, the pooltemperature is increased.
Solar Energy Can Heat Your Water
Have you considered the possibility of solar energy heating your water instead of using gas or conventionalelectric water heaters? I know you may say that you’ll have to buy all of these pieces to get this optionto work. There will installation that you may or may not be able to do. And the cost, well maybe youshould just stick to the one you have now, right?
Not so fast! If you think about it, it’s no different than changing out an outdated furnace, water heater, orair conditioning unit. You may increase the efficiency by 15-30% by replacing the unit, but there is an up-front cost associated with that change as well. Although, the change will save you money over the years,so that should be considered over a period of time.
Solar Energy Can Heat Your Home
Solar heating is referred to as passive space heating and in this example, I’m going to try and explain howthis works. One way is to use hot water heat in your home that can be created by using sun-heated tubesof water on your roof and pumping it into your water heater.
With the addition of a sun room, we’ll refer to it as a solar room, for example, the all glass room allows thedaylight hour sunshine to filter in and warm the room through a collector called a transparent coveringin the glass. Now, if we add plants and rocks for a nice visual, the rocks will actually store the heat of thesun and that energy can be used when the sun goes down to heat the room. Stored energy is great andhas a lot of uses, like batteries for instance.
( 38 )
Power Pumps With Solar Energy
In the two illustrations previous, water was used for heating water and your home. To accomplish thattask, you’ll need to have a pump to circulate the water around. This pump would normally connect toyour home’s power supply, but let me give you this nice tip. You can use solar energy to run a DC motorthat will slowly circulate the water throughout your home or in and out of your water heater. This way,the cost of the system is minimized further. Now, the skeptics will say that’s great, but what do we dowhen there is no sun?
Good question! One way is to have normal power run a pump when there is no sun. You can also havea battery backup system that can run the pump and the battery could be connected to a solar batterycharger.
Solar Energy For Battery Charging
Have you considered solar energy for charging batteries? These could be used to power sump pumps,hot water pumps, ceiling fans in your home, or lighting that id of DC nature. battery chargers are used inhomes to charge all of those batteries used for video games and such as well. But most likely, if you havea reserve battery bank that is charged through the day while sunlight is present and is used through thenighttime hours, you can see the benefits of that, right?
Power Your Home With Solar Energy
Yes, you heard me right, you can power your home with solar energy. The system needed isn’t thatcomplex when you examine the devices needed. Simply add solar panels to collect sunlight and convertit into electricity. DC power (direct current) is then sent to an inverter, which converts DC power into Acpower, which now runs your home. Through the use of transfer switches and other safety devices, yourclean, renewable power source is capable of powering your home, camper, cabin, tool shed, or any otherbuilding for that matter.
Solar Energy For Cooking
Oh yes, we can all relate to this one. After all, we all have to eat. When you consider the energy and resourcesthat are used to cook alone, the utility bills may surprise you. Cooking with the use of solar energy is mucheasier than you think. We call it thinking outside the box, or in this case, cooking within a box. Imaginecooking inside a solar oven instead of your conventional one at home. Building one of these is a recipe forsuccessful cooking on sunny days! With a box, pan, aluminum foil, a cooking bag, duct tape (man’s bestfriend), styrofoam insulation, and a thermometer, you’ll be cooking in no time at all.
Solar Energy for Indoor Lighting
Lighting in your home is something we all use. With the invention of LEDs (light emitting diodes)lighting, your home can now have optimal lighting with minimal power consumption. These small,electronic light or set of lights can be connected through a battery-charged system that is powered bysunlight through the day and batteries through the night. When the sun is available, the battery chargercharges the backup battery and runs the lighting. Then at night, the batteries kick in and supply thelighting while the sun is not visible.
Solar Energy Used For Outdoor Lighting
if you’re like me, you like to come home at night to some sort of security light and walkway lightingpresent. Not only does it aid in a clear view of the walkway area, a clear view of keys and the entrance
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door, but also it serves as a deterrent to unwanted guests. As in the case of a pole light, your whole yardcan be lit and best of all for free! Yes, with the use of solar lighting, the solar panel charges the batteriesduring the day and the batteries run the light at night. You can also have the landscape lit throughlandscape lighting that works the same way. Wow, after the initial cost, the lighting is free!
Solar Home SolutionsSolar Power Pack, Solar Panel, Solar Home Light With Music, Solar Water Heater, Solar Ceiling Fan, SolarHome Lights, Solar Table Fan With Battery, Solar Cooler, Solar LED Laltern, Solar Oscillating Table Fan,Solar All Round Fan, Solar Charge Controller
Solar Outdoor SolutionSolar CFL Street Light, Solar LED Street Light, Solar Power Plant
Technical specificationsTechnical specifications of solar street light with 12 LED:12 x 1 watt LED with Inbuilt Charge ControllerSolar Street Light 50 Wp Solar Pv ModuleCableBattery Box5 Mt. Long PoleCharging Time Is 8 HoursBackup Time After A Single Charge Of 45 To 60 HoursBattery 12 V 50 Ah Tublar Or SealedOvercharge Protection Circuit
Technical specifications of solar street light (11-watts CFL):Solar Street Light 75wp Solar Pv Module11-Watts CflCharge Controller And Cables And Battery BoxCHarging Time Is 6 To 8 HoursBackup Time After A Single Charge Of 45 To 60 HoursBattery 12 V 75 Ah Tublar Or SealedOvercharge Protection CircuitExtra Long Life6 Mt. Long Ploe
Technical specifications of solar street light (Sodium Vapour):Solar Street Light 100 Wp Solar Pv Module18-Watts Sox Low Sodium Vapour (Special Light For Foggy And Misty Conitions) With Charge ControllerCablesBattery BoxCharging Time Is 6 To 8 HoursBackup Time After A Single Charge Of 45 To 60 HoursBattery 12 V 120 Ah Tublar Or SealedOvercharge Protection Circuit6 Mt. Long Ploe
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LIGHTNING
Spectacular, powerful, and sometimes deadly, lightning is one of the most common weatherphenomena.
Satellites detect more than 3 million lightning flashes each day around the world, or an averageof more than 30 flashes per second. Lightning has also been observed on the planets Venus, Jupiter, andSaturn. Yet despite its frequent occurrence, lightning is still not completely understood. How lightningforms Lightning is generated in cumulonimbus clouds (thunderheads), which typically have a negativeelectrical charge near the middle of the cloud and a positive charge at the top. These charges arebelieved to build up mainly through collisions between small ice particles and very small hailstones orgraupel. When they collide, the lighter ice particles tend to come away with a greater amount of positivecharge and carry it high into the storm, while the small hail obtains mostly negative charge and stayslower in the cloud. The negative charge causes a “shadow” of positive charge on the earth below.Conditions are then right to form an electrical circuit—this is what lightning is. An insulator—the air—keeps the connection from forming, but eventually the charges within the cloud grow too great for theair to restrain them. An electrical impulse, called a leader, reaches downward from the cloud in steps,each step covering about 50 meters (150 feet). When the leader nears the earth’s surface, streamersarise to meet it, and the circuit is complete. A bright streak of electricity, the stroke of lightning, ascendsalong the same course the leader took. Several more strokes may follow this same path or a slightlydifferent one. The whole sequence is “lightning fast.” The leader travels at 220,000 kilometers (136,000miles) per hour, the pauses between steps take 50 millionths of a second, the return stroke moves atover 100 million kilometers (62 million miles) per hour, and all subsequent strokes are so fast the eyesees a single flickering lightning bolt. There are many variations. More than half the time, lightningoccurs within a single cloud or between clouds rather than reaching the earth. An uncommon butpowerful type of lightning occurs when a flash originates in the positively charged region of a cloud,often when the wind has torn it away from its negatively charged parent. Lightning can appear indifferent forms as well: a ball, ribbon, sheet, or string of beads. Studying lightning Benjamin Franklingrossly underestimated the force of lightning when he did his kite-and-key experiment. An averagestroke can easily release 250 kilowatt-hours of energy, enough to operate a 100-watt light bulbcontinuously for more than three months. And at 30,000 degrees Celsius (54,032 degrees Fahrenheit),lightning is five or six times hotter than the surface of the sun. All of this energy is contained in a channelabout the width of a human thumb. (Why can’t we harness his energy for human uses? As powerful asthey are, lightning flashes are so brief that their energy pales next to the amount we use in our industrialsociety, and learning how to collect and direct the lightning energy would be an enormous task.)Modern-day Franklins at NCAR use up-to-date techniques to investigate lightning. A specially equippedsailplane has gathered data from inside electrical storms over Florida, New Mexico, Montana and Colorado.Recent studies have used specialized lightning detectors to count all of the flashes in a storm, boththose that remain wholly within the cloud as well as those that make it to earth. Scientists have alsomapped entire paths of lightning flashes inside clouds to track where they originate and how theycreate chemical changes in storms. And scientists are getting a much clearer picture of lightningdistribution over the U.S. with a nationwide network of detectors that tracks cloud-to-ground strikes.Data from this network often appear on television weathercasts. New instruments can monitor the totalamount of lightning activity, including intracloud and cloud-to-ground flashes. These sensors will help
( 41 )
scientists gain much more information on overall storm intensity. Lightning safety Lightning kills morepeople than tornadoes, hurricanes, or any other kind of bad weather except floods. But because lightningusually kills people one at a time, it tends to be underrated as a hazard. The best protection againstlightning is to stay indoors during a thunderstorm. But stay away from the telephone; about 1% ofpeople killed by lightning were talking on the phone at the time. If you cannot reach a building, a caroffers excellent protection. The highest point within the positively charged shadow under athundercloud—a hilltop, a tree in a meadow, a golfer—is the easiest place for the leader to reach. Soavoid high places during storms.
* Never take shelter under the only tree in an open area; if you must shelter under trees, look for agrove of uniform height.
* If you are the tallest thing around, crouch down to make yourself shorter than some natural feature(but limit the part of your body contacting the ground—don’t lie flat).
* More people are killed by high-voltage current that spreads out from where a lightning flash strikesthan by a direct strike, so keep a good distance from the high places that attract lightning.
* Stay away from good conductors like wire fences or metal pipes, and keep out of water. If you are inan open boat, crouch in the middle of the boat.
Lightning arrester
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems toprotect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typicallightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switchingsurge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge isdiverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrestor is placed where wires enter a structure, preventingdamage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Smallerversions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are connected betweeneach electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the Earth. These prevent the flowof the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightningcurrent flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when acommunications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovoltsthat may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and otherelectrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power linescan damage electrical home appliances.
Types of Lightning Arrestors For Outdoor Application
1. Rod arrester2. Horn gap arrester3. Multi gap arrester4. Expulsion type lightning arrester5. Valve type lightning arrester6. Silicon Carbide Arrestors7. Metal Oxide Arrestors
( 42 )
EARTHING SYSTEMSEARTHING - The term’EARTHING’ means connecting the neutral point of a power supply system or the non-current carrying parts of electrical apparatus to the general mass of earth through the earth electrode andthe earthing lead. This is essential as it provides safety to human beings from the fatal electric shocks.
EARTH ELECTRODE AND EARTHING LEAD - Any wire, pipe, rod or metal plate embedded in earth for thepurpose of making an effective electrical connection with the general mass of earth is known as earthelectrodes.
The wire or strip which connects earth electrode to any earthing pt. is known as earthing lead. According toI.S.I.specifications.
The cross section of the earthing lead, as a general rule,should not be less than half of the section of the mainsupply conductor feeding the installation.
In small installation, G.I.or copper wire of 8 S W G should be run from earth electrode to main distributionboard and to submain distribution bord. From submain distribution board copper wire of 14 SWG should berun to three pin sockets and other earthing points.
In large installations the cross section of earthing lead should not be less than 161.1 mm2 for main connectionsand 64.5 mm2 for branch connection.
Copper strip of 25.4 mm x3.18 mm or 25.4 mm x 6.35 mm are usually employed as a ring main for connectingall the electrical apparatus to the earth.
Methods of Earthing - The various methods of earthing are:-
(a) Pipe Earthing (b) Plate Earthing (c) Strip or Wire Earthing (d) Rod Earthing (e) Chemical Earthing
(a) Pipe Earthing - Pipe Earthing is the best form of earthing and is very cheap in cost. In this method ofearthing, a galvenised and perforated pipe of approved length & diameter is placed upright in apermanently wet soil.
The size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and type of soil. Usually the pipe used forthis purpose is of diameter 38 mm and 2.5 metres in length for ordinary soil or of greater length incase of dry and rocky soil. The depth at which the pipe is to be buried depends upon the moisture ofthe ground but it should be minimum 3.75 metres.The pipe is tapered at lower end in order tofacilitate the driving. The pipe at the bottom is surrounded by broken pieces of coke or charcoal fora distance of about 15 cm. around the pipe. Alternate layers of coke and salt are used to increase theeffective areas of earth and to decrease the earth resistance respectively. Another pipe of 19 mmdiameter and 1.25 metres length is connected at the top to G.I. Pipe through reducing socket.
In summer season, 3 or 4 buckets of water are put through the funnel connected to 19 mm diameterpipe which is further connected to G.I. Pipe.
The earth wire (either G.I. wire or G.I. strip of sufficient cross section to carry fault current safely) iscarried in G.I. pipe of diameter 12.7 mm at a depth of about 60 cm. from the ground.
Care should be taken that earth wire is well protected from mechanical injury, when it is carried fromone point to another.
(b) Plate Earthing - In plate earthing an earthing plate either of copper of dimension 60cm x 60cm x3.15mm or galvanised iron of dimensions 60 cm. x 60 cm. x 6.30 mm is buried into the groundwith its face vertical at a depth of not less than 3 metres from ground level. The earth plate isembedded in atternate layers of coke & salt for a minimum thickness of 15 cm. The earth wire issecurely bolted to an earth plate with the help of a bolt, nut & washer made of material of that ofearth plate.
( 43 )
A small masonry brick wall enclosure with a cast iron cover on top is provided to facilitate identificationand for carrying out periodical inspection and tests.
(c) Strip or Wire Earthing - In this system strip electrodes of cross section not less than 25 mm x 1.6 mmof copper and 25 mm x 3 mm if of galvanised iron or steel are buried in horizontal trenches ofminimum depth 0.5 metre. It round conductors are used, their cross sectional area shall not be smallerthan 3 mm2 in case of copper and 6 mm2 in case of galvanised iron or steel. The length of buriedconductor shall be sufficient to give the required earth resistance. It shall however be not less than 15metres. The electrodes shall be as widely distributed as possible, preferably in a single straight orcircular trench or in a number of trenches radiating from a point. If conditions require use of morethan one strip, they shall be laid either in parallel trenches or in radial trenches.
This type of earthing is used at places which have rockey soil earth bed because at such placesexcavation work for plate earthing is difficult.
(d) Rod Earthing - In this system of earthing 12.5 mm diameter solid rods of copper or16 mm diametersolid rods of galvanised iron steel or hollow section 25 mm G.I. pipes of length not less than 2.5metres are driven vertically into the earth. This system of earthing is suitable for areas which aresandy in character.
For smaller installations G.I. pipe earthing is used and for larger installations and transmission lineswhere the fault current is likely to be high, plate earthing is to be used. Under no circumstances gaspipe be used for the purpose of earthing of electrical equipment.
Earth Resistance - The main principle regarding earth resistance is that the earth resistance should below enough to cause flow of sufficient current to operate the protective relays or to blow fuses. Thevalue of earth resistance is maximum during summer season as it depends upon the moisturecontent of the soil.
The following values of earth resistance will give satisfactory results:
Large power station - 0.5 Ω, Major Power Station - 1.0 ΩSmall Substation - 2.0 Ω, In all other cases - 8.0 ΩThe resestance of earthing lead from earth electrode to any pt. in the installation should not be morethan 1.0 Ω.
(e) Chemical Earthing – Chemical earthing, a new earthing technology which does not require use ofsalts, charcoal etc. and have a very long corrosion free life. Two things involved in the system are asbelow :-
(e.i) Maintenance free earth electrode :- In this system the earth electrode consists of two pipes of differentdiameters (pipe in pipe technology). The annular space between the two pipes is filled with a specialconductive compound, which resists the corrosion. The earth electrode is galvanized to enhance thelife of the earth electrode particularly the outer shell which is susceptible to corrosion. Only the innershell (main electrode) of the electrode is protected by anti corrosive compound. It generally comes inthe following sizes :- a) 50 mm dia. with 2 mtr./3mtr. length (b) 80 mm dia. with 2 mtr./3mtr. length.
(e.ii) Back fill compound :- This is combination of natural earth minerals which is totally corrosion free andhighly conductive having the hygroscopic property to retain the moisture for a long time. Duringinstallation with proper water pouring, this b.f.c. powder converts into gel with its quality to retainmoisture upto twenty times to its dry volume as well as it creates a gel layer surrounding of earthelectrode. This enables the entire system as maintenance free safe earthing system. It comes in a bagfor three meter earth electrodes. The quantity of b.f.c. may vary as per soil conditions.
( 44 )
Pipe Earthing Details (T-19 & T – 39
A Typical Illustration of Chemical Earthing
( 45 )
Installation method of CHEMICAL EARTHING
1. Augur / Drill / Bore a hole of 1 x 1 FT x- 10 FT at a place where earthing is to be done, to a suitabledepth of 10-11 ft or 3 meters (Electrode Length)
2. Place the Earthing Electrode inside the pit3. Mix the back fill compound nicely with the water4. Re-Fill the empty space around the Earthing Electrode with this compound mix soil.5. While re-filling the space, pour adequate water in the PIT intermittently.6. Pack the soil around the Electrode tightly and nicely.7. Again pour adequate water at least 3 - 4 feet around the earthing Electrode.8. Test the earth resistivity of the Electrode and if the result is satisfactory, then connect it with the
equipments.9. If the result is not satisfactory, then allow the Electrode some time (2/3 Weeks) for setting of the soil
and then check it & connect it.10. If the soil is of high resistivityi.e. semi rocky or rocky soil, use back - fill compound only for refilling
the PIT.11. The distance between one electrode (pit) to another is mostly depends upon the size of electrode
placed in the pit . suppose in one pit you have put 10 ft electrode so the distance between one pitto another must be 10 ft . this will increase the effectiveness of the earth pit. But when you did’nthave much space you can put miminum aprrox half of the size of electrode.
CAUTION :Do not subject it to any kind of driving force.Do not use it other than the purpose of Earthing.Remove the thin plastic cover before installing the electrode.CAUTAlways, place the Electrode keeping the connecting terminal on top.Apply petroleum jelly over the exposed part (Terminal) of the Electrodes to safe guard it against the corrosion.
FACTS:
· Most of the earth resistance value depends on the soil in the immediate vicinity of theelectrode.
· Electrode material has a negligible effect on earth resistance values. A good material onlyensures long life and safe passage of heavy circuit current.
· Change in earth resistance value beyond 14" to 16"is very slow. Therefore a number ofshorter electrodes are always better than a single electrode of very long length.
HOW MUCH BACKFILLING MUST BE DONE?
A RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY CPRI BANGALORE SAYS THAT AN AREA OF 300mm DIA AROUND THEELECTRODE SHOULD BE BACKFILLED BY A LOW RESISTIVITY, ANTI-CORROSIVE MATERIAL
( 46 )
SIZE OF EARTH WIRE AND EARTH PLATEFOR DOMESTIC & MOTOR INSTALLATION
SI. NO. Size Sectional Weight /mm × mm K.G./MTR.
1. 20 × 3 0.500
2. 25 × 3 0.656
3. 25 × 6 1.30
4. 32 × 6 1.66
5. 40 × 6 2.00
6. 50 × 6 2.50
7. 65 × 8 4.225
8. 65 × 10 5.235
EARTHING PLATE READY RECKONER
SI. Size Copper Aluminium G.I.No. mm Kg Kg Kg1. 300 × 300 × 3 MM 2.41 0.73 2.132. 300 × 300 × 6 MM 4.83 1.46 4.253. 600 × 600 × 3 MM 9.65 2.92 8.504. 600 × 600 × 6 MM 19.30 5.83 17.005. 600 × 600 × 12 MM 38.60 11.66 34.00
G. I. WIRESI. NO. Size WEIGHT/
SWG KG./MTR1. 4 SWG 0.2602. 6 SWG 0.1923. 8 SWG 0.1314. 10 SWG 0.0625. 12 SWG 0.0546. 14 SWG 0.0307. 16 SWG 0.0218. 7/8 SWG 0.9179. 7/10 SWG 0.434
10. 7/12 SWG 0.378
G.I. FLAT
1 upto 10 hp No. 8 No. 8 60 cm × 60 cm 60 cm × 60 cm× 3. 15 mm × 6.3 mm
2 Above 10 hp & upto 15 hp No. 8 No. 8 -do- -do-3 Above 15 hp & upto 30 hp No. 6 No. 2 -do- 90 cm × 90 cm
× 6.30 mm4 Above 30 hp & upto 80 hp No. 4 – 90 cm × 90 cm –
× 6.30 mm5 Above 50 hp & upto 100 hp No. 2 or – –do– –
strip 12.7 mm.× 2.54 mm
6 Above 100 hp strip 25.4 mm – –do– –× 2.54 mm
Capacity ofEquipments
Size of Earth Wire in SWG Size of Earth Electrode
Copper G.I. Copper GI
WEIGHT OF G.I. FLAT/WIRE
Sl.No.
( 47 )
THICKNESS
THICKNESS
ALUMINIUM STRIPS WEIGHT(Appx. ) IN KG.
PER12 RFT (3.656 MTS)
WEIGHT OF COPPER STRIPS(ELECTROLYTIC GRADE) WT. IN KGS/MTRS
1/16” 1/8” 3/16” 1/4” 3/8” 1/2”
WIDTH 1.6 mm 3.2 mm 4.76 mm 6.4 mm 9.53 mm 12.7 mm
1/2”or 12.70 mm .184 .367 .574 .746 1.089 1.434
5/8”or 15.88 mm .230 .459 .717 .932 1.363 1.793
3/4”or 19.05 mm .275 .550 .860 1.119 1.635 2.151
1” or 25.40 mm .362 .734 1.417 1.491 2.180 2.868
1¼’’ or 31.75 mm .459 .918 1.434 1.864 2.725 3.585
1½’’ or 38.10 mm ....... 1.104 1.720 2.237 4.270 4.302
2 or 50.80 mm ....... 1.470 2.294 2.982 4.359 5.736
2½’’ or 57.15 mm ....... ......... 2.582 3.356 4.905 6.453
2¼’’ or 63.50 mm ....... ......... 2.868 3.729 5.449 7.170
3’’ or 76.20 mm ....... ......... 3.442 4.475 6.539 8.604
4” or 101.60 mm ....... ......... 4.588 5.965 8.719 11.472
5” or 127.00 mm ....... ......... 5.736 7.457 10.898 14.340
6” or 152.40 mm ....... ......... 6.883 8.948 13.078 17.208
1/8” or 3/16” or 1/4” or 3/8” or 1/2” or
WIDTH 3.2 mm 4.76 mm 6.4 mm 9.53 mm 12.7 mm
1” or 25.4 mm .820 1.200 1.600 2.300 3.200
1¼” or 31.8 “ 1.000 1.600 2.000 3.200 4.000
1½” or 38.1 “ 1.300 ........ 2.400 3.600 4.800
1¾’’ or 44.5 “ 1.400 ........ 2.800 4.200 5.600
2” or 50.8 “ ........ ........ 3.200 4.800 6.400
2½” or 63.5 “ ........ ........ 4.000 6.000 8.000
3” or 76.2 “ ........ ........ 4.800 7.200 9.500
4” or 101.6 “ ........ ........ 6.500 9.750 13.000
5” or 127.0 “ ........ ........ ........ 14.850 16.600
6” or 152.4 “ ........ ........ 9.900 14.850 19.800
8” or 203.2 ” ........ ........ 12.650 19.000 25.300
( 48 )
MOTOR AND SWITCHGEARSMOTOR
An electric motor is an electric machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electricmotor’s magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. In certain applications,such as in the transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both motoringand generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy from mechanical energy.
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances,power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as frombatteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid,inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors withhighly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrialuse. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storageapplications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric powersource type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.
One horse-power = 550 foot-pounds per second = 33,000 ft.lb. per minute= .746 KW = 746 Watts.
Brake horse-power is the net effective mechanical horse-power available at the pulley or coupling of a motor i.e.the actual horse power available after all losses in the motor itself have been deducted.
Power OutputThe efficiency of a motor =
Power Input
The power factor is usually taken at.0.8 (as an all-round figure) but this varies with the size and speed of motor.The efficiency varies from 85 Percent in small motor to 90 percent and over in large motor.The current required to supply a three-phase motor at full load is
Brake horse-power × 746 × 100
1.732 × E × % efficiency of motor × power factor
Where E is the voltage between phases i.e. line volts.
Swithgears
The basic function of switchgear is to control supply of electric power and to protect the equipment in theevent of abnormal conditions. Uninterrupted supply of electric power is the need of today’s industry andis catered to by the switchgear and control gear in any plant.
To meet the expectations of user industry, switchgear has to be reliable and safe. It should also be able towithstand adequate number of operations - in healthy conditions as well as in abnormal/unhealthysituations. Manufacturers as well as customers, both concur on these aspects. However, reliability, adequacyare subjective parameters. Unless they are quantified, the expectations of users and the capabilities of theproducts cannot be matched.
Thus, defining reliability, safety and adequacy in terms of quantifiable parameters is essential from theusers as well as the manufacturer’s point of view.
This activity is jointly done by a team comprising representatives of user industry, manufacturers andleading technical institutes. The quantifiable parameters are laid down in the form of standards. Developmentin technology, innovations, availability of better materials, superior manufacturing processes and techniquesresult in improvement of products and their characteristic.
At the same time, field experience gives a clue for further development. It is realised that the field situationsare different from the laboratory conditions and that product performance differs in actual workingconditions. Expansions and increasing loads demand higher source ratings, which demand protectivedevices with higher withstand capabilities. All these demand continuous upgradation of products.
( 49 )
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( 50 )
SWITCHGEAR SELECTION CHARTTYPE 2 CO-ORDINATION
Direct - on - line Feeder
Motor Motor Current Switch Fuse HRC Fuse Contactor BimetalKW / HP ( I
L) Rating Amp Amp Relay
415V, 3ph, Amp Amp Set-Range50Hz Amp
0.37/0.5 1 32 4 9 0.8-1.25
0.55/0.75 1.3 32 4 9 1-1.6
0.75/1 1.9 32 6 9 1.25-2
1.1/15 2.6 32 6 9 2-3.2
1.5/2 3.7 32 10 9 2.5-4
2.2/3 4.8 32 16 9 3.2-5
3.7/5 7.8 32 20 9 5-8
5.5/7.5 11.2 32 25 12 8-12.5
7.5/10 16 32 32 16 10-16
9.3/12.5 19 50 50 32 12.5-20
11/15 20.8 50 50 32 16-25
15/20 28 63 63 32 20-32
18.5/25 34 63 63 38 25-36
22/30 40 100 80 45 32-50
30/40 53 100 100 63 40-57
37/50 65 125 125 70 57-70
45/60 78 125 125 85 70-95
55/75 96 200 160 110 85-105
75/100 131 200 200 140 85-135
90/125 156 250 250 170 115-180
110/150 189 250 250 205 160-250
132/180 227 315 315 250 160-250
160/215 271 400 400 300 200-320
200/270 339 630 500 400 250-00
250/335 398 630 500 475 320-500
( 51 )
SWITCHGEAR SELECTION CHARTTYPE 2 CO-ORDINATION
Star - Delta Feeder
Motor Motor Switch HRC Cont. Cont. Bi- RelayKW/HP Rating Fuse N/D Star Set- Range
415V,3ph, I L I ph Amp Amp Amp Amp50 HZ Amp Amp
2.2/3 4.8 2.8 32 6 9 9 2-3.2
3.7/5 7.8 4.5 32 10 9 9 3.2-5
5.5/7.5 11.2 6.5 32 16 9 9 5-8
7.5/10 16 9.2 32 20 12 9 6.3-10
9.3/12.5 19 11 32 25 12 9 8-12.5
11/15 20.8 12 50 25 12 9 8-12.5
15/20 28 16.2 50 32 32 16 12.5-20
18.5/25 34 19.7 63 50 32 32 12.5-20
22/30 40 23.2 63 50 32 32 16-25
30/40 53 30.6 63 63 32 32 20-32
37/50 65 37.5 100 80 38 32 32-40
45/60 78 45 100 100 45 32 32-50
55/75 96 55.4 100 100 63 32 40-57
75/100 131 75.6 200 160 85 63 70-95
90/125 158 90.1 200 160 110 63 70-95
110/150 189 109 250 200 110 110 95-120
132/180 227 131.1 250 250 140 110 115-180
160/215 271 156.5 315 315 170 110 115-180
200/270 339 195.7 400 400 205 170 160-250
250/335 398 243.1 630 400 250 250 160-250
( 52 )
0.50 0.40 1.2 - 16 10 6 - 1.5/2.5 0.75 0.55 1.6 - 16 10 6 - 1.5/2.5 1.00 0.75 1.8 - 16 10 10 - 1.5/2.5 1.50 1.10 2.6 - 16 10 10 - 1.5/2.5 2.00 1.50 3.5 - 16 10 15 - 1.5/2.5 3.00 2.25 5.0 2.88 16 10 20 10 1.5/2.5 5.00 3.75 7.5 4.32 16 10 25 20 2.5 7.50 5.50 11.0 6.34 16 10 25 25 410.00 7.50 14.0 8.10 16 16 35 25 4 12.5 9.30 18.0 10.02 32 16 50 35 6 15.0 11.00 21.0 12.10 32 16 50 50 6 20.0 15.00 28.0 16.00 32 32 63 63 10 25.0 18.50 35.0 20.20 40 32 80 63 16 30.0 22.00 40.0 23.00 40 32 100 100 25 35.0 26.00 47.0 27.00 63 32 125 100 25 40 30.00 55.0 30.30 63 40 125 100 25 45 33.5 60.0 34.46 63 40 160 125 30 50 37.00 66.0 35.00 125 40 160 125 35 60 44.00 80.0 45.00 125 63 160 125 50 75 55.00 100.0 57.50 125 63 200 160 70 90 67.50 120.0 69.00 125 125 250 200 95 100 75.00 135.0 78.00 300 125 250 200 95 125 90.00 165.0 95.00 300 125 300 250 120 150 110.00 200.0 115.00 300 125 350 250 185 175 132.00 230.0 133.00 300 300 400 300 225 200 150.00 275.0 159.00 300 300 500 350 300/400 250 187.50 323.0 185.00 - 300 600 400 400 275 204.00 360.0 206.00 - 300 - 400 500 300 225.00 385.0 222.00 - 300 - 500 500 400 300.00 500.0 300.00 - 300 - 700 625
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READY RECKONER FOR SELECTIONOF CORRESPONDING CONTACTOR STARTER,
BACK-UP HRC FUSE RATING, SIZE OF AL. CABLES FOR3 PHASE A. C. 415V. 50HZ SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR
( 53 )
CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATING MATERIALSFOR ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS
ON THE BASIS OF THERMAL STABILITYThe endurance of materials used for the insulation of Electrical machinery and apparatus is affected
by many factors, such as temperature, Electrical and mechanical stresses, vibration, exposure to deleteriousatmospheres and chemicals, moisture and dirt.
It is a fact that materials included in a particular class may not withstand for an unlimited time thetemperature assigned to that class. They will, however, withstand the temperature for long periods of timewith intervening periods of lower temperatures and so have adequate life in service.
The recognised classes of insulating materials and temperatures assigned to them are as follows:
Class of Insulation Temperature Limity 90o CA 105o CE 120o CB 130o CF 155o CH 180o C
C 220o C
The list of Insulating materials under each group of class is given hereunder :
CLASS Y (90)Cotton Natural silk, cellulose Fibre, Paper and paper products, pressboards, Vulcanising Fibre etc.
CLASS A (105)Impregnated cotton, silk, paper and paper products, oil enamels laminates wood, Enamel wire basedon polymide resins etc.
CLASS E (120)Wire enamels based on Polyvinyl formal, Polythene or epoxy resin, Phenolformalde mouldings ofcotton, paper et, Polyster resins, Epoxy resins, cellulose, triacetate film etc.
CLASS B (130)Glass Fibre, Asbestos, Oil-modified synthetic resin varnished glass fibre and asbestos Shellac, asphalt,Bituminous Compounds, Built up mica.
CLASS F (155)Alkyd, Epoy, Polyster, Sillicon-Alkyd and silliconphenolic resin impregnated glass fibre cloth. Built upMica with Alkyd, Epoxy, Cross Linked Polyster and Polyurethene Resins with Superior Thermal Stabil-ity Sillicone alkyd Resins.
CLASS H (180)Silicon Varnished impregnated Glass Fibre Cloth, Mica Sillicon resin Bonded Built up mica and com-binations of Mica and other class materials with suitable bonding materials.
CLASS C (above 180)Mica, Porcelain, Glass Quartz, Asbestos, Built up Mica Treated Glass fibre cloth.
IMPREGNATIONAny insulation system is incomplete without the system being impregnated by a suitable varnish.The impregnation also provides mechanical strength to the system. It becomes a solid structure afterit is cured.
( 54 )
POWER FACTOR & ITS CALCULATION
Power Factor (P.F.) indicates parts of apparent power (KVA) converted into real power (KW) i.e. ratio ofreal power and apparent power.
Power sources (Gen sets,Transformers) are rated in KVA and loads are specified in KW. Capacity of Gen.sets and Transformers are determined by load in KW and its P.F.
In case of lower P.F. higher rating of transformer is required. Electricity Boards (Power suppliers) insist ontheir industrial consumers for maintaining a minimum P.F. of 0.8.
Consumers having P.F. below 0.8 are penalised. Reason for penalty is made clear from following illustration.
To find capacity of transformer to feed a load of
10 KW (i) at P.F. 0.8. & (ii) at P.F. 0.4
KW 10KVA = (i) KVA = = 12.5P.F. 0.8
10(ii) KVA = = 250.4
In the above illustration in both cases load is 10 KW but due to variation in P.F. loading on transformer is12.5 & 25 KVA. In second case capacity of cable is also doubled. Power Factor can be improved byinstalling suitable size of power capacitors.
MEASUREMENT OF POWER FACTOR
Power factor at a particular point in a circuit or installation is most easily obtained by means of a powerfactor meter. Where such an instrument is not available, one of the following methods may be used.
(1) With Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter
With readings from these three instruments, suitably connected, the powerfactor for a balanced three phase circuit may be calculated as follows:
Kilowatt × 1000Power Factor =1.73 × Volt × Amps.
and for single phase
Kilowatt × 1000Power Factor = Volt × Amp.
(2) With KVA & KW meters
With readings from these two meters, suitably connected, the Power Factor for Single Phase &Three Phase may be calculated as follows:
KWPower Factor = KVA
( 55 )
AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Electric power would remain to be a serious cause of concern for the industry both on cost andadequacy. So its efficient use means substantial savings. Electricity boards are naturally getting stringenton the power quality and forcing the consumers to maintain a stable power system.
POWER FACTORMost of the industrial loads e.g. motor and transformers are inductivein nature and the power factor Will be in the lagging side. Adequatereactive compensation is required at the consumer end to improvethe power factor and effectively utilize the allotted Maximum demand.In a highly volatile load environment the reactive requirement of theloads is of maintain the power factor and to control the Relay power(KVA).
To maintain the power factor generally fixed capacitors are installed inindustries at various load centers balanced to the connected load level.In the fixed compensation system the amount of capacitors (kVAr)connected in the system will be always constant irrespective of the load variations. In such conditionsthe power factor maintenance is highly difficult in the ambience of variable load pattern and the overall plant power factor will tent to be lagging or leading.
The leading power factor (I.e. excessive capacitors than the requirement) in the system will result in anexcessive raise in the transient voltage during switching of loads and leads to insulation failures in theequipment and generates harmonic oscillations.
BRIEF ABOUT APFC PANELNoticing the anxiety of the industry for a dependable solution, we deeply explored the technology andconducted field studies on the current practices to configure a system matching our Indian Duty andenvironmental conditions. The configuration in the design of our APFC system with perfectly calculatedon line balancing devices for regulation and control is well acclaimed.
SYSTEM ADVANTAGES WITH UNITY POWER FACTORWith installation of Automatic Power Factor Control Panel with additional value of capacitors, we willhavebenefits like.
Reduced Power Cost, Due to reduced kVA demand or exemption from any penalty for low powerfactor.Release of power system capacity.. Additional load can be installed without investment in additionalcapital investment.Reduced overloading and therefore less heating of cables and other expensive control panels.Reduced losses in feeders.Reduction in voltage interference due to welding equipments, etc.Reduction in size of electrical equipment for new installation and therefore, less capital expenditure.Power Factor Rebate in Electricity Bills.80% Depreciation as per IT Rules, being it is investment for Energy Saving Equipments.
( 56 )
APFC RELAYPFC Relay is always heart of panel. The most important task of the PFC Relay is reliability.. It also has tofunction importantly for supervision of compensation unit give signal at malfunction. These two tasksare done by BELUK Relay with its advanced measurement algorithm. With Unique features of BELUKPFC Relays, Capacitor banking can be done in any required step sequence, which ensure longerswitchgear life. It also checks capacitor banks’ health and other controlling technique like Dual TargetPF; Temperature Supervision with Fan Control and measuring of U, I, P, S, Q & F parameters.
CAPACITORSCapacitors are manufactured with state of art technology and dielectric loss of ambient temperatureare 0.1 Watts/KVAR. It has excellent thermal stability. Capacitors are with built in discharge resistors aswell protected by internal element fuse.
Capacitors output (KVAr) is constant for long period.Initial cost is high but for long period performance it is very cheaper.No corrosion.Power factor and Max. demand will remain steady.Can bear transients and harmonic of reasonable amplitude.Can work in super tropical countries like ours.Damage to dielectric is negligible. Little quantity of gas generated will get absorbed by impregnate.Suitable for 650 /750 volts application with reasonable transients & Harmonics.
HARMONICSIn recent years, with increased usage of AC/DC Drives, UPS, Computers, Arc Furnaces & Welders etc.Power harmonics (both Voltage & Current) have become a serious problem in industries andcommercial installation. The harmonics generated by these Non-Linear loads is the biggestobstruction in maintaining the power quality and has been a major reason for equipment failure &many other problem like
Losses in distribution lines.Malfunctioning of electronic equipment.Unwanted tripping of circuit breakers and fusesMeasurement errors in the meeting systems and loss of data in computer & other electronicdevices.Overloading of transformers & Capacitors etc.
( 57 )
Example : To find the capacitor rating required to correct a load of 97 KW at 0.67 P.F. to 0.95 P.F. Required KVARper KW (Vide table) = 0.779. So, Total capacitor Rating = 0.779 x 97 = 75.65 or 76 KVAR
0.85 0.90 0.95 0.98 UnityInitial power
factorCorrection to
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.50 1.112 1.248 1.403 1.529 1.7320.51 1.066 1.202 1.357 1.483 1.6860.52 1.024 1.160 1.315 1.441 1.6440.53 0.980 1.116 1.271 1.397 1.6000.54 0.939 1.075 1.230 1.356 1.5570.55 0.899 1.035 1.190 1.316 1.5190.56 0.860 0.996 1.151 1.277 1.4800.57 0.822 0.958 1.113 1.239 1.4420.58 0.785 0.921 1.076 1.202 1.4050.59 0.748 0.884 1.039 1.165 1.3680.60 0.741 0.849 1.005 1.131 1.3340.61 0.679 0.815 0.970 1.096 1.2990.62 0.645 0.781 0.936 1.062 1.2650.63 0.613 0.749 0.904 1.030 1.2330.64 0.580 0.716 0.871 0.997 1.2000.65 0.549 0.685 0.840 0.966 1.1690.66 0.518 0.654 0.809 0.935 1.1380.67 0.488 0.624 0.779 0.905 1.1080.68 0.459 0.595 0.750 0.876 1.0790.69 0.429 0.565 0.720 0.840 1.0490.70 0.400 0.536 0.691 0.811 1.0200.71 0.372 0.508 0.663 0.783 0.9920.72 0.343 0.479 0.634 0.754 0.9630.73 0.316 0.452 0.607 0.727 0.9360.74 0.289 0.425 0.580 0.700 0.9090.75 0.262 0.398 0.553 0.673 0.8820.76 0.235 0.371 0.526 0.652 0.8550.77 0.209 0.345 0.500 0.620 0.8290.78 0.183 0.319 0.473 0.594 0.8030.79 0.156 0.292 0.447 0.567 0.7760.80 0.130 0.266 0.421 0.541 0.7500.81 0.104 0.240 0.395 0.515 0.7240.82 0.078 0.214 0.369 0.489 0.6980.83 0.052 0.188 0.343 0.463 0.6720.84 0.026 0.162 0.317 0.437 0.6450.85 ... 0.136 0.291 0.417 0.6200.86 ... 0.109 0.264 0.390 0.5930.87 ... 0.083 0.238 0.364 0.5670.88 ... 0.054 0.209 0.335 0.5380.89 ... 0.028 0.183 0.309 0.5120.90 ... ... 0.155 0.281 0.4840.91 ... ... 0.124 0.250 0.4530.92 ... ... 0.097 0.223 0.4260.93 ... ... 0.066 0.192 0.3950.94 ... ... 0.034 0.160 0.3630.95 ... ... ... 0.126 0.3290.96 ... ... ... 0.089 0.2920.97 ... ... ... 0.089 0.2500.98 ... ... ... ... 0.2030.99 ... ... ... ... 0.143
SIZES OF CAPACITORS IN KVAR REQUIREDFOR GIVEN DEGREE OF POWER FACTORCORRECTION PER KW OF LOAD
( 58 )
RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR RATINGS FORDIRECT CONNECTION TO INDUCTION MOTOR
To improve power factor to 0.95 or better at all loads.
KVAR rating when motor speed isMotor 3000 1500 1000 750 500
H. P. r. p. m r. p. m r. p. m r. p. m r. p. m
2.5 1 1 1.5 2 2.5 5 2 2 2.5 3.5 47.5 2.5 3 3.5 4.5 5.510 3 4 4.5 5.5 6.515 4 5 6 7.5 920 5 6 7 9 1225 6 7 9 10.5 14.530 7 8 10 12 1740 9 10 13 15 2150 11 12.5 16 18 2560 13 14.5 18 20 2870 15 16.5 20 22 3180 17 19 22 24 3490 19 21 24 26 37
100 21 23 26 28 40110 23 25 28 30 43120 25 27 30 32 46130 27 29 32 34 49140 29 31 34 36 52145 30 32 35 37 54150 31 33 36 38 55155 32 34 37 39 56160 33 35 38 40 57165 34 36 39 41 59170 35 37 40 42 60175 36 38 41 43 61180 37 39 42 44 62185 38 40 43 45 63190 38 40 43 45 65200 40 42 45 47 67250 45 50 55 60 70
RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR RATINGS FOR DIRECT CONNECTION TOPRIMARY SIDE OF WELDING TRANSFORMER FOR P.F. CORRECTION
KVA rating of Required capacitor KVA rating of Required capacitorTransformer Rating in KVAR Transformer Rating IN KVAR
9 4 36 1812 6 57 2518 8 95 4524 12 128 5030 15 160 75
( 59 )
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER
(M.C.B.)
M.C.B.’s are used safely to provide safety to electrical equipments and circuits (cables) against overheating
arising out of excess current due to sustained overloads or short circuits. In case of short circuits the
M.C.B. trips instantaneously through electromagnetic release & in case of overload it opens the ciruit
with inverse time delay through its inbuilt thermal bimetal element.
M.C.B.’s can be used with reliability for providing protection of lighting and motorcircuits.These are
available for D.C. circuits also.
TECHNICAL DATA
Specification Conforms to No. of Poles - 1, 2, 3, 4, 1 + N, 3 + N
IS 8828 - 1978
Current Ratings - 0.5. to 63 Amp. Rated Frequncy - 50 Hz
in C series Breaking Capacity - 3 KA, 6 KA &10 KA
6 to 63 Amp.
in B series Ambient Temp. 40 0C
0.5 to 40 Amp. Mechanical life - 1,00,000 Operations
for D.C. supply Electrical Life - 50,000 Operations
Max. Cable Size - 25 mm2
GENERAL APPLICATION
For Lighting Circuit (‘B’Series MCB)- Current rating of the M.C.B. should be lower than the Current
carrying capacity of the smallest size of wire/cable used in the circuit,
Example- If in a circuit which is to be protected through the M.C.B., smallest size of wire used is 3/22 or
1.5 sq. mm. The current capacity of which is 10 Amps., a M.C.B. of 6 Amp. should be used.
Ratings of M.C.B.’s generally available are 6,10,16,20,25,32,40,50 and 63 Amp.
For Motor Circuit (‘C’ Series MCB)- Current rating of the M.C.B. should be one size higher than the full
load current of the motor.
Example - C series 10 Amps. M.C.B. should be used for a motor drawing 7.8 Amps. at full load.
Ratings of M.C.B.’s generally abvailable are C 0.5, 1, 1.6, 2.3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50 and 63 Amp.
( 60 )
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( 61 )
B - Series - ‘B’ series M.C.B. ‘s are designed to
protect circuit with resistive loads. These M.C.B. ‘s
trip instantaneously when the current exceeds 5
times the rated capacity of M.C.B. ‘s.
Important Note :Under the Indian Electricity Rules [rules 61 (A), 71 (1) and 73 (1)], installation of an RCCB is mandatory in all installationsof 5 KW and above, in illuminous tube signs and X-ray installations. The bureau of Indian standards recommends thatRCCBs installed at construction sites, temporary installations, agriculture and horticulture premises, limit the residualcurrent to 30 mA.
Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCBs)/Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB)Opens the circuit automatically in the event of an earth leakage. It protects from fatalelectric shock and fire hazards.
RCBOsCombines the overload & short-circuit protection of an MCB with the earth leakageprotection of an RCCB.
C - Series - ‘C’ characteristics MCBs are used for
protection of electrical circuits in general and are
most widely used because of its suitability for
practically all electrical circuits, cable and line
protection. They are capable of supplying the
majority of inductive and capacitive loads
including fluorescent
��
( 62 )
MCB SELECTION GUIDE (For Household Applications)
Appliances Capacity Current Rating Type of MCBwatt Load Amp.
(1 ph. 230V AC) (230V AC ph)
Air Conditioner 1.0 tonnes 10 A ‘’C” series1.5 tonnes 16 A ‘’C” series2.0 tonnes 20 A ‘’C” series
Refrigerator 165 litres, 3 A ‘’C” series350 litres, 4 A ‘’C” series
Washing Machine 300 W 2 A ‘’C” seriesWashing Machine (with heater) 1300 W 6 A ‘’C” seriesOven cum Griller 4500 W 25 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
1750 W 10 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” seriesOven only 750 W 6 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” seriesHot plate only 2000 W 10 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” seriesRoom Heater 1000 W 6 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
2000 W 10 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” seriesWater Heater (storage/instant) 1000 W 6 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
2000 W 10 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series3000 W 16 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series6000 W 32 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
Electric Iron 750 W 6 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series1250 W 10 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
Auto toaster (2 slices) 1200 W 6 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
Electric Kettle 1500 W 10 A ‘’B’’/‘’C” series
For Motor Applications (Three Phase)
Motor kW MCB Ratings Motor kW MCB RatingsHP Star Delta DOL HP Star Delta DOL
1.0 0.75 - 2A 12.5 9.30 20A 20A1.5 1.10 - 3A 15.0 11.00 25 25A2.0 1.50 - 4A 17.5 13.00 25A 32A3.0 2.25 - 6A 20.0 15.00 32A 40A5.0 3.75 10A 10A 25 18.50 40A 50A6.0 4.50 10A 10A 30.0 22.50 50A 50A7.5 5.50 16A 16A 30.0 22.50 50A 50A10.0 7.50 16A 16A 35.0 26.00 63A 63A
‘ ’ C ’’ S e r i e s M C B i s u s e d f o r a l l M o t o r A p p l i c a t i o n s
Please see a typical electrical house wiring diagram in page no. 30
( 63 )
MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)M.C.C.B.’s are used to provide safety to electrical equipments, cables, transformer & Generating setsagainst overheating arising out of excess currents due to sustained overloads or short circuits.
MCCB : SELECTION & PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Primary sideFor the protection of transformer with a circuit breaker connected to the primary side (LT primary) the noload inrush current wave to the transformer often reaches 10-15 times the rated current and theysometimes reach as high as 20-25 times. However, the transient decays very quickly (in a few m. sec.)Thus the MCCB selected should have a magnetic setting which will not be actuated by the momentaryinrush current.Secondary sideMCCBs can be used for protection of transformer on the LT side (secondary side) as an outgoing protec-tive device.
SELECTION TABLE FOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
MCCB RATING IN AMPERESTransformer 10kA 16kA 25kA 25kA 25kA 35kA 40kA 50kA 50kA Rat-ing (KVA)
16 25 25 25 25 25 2525 40 40 40 40 40 4063 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 160 160 160 160 160160 250 250 250 250 250200 315 315250 400 400315 500 500400 630 630500 800 800630 1000750 1200
GENERATOR SET PROTECTION
MCCBs can be used for the effective protection and control of Diesel Generating set against over andshort circuits.
Selection table for DG Set Protection
DG Set Rating (KVA) MCCB Rating (amperes)16 2525 4063 100
100 160160 250200 315250 400315 500400 630630 1000750 1200
( 64 )
READY RECKONER FOR MONTHLY CONSUMPTION1000 Watts used for 1 hour = unit
Type ofAppliances
Watt No. of Units for Month of 30 days (Approximately)No. of Hours per day
0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
COOKER 1500 22.5 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495
TOASTER 1000 15 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
MIXER BIG 200 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
AIR CONDITIONER
1-TON 1.5 KW 1400 21 42 84 126 168 210 250 294 336 378 420 462
1.1/2 TON 1.8 KW 1800 27 54 108 162 216 270 324 378 432 466 540 594
MIXER SMALL 50 75 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5
REFRIGERATOR
SMALL 1/4 HP 200 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
BIG 300 4.5 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99
LECTROLUX
HIMALUX 300 4.5 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99
WASHING MACHINE 200 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
CLOTH DRIER &
SPIN DRIER 200 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
RADIATOR 1000 15 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
ELECTRIC CLOCK 5 0.075 0.15 0.9 0.45 0.6 0.75 0.9 1.05 1.2 1.35 1.5 1.55
RADIO 50 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5
TV HYBRID 150 3 6 10 15 20 - - - - - - -
ELECTRIC KETTLE 750 11.25 22.5 45 67.5 90 112.5 135 157.5 180 202.5 225 247.5
1000 15 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
OVEN 2 PLATES, 3KW 3000 15 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900 990
3 PLATES 5KW 5000 75 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650
KOOKING RANGE 5 KW 5000 75 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650
RADIOGRAM 100 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
TAPE RECORDER 50 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5
( 65 )
CAPACITIES OF PVC CONDUITS
Cable Size
Nominal 16mm 20mm 25mm 32mmConductor or or or orSize 5/8” 3/4’’ 1” 1.5”mm2
1.0
Conduit size and guage
1.0 6 9 19 30
1.5 5 7 15 24
2.5 3 5 11 17
4 4 4 8 13
6 2 3 6 10
10 - 2 4 6
16 - - 3 4
25 - - 2 3
35 - - - 2
ENERGY METER SELECTION CHART (POLY PHASE)
Load in H.P. Load in K.W. Meter in Amp.
1 0.746 5
3 2.238 5
5 3.730 10
7.5 5.595 10
10 7.460 20
15 11.190 30
20 14.950 30
25 18.650 50
35 26.110 50
50 37.300 CT meter with CTR 100/5
75 55.950 CT meter with CTR 100/5
100 74.600 CT meter with CTR 150/5
150 111.900 CT meter with CTR 200/5
200 149.200 CT meter with CTR 300/5
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WELDING-TRANSFORMERSKV rating of Required KVA rating of RequiredTranstormer Capacitor transformer Capacitor
rating in KVAR Rating In KVAR9 4 36 18
12 6 57 2518 8 95 4524 12 128 5030 15 160 75
CURRENT CAPACITY AND SIZE OF CABLES FORDISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Distribution Transformer Full Load Current Size of PVC Cable KVA 400 Volt Side-Amps. Aluminium
1 1.44 4 x 2.510 14.40 4 x 425 39.10 4 x 1050 72.2 4 x 1675 108.3 3.5 x 35
100 144.4 3.5 x 50200 289.3 3.5 x 185300 433.0 3.5 x 300500 800.0 3.5 x 500
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PA SYSTEMS
A public address system (PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with amicrophone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public, for example forannouncements of movements at large and noisy air and rail terminals.
The term is also used for systems which may additionally have a mixing console, and amplifiers andloudspeakers suitable for music as well as speech, used to reinforce a sound source, such as recorded musicor a person giving a speech or distributing the sound throughout a venue or building.
Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PAsystems with many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercialbuildings and locations. Intercom systems, installed in many buildings, have microphones in many roomsallowing the occupants to respond to announcements.
Sound reinforcement systems and PA systems may use some similar components, but with differingapplication, although the distinction between the two is not clear-cut. Sound reinforcement systems arefor live music or performance, whereas PA systems are primarily for reproduction of speech.
Small PA SystemsThe simplest PA systems consist of a microphone, an amplifier, and one or more loudspeakers. Simple andsmall PA systems of this type, often providing 50 to 200 watts of power, are often used in small venues suchas school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. A sound source such as a Compact Disc player or radio maybe connected to a PA system so that music can be played through the system.
Public address systems consist of input sources, amplifiers, control and monitoring equipment, andloudspeakers. The primary input sources are microphones for live announcements and a source of recordedsound. There may be a system which allows operators, or automated equipment, to select from a numberof standard prerecorded messages. These input sources are fed into preamplifiers and signal routers thatdetermine the zones to which the audio signal is fed. The preamplified signals are then passed into theamplifiers. Depending on local practices these amplifiers will usually amplify the audio signals to 50V, 70Vor 100V speaker line level. Control equipment monitors the amplifiers and speaker lines for faults beforeit reaches the loudspeakers. This control equipment is also used for separating zones in a PA system. Theloudspeaker is used to convert electrical signals into sound.
Large PA SystemsSome PA systems have speakers that cover an entire campus of a college or industrial site, or an entireoutdoor complex (e.g., an athletic stadium). A large PA system may also be used as an alert system duringan emergency.
Telephone paging systemsSome analog or IP private branch exchange (PBX) telephone systems use a paging facility that acts as aliaison between the telephone and a PA amplifier. In other systems, paging equipment is not built into thetelephone system. Instead the system includes a separate paging controller connected to a trunk port ofthe telephone system. The paging controller is accessed as either a designated directory number or centraloffice line. In many modern systems, the paging function is integrated into the telephone system, andallows announcements to be played over the phone speakers.
Many retailers and offices choose to use the telephone system as the sole access point for the pagingsystem, because the features are integrated. Many schools and other larger institutions are no longerusing the large, bulky microphone PA systems and have switched to telephone system paging, as it can beaccessed from many different points in the school.
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PA over IPPA over IP refers to PA paging and intercom systems that use an IP network instead of a centralized amplifierto distribute the audio signal to paging locations across a building or campus, or anywhere else in thereach of the IP network (including the Internet). Network-attached amplifiers and intercom units are usedto provide the communication function. At the transmission end, a computer application transmits adigital audio stream via the local area network, using audio from the computer’s sound card inputs or fromstored audio recordings. At the receiving end, either specialized intercom modules (sometimes known asIP speakers) receive these network transmissions and reproduce the analog audio signal. These are smallspecialized network appliances addressable by an IP address just like any other computer on the network.[8]
Such systems are inter-connected by the networking infrastructure and thus allow loss-less transmissionto remote locations across the Internet or a local area or campus network. It is also possible to provide formultiple or relocatable transmission control stations on such a network
LONG Line PAA Long-line public address (LLPA) system is any public address system with a distributed architecture,normally across a wide geographic area. Systems of this type are commonly found in the rail, light rail andmetro industries and allow announcements to be triggered from one or several locations to the rest of thenetwork over low bandwidth legacy copper, normally PSTN lines using DSL modems, or media such asoptical fiber, or GSM-R, or IP-based networks.
Rail systems typically have an interface with a passenger information system (PIS) server, at each stationlinked to train describers which state the location of rolling stock on the network from sensors ontrackside signaling equipment. The PIS system invokes a stored message to be played from a local orremote digital voice announcement system, or a series of message fragments to be assembled in thecorrect order, for example: / the / 23.30 / First_Great_Western /Night_Riviera_sleeper_service / from /London_Paddington / to / Penzance / .... / will depart from platform / one / this train is formed of /12_carriages /. Messages are routed via an IP network and are played on local amplification equipment.Taken together, the PA, routing, DVA, passenger displays and PIS interface are referred to as the customerinformation system (CIS), a term which itself is often used interchangeably with passenger informationsystem.
Large venue systemsFor popular music concerts, a more powerful and more complicated PA System is used to provide livesound reproduction. In a concert setting, there are typically two complete PA systems: the “main” systemand the “monitor” system. Each system consists of microphones, a mixing board, sound processing equipment,amplifiers, and speakers.
The “main” system (also known as “Front of House”, commonly abbreviated FOH), which provides theamplified sound for the audience, will typically use a number of powerful amplifiers driving a rangeof large, heavy-duty loudspeakers including low-frequency speaker cabinets called subwoofers, full-range speaker cabinets, and high-range horns. A large club may use amplifiers to provide 3000 to5000 watts of power to the “main” speakers; an outdoor concert may use 10,000 or more watts.
The “monitor” system reproduces the sounds of the performance and directs them towards theonstage performers (typically using wedge-shaped monitor speaker cabinets), to help them to hearthe instruments and vocals. In British English, the monitor system is referred to as the “foldback”. Themonitor system in a large club may provide 500 to 1000 watts of power to several foldback speakers;at an outdoor concert, there may be several thousand watts of power going to the monitor system.
At a concert in which live sound reproduction is being used, sound engineers and technicians control themixing boards for the “main” and “monitor” systems, adjusting the tone, levels, and overall volume of theperformance
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Specification for Public Address System In Electrical Construction Contract Works
1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMPublic address system consisting of power amplifier, mixer power amplifier, microphone module, pagingconsole, cabinet rack, conduits and wiring and all the necessary equipment required by the system shownand described on drawings, bill of quantities and hereinafter.
2 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SYSTEM100 V, line distribution shall be accepted for sound system distribution in the project.
3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION3.1 Power AmplifierThe power amplifiers, mixer power amplifiers shall be fully transistorized and capable of delivering 120, 60,30 watts (RMS) audio power at less than 1% distortion over the frequency range of 40 Hz to 16 KHz.
3.1.1 Technical specification1. Frequency response: 40 Hz to 16 KHz ± 2db at rated output.2. Distortion: Less than 1% (at rated output F = 1 KHz).3. Input: 2 program and 2 priority inputs with program input muting during priority operation.4. Power source: Operate on both AC mains and 24 V Dc.
The power amplifier shall be rack mounted type. The power amplifiers shall be TOA make cat No. VP-1030A/1060A/1120A as specified.
3.2 Signal GeneratorThe generator shall be completely solid state and produce a chime signal consisting of two tones with200Hz difference. It should be capable of generating a test signal for testing the amplifier and loudspeakers. The signal generator shall be TOA make cat. No. V-1015.
3.3 Desk Microphone Assembly3.3.1 The desk microphone assembly shall be designed to suit the number of zones required (24 Zones).
3.3.2 Technical specification of Public Address System1. Remote controls: 12 individual controls and 1 all call control.2. Distortion: Less than 1%.3. Signal to noise (S/N): 56 dB.4. Microphone: Unidirectional dynamic microphone with sensitivity -76 dB ± 3 dB.5. Program function: 2 user programmable function (first in first severed) priority dia cascade priority.
Indicators1. Busy: red LED., 2. Speech: green LED., 3. Chime: red LED.
The 6 Principles For Choosing a PA System That’s Right For You.PA systems package compatible components to suit specific types of venuesLike any sound reinforcement system, a PA system – or Public Address system –has three components:
· A pickup device (such as a microphone) to convert sound waves into anelectronic signal
· An amplifier to boost the weak signal produced by the pickup to a levelthat can power a speaker
· A loudspeaker to convert the electrical impulse from the amplifier backinto sound waves
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Manufacturers create PA systems by putting together components of comparable quality and price in oneconvenient configuration.
While this is convenient and ensures the proper matching of components (amplifiers to speakers forexample), such PA system packages can at best approximate user needs rather than fit exact specifications.That said, there are so many different types of PA systems that most people can, with a little care, select aPA which is a pretty good fit for their needs.
The following 6 principles – what we at AudioLink call the 6 “P’s” of PA selection – can take the guessworkout of getting the right PA system for your sound reinforcement needs.
1. Power requirements increase for larger audiences or noisy environments
Power is the chief consideration when choosing a PA system.
As the size of your event and audience increases, so do your power requirements. It is therefore useful todivide PA systems into categories based on their Wattage and the power of their amplifier. AudioLinkcatalogs PA systems into four broad categories ranging from just a few Watts up to 500 Watts or more.
Classifying PA systems in these four categories is a simple way to broadly identify systems suitable foraudiences of various sizes.
In addition to audience size also consider the physical environment that your PA must serve.
If you’re using the PA system for sound reinforcement at outdoor events, for example, sound reflections(and therefore the perceived volume of the PA system) decrease – and the amount of Wattage you needincreases.
Similarly, an auditorium with high ceilings requires far more amplification than a small conference room.
When shopping for a PA system, overestimate your wattage needs. A PA system that’s slightly larger thanwhat you need is more efficient (and sounds better) than a small system working at close to capacity.
2. The Purpose of your PA system drives its requirementsIf you intend to amplify music, as well as speech, your PA system requires some additional capabilities:
· Music amplification requires a system that covers a wider range of audio frequencies than speech.Make sure your PA system is able to reproduce sound in the high and low ranges as well as themiddle range of the audio spectrum.
· Music reproduction requires more wattage. Since music contains a wider frequency spectrumthan speech, power needs for music can more than double.
· Music sounds best in stereo. While a mono system may sound great in the relatively narrow rangeof speech, the complexity of music is better served by natural sounding stereo.
· More speakers will make your music sound better. Most PA systems designed for music featureindividually tuned single speakers put together in a package to reproduce a full frequency range.A good loudspeaker features a woofer for low frequencies, a tweeter for high frequencies, and ahorn for midrange frequencies.
While these considerations address the basic needs of pre-recorded music (or one or two musicians), keepin mind that sound systems for musical productions can become quite large and complex and thereforequite costly. Manufacturers such as Fender and Samson currently offer portable stereo PA systems.
3. Prestige events need a sound system that is either unobtrusive (built-in) or visually pleasingA prestigious event demands a different approach to a PA system.For example, at a formal ceremony a PA system should look the part: a freestanding podium housing canadd dignity to such occasions. Just add a built-in PA system to the housing and you have a completesystem that both amplifies the speaker’s voice and graces the occasion.
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Freestanding podiums with PA systems boast a wide range of styles to fit a variety of events.Acrylic podiums, for example, can lend a high-tech sheen to conferences or other businessevents, while a speech by a government official or religious leader can be well-served by atraditional hardwood podium such as the one pictured here.
For lecturers using written notes, a laptop, a media player, or a projector, many podiumsfeature large reading tables and even fold-out shelves for storage.Other podium accessories such as brass reading lamps serve to enhance the prestige of yourpresentations even as they add practical features for speakers.4. The Portability of a PA system is a cost-saving (and back-saving) feature
When a PA system will be used in multiple venues portability is a money-saving feature.
Handles, wheels, and compact cases enhance portability and become increasingly important in more powerful(heavier) PA systems.
Similarly, as the number of features in a PA system increases to accommodate more esoteric uses portabilitysuffers. Consider how often you will move your PA, and how far before opting to buy a heavier option-laden PA system.
In many cases where a PA system must be portable, the presenters need to be mobile as well. In thesesituations, consider a PA system that supports a wireless microphone solution. If a speaker needs to alsouse his/her hands consider a wireless handsfree microphone such as a lavaliere mic or a headband mic.
Also, if you will use your portable PA system outside or in places without AC power be sure to get a battery-powered system. You might even want to get a battery-powered PA systems with a rechargeable battery.Battery life of sound reinforcement systems can vary from 8 to 200 hours, so carefully consider the lengthof your event when estimating your battery needs.
5. Consider the Potential for expanding your PA System in the futureUnless you’re looking for a PA system for a specific ongoing purpose, consider thepurchase of a package that can grow with your needs.
An expandable PA that eliminates the need to buy a second or third PA system later onis often your most budget-friendly choice.
This is a good idea not only for sound production companies, but also for schools andhouses of worship, which often need a sound reinforcement system that will fit a variety of applications.
There are many ways your PA system can be expanded. Some of these include adding microphones,companion speakers, speaker stands, and additonal cables. In essence you want a PA system with multipleinput and out jacks.
For example, an expandable system should have extra outputs for either active or passive speakers. Youwill also need a line output to attach portable digital recorders or other recording devices. Then too, formultimedia and other presentations involving music, it’s important to have a line input to plug in your CDor other media player.
In general, a pre-packaged system should include the essentials like cables, speaker stands, and mic standsbut stock up on extras if you will be adding microphones or speakers to your PA system later.
6. PricePrice moves in synch with the features and the power of your system.
Price also increases with enhanced sound quality and the advanced engineering of components to reduceweight without sacrificing fidelity. AudioLink technicians have identified higher end systems with TOP OFTHE LINE and BEST BUY designations to help you recognize systems which give you a good return for yourmoney. It’s important to closely evaluate your exact needs before purchasing a feature you’re not likely touse. If you’re not sure, pick a system to which you can add features later if you find you can’t live withoutthem.
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GENERATORS
Generators are useful appliances that supply electrical power during a power outage and preventdiscontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations. Generators are available in differentelectrical and physical configurations for use in different applications. In the following sections, we willlook at how a generator functions, the main components of a generator, and how a generator operatesas a secondary source of electrical power in residential and industrial applications.
How does a generator work?An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an external sourceinto electrical energy as the output.
It is important to understand that a generator does not actually ‘create’ electrical energy. Instead, it usesthe mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges present in the wire ofits windings through an external electric circuit. This flow of electric charges constitutes the outputelectric current supplied by the generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering thegenerator to be analogous to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but does not actually‘create’ the water flowing through it.
The modern-day generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered by MichaelFaraday in 1831-32. Faraday discovered that the above flow of electric charges could be induced bymoving an electrical conductor, such as a wire that contains electric charges, in a magnetic field. Thismovement creates a voltage difference between the two ends of the wire or electrical conductor,which in turn causes the electric charges to flow, thus generating electric current.
Main components of a generatorThe main components of an electric generator can be broadly classified as follows (refer to illustrationabove):
(1) Engine, (2) Alternator, (3) Fuel System, (4) Voltage Regulator, (5) Cooling and Exhaust Systems(6) Lubrication System, (7) Battery Charger, (8) Control Panel, (9) Main Assembly / Frame
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Cable Selection Chart For DG Set (Water Cooled)
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BUILDING AUTOMATION
Building automation is the goal that a Building Management System or a (more recent terminology)Building Automation System (BAS) attempts to achieve. Both are examples of a distributed controlsystem - the computer networking of electronic devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical,security, fire and flood safety, lighting (especially emergency lighting), HVAC and humidity control andventilation systems in a building.
BAS core functionality keeps building climate within a specified range, lights rooms based on anoccupancy schedule (in the absence of overt switches to the contrary), monitors performance anddevice failures in all systems, provides malfunction alarms (via typically email and/or text notifications)to building engineering/maintenance staff and contractors. BAS reduce building energy andmaintenance costs compared to a non-controlled building. Typically they are financed through energyand insurance savings, and other savings associated with pre-emptive maintenance and quick detectionof issues.
A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building, “smart building”, or (if aresidence) a “smart home”. Commercial and industrial buildings have historically relied on robust provenprotocols (like BACnet) while proprietary and poorly integrated purpose-specific protocols (like X-10 orhave provided a standards-based foundation for heterogeneous networking of many devices on manyphysical networks for diverse purposes, and quality of service and failover guarantees appropriate tosupport human health and safety. Accordingly commercial, industrial, military and other institutionalusers now use systems that differ from home systems mostly in scale.
Almost all multi-story green buildings are designed to accommodate a BAS for the energy, air and waterconservation characteristics. Electrical device demand response is a typical function of a BAS, as is themore sophisticated ventilation and humidity monitoring required of “tight” insulated buildings. Mostgreen buildings also use as many low-power DC devices as possible, typically integrated with powerover Ethernet wiring, so by definition always accessible to a BAS through the Ethernet connectivity.Even a passivhaus design intended to consume no net energy whatsoever will typically require a BASto manage heat capture, shading and venting, and scheduling device use.
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HistoryThe term “Building Automation System”, loosely used, refers to any electrical control system that is used tocontrols a buildings heating, cooling, and ventilation system (HVAC). Modern BAS can also control indoorand outdoor lighting as well as security, fire alarms, and basically everything else that is electrical in thebuilding, on either AC or DC wiring. Old HVAC control systems, such as 24VDC wired thermostats, technicallyquality as a building automation system but most such buildings could benefit greatly from the newcontrol systems that are available.
Buses and protocolsMost building automation networks consist of a primary and secondary bus which connect high-levelcontrollers (generally specialized for building automation, but may be generic programmable logiccontrollers) with lower-level controllers, input/output devices and a user interface (also known as a humaninterface device). Modern systems use SNMP to track events, building on decades of history with SNMP-based protocols in the computer networking world.
Physical connectivity between devices was historically provided by dedicated optical fiber, ethernet, ARCNET,RS-232, RS-485 or a low-bandwidth special purpose wireless network. Modern systems rely on standards-based multi-protocol heterogeneous networking such as that specified in the IEEE 1905.1 standard andverified by the nVoy auditing mark. These accommodate typically only IP-based networking but can makeuse of any existing wiring, and also integrate powerline networking over AC circuits, power over Ethernetlow power DC circuits, high-bandwidth wireless networks such as LTE and IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11acand often integrate these using the building-specific wireless mesh open standard ZigBee).
Proprietary hardware dominates the controller market. Each company has controllers for specific applications.Some are designed with limited controls and no interoperability, such as simple packaged roof top unitsfor HVAC. Software will typically not integrate well with packages from other vendors. Cooperation is at theZigbee/BACnet/LonTalk level only.
Current systems provide interoperability at the application level, allowing users to mix-and-match devicesfrom different manufacturers, and to provide integration with other compatible building control systems.These typically rely on SNMP, long used for this same purpose to integrate diverse computer networkingdevices into one coherent network.
Types of inputs and outputsAnalog inputs are used to read a variable measurement. Examples are temperature, humidity and pressuresensor which could be thermistor, 4-20 mA, 0-10 volt or platinum resistance thermometer (resistancetemperature detector), or wireless sensors.
A digital input indicates if a device is turned on or not. Some examples of an inherently digital input wouldbe a 24VDC/AC signal, an air flow switch, or a volta-free relay contact (Dry Contact).
Analog outputs control the speed or position of a device, such as a variable frequency drive, a I-P (currentto pneumatics) transducer, or a valve or damper actuator. An example is a hot water valve opening up 25%to maintain a setpoint.
Digital outputs are used to open and close relays and switches. An example would be to turn on theparking lot lights when a photocell indicates it is dark outside.
ControllerVarious components that make up a building automation systemControllers are essentially small, purpose-built computers with input and output capabilities. Thesecontrollers come in a range of sizes and capabilities to control devices commonly found in buildings, andto control sub-networks of controllers.Inputs allow a controller to read temperatures, humidity, pressure, current flow, air flow, and other essentialfactors. The outputs allow the controller to send command and control signals to slave devices, and toother parts of the system. Inputs and outputs can be either digital or analog. Digital outputs are alsosometimes called discrete depending on manufacturer.
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Controllers used for building automation can be grouped in 3 categories. Programmable Logic Controllers(PLCs), System/Network controllers, and Terminal Unit controllers. However an additional device can alsoexist in order to integrate 3rd party systems (i.e. a stand-alone AC system) into a central Building automationsystem).
PLC’s provide the most responsiveness and processing power, but at a unit cost typically 2 to 3 times thatof a System/Network controller intended for BAS applications. Terminal Unit controllers are usually theleast expensive and least powerful.
PLC’s may be used to automate high-end applications such as clean rooms or hospitals where the cost ofthe controllers is less of a concern.
In office buildings, supermarkets, malls, and other common automated buildings the systems will useSystem/Network controllers rather than PLC’s. Most System controllers provide general purpose feedbackloops, as well as digital circuits, but lack the millisecond response time that PLC’s provide.
System/Network controllers may be applied to control one or more mechanical systems such as an AirHandler Unit (AHU), boiler, chiller, etc., or they may supervise a sub-network of controllers. In the diagramabove, System/Network controllers are often used in place of PLCs.
Terminal Unit controllers usually are suited for control of lighting and/or simpler devices such as apackage rooftop unit, heat pump, VAV box, or fan coil, etc. The installer typically selects 1 of the availablepre-programmed personalities best suited to the device to be controlled, and does not have to create newcontrol logic.
OccupancyOccupancy is one of two or more operating modes for a building automation system. Unoccupied, MorningWarmup, and Night-time Setback are other common modes.
Occupancy is usually based on time of day schedules. In Occupancy mode, the BAS aims to provides acomfortable climate and adequate lighting, often with zone-based control so that users on one side of abuilding have a different thermostat (or a different system, or sub system) than users on the opposite side.
A temperature sensor in the zone provides feedback to the controller, so it can deliver heating or coolingas needed.
If enabled, Morning Warmup (MWU) mode occurs prior to Occupancy. During Morning Warmup the BAStries to bring the building to setpoint just in time for Occupancy. The BAS often factors in outdoorconditions and historical experience to optimize MWU. This is also referred to as Optimised Start.
An override is a manually initiated command to the BAS. For example, many wall-mounted temperaturesensors will have a push-button that forces the system into Occupancy mode for a set number of minutes.Where present, web interfaces allow users to remotely initiate an override on the BAS.
Some buildings rely on occupancy sensors to activate lighting and/or climate conditioning. Given thepotential for long lead times before a space becomes sufficiently cool or warm, climate conditioning is notoften initiated directly by an occupancy sensor.
LightingLighting can be turned on, off, or dimmed with a building automation or lighting control system based ontime of day, or on occupancy sensor, photosensors and timers. One typical example is to turn the lights ina space on for a half hour since the last motion was sensed. A photocell placed outside a building cansense darkness, and the time of day, and modulate lights in outer offices and the parking lot.
Lighting is also a good candidate for Demand response, with many control systems providing the abilityto dim (or turn off ) lights to take advantage of DR incentives and savings.
In newer buildings, the lighting control is based on the field bus DALI. Lamps with DALI ballasts are fullydimmable. DALI can also detect lamp and ballast failures on DALI luminaires and signals failures.
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Air handlersMost air handlers mix return and outside air so less temperature/humidity conditioning is needed. This cansave money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled/hot water circuits). Someexternal air is needed to keep the building’s air healthy. To optimize energy efficiency while maintaininghealthy indoor air quality (IAQ), demand control (or controlled) ventilation (DCV) adjusts the amount ofoutside air based on measured levels of occupancy.
Analog or digital temperature sensors may be placed in the space or room, the return and supply air ducts,and sometimes the external air. Actuators are placed on the hot and chilled water valves, the outside airand return air dampers. The supply fan (and return if applicable) is started and stopped based on eithertime of day, temperatures, building pressures or a combination.
Constant volume air-handling unitsThe less efficient type of air-handler is a “constant volume air handling unit,” or CAV. The fans in CAVs donot have variable-speed controls. Instead, CAVs open and close dampers and water-supply valves tomaintain temperatures in the building’s spaces. They heat or cool the spaces by opening or closing chilledor hot water valves that feed their internal heat exchangers. Generally one CAV serves several spaces
Variable volume air-handling unitsA more efficient unit is a “variable air volume (VAV) air-handling unit,” or VAV.[3] VAVs supply pressurized airto VAV boxes, usually one box per room or area. A VAV air handler can change the pressure to the VAV boxesby changing the speed of a fan or blower with a variable frequency drive or (less efficiently) by movinginlet guide vanes to a fixed-speed fan. The amount of air is determined by the needs of the spaces servedby the VAV boxes.
Each VAV box supply air to a small space, like an office. Each box has a damper that is opened or closedbased on how much heating or cooling is required in its space. The more boxes are open, the more air isrequired, and a greater amount of air is supplied by the VAV air-handling unit.
Some VAV boxes also have hot water valves and an internal heat exchanger. The valves for hot and coldwater are opened or closed based on the heat demand for the spaces it is supplying. These heated VAVboxes are sometimes used on the perimeter only and the interior zones are cooling only.
A minimum and maximum CFM must be set on VAV boxes to assure adequate ventilation and proper airbalance.
VAV hybrid systemsAnother variation is a hybrid between VAV and CAV systems. In this system, the interior zones operate as ina VAV system. The outer zones differ in that the heating is supplied by a heating fan in a central locationusually with a heating coil fed by the building boiler. The heated air is ducted to the exterior dual ductmixing boxes and dampers controlled by the zone thermostat calling for either cooled or heated air asneeded.
Central plantA central plant is needed to supply the air-handling units with water. It may supply a chilled water system,hot water system and a condenser water system, as well as transformers and auxiliary power unit foremergency power. If well managed, these can often help each other. For example, some plants generateelectric power at periods with peak demand, using a gas turbine, and then use the turbine’s hot exhaust toheat water or power an absorptive chiller.
Chilled water systemChilled water is often used to cool a building’s air and equipment. The chilled water system will havechiller(s) and pumps. Analog temperature sensors measure the chilled water supply and return lines. Thechiller(s) are sequenced on and off to chill the chilled water supply.
A chiller is a refrigeration unit designed to produce cool (chilled) water for space cooling purposes. Thechilled water is then circulated to one or more cooling coils located in air handling units, fan-coils, orinduction units. Chilled water distribution is not constrained by the 100 foot separation limit that applies
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to DX systems, thus chilled water-based cooling systems are typically used in larger buildings. Capacitycontrol in a chilled water system is usually achieved through modulation of water flow through the coils;thus, multiple coils may be served from a single chiller without compromising control of any individualunit. Chillers may operate on either the vapor compression principle or the absorption principle. Vaporcompression chillers may utilize reciprocating, centrifugal, screw, or rotary compressor configurations.Reciprocating chillers are commonly used for capacities below 200 tons; centrifugal chillers are normallyused to provide higher capacities; rotary and screw chillers are less commonly used, but are not rare. Heatrejection from a chiller may be by way of an air-cooled condenser or a cooling tower (both discussedbelow). Vapor compression chillers may be bundled with an air-cooled condenser to provide a packagedchiller, which would be installed outside of the building envelope. Vapor compression chillers may also bedesigned to be installed separate from the condensing unit; normally such a chiller would be installed inan enclosed central plant space. Absorption chillers are designed to be installed separate from thecondensing unit.
Condenser water systemCooling tower(s) and pumps are used to supply cool condenser water to the chillers. Because the condenserwater supply to the chillers has to be constant, variable speed drives are commonly used on the coolingtower fans to control temperature. Proper cooling tower temperature assures the proper refrigerant headpressure in the chiller. The cooling tower set point used depends upon the refrigerant being used. Analogtemperature sensors measure the condenser water supply and return lines.
Hot water systemThe hot water system supplies heat to the building’s air-handling unit or VAV box heating coils, along withthe domestic hot water heating coils (Calorifier). The hot water system will have a boiler(s) and pumps.Analog temperature sensors are placed in the hot water supply and return lines. Some type of mixing valveis usually used to control the heating water loop temperature. The boiler(s) and pumps are sequenced onand off to maintain supply.
The installation and integration of variable frequency drives can lower the energy consumption of thebuilding’s circulation pumps to about 15% of what they had been using before. If that sounds hard tobelieve, I’ll explain, and we can do the math. A variable frequency drive functions by modulating thefrequency of the electricity provided to the motor that it powers. In the USA, the electrical grid uses afrequency of 60 Hertz or 60 cycles per second. Variable frequency drives are able to decrease the outputand energy consumption of motors by lowering the frequency of the electricity provided to the motor,however the relationship between motor output and energy consumption is not a linear one. If thevariable frequency drive provides electricity to the motor at 30 Hertz, the output of the motor will be 50%because 30 Hertz divided by 60 Hertz is 0.5 or 50%. The energy consumption of a motor running at 50% or30 Hertz will not be 50%, but will instead be something like 18% because the relationship between motoroutput and energy consumption are not linear. The exact ratios of motor output or Hertz provided to themotor (which are effectively the same thing), and the actual energy consumption of the variable frequencydrive / motor combination depend on the efficiency of the variable frequency drive. For example, becausethe variable frequency drive needs power itself to communicate with the building automation system, runit’s cooling fan, etc, if the motor always ran at 100% with the variable frequency drive installed the cost ofoperation or electricity consumption would actually go up with the new variable frequency drive installed.The amount of energy that variable frequency drives consume is nominal and is hardly worth considerationwhen calculating savings, however it did need to be noted that VFD’s do consume energy themselves. Dueto the fact that the variable frequency drives rarely ever run at 100% and spend most of their time in the40% output range, and the fact that now the pumps completely shut down when not needed, the variablefrequency drives have reduced the energy consumption of the pumps to around 15% of what they hadbeen using before.
Alarms and securityAll modern building automation systems have alarm capabilities. It does little good to detect a potentiallyhazardous or costly situation if no one who can solve the problem is notified. Notification can be through
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a computer (email or text message), pager, cellular phone voice call, audible alarm, or all of these. Forinsurance and liability purposes all systems keep logs of who was notified, when and how.
Alarms may immediately notify someone or only notify when alarms build to some threshold of seriousnessor urgency. At sites with several buildings, momentary power failures can cause hundreds or thousands ofalarms from equipment that has shut down - these should be suppressed and recognized as symptoms ofa larger failure. Some sites are programmed so that critical alarms are automatically re-sent at varyingintervals. For example, a repeating critical alarm (of an [uninterruptible power supply] in ‘by pass’) mightresound at 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and every 2 to 4 hours thereafter until the alarms are resolved.
Common temperature alarms are: space, supply air, chilled water supply, hot water supply.Pressure, humidity, biological and chemical sensors can determine if ventilation systems havefailed mechanically or become infected with contaminants that affect human health.Differential pressure switches can be placed on a filter to determine if it is dirty or otherwise notperforming.Status alarms are common. If a mechanical device like a pump is requested to start, and the statusinput indicates it is off, this can indicate a mechanical failure. Or, worse, an electrical fault thatcould represent a fire or shock hazard.Some valve actuators have end switches to indicate if the valve has opened or not.Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors can tell if concentration of these in the air are toohigh, either due to fire or ventilation problems in garages or near roads.Refrigerant sensors can be used to indicate a possible refrigerant leak.Current sensors can be used to detect low current conditions caused by slipping fan belts,clogging strainers at pumps, or other problems.
Security systems can be interlocked to a building automation system. If occupancy sensors are present,they can also be used as burglar alarms. Because security systems are often deliberately sabotaged, at leastsome detectors or cameras should have battery backup and wireless connectivity and the ability to triggeralarms when disconnected. Modern systems typically use power-over-Ethernet (which can operate a pan-tilt-zoom camera and other devices up to 30-90 watts) which is capable of charging such batteries andkeeps wireless networks free for genuinely wireless applications, such as backup communication in outage.
Fire alarm panels and their related smoke alarm systems are usually hard-wired to override buildingautomation. For example: if the smoke alarm is activated, all the outside air dampers close to prevent aircoming into the building, and an exhaust system can isolate the blaze. Similarly, electrical fault detectionsystems can turn entire circuits off, regardless of the number of alarms this triggers or persons thisdistresses. Fossil fuel combustion devices also tend to have their own over-rides, such as natural gas feedlines that turn off when slow pressure drops are detected (indicating a leak), or when excess methane isdetected in the building’s air supply.
Good BAS are aware of these overrides and recognize complex failure conditions. They do not sendexcessive alerts, nor do they waste precious backup power on trying to turn back on devices that thesesafety over-rides have turned off. A poor BAS, almost by definition, sends out one alarm for every alert, anddoes not recognize any manual, fire or electric or fuel safety override. Accordingly good BAS are often builton safety and fire systems.
Room automationRoom automation is a subset of building automation and with a similar purpose, it is the consolidation ofone or more systems under centralized control, though in this case in one room.
The most common example of room automation is corporate boardroom, presentation suites, and lecturehalls, where the operation of the large number of devices that define the room function (such asvideoconferencing equipment, video projectors, lighting control systems, public address systems etc.)would make manual operation of the room very complex. It is common for room automation systems toemploy a touchscreen as the primary way of controlling each operation.
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Performance Table for Water Pumpsets
A) DOMESTIC CENTRIFUGUAL PUMP
SPEED SUCTIONKW HP (R.P.M.) DISCHARGE PERFORMANCE
(MM)
.37 0.5 1425 25×25 Discharge 40 36 25 15
in LPM
Head in 8 10 15 20
MTR
.75 1 1425 25×25 Discharge 80 68 60 41
in LPM
Head in 10 15 20 30
MTR
0.5 2800 25×25 LPM 40 26 18 7
MTR 6 15 21 28
1 2800 25×25 LPM 56 42 29 45
Note : Max. suction lift is 7 mtr.
Submersible Motor PumpsPump Motor Details Dimensions Flow Rate (m3/hr.)type
Stage Type Rating Rated Overall Weight 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8Current length
kW HP A mm kg
7 0.37/2 0.37 0.50 3.2 620 11 38 33 27 23 16
10 0.37/2 0.37 0.50 3.2 685 12 55 48 38 33 23
13 0.37/2 0.37 0.50 3.2 755 12 71 62 50 43 30
15 0.55/2 0.55 0.75 4.7 830 13 82 71 57 49 35
18 0.55/2 0.55 0.75 4.7 895 14 99 86 69 59 41
21 0.75/2 0.80 1.10 5.7 985 15 115 100 80 69 48
25 0.75/2 0.80 1.10 5.7 1075 15 137 119 96 82 58
30 1.1/2 1.10 1.50 8.4 1300 18 165 143 115 98 69
35 1.1/2 1.10 1.50 8.4 1410 18 192 166 134 115 81
40 1.5/2 1.50 2.00 11.0 1570 21 220 190 153 131 92
45 1.5/2 1.50 2.00 11.0 1680 21 247 214 172 148 104
50 1.5/2 1.50 2.00 11.0 1795 22 275 238 192 164 115
Hea
d (
m)
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Pump Motor Details Dimensions Flow Rate (m3/hr.)type
Stage Type Rating Rated Overall Weight 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.8Current length
kW HP A mm kg
7 0.37/2 0.37 0.50 3.2 620 11 38 33 28 21 15
11 0.55/2 0.55 0.75 4.7 740 13 60 52 45 33 24
13 0.75/2 0.80 1.10 5.7 800 14 71 62 53 39 28
15 0.75/2 0.80 1.10 5.7 850 14 82 71 61 45 33
18 1.1/2 1.10 1.50 8.4 960 16 98 86 73 54 39
21 1.1/2 1.10 1.50 8.4 1030 16 114 100 85 63 46
23 1.1/2 1.10 1.50 8.4 1100 17 125 109 93 69 50
25 1.1/2 1.10 1.50 8.4 1120 17 136 119 101 75 55
27 1.5/2 1.50 2.00 11.0 1210 19 147 128 109 81 59
30 1.5/2 1.50 2.00 11.0 1280 19 164 143 122 90 65
Hea
d (
m)
Cable size (fitted at works) = 1.52
Cable length = 3 mtrs.Min. well diameter = 100 mmNRV size = 32 mmNominal speed = 2900 rpm
1 m3/hr. = 1000 LPH1 M3/HR = 16.67 lpm1 m = 3.29 ft.
Pump Motor Details Dimensions Flow Rate (m3/hr.)type
Stage Type Rating Rated Overall Weight 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0Current length
kW HP A mm kg
7 1.25/21 1.10 1.50 3.5 1030 24 42 39 34 27 15
10 1.9/21 1.50 2.00 5.1 1250 30 60 55 48 38 22
12 2.5/21 2.20 3.00 6.6 1390 34 72 66 58 46 26
15 2.5/21 2.20 3.00 6.6 1500 34 90 83 72 57 33
19 3.3/21 3.00 4.00 8.4 1680 38 114 105 91 72 42
22 3.8/21 3.70 5.00 9.5 1820 40 132 121 106 84 48
25 3.8/21 3.70 5.00 9.5 1920 40 150 138 120 95 55
31 4.5/22 4.50 6.00 13.0 2180 44 186 171 149 118 68
35 5.5/22 5.50 7.50 14.5 2370 46 210 193 168 133 77
Hea
d (
m)
Pump Motor Details Dimensions Flow Rate (m3/hr.)type
Stage Type Rating Rated Overall Weight 2 3 4 5 6Current length
kW HP A mm kg
6 0.8/21 0.80 1.10 2.6 900 20 36 33 30 25 19
8 0.8/21 0.80 1.10 2.6 950 20 47 44 40 33 25
10 1.25/21 1.10 1.50 3.5 1050 25 59 56 50 41 31
12 1.25/21 1.10 1.50 3.5 1100 25 71 67 60 50 37
15 1.9/21 1.50 2.00 5.1 1290 31 89 83 74 62 47
17 2.5/21 2.20 3.00 6.6 1420 34 101 94 84 70 53
19 2.5/21 2.20 3.00 6.6 1470 35 113 105 94 78 59
23 2.5/21 2.20 3.00 6.6 1570 35 136 128 114 95 71
25 3.3/21 3.00 4.00 8.4 1670 38 148 139 124 103 78
30 3.3/21 3.00 4.00 8.4 1805 39 178 167 149 124 93
35 3.8/21 3.70 5.00 9.5 2010 41 208 194 174 145 109
40 3.8/21 3.70 5.00 9.5 2140 42 237 222 198 165 124
45 4.5/22 4.50 6.00 13.0 2270 43 267 250 223 186 140
50 4.5/22 4.50 6.00 13.0 2395 45 297 278 248 207 155
Hea
d (
m)
Submersible Motor Pumps
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Height over V notch
In Inches
Yield in LPM
over 45 oV over 90oV
1.0 3.9 9.41.25 6.7 16.21.5 10.6 25.61.75 15.5 37.42.0 21.5 51.92.5 37.5 90.53.0 58.5 142.04.0 120.0 290.05.0 209.0 505.06.0 328.0 794.07.0 480.0 1159.08.0 670.0 1620.09.0 897.0 2166.0
10.0 1165.0 2813.0
Selection, Installation & Maintenance of Submersible Pumpsets(A) Selection:1.0 The selection of submersible pumpset depends upon the following factors
(a) Yield of the bore well.(b) Depth to low water level of bore.(c) Height and length to which water is to be pumped.(d) Water requirements.
1.1 Yield of Bore Well:The continuous unrestrained flow through a bore is called yield of the bore well. The yied ofbore well depends upon(a) nature of source(b) no. of veins (source) tapped(c) subsoil water level
A well drilled in summer normally shows a low yield which is likely to improve in the monsoon.Similarly a well drilled in October may even become dry in summer.It is a good practice to select a pump such that is does not exceed the maximum yield of the well.Thus ensure that
(a) The pump does not run dry in the bore thereby enhancing the pump’s life.(b) water of the bore does not become saline.Normally the driller of the well is supposed to provide the accurate information regarding.(a) No. of veins and distance from ground level at which these veins have been tapped.(b) the maximum yield of the well.
The yied of the well is expressed by many drillers in terms of height over a V notch.(Table 1) gives discharge in LPM to corresponding heights over V notch.
Table 1 : Discharge over V Notch
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1.2 Depth to low water level :
If the pumped capacity of the well is matched to the yield to the well then obviously themaximum depth to low water level has to adjust to the height at which the last vein is tappedin the bore.
1.3 Height and length of delivery point :
The height to which the water is to be pumped has to be precisely estimated. This is mostimportant specially on long upward inclined terrains. The length of the pipeline and the heightto which the water is to be pumped together with the depth to low water level decides thetotal head of the pumpset.
Friction in long pipeline is to be calculated. (Table 2) gives friction losses per 100 meters ofpipeline. From table it can be seen that higher diameter pipes gives lower frictional heads. Thishelps to reduce load on pump and thus increase its life. Following examples will help you tocalculate friction head for different length.
Ex. A : Ex. B :
Pipe length 550 M Discharge 800 lpmDiameter of pipe = 80 mm Pipe line diameter = 100 mmDischarge through pipe = 300 lpm The table is given only for 500 lpm For 800 lpmThen friction head from Table 2 & 100 mm dia pipe, Friction head per 100M= (550/100) × 2.01 = 11.05 M = (800/500)2 × 1.83 = 4.68 M
Table 2 : Frictional head lost in GI pipe - Head lost in M. per 100M
‘Q’Discharge
in lpm
40 50 65 80 100
40 1.15 0.38 0.10 0.03 0.0160 2.57 0.84 0.22 0.08 0.0380 4.58 1.50 0.40 0.14 0.05
100 7.16 2.36 0.63 0.22 0.07120 10.30 3.38 0.91 0.32 0.11150 16.10 5.30 1.42 0.50 0.17180 23.20 7.60 2.05 0.72 0.24240 41.25 13.52 3.64 1.29 0.42300 64.45 21.12 5.69 2.01 0.66360 30.41 8.19 2.90 0.95400 37.55 10.11 3.58 1.17500 15.80 5.59 1.83
Note : For intermediate value Q1, to find head lost in friction hfq1
hfq1 = (Q1/Q)2 × hfq
Where hfq is head lost in Q discharge. (Q is discharge in lpm)
Nominaldia in mm
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BATTERY & BATTERY CAPACITY
A battery is an important source of power in modern electronic & electrical equipment.Batteries are made up of cells. Each cell provides 2.1 volt.The number of cells in a battery is related to the desired voltage & required currentCommon TerminilogyThe open circuit emf of a battery is the battery voltage with no load.
Terminal voltage when battery is supplying power to load is called output voltage or load voltage
The lowest voltage that a cell can tolerate and still be functional is called its end point voltage
BATTERY CAPACITYThe single characteristic of a battery in which everyone is interested its current capacity Unfortunately thereis no simple way for a precise calculation or determination of current capacity of a battery
The capacity of a battery is defined by Ampere Hour (AH) which is the product of current in ampere and timein hours. E.g. A 60 AH battery will supply 3 amp. for 20 hours. Normally battery capacity is defined at 20 hourdischarge & knows as C20 rating i.e. the capacity will hold good if the battery is discharged in 20 hours.Capacity will reduce if battery is to be discharged at less than 20 hours & will increase if it is discharged atmore than 20 hours. Industrial batteries are rated at 10 hour discharge & capacity is known as C 10 rating. A120 AH battery of C10 rating will deliver 135 AH at 20 hour discharge & 100 AH at 5 hour discharge.
TYPICAL VALUE OF BATTERY RATING AT DIFFERENT DISCHARGE RATEBattery Capacity C20 C10 C5 C3 C1
135 AH 135 120 100 86 60
150 AH 150 125 104 90 62.5
180 AH 180 160 133 115 80
225 AH 225 200 167 143 100
CALCULATION OF BACK UP TIMESuppose we want to find out back up time of our inverter or UPS for followingInverter or UPS is of 800 VA capacity & size of battery is 12 volt 150 AHBack up time depends on actual consumption of load, say load consumption is 300 VA
Backup time H in hour = Battery capacity in AH A in amp.
where A = Load consumed (A = Amp. delivered to load by the battery)Eff. × Battery Volt
hence A = 300VA = 27.7 or 28 Amp. ( Efficiency is taken to be .9).9 × 12V
Backup time H in hour = 150 AH = 3.7 hours. 28 Amp.
So back up time will be 3 hour 42 minutes
Similarly using the above mentioned formula battery capacity for required back up time may be calculated,Battery capacity in AH = Required back up hour × Amp. Consumed by loador Battery capacity in AH = Required back up hour × Load consumed in VA
Eff. × battery Volt
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Protection against Ingress of Dust, Solid Objects and moisture(IP Classification)
First Number : Second Number :
Degree of Protection against accidential Degree of Protection against ingress ofContact / contact with external elements. moisture
First Second
Number Description Explanation Number Description Explanation
0 Non Protected Not Protected 0 Non-Protected Not protected against moisture
1 Hand Protected Protected against solid object 1 Drip-Prof Water drips falling vertically shall
exceeding 50 mm in diameter against vertical have no harmful effect
water drops
2 Finger protected Protected against finger 2 Drip-proof Water drips shall no harmfull
Contact with live parts; against when titled at effect
solid objects exceeding 12 mm angles up to 15O
in diameter
3 Tool protected Protected against contact with 3 Rain-/spray- Water falling at an angle of
live parts of tools, wire or similar proof upto 60O Shall have no
objects over 2.5 mm thick; harmful effect
protection against, penetration
of solid objects exeeding
2.5 mm in diametter
4 Wire protected Protected aginst contact 4 Splash-proof Splashing water from any
with live parts by tools, wire or direction Shall have no
similar objects over 1 mmthick; harmful effect
protection against penetration
of solid object exceeding 1mm
in diameter
5 Dust Complete protection against 5 Jet-proof Water projected by a nozzle
accumulation contact with live parts and from any direction shall have
protected against harmful accum ulation no harmful effect. (Nozzle
of dust; some dust may diameter 6.3 mm, pressure
penetrate but not to the extent 30 kPa)
that operation is impaired
6 Dust Complete protection against 6 Jet-proof Water projected by a nozzle from
Penetration contact with live parts and any direction shall have no harmful
protected against penetration of dust effect. (nozzle diameter 12.5 mm.
pressure 100 kPa)
7 Watertight Watertight, temporary immersion
in water under specified conditionsof pressure and time possible with-out ingress of water in harmfulquantities
8 Pressure Pressure watertight; continuouswatertight submersion in waterunder specified conditions ofpressure and harmful quantities
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The following items have been included in the Compulsory ISI Markation Order known as Electrical Wires, Cables, appliances and Accessories (Quality Control) Order,2003 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part - IV
S. No. Item Standard
1. Safety of household and similar electrical appliances Electrical immersion water heaters. IS: 302-2-201 (1992)2. Safety of household and similar electrical appliances Electric Iron. IS: 302-3-3 (1992)3. Safety of household and similar electrical appliances Electric Stoves. IS: 302-2-202 (1992)4. Safety of household and similar electrical appliances Electric Redietors. IS: 302-30 (1992)5. Switches for domestic and similar purposes. IS: 3854 : 19886. 2 Amp. Switches for domestic and similar purposes. IS : 4949 : 19687. Tungsten Filament General Services Lamps. (15 wt. to 100 wt.) IS: 4188. Self bailested lamps for general lighting services : Part 1 IS: 15111 (Pt. 1)9. Self bailested lamps for general lighting services : Part 2 Porformance requirements. IS: 15111 (Pt. 2)10. Electrical Accasscries - Circuit Breakers for over current protention for household and similar installations. IS: 882811. Residual current operated circuit Breakers for household and similar uses (Pt. 1) : Circuit breakers. IS: 12640 (Pt. 1)
without integral overcurrent protection (RCCBs).12. Residual current operated circuit Breakers for household and similar uses (Pt. 2) Circuit breakers
with integral overcurrent protection (RCVOs). SI: 12640 (Pt. 2)13. Low voltage fuses for voltages not exceeding 1000 V IS: 13703 (Pt. 2)
AC or 1500V DC (Pt. 2) fuses for use by authorised persons.14. High voltage fuses (Pt. 1): current limiting fuses. IS: 9385 (Pt. 1)15. High voltage fuses (Pt. 2): expulsion similar fuses. IS: 9385 (Pt. 2)16. Low voltage switchgear & control gear - (Pt. 2) circuit breakers. IS: 13947 (Pt. 2)17. Low voltage switchgear & control gear - (Pt. 3) switches, disconnectors, switch disconnectors IS: 13947 (Pt. 3)
and fuse combination units.18. Low voltage switchgear & control gear - (Pt. 4) contactors and motor starters. IS: 13947 (Pt. 4)19. Low voltage switchgear & control gear. (Pt. 5) control circuit devices & switching elements. IS: 13947 (Pt. 5)20. PVC insulated cables for working Voltages upto and including 1100 V. IS: 69421. Elastomer insuleted cables (Pt. 1) for working voltages upto and including 1100 V. IS: 9968 (Pt. 1)22. AC Watt-hour meters, class 0.5, 1 & 2 (KWH) IS: 1301023. AC static watt-hour meters, class 1 & 2 (KWH) IS: 1377924. AC static transformer operated watt-hour and VAR-hour meters, class 0.2S & 0.5S IS: 1469725. 3 Pin Plug & socket outlets IS: 1293 : 1988
COMPULSORY ISI MARKATION ORDER
S. No. Household Electrical Appliances Standard
1. Storage Type Automatic Electric Water Heaters IS: 2082 - 19932. Rubber Insulated Cable (with Copper Conductors) IS: 434(Pt. 1)-19823. Rubber Insulated Cable (with Aluminium Conductors) IS: 434(Pt. 11)-19644. Polythene Insulated & PVC Sheathed Cables upto and including 1100 Volts. IS: 1596-19775. Electric Hot Plates IS: 365-19836. Domestic Electric Food Mixers Liquizers, blenders and grinders IS: 4250-19807. Electric Toasters IS: 1287-19938. Electric Coffee Percolators (Non-regulator type) IS: 3514-19669. Electric Kettles & Jugs for Household and similar use IS: 367-199310. Domestic Electric Clothes Washing Machine (Non-Automatic) IS: 6390-197111. Electric Water Boilers IS: 3412-199412. Mains-operated Electric Shavers IS: 5159-196913. Mains-operated Electric Hair Dryers IS: 7154- 199414. Domestic Electric Cooking Ovens IS: 5790-198515. Steam Irons IS: 6290-198616. Flexible Electric Heating Rods for Domestic Use IS: 5161-196917. Portable hand held Mains-operated Electric Massagers IS: 7137-197318. Portable Low Speed Grinding Machine IS: 7603-197519. Appliance-connectors and Appliance Inlets (Non-reversible three pin type) Appliance IS: 3010 (Pt. 1)196520. Appliance-connectors and Appliance Inlets (Non-reversible three pin type) Connectors IS: 3010(Pt. 11) 196521. Thermostats for use with Electric Water Heater IS: 3017-198522. Cartidge Type Heating Elements (non-embeded type) IS: 3724- 196623. Resistance Wires. Tapes & Strips for Heating Elements IS: 3725- 196624. Solid Embded Type Electric Heating Elements IS: 4158-198525. Mineral Filled Sheathed Heating Elements IS: 4159-198326. Thermostats for General Purpose Electric Ovens IS: 4165-199127. Mica Insulatd Heating Elements IS: 6446-198628. Electric Portable Lampstands and Brackets IS: 3481-196629. Three Pin Plugs made of Resilient Materials IS: 6538-197130. Bayonel Lamp Holders IS: 1258-198731. Electric Instantaneous Water Heaters IS: 8978-199232. Single Walled Baking Ovens IS: 8985-1978
SCHEDULE OF HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES APPENDED TO THE HOUSEHOLDELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (QUALITY CONTROL) ORDER, 1981
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DIMENSION OF STANDARD SLIP JOINT POLYGONAL HIGH MASTFOR MAXIMUM WIND SPEED OF 180 Km/hr.
UHM10 1000 2 5250 4,4 8 100 300 500x20 400 M24x800 4 175x750 1Drum 500 6 4
UHM10.5 10500 2 5500 4,4 8 100 300 500x20 400 M24x800 4 175x750 1Drum 500 6 4
UHM 11 11000 2 5750 4,4 8 100 305 500x20 400 M24x800 4 175x750 1Drum 500 6 4
UHM 11.5 11500 2 6000 4,4 8 100 310 500x20 400 M24x900 4 175x150 1Drum 500 6 4
UHM 12 12000 2 6250 5,4 8 100 315 550x20 450 M24x900 6 200x1000 1Drum 500 6 6
UHM12.5 12500 2 6525 5,4 8 100 320 550x20 450 M24x900 6 200x1000 1Drum 500 6 6
UHM 13 13000 2 6775 5,4 8 100 325 550x25 450 M24x900 6 200x1000 1Drum 500 6 6
UHM 13.5 13500 2 7050 5,4 8 100 330 550x25 450 M24x1000 6 200x1000 1Drum 500 6 6
UHM 14 14000 2 7300 5,4 8 100 335 550x25 450 M24x1375 6 200x1000 1Drum 500 6 6
UHM 15 15000 3 5325 5,4,4 20 200 410 610x25 525 M24x1500 6 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM 16 16000 3 5685 5,4,4 20 200 425 635x25 550 M24x1800 6 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM 18 18000 3 6400 5,4,4 20 200 440 690x32 570 M32x1375 6 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM20 20000 3 7115 5,4,4 20 200 450 700x32 580 M32x1375 8 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM24 24000 3 8700 5,4,4 20 200 500 745x32 640 M40x1400 8 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM25 25000 3 9000 5,4,4 20 200 510 755x32 650 M40x1800 8 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM30 30000 3 10700 5,4,4 20 200 660 895x32 790 M40x1500 12 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
UHM36 36000 4 9850 6,5,4,4 20 200 738 975x32 875 M40x1800 12 300x1400 2Drum *750 9/12 6
TypeTotal
HeightNo. Length Thickness Sides
Segment Details TopFace
to FaceInside
BottomFace to
FaceInside
CircularBasePlateO.D.×Thick
P.C.D.of
Bolt
Sizeof Bolt
No.of Bolt
DoorOpening
WinchSWLCap.
No. ofFitting
Dia ofRope
* Winch capacity may change depending on luminaires Make/Type
Note : 1. Mast for higher as lower wind speed can be customized.2. Dimensions are subject to change based on location of Mast installation (wind speed & soil condition etc.)3. All designs approved by Chartered Engineers & Institutions.
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mmkg.
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TARIFF SCHEDULE FOR FY 2012-13APPLICABLE FROM 1ST AUGUST 20121
Domestic Service (DS)
Applicability:
Domestic Service-I, Domestic Service-II, Domestic Service-III and Domestic Service HTThis schedule shall apply to all residential premises for domestic use for household electric appliances suchas Radios, Fans, Televisions, Desert Coolers, Air Conditioner, etc. and including Motors pumps for lifting waterfor domestic purposes and other household electrical appliances not covered under any other schedule.
This rate is also applicable for supply to religious institutions such as Temples, Gurudwaras, Mosques, Churchand Burial/Crematorium ground and other recognised charitable institutions, where no rental or fees arecharged whatsoever. If any fee or rentals are charged, such institution will be charged under Non domesticcategory.
Rural drinking water schemes which are managed by. Panchayats and User's Co-operatives are also includedunder this Category and corresponding Tariff would be charged depending upon the load of Pumpingmotors as applicable to the DS catecory.
Category of Services:
(a) Domestic Service–DS-1 (a): For Kutir Jyoti Connection only for connected load up to 100 Watt for RuralAreas.
(b) Domestic Service–DS-I (b): For rural areas not covered by area indicated under DS-II for connected loadupto 2 kW, including rural drinking water schemes having motor pumps with load upto 2 kW.
(c) Domestic Service–DS-II For Urban areas covered by notified Area Committee/municipality/MunicipalCorporation/ All District Town / All sub-divisional Town / All Block Headquarters / Industrial Area /contiguous sub-urban area all market places urban or rural and for connected load upto 4 kW, includingrural drinking water schemes having motors pumps with load above 2 kW but not exceeding 4 kW.
(d) Domestic Service–DS-III: For Urban areas covered by notified Area Committee/Municipality/ MunicipalCorporation / All District Town / All sub-divisional Town / All Block Headquarters/ Industrial Area /contiguous sub-urban area all market places urban or rural and for connected load exceeding for kWand up to 85.044 kW, including rural drinking water schemes having motor pumps with load exceeding4 kW.
(e) Domestic service–HT (DS–HT): This Schedule shall apply for Domestic Connection in Housing Colonies/Housing Complex / Houses of multi storied buildings purely for residential use for single point meteredsupply, with power supply at 11 kV voltage level and load above 85.044 kW.
Service Character:
(i) For DS-I (a): AC, 50 Cycles, Single phase at 230 volts for Kutir Jyoti connection for load upto 100 Watt.
(ii) For DS-I (b): AC, 50 Cycles, Single Phase at 230 Volts for load upto 2 kW.
(iii) For DS-II: AC, 50 Cycles, Single Phase at 230 Volts for installed load up to 4 kW.
(iv) For DS-III: AC, 50 Cycles, three Phase at 400 Volts for installed load exceeding 4 kW and upto 85.044 kW.
(v) For DS-HT: AC, 50 Cycles, at 11 kV for installed load above 85.044 kW.
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Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV or Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Non-Domestic Service (NDS)Applicability:
This schedule shall apply to all consumers, using electrical energy for light, fan and power loads for non-domestic purposes like shops, hospitals (Govt. or private), nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, restaurants,hotels, clubs, guest house, marriage houses, public halls, show rooms, workshops, central air-conditioningunits, offices (Govt. or private), commercial establishments, cinemas, X-ray plants, schools and colleges (Govt.or private), boarding/lodging houses, libraries (Govt. or private), research institutes (Govt. or private), railwaystations, fuel- oil stations, service station (Including vehicle service stations), All India Radio/ T.V. installations,printing presses, commercial trusts/societies, Museums, poultry farms, banks theatres, common facilities inmulti-storied commercial office/buildings, Dharmshalas, and such other installations not covered under anyother tariff schedule.
Service Category :Non-Domestic Service (NDS)–I Rural: For Rural Areas not covered by area indicated for NDS-II and for connectedload upto 2 kW.
Non-Domestic Service (NDS)-II, Urban: For Urban Areas covered by Notified Areas committee/ municipality/Municipal Corporation / All District Town / All Sub-divisional Town/All Block Hqrs. /Industrial Area & ContiguousSub-urban areas, market place rural or urban & connected load up to 85.044 KW (100 kVA), except for categoriescovered under NDS-III. This schedule shall also apply to commercial consumer of rural area having connectedload above 2 kW.
Non-Domestic Service (NDS)-III: For electricity supply availed through separate (independent) connections forthe purpose of advertisements, hoardings and other conspicuous consumption such as external flood light,displays neon signs at public places (roads, railway stations, airports etc.), departmental stores, commercialestablishments, malls, multiplexes, theaters, clubs hotels and other such entertainment / leisure establishments.
Provided that the electricity, that is used for the purpose of indicating/displaying the name and other detailsof the shops or Commercial premises, for which electric supply is rendered, shall not be covered under NDS-III Consumer category. Such usage of electricity shall be covered under the prevailing tariff of such shops orcommercial premises.
Consumer Category Fixed Charges
Domestic Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)DS-I (a), Kutir Jyoti (metered) (0-50) Rs/ Conn/Month 15 1.20DS-I (a), Kutir Jyoti (metered) (50-100) Rs/ Conn/Month 15 1.20DS-I (a), Kutir Jyoti (Unmetered) Rs/ Conn/Month 40 NilDS-I (b), metered (0-200) Rs/ Conn/Month 25 1.40DS-I (b), metered (above 200) Rs/ Conn/Month 25 1.50DS-I (b), unmetered Rs/ Conn/Month 100 NilDS-II, <= 4 kW Total0-200 Rs/ Conn/Month 40 2.40201 & above Rs/ Conn/Month 60 2.90DS-III, Above 4 kW Rs/ Conn/Month 100 3.00DS HT Rs/ kV A/Month 75 2.60
Energy Charges
Tariff:
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Service Category :NDS-I: AC 50 Cycles, Single phase at 230 Volts for load up to 2 kW
NDS - II: AC 50 Cycles, Single phase at 230 Volts or Three Phase at 400 Volts for load exceeding 2 kW and upto85.044 kW
NDS-III: AC 50 Cycles, Single phase at 230 Volts for load up to 2 kW & AC 50Cycles, Three Phase at 400 Voltsfor load exceeding 2 kW
Tariff:
Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV or Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Installation of Shunt capacitors: In accordane with Clause VII of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Low Tension Industrial & Medium Power Service (LTIS)
Applicability:
This schedule shall apply to all industrial units applying for a load of less than or equal to 100 kVA (orequivalent in terms of HP or kW.)
The equivalent HP for 100 kVA shall be 114 HP and the equivalent kW for 100 kVA shall be 85.004 kW.
Service Character:
AC, 50 Cycles, Single Phase supply at 230 Volts or 3 Phase Supply at 400 volts. Demand Based tariff/Installationbased tariff for sanctioned load upto 85.044 kW.
Tariff:
Installation Based Tariff: All consumers under this category and opting for Installation based tariff shall berequired to pay fixed charges per HP as per the applicable tariff rates for this category. If the inspecting officerduring the inspection of a premises finds excess load (more than 114 HP) then the inspecting officer has toserve one month notice to the consumer for regularisation of excess load (above 114 HP). After the expiry ofthe said one month, the inspecting officer will inspect the premises again and if he still finds un-regularizedload in the premises, action may be taken as per law.
Consumer Category Fixed Charges
LTIS Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)
LTIS (Installation based Tariff ) Rs/HP/Month 130 4.90
Energy Charges
Consumer Category Fixed Charges
Non-Domestic Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)
NDS-I metered (<=2 kW) (0-100) Rs/ Conn/Month 30 1.75
NDS-I metered (<=2 kW) (above-100) Rs/ Conn/Month 30 1.75
NDS-I unmetered (<=2 KW) Rs/ kW/Month Rs. 175 per kW per month or partthereof for connected load up to 1 kW NIL
Rs 60 per kW per month for eachadditional 1 kW or part thereof
NDS-II Rs/ kW/Month Rs 175 per kW per month or part 5.25thereof
NDS-III (Advertising & Hoardings) Rs/ Conn/Month 150 6.00
Energy Charges
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Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Power Factor Penalty / Rebate: In accordance with Clause II of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Installation of Shunt Capacitors: In accordance with Clause VII of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Irrigation & Agriculture Service (IAS)
Applicability:
This schedule shall apply to all consumers for use of electrical energy for Agriculture purposes including tubewells and processing of the agricultural produce, confined to Chaff-Cutter, Thresher, Cane crusher and Rice-Hauler, when operated by the agriculturist in the field of farm and does not include Rice mills, Flour mills, Oilmills, Dal mills, Rice-Hauler or expellers.
Service Category:IAS-I: For private tube wells and private lift irrigation schemes.
IAS-II: For State Tube-wells and State lift Irrigation schemes.
Service Character:
AC 50 Cycles, Single Phase at 230 volts/3 Phase at 400 volts
Tariff:
Demand Based Tariff: All consumers under this category and opting for Demand Based tariff shall be requiredto pay Demand charges per kVA at the rate applicable to HT consumers drawing power at 11 kV. Therestriction of connected load will not apply to consumers opting for Demand Based Tariff.
Consumer Category Demand Charges
LTIS Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)
LTIS (Demand based Tariff ) Rs/ kVA/Month 235 4.90
Energy Charges
Note: The billing demand shall be the maximum demand recorded during the month or 50% of contract demand whichever is higher. In case actualdemand is recorded at more than 100 kVA in any month, the same shall be treated as the new contract demand for the purpose of billing of futuremonths and the consumer will have to get into a new Agreement under the HTS cagtegory for the revised contracted demand with the Petitioneras per the terms and conditions of HT supply.
Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Power Factor Penalty/ Rebate: In accordance with Clause II of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Installation of Shunt capacitors: In accordance with clause VII of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided in
Consumer Category Fixed Charges
Irrigation & Agricultural (IAS) Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)
IAS-I (metered) Rs/ HP/Month NIL 0.60
IAS-I (unmetered) Rs/ HP/Month 70 NIL
IAS-II (metered) Rs/ HP/Month NIL 1.00
Agriculture- IAS-II (unmetered) Rs/ HP/Month 280 NIL
Energy Charges
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Note: The billing demand shall be the maximum demand recorded during the month or 75% of contract demand whichever is higher. The penaltyof exceeding billing demand will be applicable in accordance with clause I of Terms & conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of this Tariff Order.
Voltage Rebate: In accordance with clause V of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of thisTariff Order.
Load Factor Rebate: In accordance with Clause VI of Terms & Conditins of Supply as provided in Section 14 ofthis Tariffe Order.
Delayed Payment Surcharge: For High tension service category, the Delayed Payment Surcharge will becharged on a weekly basis at the rate of 0.4% per week. The due date for making payment of energy bills orother charges shall be fifteen days from the date of serving of bill. The bill should be generated and deliveredon monthly basis. In case, the licensee defaults in generating and delivering bills on monthly basis, DPS willnot be charged for the period of default by licensee.
Power Factor Penalty/Rebate: In accordance with clause II of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
TOD Tariff for HTS Consumers: In accordance with clause VIII of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
HT Special Service (HTSS)Applicability:
This tariff shedule shall apply to all consumers who have a contracted demand of 300 KVA and more forinduction/arc Furnace. In case of induction/arc furnace consumers (applicable for existing and new consumers),the contract demand shall be based on the total capacity of the induction/arc furnace and the equipment asper manufacturer technical specification and not on the basis of measurement. This tariff schedule will notapply to casting units having induction furnace of melting capacity of 500 Kg or below.
Service Character:50 Cycles, 3 Phase at 11 kV / 33kV / 132 kV / 220 kV / 400 kV
Tariff:
Section 14 of this Tariff Order.
High Tension Voltage Supply Service (HTS)Applicability:The schedule shall apply for consumers having contract demand above 100 kVA.
Service Character:50 Cycles, 3 Phase at 6.6 kV / 11 kV / 132 kV / 220 kV / 400 kV
Tariff:
Consumer Category Demand Charges
HTS Unit Rate Rate (Rs/KWh)
11 kV & 33kV Rs/ kVA/Month 235 5.40
132 kV & above Rs/ kVA/Month 235 5.40
Energy Charges
Consumer Category Demand Charges
HTS Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)11 kV Rs/ kVA/Month 410 3.2533 kV Rs/ kVA/Month 410 3.25132 kV & above Rs/ kVA/Month 410 3.25
Energy Charges
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Voltage Rebate: In accordance with clause V of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of thisTariff Order.
Load Factor Rebate: In accordance with Clause VI of Terms & Conditins of Supply as provided in Section 14 ofthis Tariffe Order.
Delayed Payment Surcharge: For High tension service category, the Delayed Payment Surcharge will becharged on a weekly basis at the rate of 0.4% per week. The due date for making payment of energy bills orother charges shall be fifteen days from the date of serving of bill. The bill should be generated and deliveredon monthly basis. In case, the licensee defaults in generating and delivering bills on monthly basis, DPS willnot be charged for the period of default by licensee.
Power Factor Penalty/ Rebate: In accordance with Clause II of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Railway Traction Service (RTS)Applicability
This Tariff schedule shall apply for use of railway traction only.
Service Character:
AC 50 Cycles, Single Phase at 25 kV or 132 kV.
Triff:
Consumer Category Fixed Charges
Consumer Category Unit Rate Rate (Rs/KWh)
RTS Rs/kVA/Month 220 5.40
Energy Charges
Note: The billing demand shall be the maximum demand recorded during the month or 75% of contract demand whichever is higher. The penaltyof exceeding billing demand will be applicable in accordance with clause I of Terms & conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of this Tariff Order.
Maximum Demand for RTS:The demand charge shall be applied on maximum demand recorded or 75% of the contract demand whichever is higher atany fifteen minutes time block for which the meter installed should have 15 minutes integration time.
Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of thisTariff Order.
Power Factor Penalty/ Rebate: In accordance with Clause II of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of thisTariff Order.
Street Light Service (SS)
Applicability
This tariff schedule shall apply for use of Street Lighting system, including single system in corporation, municipality, notifiedarea committee, panchyats etc. and also in areas not covered by municipalities and Notified Areas Committee provided thenumber of lamps served from a point of supply is not less than 5.
Service Character:AC, 50 cycles, Single phase at 230 Volts or three phase at 400 Volts.
Category of Service:
S.S-I: Metered Street Light Service
S.S-II: Unmetered Street Light Service
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Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Rural Electric Co-operative (REC)/ A Small Housing group (SHG)Applicability
This tariff schedule shall apply for use in Electric Co-operatives (licensee) for supply at 33 kV or 11 kV. It alsoincludes village Panchyats where domestic and non-domestic rural tariff is not applicable.
Service Character: AC, 50 cycles, Three phase at 11 kV.
Tariff:
Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Bulk Supply to Military Engineering Service (MES)Applicability
This tariff schedule shall apply to Military Engineering Services (MES) for a mixed load in defence contonmentand related area.
Tariff:
Note: The billing demand shall be the maximum demand recorded during the month or 75% of contract demand whichever is higher. The penaltyof exceeding billing demand will be applicable in accordance with clause I of Terms & conditions of Supply as provided in Section 14 of this Tariff Order.
Delayed Payment Surcharge: In accordance with Clause IV of Terms & Conditions of Supply as provided inSection 14 of this Tariff Order.
Tariff:
Consumer Category Demand Charges
Street Light Service Unit Rate Rate (Rs/kWh)
SS-I (metered) Rs/Conn/Month 35 4.45
SS-II (unmetered) Rs/Conn/Month Rs. 140 per 100 watt lamp NIL and Rs. 30 for every additional 50 watt
Energy Charges
Consumer Category Energy ChargesRate (Rs/kWh)
REC 0.90
Consumer Category Fixed Charges
MES Unit Rate Rate (Rs/K Wh)
MES Rs/kVA/Month 205 4.05
Energy Charges
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FIRE BRIGADE
Police Control Room 2316855State fire brigade Officer 2491668Fire Station, Doranda 2490706Fire Station, Adre House 2283825Fire Station, Dhurwa 2409343Fire Station, Piska More 2511214
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AMBULANCE
RIMSBariatu 2547260, 2541228Nagarmal Modi Seva SadanLake Road 2209570, 2207406Sadar Hospital, Main Road 2312618Apollo Hospital 2275899, 2276041Civil Sarjan Office 2302102Indian Redcross Society 2360290
BLOOD BANK
Archy Jharkhand Blood Bank 6455072Apollo, Ranchi 2275717 / 699Birsa Bllod BankBariatu Road 2542437Bhartiya Redcross Society 2360587, 2360290Blood Bank (H.E.C. Hospital) 9835539866C.C.L. 8987784280Gandhi Nagar Hospital 2230852 (Ex-2008)Nagarmal Modi Seva Sadan 2207406, 2209699
EYE BANK
Toll Free No. : 1919Jharkhand Eye Bank HospitalBariatu Medical Chowk 2545333, 2543486
RIMS
Dr. (Pro.) Tulsi MahtoDirector 8986880888, 2541533Dr. (Pro.) S.N. ChoudharyDean 2546244, 8986881300Dr. Satyendra Kr. ChoudharyMedicine Superintendent 2542700, 8986880765Dr. Chandrakishore OraonDeputy Director 8986881368Dr. Smt. Kumari VasundharaDeputy Superintendent 8986880767Dr. Salil Kr. MandalMedical Officer Store 8986880768
Dr. K.K. SinhaAccountant Officer 8986880769Dr. Renu PrasadPro. & H.O.D. Anatomy 2340077, 8986880770Dr. Smt. Punam SinghPro. & H.O.D. Physiology 2552490, 8986880779Dr. K.K. SinhaPro. & H.O.D. Diochemistry 2541727, 8986880793Dr. Janardan SharmaPro. & H.O.D. Pharmacology 8986880764Dr. Ajit Kr. ChudharyForencic Medicine Department 8986880845Dr. Shahmin HaidarP.S.M. Department 8986880854Dr. Arun Kr. MahtoPro. & H.O.D. Medicine 2245699, 8986880867Dr. Rajendra Kr. JhaMedicine Department 8986880868Dr. Jitendra Kr. SinghMedicine Department 8986880869Dr. Arun Kumar SharmaPro. & H.O.D. Pediatrics 8986880889Dr. Shyam Sundar ChoudharySkin & Leprosy 2540085, 8986880899Dr. Ashok Kr. Pd.Physiatry Department 8986880905Dr. Naval Kr. JhaSurgery Department 8986880906Dr. Ranjan Georj BakhalaSurgery Department 8986880907Dr. Vikash Kr. PrasadPro. & H.O.D. Pediatric Surgery 8986880926Dr. V.K. PrajapatiDental Department 8986880928Dr. Ramesh Lal RajakOrthopedics 8986880932Dr. Lal Bahaur ManjhiOrthopedics 8986880933Dr. Anil KumarNeuro Surgery 8986880944Dr. Chandra Bhushan SahayNeuro Surgery 8986880945Dr. Smt. Prity Bala SahayGynecology Department 8986880948Dr. ChandrakantProf. E.N.T. 8986881292
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Dr. Shivnarayan ChoudharyProf. & H.O.D. Eyes 8986881300Dr. ChandramohanProf. & H.O.D. Radiology 8986881300Dr. Shanti PrakashAnesthesiology Department 8986881313Dr. Chandrahash PrasadClinical Pathology 8986881328Dr. Kaushalendra Kr. SinghT.B. & Chest Department 8986881337Dr. Henant Kr. RoyCardiology Department 8986881341Dr. Anul KumarRadio Therephy Department 8986881344
DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION
Deputy Commissioner 2214001, 9431708333Deputy Deve. Commissioner 2201076, 9431101562Additional Collector 2207772, 9431101562Additional Collector 2200393A.D.M. (Law & Order) 2214182, 9431101954Special Officer 2202575, 9431396932Director Rural Deve. Agency 2307172Meso OfficerRanchi 2209737, 9430149903District Development Officer 2207994, 9334714538District Planning Officer 2309410, 9431140180Sub Divisional OfficerRanchi 2208378Deputy Collector (Najarat) 2207403District Land Acquisition Officer 2212332Deputy Election Officer 2214002, 9431102693District Welfare Officer 2213348, 9431362626District Public Relation Officer 2213253, 9431129791District Transport OfficerRanchi 2200960, 9430329585Residential MagistrateHatia 2408538, 9431334754Treasury OfficerRanchi 2314318, 9934516489District Education Officer 2214012, 9431358470District Supply Officer 2202575, 9431170130Sub Divisional Officerkhunti 220526Sub Divisional OfficerBundu 9661813307District Fishry Office 2482698, 9431127930
DISTRICT POLICE &POLICE STATION
Senior Superintendent of Police 2200237City Superintendent of Police 2200898Rural Superintendent of Police 2200238Traffic Superintendent of Police 2206266D.S.P. (City) 2200969, 9431706140D.S.P. (Khunti) 06525-220528D.S.P. (Hatia) 2443403, 9431706143D.S.P. Secretariat 2400734, 9470176440Serjeant Major (Police Line) 2281056Police Control Room 2316855/100Kotwali 2200968, 9431706158Sadar 2544625, 9431706160Lalpur 2203454, 9431706160Bariatu 2542660, 9431706161Argora 2242132, 9431706170Namkom 2301009,9431706173Chutia 2308598, 9431706165Ormanjhi 2576523, 9431706183Doranda 2505057, 9431706168Daily Market 2308685, 9431706163Shukhdeo Nagar 2510509, 9431113006Lower Bazar 2301005, 9431706171Jagarnathpur 2408128,9431706169Dhurwa 2408299, 9431706166Hindpiri 2205409, 9431706164Gonda 2253569, 9431706162Kanke 2455113, 9431706185Ratu 2512424, 9431706175
STATE BUS DEPOT
Enquiry 2460622
RAILWAY
Station ManagerRanchi 2460013Station ManagerHatia 2600091Enquiry, Ranchi 2461404, 2460488Enquiry, Hatia 24600096, 2788599Computerised Reservation 135/2202381City Booking Office 2301097Railway Protection Force 2313602Govt. Railway Police 2200705
District Co-operative Officer 9470359566District Dairy OfficerRanchi 2444201
