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Technical Seminar

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BRAIN GATE BRAIN GATE SEMINAR ON
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Page 1: Technical Seminar

BRAIN GATEBRAIN GATE SEMINAR

ON

Page 2: Technical Seminar

CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWHAT IS BRAIN GATEWHAT IS BRAIN GATEOBJECTIVE OF BRAIN GATE OBJECTIVE OF BRAIN GATE TYPES OF BRAIN GATETYPES OF BRAIN GATEHISTORYHISTORYPRINCIPLES OF BRAIN GATEPRINCIPLES OF BRAIN GATEIMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATIONSOFTWARE BEHIND BRAIN GATESOFTWARE BEHIND BRAIN GATEAPPLICATIONAPPLICATIONLIMITATIONLIMITATIONFURTHER CONCERNSFURTHER CONCERNSCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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What is Brain Gate ?Brain gate is an electrode chip which can be implemented in the brain.

When it is implemented in brain, the electrical signal exchanged by neurons within the brain.

Those signals are sent to the brain and it executes body movement.

All the signaling process is handled by special software. The signal sends to the computer and then the computer is controlled by patient.

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Whenever a man forgotten about his past due to certain accidental matter or he had lost his part of his body, at that time this electrode chip can be implemented on his brain and active the man as well.

The chip can read signals from the motor cortex, send that information to a computer via connected wires, and translate it to control the movement of a computer cursor or a robotic arm.

A user with an implanted chip can immediately begin to move a cursor with thought alone.

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Messages. and commands are expressed not by muscle contractions, but rather by electrophysiological signals from the brain.

Brain Gate was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other body functions, such as patients with spinal cord injury.

The computer chip, which is implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands.

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Objective of Brain GateThe goal of the Brain Gate program is to develop a fast and reliable connection between the brain of a severely disabled person and a personal computer .

The ‘Brain Gate’ device can provide paralysed or motor-impaired patients a mode of communication through the translation of thought into direct computer control.

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Types of Brain Computer Types of Brain Computer Interface (BCI):Interface (BCI):

One way BCIOne way BCI Computers either accept commands from Computers either accept commands from

the brain or send signals to it the brain or send signals to it

Two way BCITwo way BCI Allow brains and external devices to Allow brains and external devices to

exchange information in both directions.exchange information in both directions.

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Chronological History of Chronological History of Brain GateBrain Gate

Research on BCIs has been going on for Research on BCIs has been going on for more than 30 years, but from the mid-more than 30 years, but from the mid-1990s there has been a dramatic 1990s there has been a dramatic increase in working experimental increase in working experimental implants. implants.

Brain gateBrain gate was developed by the bio-was developed by the bio-tech company Cyberkinetics in 2003 in tech company Cyberkinetics in 2003 in conjuction with the Department of conjuction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. Neuroscience at Brown University.

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State of Art -Research Design

At first, rats were implanted with BCI .

Signals recorded from the cerebral cortex of rat to operate BCI to carry out the movement.

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Researchers at the Researchers at the University of PittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh had demonstarted on a had demonstarted on a MonkeyMonkey that can feed that can feed itself with a itself with a robotic armrobotic arm simply by using signals simply by using signals from its brain.from its brain.

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It Worked !It Worked !Using only its mind the monkey was Using only its mind the monkey was able to control a cursor on a able to control a cursor on a computer monitor via Brain Gate.computer monitor via Brain Gate.

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Since there were no Since there were no complications in complications in

trials with monkeystrials with monkeys

Next Step Humans!Next Step Humans!

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In In December 7, 2004December 7, 2004, brain-computer interface , brain-computer interface had been clinically tested on a human by an had been clinically tested on a human by an American company American company CyberkineticsCyberkinetics..

The Nature report describes the first participant in The Nature report describes the first participant in these trials, a 25-year-old man who had sustained these trials, a 25-year-old man who had sustained a a spinal cord injuryspinal cord injury leading to paralysis in all four leading to paralysis in all four limbs three years prior to the study. limbs three years prior to the study.

Over a period of nine months, he took part in 57 Over a period of nine months, he took part in 57 sessions during which the implanted Brain Gate sessions during which the implanted Brain Gate sensor recorded activity in his motor cortex while sensor recorded activity in his motor cortex while he imagined moving hishe imagined moving his paralyzed limbs and then paralyzed limbs and then used that imagined motion for several computer-used that imagined motion for several computer-based tasks such as, moving a computer cursor to based tasks such as, moving a computer cursor to open simulated e-mail, draw circular shapes and open simulated e-mail, draw circular shapes and play simple video games. play simple video games.

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WORKING PRINCIPLEWORKING PRINCIPLE

The principle of operation behindThe BRAIN GATE system is b

The system consists of a sensor that is implanted on the motor cortex of the brain (Pedestal) and a Brain Gate Neural Interface Device that analyzes the brain signal.

The principle is that the intact brain functions, brain signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms,hands and legs.

The signals are interpreted and translated into cursor movements,offering the user an alternate”BRAIN GATE PATHWAY” to control a computer with thought,just as individuals who have the ability to move their hands.

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The Brain Gate Neural Interface creates a direct link between a person's brain and a computer, translating neural activity into action.

The CHIP : A 4-millimeter square silicon chip studded with 100 hair-thin microelectrodes is embedded in person's primary MOTOR CORTEX( the region of the brain responsible for controlling movement).

The CONNECTOR: When the person thinks "move cursor up and left" (toward email icon), his cortical neurons fire in a distinctive pattern; the signal is transmitted through the pedestal plug attached to his skull.

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The CONVERTOR: The signal travels to a shoebox-sized amplifier mounted on person's wheelchair, where it's converted to optical data and bounced by fiber-optic cable to a computer.

The COMPUTER: Brain Gate learns to associate patterns of brain activity with particular imagined movements - up, down, left, right - and to connect those movements to a cursor.

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The The Brain Gate sensorBrain Gate sensor (Red arrow), resting on a (Red arrow), resting on a US penny,connected by a 13-cm ribbon cable to US penny,connected by a 13-cm ribbon cable to the the PedestalPedestal (Black arrow), which is secured to (Black arrow), which is secured to the skull. Neural signals are recorded while the the skull. Neural signals are recorded while the pedestal is connected to the remainder of the pedestal is connected to the remainder of the Brain Gate system Brain Gate system

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This is one of electrode implemented in brain. This is one of electrode implemented in brain. Individual electrodes are 1-mm long and spaced Individual electrodes are 1-mm long and spaced

400m apart, in a 10x10 grid.400m apart, in a 10x10 grid. The electrical signal exchanged by neurons The electrical signal exchanged by neurons

within brain. Those signals are sent when the within brain. Those signals are sent when the brain executes a body movement.brain executes a body movement.

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Software behind Brain Gate… The computers translate brain activity and create the communication output using custom decoding software.

System uses adaptive algorithms and pattern-matching techniques to facilitate communication. The algorithms are written in C, JAVA and MATLAB.

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APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

In Foxborough, a 25-In Foxborough, a 25-year-old quadriplegic year-old quadriplegic sits in a wheelchair sits in a wheelchair with wires coming out with wires coming out of a bottle-cap-size of a bottle-cap-size connector stuck in his connector stuck in his skull. The wires run skull. The wires run from 100 tiny sensors from 100 tiny sensors implanted in his brain implanted in his brain and out to a computer. and out to a computer. Using just his thoughts, Using just his thoughts, he was playing the he was playing the computer game Pong. computer game Pong.

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One of people researchers are hoping to help is Cathy Hutchinson. Hutchinson, who suffered a stroke that left her mentally sharp but paralyzed and unable to speak, is among the first humans to have her brain directly wired to a computer. Three years ago, Hutchinson volunteered to have the same kind of sensors used on the monkeys, implanted into her motor cortex. By using only her mind, Cathy was able to control the movement of a cursor on the computer screen

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MORE APPLICATIONSMORE APPLICATIONS

In classification of EEG signal.In classification of EEG signal.In multimedia communication.In multimedia communication.In evaluation of spike detection algorithms.In evaluation of spike detection algorithms.Actuated control of mobile robot by human Actuated control of mobile robot by human

EEG.EEG.As a brain controlled switch for As a brain controlled switch for

asynchronous control.asynchronous control.In evaluating the machine learning In evaluating the machine learning

algorithmsalgorithms..

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Challenges faced by BrainGate…

It is very expensive.

Limitation in information transform rate. The latest technology is 20 bits/min.

Difficulty in adaptation and learning.

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Emphasis should be on improving the information transform rate.

Stronger algorithm should be implemented.

Further concerns…

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BibliographyBibliography

www.braingate.com/technology.html

www.cyberkinetics.com/technology.html

www.bugsweeps.com

www.braingate2.org

www.gizmag.com

www.howstuffworks.com

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrainGate

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION According to the Cyberkinetics' website, two patients According to the Cyberkinetics' website, two patients

have been implanted with the Brain Gate system.have been implanted with the Brain Gate system.

Using the system, called Brain Gate, the patient can Using the system, called Brain Gate, the patient can read e-mail, play video games, turn lights on or off read e-mail, play video games, turn lights on or off and change channels or adjust the volume of a and change channels or adjust the volume of a television set.television set.

In early test sessions, the patient was able to control In early test sessions, the patient was able to control the TV and carry on a conversation and move his the TV and carry on a conversation and move his head at the same time. head at the same time.

The results are spectacular and almost unbelievable. The results are spectacular and almost unbelievable.

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Brain Gate can help paralyzed people move by Brain Gate can help paralyzed people move by controlling their own electric wheelchairs, controlling their own electric wheelchairs, communicate by using e-mail and Internet-based communicate by using e-mail and Internet-based phone systems, and be independent by controlling phone systems, and be independent by controlling items such as televisions and thermostats.items such as televisions and thermostats.

Finally BRAIN GATE has proved to be a boon for Finally BRAIN GATE has proved to be a boon for paralyzed patientparalyzed patient . .


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