Techno Economic Feasibility Report for Sanitary Landfill...

Techno Economic Feasibility Report for Sanitary Landfill of MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. At‐Bhuasuni, Daruthenga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

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CHAPTER-1 Introduction

Human activities create waste, and the ways that waste is handled, stored, collected, and disposed of can pose risks to the environment and to public health. Municipality Solid Waste Management (MSWM) includes all activities that seek to minimize health, environmental, and aesthetic impacts of solid waste. In urban areas, especially in the rapidly urbanizing cities of the developing world, problems and issues of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) are of immediate importance. Most governments have acknowledged the importance of MSWM; however, rapid population growth overwhelms the capacity of most municipal authorities to provide even the most basic services. Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe waste management problems in the cities of developing countries like India. The large quantity of waste generated necessitates a system of collection, storage, transportation and disposal. It requires knowledge of what the wastes are comprised of, and how they need to be collected and disposed. Recycling of waste, energy generation and employment opportunities from waste management also have immense potential. Successful waste management requires the participation of citizens, local governments, and private entrepreneurs.

Bhubaneswar & Cuttack City Profile

Managing solid waste generated from Bhubaneswar and Cuttack city, collection, transportation and its safe disposal is one of the most priority areas of attention for improvement of the municipal solid waste management in light of the MSW rule, 2000. Bhubaneswar & Cuttack together generate approximately 550 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily. For treating and disposing the MSW collected from these cities, Housing and Urban Development Department of government of Odisha proposes to develop a regional MSW processing and landfill facility through the Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode.

Need and Objective for the Project

Bhubaneswar & Cuttack together generate approximately 550 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily. For treating and disposing the MSW collected from these cities, Housing and Urban Development Department of government of Odisha proposes to develop a regional MSW processing and landfill facility through the Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode over an area of approximate 61.485 Acres at Bhuasuni.

The site will be used for dumping of the solid waste generated (fly ash & bottom ash) by MSW processing waste to energy power plant 11.5 MW located on a adjacent site (800m away). The MSW of nearly 550T will be generated from Cuttack & Bhubaneswar Municipality & processed in the power plant.


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General Site Profile

The disposal of waste on land should be so as to minimize the impact on surrounding environment. Sanitary landfills are designed and constructed with this objective by incorporating essential components such as a liner system at the base and sides of the landfill to prevent migration of leachate or gas to the soil and ground water, a leachate and gas collection & control system, a final cover system, a surface water drainage system and an environmental monitoring system. As per the provisions Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, MoEF, it is mandatory that new landfills are developed with all the above mentioned components.

Location Map of the landfill site


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Satellite Imagery of Landfill Site

Project Location

The landfill site is located near the village Bhuasuni, in the outskirts of Bhubaneswar. The latitude and longitude of this proposed site is 20˚ 23’ 30.28” N & 85˚ 47’ 18.20” E respectively.

Connectivity The site is well connected with Chandaka-Nandankanan road which is 1.2 km away.

Baranga railway station is approx. 5 km away from project site.

Sitting Criteria

The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation of a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan.

The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned as an integral part of the landfill site.

The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years. The landfill site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, and water

bodies monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of important cultural, historical or religious interest.


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A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Departments land-use plans.

Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary approval of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within 20 km of an airport or airbase.

Sl. No.

Location criteria as per MSW (M&H) Rules 2000

Evaluation of proposed site

STATUS

Features Exclusion Criteria

1 Lakes or ponds 200 m No lakes or ponds are located within 200 m of site

COMPLIED

2 Navigable river or stream

100 m No navigable river or stream are located within 1 km of site

COMPLIED

3 100 year flood plain

Within the flood plain

Reportedly Site is not located in a flood plain

COMPLIED

4 Right of way of National Highway

200 m No Right of Way is located within 200 m of site. A state highway is more than 1km away from proposed site. A railway line is more than 200m away from the site

COMPLIED

5 Notified habitation

500 m; Development within 500 m zone around the project site boundary to be regulated

There is no notified habitation within 500m of the proposed landfill site .Villages are more than 1 km away from the proposed site. A sponge Iron industry is on the edge of

COMPLIED


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500m distance

6 Public parks 300 m No public parks are present within 300 m of site

COMPLIED

7 Critical habitat areas

Within habitat area

No critical habitats are present near project site

COMPLIED

8 Wetlands Within wetlands No wetlands are present near project site

COMPLIED

9 Groundwater table

In areas where groundwater table is less than 2 m

Ground water table in the area varies below 2 m

COMPLIED

10 Airports As prescribed by regulatory agencies

There is no airport within 10 Kms.

Airport Authority Clearance shall be obtained.

11 Water supply well 500 m No bore well or tube well were identified inside the 500 m zone.

COMPLIED

12 Coastal Regulation Zone

In a coastal regulation zone

The site does not fall within coastal regulation zone

COMPLIED

13 Unstable zone A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones

The site fall in the lowest risk Zone

COMPLIED

14 Buffer zone A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance prescribed by a

To be considered at design stage as there is enough land available.

COMPLIED


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regulatory agency

Land Requirement:

The proposed site is at Bhuasuni (measuring 61.485 Ac) is classified as a fallow land and presently used for dumping of MSW by Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation. Sanitary Landfill will be constructed over this land.

Water Requirement

Water will be sourced from public health department’s existing raw water pipe line. The total water requirement will be 150 KLD.

Power requirement

The main electrical requirement for landfill site is domestic in nature. Estimated power requirement of the proposed facility will be 150KWH.

Project Cost

The total project cost of proposed sanitary landfill site is 12 Crores.


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CHAPTER-2 Introduction

Sanitary Landfill

A sanitary landfill is defined as a method of disposing of refuse on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest practical volume, and to cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day's operation, or at such more frequent intervals as may be necessary.

A sanitary landfill is an engineered facility that requires detailed planning and specifications, careful construction, and efficient operation. In a landfill, solid wastes are disposed of by spreading in thin layers. Compacting to the smallest practical volume, and converging each day, or periodically, with soil or suitable substitute material in a way that minimizes environmental problems.

Purpose of Sanitary Landfill

The purpose of sanitary landfill is to stabilize the solid waste and to make it hygienic through proper storage of waste and use of natural metabolic function. Non-combustible materials/ wastes from the existing dumping site will be disposed off in the sanitary landfill.

Principle of Sanitary Landfill:

A landfill’s design life extends many years beyond the time when it is closed. Waste stabilization begins shortly after it is placed in the landfill, but will not be completed until years after closure. Care must be exercised to insure that an environmental problem does not develop during operation or after closure. Careful design, construction, and operation can minimize the potential for problems.

The disposal of waste on land should be so as to minimize the impact on surrounding environment. Sanitary landfills are designed and constructed with this objective by incorporating essential components such as a liner system at the base and sides of the landfill to prevent migration of leachate or gas to the soil and ground water, a leachate and gas collection & control system, a final cover system, a surface water drainage system and an environmental monitoring system. As per the provisions Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, MoEF, it is mandatory that new landfills are developed with all the above mentioned components.


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Source of MSW:

a. Municipal solid waste from the existing dumping site b. Major Source in Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation are: • Residential household • Fruits and vegetable markets and • Hotels and restaurants

Source –wise Collection of MSW in Bhubaneswar

Source Quantity in Tonnes per day

Percentage Contribution

Households 229 57.4% Institutions 24 6.0% Commercial Establishments

28 7.0%

Hotels, Restaurants and Food Stalls

20 5.0%

Temples 6 1.4% Marriage Halls 9 2.3% Street Sweeping 2 0.5% Construction and Demolition waste

16 4.0%

Hospitals 4 1.0% Dairies 62 15.5% Total 400 100%

Collection & Transportation Module: Municipal solid waste will be collected from Cuttack and Bhubaneswar city and transfer to the transfer stations at Gadakana in Bhubaneswar and at Satichoura in Cuttack. The landfill site is located in Bhuasuni.

Collection Route BMC & CMC had signed the concessionaire agreement with M/s MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. for lifting of municipal solid waste from transfer station at Gadakana (in Bhubaneswar) and at Satichoura (in Cuttack) to the processing and disposal point at Bhuasuni, Bhubaneswar. Municipal solid waste collected by BMC & CMC from different parts of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack is brought to the transfer station. The waste is brought to the transfer station by hydraulic vehicles like tractor trolley, refuse compactor, dumper, tippers, Tata Ace etc. The vehicle used will be always air tight container which will prevent different problems like odor & fly nuisance, littering of the waste of the way.


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Details of Transfer Station Transfer Station details

ULB Name of Place

Distance from Processing Site in Km

Area in Sq. meter

TSB 1 Bhubaneswar Gadakan 24 27,872

TSC 1 Cuttack Satichoura 30 16390

TSB- Transfer Station at Bhubaneswar

TSC- Transfer Station at Cuttack

MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. shall design & construct 3 numbers of transfer stations at its own cost on the sites as and when they are made available to it by the Authority on a token lease rent. Each transfer station shall be of minimum 100 TPD capacities scalable to 150-200 TPD and shall be simple but so designed that waste can be directly transferred from small vehicles to large vehicles without manual handling of Waste.

MSW collected from BMC and CMC area will be collected by their own resources and will be delivered to MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. at transfer stations. Responsibility of MSW


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Bhubaneswar Ltd. will start from collection of waste from transfer station point to processing of waste and scientific disposal of process remnants in allocated area by BMC and CMC. For smooth execution of waste transfer between corporation vehicles to MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. vehicle and measurement of waste quantity, MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. will develop the above all transfer stations with 40 TPD weighbridge and its supporting infrastructure.

Transfer station would mainly comprise the following system:

a. Heavy duty scale deck b. Concrete foundation, approach road and ramp, platforms, guard rails and traffic

light system. c. Electronic weight display system d. An approach road to accommodate two way traffic, of adequate length to

provide for queuing to traffic. e. Site board displaying license conditions, hours of operations and site

regulations. f. Weigh booking office with all amenities and computer logging facilities g. By pass lane for non-waste vehicles h. Video Surveillance i. Storage Area

The Compacted bulk MSW (exceeding 16 tons hauling capacity trucks) shall be transferred to processing and disposal site at Bhuasuni.


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Specifications for Land filling

Cross Section of Landfill

The design of the said facility has been prepared as per norms specified by Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, and/or internationally accepted engineering standards so as to satisfy best development mechanisms. The landfill design will be as per the Geo Technical investigations keeping in view all the aspects such as characteristics of soil, water table, area available and will be in accordance with MSW Rules, 2000.

Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using landfill compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall areas where heavy compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall be adopted.

Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day with minimum 10 cm of soil, inert debris or construction material till such time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy recovery are set up as per Schedule I.

Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage beams shall be constructed to divert run-off away from the active cell of the landfill.


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After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize infiltration and erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications, namely:--

The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cm of clay or amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.

On top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm. On top of the drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to

support natural plant growth and to minimize erosion.


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Landfill Layout


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Map showing land allotted for landfill site

Pre-construction investigation in form of Geo-technical investigation and Topography will be conducted for the project site at Bhuasuni.


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Design of Engineered Secured Landfill:

Overall concept for landfill has been made for 20 years. Landfills are constructed in phases as construction of complete landfill for 20 years will deteriorate the liner system due to exposure to climates, creates operational issues such as more leachate generation, maintenance of bunds besides blocking of huge capital cost. Therefore landfill is constructed phase wise meeting annual requirements and accordingly construction is taken up.

The basic steps essential for the landfill designs is:

Landfill sizing

Landfill Sizing

The volume of ash to be dumped in the landfill is worked out as per the quantities that will be sent to landfill after ensuring maximum reuse. The ash carted to landfill will be or the order of 105 TPD of raw MSW excluding ash bricks quantities. Landfill is designed for this quantity. The design of landfill is ensured to comply with MSW rules laid down for this purpose.

Landfill Design

As suggested by MoEF guidelines a composite liner of two barriers made of different materials, placed in immediate contact with each other provides a beneficial combined effect of both the barriers. The liner system suggested by MOEF is a geo membrane layer over clay or amended soil barrier. A drainage layer and leachate collection system is placed over the composite liner system.

The effectiveness of barrier layer basically depends on the hydraulic conductivity of the clay/amended soil liner and density of the geo membrane against puncture. The clay/amended soil liner is effective only if it is compacted properly and geo membrane liner is effective only if it has the density or mass per unit area (minimum thickness is specified) is sufficient enough against punctures. Starting from the bottom of the natural ground level, the following layer configurations are proposed for the bottom of the landfill.

Starting from the bottom of the natural ground level and Layer configuration is proposed for the bottom of the landfill.


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Layer No.

Material Description Thickness

Layer 1 Geo synthetic clay liner with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec or clay liner of 900mm

7-10 mm

Layer 2 High density polyethylene (HDPE) geo membrane 1.5 mm

Layer 3 Geocomposite drainage layer

Minimizing Landfill space by using Alternative materials with the same performance standards:

The present solution for the lining system seems to be utilizing a combination of geo synthetic products and conventional materials. The lining majorly consists of Clay liner of 900mm thickness followed 1.5mm HDPE liner and 285 gsm geotextile. The drainage is suggested with gravel layer of 200mm thick followed by 100mm thick sand layer.

For design of the landfill, standard design criteria prescribed in MSW rules 2000 and CPHEEO manual has been proposed and the key components of sanitary landfill are:

• Cover and liner system for adequate landfill cell protection, bottom lining, intermediate and final cover;

• Leachate collection, control and treatment system;

• Landfill gas collection/venting system; monitoring systems: monitoring wells and basic laboratory.

• The depth of the landfill has been proposed at 6m from the ground level approximately 4 meters high from the post monsoon water level on site.

• The design of the liner system has been proposed based on the criteria provided MSW rules, 2000. The Rules primarily prescribe construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and sides of waste disposal area having a composite barrier of 1.5mm. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1x10-7cm/sec.

The leachate collection system is proposed to be designed to meet the hydraulic performance standard of maintaining less than 30 cm depth of leachate or head above liner. Feeder pipes (160mm) and header pipes (315 mm) have been proposed for


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collection and conveyance of leachate. The drainage layer has been proposed as 300 mm thick rubble having permeability not less than 10 -2 cm/sec.

The cover system proposed for the project is in line with the specifications provided in MSW rules and comprise of barrier soil layer comprising of 600 mm of clay or amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec; on top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm; and on top of the drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize erosion. Passive vents is proposed to be provided at the time of final cover placement over the cells to ensure that excess gas pressures do not build up below the landfill cover.

Raised platform with an earthen dyke on the periphery Drainage layer at bottom sides and top Protective layer on the inner sides and bottom Provision for daily soil cover Leachate collection system consisting of HDPE pipe Leachate Recirculation piping Provision for Temporary HDPE covering system Daily soil cover platform Earthen separation dykes for cell management and storm water

confinement/diversion Construction and Operation of Landfill The landfill facility would be receiving a total of nearly 60-90 TPD [<15% of total waste] of process remnants comprising of ash and construction and demolition debris. Life of SLF is 20 years, with initial cell capacity 4 lakh m3 of SLF to be freshly constructed. As per topographic survey, SLF is developed in phased manner. Each construction phase is called as cell. Cumulative capacity of SLF shall 1.5-2.5 lakhs m3 of rejects from the Processing facility.

Process Description

A. Composite Liner System

A composite liner system consisting of drainage layer, HDPE layer and compacted clay shall be provided. Alternatively geo-synthetic clay layer (GCL) can be used in place of compacted clay, to avoid utilization of valuable clay. Typically the Composite Liner System would have the following components:

a. Drainage layer of 15 cm thick granular soil material of permeability value of 1x10-2 cm/sec.


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b. A 1.5mm thick grade I smooth HDPE liner as per IS: 10889-1984 Specification for High Density Polyethylene Films.

c. A 900 mm thick compacted soil amended with additives as per IS: 6186:1986 Specification for Bentonite to reach the required permeability coefficient, (to leachate) and measured in field, 1x10-7 cm/sec.

B. Intermediate Liner System: MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. shall , in accordance with the O&M requirements, provide an intermediate liner, which shall consist of a 600mm thick compacted soil amended as per IS:6186-1986 to reach the required permeability value 1x10-7 cm/sec.

C. Daily Cell Cover MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd. shall, in accordance with the O&M requirements, at its own cost and expense provide the daily cell cover which shall consist of a 100 mm thick compacted soil amended with additives as per IS:6186-1986 to reach the required permeability value not greater than 1x10-7 cm/sec.

D. Final Cover System MSW Bhubaneswar Ltd., in accordance with the O&M requirements, provides the final cover which shall consist of:

a. Barrier soil layer of 600mm thick compacted soil amended with additives as per IS:6186-1986 to achieve a permeability value not greater than 1x10-7 cm/sec

b. Geo-membrane layer of 1.5mm thick grade I HDPE liner as per IS 10889-1984.

c. Drainage layer of 150mm thick granular soil material of permeability value not greater than 1x10-2 cm/sec

d. Vegetative Layer of 450mm thick with good clay soil as per MSW Rules and as approved by the Independent Engineer.

E. Leachate Collection & Removal System a. A leachate drainage layer consisting of 150mm thick granular soil

material of permeability value of 1x10-2 cm/sec with a slope of 2%. b. 100mm diameter HDPE feeder pipes (“Feeder Pipes”) with a maximum

lateral spacing of 30m. c. 150mm diameter HDPE feeder pipes (“Header Pipes”) with a maximum

lateral spacing of 50m. d. A HDPE main header pipe (“Main Header Pipe”) of size 250 mm

diameters, which will collect leachate from the header pipes and discharge into a day sump.

e. Leachate collection tank/s and a leachate collection network.


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CHAPTER-3 Environmental Management plan (EMP) for landfill site

In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the following provisions shall be made, namely:-

a. Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having contamination of hazardous materials (such as aerosols, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite barrier having 1.5 mm high density polyethylene (HDPE) geo membrane, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay or amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least two meter below the base of clay or amended soil barrier layer;

b. Provisions for management of leachate collection and treatment shall be made. The treated leachate shall meet the standards specified in Schedule- IV;

c. Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake or pond.

Intermediate Cover

Waste should be covered at the end of each working day with a daily cover. Prior to the commencement of the monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm thickness of soil should be placed on landfill with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. The intermediate cover will follow the slopes and grading of the underlying waste.

Vegetative Cover

The main aim of the vegetative cover is to see the topsoil cover is not eroded. In order to do so, the MSW 2000 Rules, suggest a vegetative cover that should be provided over the completed site in accordance with the following specifications:

1. Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants which are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures.

2. Plants grown should be such that their roots do not penetrate more than 30 mm. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilized.

3. Selected plants should have ability to thrive on low nutrient soil with minimum nutrient addition.

Landfill gas management plan

Landfill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In landfill site organic waste is broken down by enzyme produced by bacteria in a manner comparable to


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food digestion. Considerable heat is generated by these reactions with methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphite, and other gases as the by-products. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principle gases produced with almost 50-50 per cent share. When methane is present in the air in concentrations between 5 to 15 percent, it is explosive. Landfills generate gases with a pressure sufficient enough to damage the final cover and largely have impact on vegetative cover. Also, because only limited amount of oxygen are present in a landfill, when methane concentration reach this critical level, there is a little danger that the landfill will explode. As suggested by CPHEEO Manual the gas management strategies should follow the following three plans,

• Controlled Passive Venting • Uncontrolled Release • Controlled Collection and Treatment

Storm Water Management

The landfill cover system is designed to minimize infiltration into the waste.

The top cover layers- the topsoil and the drainage layer drain into the peripheral storm water drains built along the 4 sides of the landfill around the perimeter. The trenches will be trapezoidal channels made in brick work on the side slopes and will have native soil at the base, to promote growth of grass. The storm water trenches drain runoff only from the landfill area and will open into the proposed storm water management pond. The storm water drains will open in lower most drain, from where the water will be taken to the pond and then let out in the natural watercourse.

The maximum runoff will occur when the landfill is completed, as the surface area would be maximum. The top will be divided into regions so that the rain water does not percolate into the landfill but will flow off as possible. This will help in reducing the infiltration facilitate the smooth flow of water into the storm drains that are located at the bottom of the landfill.

Quantitative parameter to be monitored will be:

(a) Leachate quantity

(b) Surface water run-off quantity and

(c) Cover system settlement quantities.

Qualitative parameters to be monitored will be:

(a) Leachate quality within the landfill (at the base)

(b) Leachate quality after treatment

(c) Ground water quality (up gradient and down gradient)


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(d) Surface water quality at the exit of landfill

Cover System: The final cover will be inspected 2 to 4 times a year.

(a) To check that vegetation growth is occurring satisfactorily and that plants are not showing stunted growth,

(b) To detect if any erosion gullies have been formed thereby exposing the barrier layers,

(c) To earmark depressions that may have developed with time and

(d) To identify ponding of water on the landfill cover.

At least one inspection shall be carried out during or immediately after the peak of the monsoon season.

Site managers must have sufficient equipment and funds to periodically carry out maintenance work in the form of soil filling, regarding the cover and re-vegetating the landfill cap.

In areas where extensive erosion gully formation is observed, filling of cover material, regarding of cover slopes and re-vegetation must be routinely undertaken.

Leachate & Surface Water Drainage System: The Leachate & surface water drainage system is also inspected 2 to 4 times a year

(a) To identify cracks in drains due to settlements

(b) To delineate clogged drains requiring immediate clean-up and

(c) To study the level of deposited soil in the storm water basin and initiate excavation measures.

Ash Disposal

The generation of ash based on the feed MSW is estimated at 6-7 tons per day (10% of actual compostable MSW). The bagged ash will finally transport to proposed sanitary landfill site at Bhuasuni.

The ash generated from power plant can be used for making brick, road construction etc after passing TCLP test.


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CHAPTER-4 Environmental Monitoring System

Environmental Monitoring Systems: Ground water monitoring wells, air quality monitoring systems are periodically inspected to check that all systems are functioning satisfactorily and that well caps and sampling ports are not subjected to damage due to excessive settlement.

Environmental monitoring systems have to be maintained during the entire post-closure period as per the requirements of the local environmental regulatory agencies. Wherever possible, monitoring instruments must be periodically recalibrated. Sampling devices must be routinely detoxified and also regularly checked for proper functioning of the opening and closing of valves or spring loaded mechanisms.

Landfill monitoring: frequency of sampling

Number Media Frequency of Sampling Operating Phase After care Phase 1 Leachate 1.1 Leachate Quantity Monthly Every six months 1.2 Leachate Quality Quarterly Every six months 2 Surface Water 2.1 Volume of Surface

Water Quarterly Every six months

2.2 Quality of Surface Water Quarterly Every six months 3 Landfill Gas 3.1 Potential gas emission Monthly Every six months 4 Ground Water 4.1 Level of groundwater Every six months Every six months 4.2 Groundwater quality Site specific Site specific 5 Data on landfill body 5.1 Structure & Composition Yearly 5.2 Settlement of Landfill

Body Yearly Yearly reading

Groundwater Quality Monitoring

According to MSW Rules, 2000, specified groundwater monitoring requirements are as follows:

Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference. The ground water quality


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within 50 meters of the periphery of landfill site shall be periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not contaminated beyond acceptable limit as decided as per the Ground Water Board or the State Board of the Committee. Such monitoring shall be carried out to cover different seasons in a year that is summer, Monsoon and post monsoon.

Groundwater samples are to be collected quarterly and analyzed for the following parameters, as suggested by MSW Rules, 2000. “The following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply for monitoring purpose, namely.”

Standards for Ground Water Quality Monitoring

Sl. No.

Parameters IS 10500:1991 Desirable limit (mg/l except for PH)

1 Arsenic 0.05 2 Cadmium 0.01 3 Chromium 0.05 4 Copper 0.05 5 Cyanide 0.05 6 Lead 0.05 7 Mercury 0.001 8 Nickel - 9 Nitrate as NO3 45.0 10 pH 6.5-8.5 11 Iron 0.3 12 Total hardness(as CaCO3) 300 13 Chlorides 250 14 Dissolved solids 500 15 Phenolic Compounds (as

C6H5OH) 0.001

16 Zinc 5.0 17 Sulphate (as SO4) 200

Proper sampling and analysis protocols should be followed to ensure that, the results obtained are correct. Annual reporting on the results of the groundwater monitoring programme should be forwarded to the Pollution Control Board. The report should undertake analysis of trends in the data to show potential impacts from the landfill. Based on the results of the monitoring, additional environmental control system may be required. The ground water must be monitored for 15 years after the closure of the landfill.


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Surface Water Quality Monitoring

Along-term monitoring prograame should be established to monitor any impact from the landfill on the quality of surface water. Monitoring should commence prior to and early in the construction period to establish the baseline condition.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Ambient air quality monitoring should be carried out 4 times a year, as suggested by MSW Rules, 2000. The parameters to be monitored and the prescribed standards are as follows:

Standards of Air Quality Monitoring

Sl. No. Parameters Unit Acceptable Levels

(i) Sulphur dioxide mg/m3 120

(ii) Suspended Particulate Matter

mg/m3 500

(iii) Methane mg/m3 Not to exceed 25 percent of the lower explosive limit (equivalent to 650 mg/m3)

(iv) Ammonia daily average (Sample duration 24 hrs)

mg/m3 0.4

(v) Carbon monoxide mg/m3 1 hour average: 2 mg/m3 8 hour average:1mg/m3

The air quality must be monitored for 15 years after the closure of the landfill.


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CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION

Rapid urbanization and population growth of Bhubaneswar& Cuttack city are bound to bring an increase in the overall waste generation in the coming years. In the city, solid waste management falls short of the desired level as the systems adopted are out-dated and inefficient. Further institutional weakness, shortage of human and financial resources, improper choice of technology, inadequate coverage and lack of short and long term planning are responsible for the poor state of affairs. The city is facing these deficiencies in varying degrees and there is a need to make substantial improvement in the MSW practices prevailing in the city to raise the standards of health, sanitation and urban environment keeping pace with the rapid urbanization and growing population. There is therefore, an urgent need to improvise the situation to stop further decay and deterioration of the city. Concerning the hierarchy of the principles and the methods for MSW management defined by the national legislation, Bhubaneswar& Cuttack cities have a long way to go and, therefore, there is a considerable amount of effort to be made in order to obtain real and significant positive evolution in MSW prevention, reduction and recovery.

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