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TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE

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TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE. Presented by ALI SALMAN RANA EE-106-005. INTRODUCTION. “Grid energy storage” (also called large-scale energy storage ) refers to the methods used to store electricity within an electrical power grid. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY GRID ENERGY STORAGE STORAGE Presented by Presented by ALI SALMAN ALI SALMAN RANA RANA EE-106-005 EE-106-005
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Page 1: TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE

TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY FOR GRID ENERGY

STORAGESTORAGE

Presented by Presented by ALI SALMAN ALI SALMAN

RANARANA EE-106-005EE-106-005

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

““Grid energy storage”Grid energy storage” (also called (also called large-scale energy storagelarge-scale energy storage) refers to ) refers to the methods used to store electricity the methods used to store electricity within an electrical power grid. within an electrical power grid.

““Electrical energy is stored during times Electrical energy is stored during times when production (from power plants) when production (from power plants) exceeds consumption and the stores are exceeds consumption and the stores are utilized at times when consumption utilized at times when consumption exceeds production.” exceeds production.”

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GENERALIZED MODELGENERALIZED MODEL

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BENEEFITSBENEEFITS Energy storage can be used to maintain continuity Energy storage can be used to maintain continuity

of service, particularly valuable for of service, particularly valuable for “intermittent “intermittent energy sources.”energy sources.”

Energy Storage systems can be used to compensate Energy Storage systems can be used to compensate unevenness in voltage on a power line.unevenness in voltage on a power line.

Energy storage can be used to regulate AC Energy storage can be used to regulate AC frequency in the power system to protect sensitive frequency in the power system to protect sensitive electrical equipment.electrical equipment.

Using Energy Storage the production must not be Using Energy Storage the production must not be so drastically scaled up and down to meet so drastically scaled up and down to meet momentary consumption, instead, production is momentary consumption, instead, production is maintained at a more constant level. This has the maintained at a more constant level. This has the advantage that fuel-based power plants (i.e. coal, advantage that fuel-based power plants (i.e. coal, oil, gas) can be more efficiently and easily operated oil, gas) can be more efficiently and easily operated at constant production levels.   at constant production levels.  

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TECHNOLOGIES USEDTECHNOLOGIES USED

Compressed Air Energy StorageCompressed Air Energy Storage Battery StorageBattery Storage Fly Wheel Energy StorageFly Wheel Energy Storage Pumped Hydroelectric StoragePumped Hydroelectric Storage Hydrogen StorageHydrogen Storage Thermal StorageThermal Storage Superconducting Magnetic StorageSuperconducting Magnetic Storage

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COMPRESSED AIRCOMPRESSED AIR Compressed Air Energy StorageCompressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) refers to the (CAES) refers to the

compression of air to be used later as an energy source. At compression of air to be used later as an energy source. At utility scale, it can be stored during periods of low energy utility scale, it can be stored during periods of low energy demand, and used in periods of higher energy demand.demand, and used in periods of higher energy demand.

Compressed air storage essentially involves using Compressed air storage essentially involves using electricity to compact air and force it into porous rock electricity to compact air and force it into porous rock layers underground. The pressure in such a storage facility layers underground. The pressure in such a storage facility can quite easily reach 100 bars. Then, when the air is can quite easily reach 100 bars. Then, when the air is released it drives a generator via a turbine to produce released it drives a generator via a turbine to produce electricity. electricity.

Compressed-air energy storage is an already tried-and-Compressed-air energy storage is an already tried-and-tested technology, although it has one drawback: The tested technology, although it has one drawback: The efficiency of existing CAES plant technology is below 55% efficiency of existing CAES plant technology is below 55% since the emerging compression heat goes unutilized since the emerging compression heat goes unutilized today.today.

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Compressed Air Energy Compressed Air Energy StorageStorage

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BATTERIESBATTERIES Batteries use and release energy through chemical Batteries use and release energy through chemical

reactions and are perfect for power back-up and reactions and are perfect for power back-up and energy storage.energy storage.

BatteriesBatteries come in many types, can be stacked or come in many types, can be stacked or enlarged to store more energy and can drive enlarged to store more energy and can drive electricity for seconds to hours. electricity for seconds to hours.

On the longevity end, there are trailer-sized On the longevity end, there are trailer-sized flow flow batteriesbatteries like like zinc-bromidezinc-bromide and and high-temperature high-temperature batteriesbatteries like like sodium-sulfursodium-sulfur. These can supply up . These can supply up to 20 megawatts of power for hours. to 20 megawatts of power for hours.

On the burst-of-power end, On the burst-of-power end, lead-acid batterieslead-acid batteries are are commonly used today. Other batteries include commonly used today. Other batteries include metal-metal-airair, , lithium-ionlithium-ion, , nickel-cadmiumnickel-cadmium and and lead-lead-carboncarbon..

DRAWBACKDRAWBACKBatteries are generally expensive, have high Batteries are generally expensive, have high

maintenance, and have limited lifespans. maintenance, and have limited lifespans.

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$15 Million Zinc Bromide $15 Million Zinc Bromide 31.5 MAh Battery31.5 MAh Battery

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FLY WHEELFLY WHEEL

Flywheel energy storageFlywheel energy storage (FES) works (FES) works by accelerating a by accelerating a rotor ( (flywheel) to a ) to a very high speed and maintaining the very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as energy in the system as rotational energy. .

When energy is extracted from the When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel's rotational speed is system, the flywheel's rotational speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results in to the system correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel. an increase in the speed of the flywheel.

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PUMPED PUMPED HYDROELECTRICHYDROELECTRIC Pumped Storage HydroelectricityPumped Storage Hydroelectricity is a type of is a type of

hydroelectric power generation used by some power plants hydroelectric power generation used by some power plants for energy storage. for energy storage.

This method stores energy in the form of water, pumped This method stores energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. reservoir.

Low-cost off-peak electric power or intermitted energy Low-cost off-peak electric power or intermitted energy sources like wind turbine and solar cells are used to run sources like wind turbine and solar cells are used to run the pumps. the pumps.

During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines. is released through turbines.

DrawbacksDrawbacks to pumped storage are its high capital cost, to pumped storage are its high capital cost,

geographical and environmental restrictions on sitting a geographical and environmental restrictions on sitting a reservoir or dam, and sensitivity to drought conditions. reservoir or dam, and sensitivity to drought conditions.

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PUMPED STORAGE PUMPED STORAGE PLANTPLANT

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PUMPED STORAGE PUMPED STORAGE PLANTPLANT

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HYDROGENHYDROGEN Hydrogen is produced (typically using electrical Hydrogen is produced (typically using electrical

energy and/or heat), then sometimes compressed energy and/or heat), then sometimes compressed or liquefied, stored, and then converted back to or liquefied, stored, and then converted back to electrical energy and/or heat.electrical energy and/or heat.

Compared to pumped water storage and Compared to pumped water storage and batteries, hydrogen has the advantage that it is a batteries, hydrogen has the advantage that it is a high energy density, amassable fuel. high energy density, amassable fuel.

Hydrogen can be produced either by reforming Hydrogen can be produced either by reforming natural gas with stream or by the electrolysis of natural gas with stream or by the electrolysis of water, resulting into hydrogen and oxygen. water, resulting into hydrogen and oxygen.

Stored hydrogen is finally converted back to Stored hydrogen is finally converted back to electricity in a fuel cell which converts chemical electricity in a fuel cell which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion. energy into electricity without combustion.

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HYDROGEN POWER HYDROGEN POWER BASICSBASICS

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HYDROGEN POWER HYDROGEN POWER GENERATIONGENERATION

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THERMAL STORAGETHERMAL STORAGE Thermal energy storage technologies store heat, Thermal energy storage technologies store heat,

usually from active solar collectors that are later used usually from active solar collectors that are later used in domestic space heating, or process hot water, or to in domestic space heating, or process hot water, or to generate electricity.generate electricity.

Most promising for the grid energy storage is the use Most promising for the grid energy storage is the use of molten salt or other thermal storage media to store of molten salt or other thermal storage media to store the heat of the sun by concentrating solar power using the heat of the sun by concentrating solar power using mirrors arrayed in parabolic fashion or power tower mirrors arrayed in parabolic fashion or power tower designed to concentrate solar radiation on a thermal designed to concentrate solar radiation on a thermal fluid.fluid.

These solar thermal electric generation plants can be These solar thermal electric generation plants can be built without storage facilities, with storage included built without storage facilities, with storage included generation can be postponed for as much as a week generation can be postponed for as much as a week and potentially more by releasing the heat from the and potentially more by releasing the heat from the storage medium when electricity is needed. storage medium when electricity is needed.

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THERMAL STORAGETHERMAL STORAGE

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SUPERCONDUCTING SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETICMAGNETIC

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil which has been cooled to a temperature below its which has been cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. superconducting critical temperature.

The stored energy can be released back to the network The stored energy can be released back to the network by discharging the coil. by discharging the coil.

SMES loses the least amount of electricity in the energy SMES loses the least amount of electricity in the energy storage process compared to other methods of storing storage process compared to other methods of storing energy. SMES systems are highly efficient, there energy. SMES systems are highly efficient, there efficiency is greater than 95%.efficiency is greater than 95%.

Due to the energy requirements of refrigeration and the Due to the energy requirements of refrigeration and the high cost of superconducting wire, SMES is currently high cost of superconducting wire, SMES is currently used only for short duration energy storage.used only for short duration energy storage.

In future SMES will be used as In future SMES will be used as large scale energy large scale energy storagestorage

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SUPERCONDUCTING SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETICMAGNETIC

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SUPERCONDUCTING SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETICMAGNETIC

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  Pumped Storage Hydroelectric

Compressed Air Storage

Batteries Flywheels

Energy Storage Capacity

22,000 MWh 2,400 MWh 50 – 250 MWh 0.5 kWh

Duration of Discharge

~ 12 hours 4 – 24 hours 1 – 8 hours 1 - 30 sec

Power Level Up to 4 GW 50-300 MW 50 kW – 50 MW 200 kW

Response Time

0.5 - 15 min 2 - 12 min 4 ms 4 ms

Cycle Efficiency

0.87 0.55-0.70 0.65 - 0.90 0.95

Lifetime 30 years 30 years 5 -15 years 106 cycles or Up to 20 yrs

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ECONOMICS OF ENERGY ECONOMICS OF ENERGY STORAGESTORAGE

“ “When it comes to actual costs, energy storage is not When it comes to actual costs, energy storage is not cheap," cheap,"

For every $700 invested in compressed air system, For every $700 invested in compressed air system, the utility gets 1 kilowatt of electricity.the utility gets 1 kilowatt of electricity.

Pumped hydroelectric costs around $2,250 per Pumped hydroelectric costs around $2,250 per kilowatt. kilowatt.

For power that lasts minutes to hours, lithium-ion For power that lasts minutes to hours, lithium-ion batteries cost $1,100 per kilowatt.batteries cost $1,100 per kilowatt.

Flywheels cost $1,250 per kilowatt.Flywheels cost $1,250 per kilowatt. Flow batteries cost $2,500 per kilowatt.Flow batteries cost $2,500 per kilowatt. High-temperature batteries like sodium-sulfur cost High-temperature batteries like sodium-sulfur cost

$3,100 per kilowatt.$3,100 per kilowatt.


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