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Technologies, places, business models for Open Design
Massimo Menichinelli
---------------------------------------------------------------------------September 23rd 2011Pixelversity – Pixelache, Helsinki http://www.pixelache.ac/helsinki/pixelversity/programme-2011/open-p2p-design/
Presentation available at:http://www.slideshare.net/openp2pdesign
01.Technologies: how to “compile” the digital blueprint?
Digital Fabrication or Fabbing
Not only for Open Design! Even for Generative Design, Mass-customisation, ...
Source: http://www.platform-net.com/
Laser engraving
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SSavlU06go
(Video on next slide)
Laser cutting
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rvSdDTgUww
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3D Printing in full colors
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHxp9Ail6MY
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3D Printing in metal: stainless steel
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9VOwqtOglg
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3D Printing in glass
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtK-Hqd6Q2I
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3D Printing in ceramics
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZU7O1BHfyo
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CNC Milling
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4akxGjTbOs
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Fabbing service + marketplace: i.materialise (Belgium)
Source: http://i.materialise.com/
Fabbing service + marketplace: Sculpteo (France)
Source: http://www.sculpteo.com/en/
Open Source: RepRap
RepRap: the first open source 3D printer you can buy or build at home and that replicates itself.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap_Project http://www.reprap.org
Open Source: Makerbot (building on the RepRap)
Makerbot: easier to build than the RepRap, not an experiment but for everyday use.
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/retrocactus/5875140581/in/pool-1024769@N20/http://www.flickr.com/photos/micahdowty/5288805084/in/pool-1024769@N20/ http://www.makerbot.com/
MakerBot: 3D printing
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8XJUqHXgls
(Video on next slide)
Open Source: Ultimaker (building on RepRap / Makerbot)
Ultimaker: faster, bigger and with higher details.
Source: http://reprap.org/wiki/Ultimaker http://blog.ultimaker.com/
Open Source alternative: laser cutting + engraving
Source: http://labs.nortd.com/lasersaur/
Open Source: 3D scanning
Source: http://hci.rwth-aachen.de/fabscan
02.… and where can we make Open Design projects?
Hackerspaces
Source: http://hackerspaces.org/wiki/List_of_Hacker_Spaces
Open Design City, a different format
Interview: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/fabbing/an-interview-with-open-design-city/
Source: http://opendesigncity.de/
Fabbing in a common place: FabLab
FabLabs: a place for studying how information and matter interact and doing it in an open source and collaborative way.
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/protospace/5199454304/
FabLab: from MIT and Neil Gershenfeld
Source:http://cba.mit.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gershenfeld
FabLab: information and matter interacts
Source: http://fablab.waag.org/node/3847
An interesting example: a FabLab for Architecture
Source: http://www.fablabhouse.com/
And the place defines the FabLab!
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Batll%C3%B3
An interesting example: Green FabLab Barcelona
Source: http://greenfablab.org/
An interesting example: Barcelona FabCity
“Toni Vives [...], Head of the Department the Urban Habitat in the Ofce of the Mayor of Barcelona and member of the IAAC Board of Directors, presented the city’s plan to become a “Fab City” with multiple Fab Labs in neighborhoods around Barcelona.”
Source: http://www.iaacblog.com/blog/2011/iaac-at-fab-7-in-lima-peru/
03.… and what about Helsinki?
Hub Helsinki: a space for coworking (and collaboration)
Source: http://helsinki.the-hub.net/
Hackerspaces
Source: http://hackerspaces.org/wiki/List_of_Hacker_Spaces
Aalto Design Factory: almost a FabLab
Source: http://designfactory.aalto.fi/
ADDlab: Aalto Digital Design Laboratory (Architecture)
Source: http://addlab.aalto.fi/
Aalto Media Factory: FabLab Helsinki
Source: http://mediafactory.aalto.fi/?p=1076
04.Why should a designer be concerned about business?
I'm a designer, after all!
(Open) Design + Business ?
A designer / researcher studying how to co-design Open Processes with communities, trying to make his design / research activity sustainable.
Source: Scott Beale / Laughing Squid http://laughingsquid.com/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/laughingsquid/1019493074/
(Open) Design + Business ?
Commissioned a report on business models of:
* Open Hardwarehttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/open-design/business-models-for-open-hardware/
* Fab Labshttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/fabbing/business-models-for-fab-labs/
* DIY Crafthttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/open-design/business-models-for-diy-craft/
From a paper project to a real project
Designers start thinking about the business
Source: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/danprovost/glif-iphone-4-tripod-mount-and-stand
From a paper project to a real project
Now on Apple Store!
Source: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1104350651/tiktok-lunatik-multi-touch-watch-kits
Just being “Open” is not enough: is it needed?
.. but what about the market?
Source: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1833785894/100k-stray-toasthed-pull-toys
05.Open and DIY Business (as they are now)
Business models of Open Source (software)
Non-monetary incentives:* problem solving* ethical questions* education + learning* reputation --> social interactions + jobs
--> it's not just about money! Also a gift economy
Business models of Open Source (software)
Monetary incentives:* selling software (as open or even with dual licensing)* offering services (customisation, support, ...)* paid developer work* donation* software as service (freemium, ...)* embedding software into hardware
--> … it's not just only volunteer work! Also a market economy
Business models of Open Source (software)
Red Hatfirst open source company expected to break through the $1bn mark in 2011.
Source: http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2011/03/24/redhat_q4_f2011_numbers/
Cost of developing Linux
The Linux Foundation (LF) (2008): $10.8 billion to build the Linux community distribution Fedora 9 in today’s dollars with today’s software development costs.
$1.4 billion to develop the Linux kernel alone.
Source: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/sites/main/files/publications/estimatinglinux.html
Please note: Open Business is not completely open
* identity (brand) is fixed and is a warranty certificate* existing business ecosystems may not be open* knowledge, expertise, tools, resources are not always “open”
Source: http://www.arduino.ccSource: http://www.blender.org/blenderorg/blender-foundation/logo/
The levels of openness in Open Hardware
Patrick McNamara defined 4 possible levels of Openness in Open Hardware projects:
1. Closed: any hardware for which the creator of the hardware will not release any information.
2. Open Interface: all the documentation on how to make a piece of hardware perform the function for which it is designed is available (minimum level of openness).
3. Open Design: in which enough detailed documentation is provided that a functionally compatible device could be created by a third party.
4. Open Implementation: the complete bill of materials necessary to construct the device is available.
Source: http://www.osbr.ca/ojs/index.php/osbr/article/view/379/340
The business models of Open Hardware
* Services and expertise (customization, consulting) * Manufacturing of owned or third party Open Hardware* Manufacturing of proprietary hardware based on Open
Hardware* Dual-licensing * Proprietary hardware designs based on Open Hardware* Proprietary software tools for developing Open Hardware* ... and:
Source: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/open-design/business-models-for-open-hardware/
The business models of Open Hardware
* Proprietary hardware tools for Open Hardware (Sparklelabs)
Source: http://kits.sparklelabs.com/
The business models of Open Hardware
* Free services for building a greater user base (Adafruit Jobs Board)
Source: http://www.adafruit.com/jobs/
The business models of Open Hardware
* Partnership between Open and Fabbing companies (Ponoko + Sparkfun)
Source: http://www.ponoko.com/make-and-sell/electronics
+ =
The business models of Open Hardware
* Funding Open Hardware projects in exchange for documentation
Source: http://bildr.org/
The business models of Open Hardware
* Piracy as a learning and market building strategy (Shanzai)
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ttstam/4177935719/
The business models of Open Hardware
* Brick and mortar store (Makerbot - Botcave)
Source: http://www.makerbot.com/blog/2010/11/26/makerbot-botcave-store-opens-today/
The business models of Open Hardware
* Renting spaces for co-working (Hackerspaces)
Source: http://hackerspaces.org/wiki/NYC_Resistor
The business models of Open Hardware
* Microcredit / peer-to-peer lending / crowdfunding (Open Hardware Bank)
Source: http://www.oshwbank.org/
The market of Open Hardware
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Source: http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2010/05/million-dollar-baby-businesses-de.html
2009:* 13 companies over $ 1 m.* total: $ 50 m.* $ 1 billion by 2015
The market of Open Hardware: SparkFun
Nathan Seidle (founder):
“In 2010, SparkFun had revenues of about $18.4MM. As of April of 2011, we have around 120 employees, up from 87 a year ago.”
“We hope to grow by 50% this year (2011) to around $28MM in sales. We expect to be in the 30-50MM range in the next 3-5.”
Source: http://www.sparkfun.com/news/599
Similar models for DIY Craft... Etsy
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (March)$0
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Source: http://www.etsy.com/press/kit/
Similar models for DIY Craft... Sewing Cafes
* Renting spaces for co-working (Sewing Cafes)
Source: http://sweatshopparis.blogspot.com/
Sewing Café
Source: http://www.sweatshopparis.com/index.php?/project/concept/
...and 1 more: Crowdsourcing (Threadless)
Founded in 2000 with just $ 1,000, now it has a revenue of $ 17,000,000 in annual sales with a 35% profit margin.
Source: http://www.threadless.com/submithttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/open-design/business-models-for-diy-craft/
A place for Open / DIY projects: Fab Labs
How to start it:* $50,000-$55,000 (or open source low-cost version for $12,500 - $5000)
* value proposal: facilities or innovation support
* The Enabler business model: launch new Labs or support them* The Education business model: a global distributed model of education
through Fab Labs (Fab Academy + P2P learning among users)* The Incubator business model: provide infrastructure for entrepreneurs to
turn their Fab Lab creations into sustainable businesses. * The Replicated / Network business model: product / service that utilizes
the infrastructure, staff and expertise of a many Fab Labs.
* not so interested in becoming profitables
(though they could)+ Hackerspaces, Sewing Cafes, Techshops, ...
Source: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/fabbing/business-models-for-fab-labs/
A place for Open / DIY projects: Fab Labs
* attached to institutions... or to brands (Absolut Lab, Madrid) http://www.absolut-lab.com/
Source:http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/fabbing/business-models-for-fab-labs/http://www.advertolog.com/absolut/print-outdoor/berlin-7686855/
-->
06.The future of Open and DIY Business: where will be value created?
Look for what is becoming a commodity
A commodity is a good for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. [...] the market treats it as equivalent or nearly so no matter who produces it.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity
Commoditization (also called commodification) occurs as a goods or services market loses differentiation across its supply base, often by the diffusion of the intellectual capital necessary to acquire or produce it efficiently. […] a unique, branded product into a market based on undifferentiated products.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commoditization
Hardware and Software, becoming commodities
* ('50s-'70s) Hardware is the product, software is for free: mainframes--> Hacker ethic of sharing information
* ('80s-'90s) Hardware is commodity, software is the product and it's proprietary: personal computers --> Microsoft emerges
* ('00s-...) Even software is a commodity, so let's sell services and get data from users: open source, web 2.0, services around software, software as service, the cloud --> web 2.0 emerges
Manufacturing and Design, becoming commodities
* ('90s-'00s) Manufacturing becomes a commodity and slowly disappears in the West (thanks to China)
* ('10s-...) Now it's even more a commodity (thanks to Fabbing)
* ('00s-...) Professional design is slowly becoming a commodity (thanks to Fast Fashion, Ikea, design schools bubble, Shanzai)
--> Where is value now, in Design and Manufacturing?
… so is still value in offering creativity?
Source: http://www.freedomofcreation.com/home/3d-systems-acquires-freedom-of-creation
… or in enabling creativity?
Source: http://blog.3dsystems.com/2011/05/3d-systems-partners-with-alibre.htmlhttp://www.alibre.com/
… in attention, collaboration, creativity from “users”?
“ We fnd this previously unmeasured type of household sector innovation to be quite large: 6.2% of UK consumers - 2.9 million individuals - have engaged in consumer product innovation during the prior 3 years. In aggregate, consumers’ annual product development expenditures are 2.3 times larger than the annual consumer product R&D expenditures of all frms in the UK combined. “
Eric A. Von Hippel, Jeroen De Jong, Steven FlowersComparing Business and Household Sector Innovation in Consumer Products: Findings from a Representative Study in the UK Source: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683503
07.Open Design and money, work, innovation, sustainability
Does the long tail of Etsy help small DIY business?
* very few users can make a living on it
* competition, but impossibility to increase volumes
--> downward pressure on prices* rather an incubator for the most promising DIYers (a low-cost entry point into the market)
Source: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/open-design/business-models-for-diy-craft/
Does the long tail help small DIY business?
None of the business examined tries to help its user to make a living on their project. At least Shapeways uses revenues to lower prices down. But Shapeways:* generated 244,000 € in revenue over 2009, but at the same time it lost
1,400,000 € * received a $ 5,000,000 fund from VC in order to open offices in the USA
Source: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/fabbing/business-models-for-fab-labs/
… and a lesson from the past
In 1914 Ford offered a $5 per day wage ($110 in current dollar terms), which more than doubled the wages. Ford's policy proved that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing and be good for the economy. Ford explained the policy as profit-sharing rather than wages.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
Crowdsourcing, mass-collaboration and work
“If crowdsourcing runs on people’s “spare cycles”—their downtime not claimed by work or family obligations—that quantity is now in surplus. […] Crowdsourcing is proving to be highly efcient at identifying and exploiting those “spare cycles”.”
Source: Howe, J., 2008. Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business 1st ed., Crown Business.
“First the 'human resource' is not just inside the boundaries of your company. The world is your resource. This is more than outsourcing. Companies can now tap into vast pools of labour."
Source: Tapscott, D. & Williams, A.D., 2006. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Portfolio Hardcover.
Yes, but where is the work that permits spare cycles?
In UK:
“Data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency shows that just 65.5 per cent of those who graduated from creative art and design undergraduate and postgraduate courses in 2007 are in full-time employment.This is below the average fgure of 72.3 per cent of 2007 graduates from all courses, who are in full-time work.”
Source: http://t.co/Wgl2GGI
Yes, but where is the work that permits spare cycles?
Source: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/11_39.html
Open Innovation vs. Closed Innovation
Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_innovation http://shar.es/HN3Ua
Open Innovation vs. Open Source
“Open innovation is sometimes confated with open source methodologies for software development. There are some concepts that are shared between the two, such as the idea of greater external sources of information to create value. However, open innovation explicitly incorporates the business model as the source of both value creation and value capture. This latter role of the business model enables the organization to sustain its position in the industry value chain over time. While open source shares the focus on value creation throughout an industry value chain, its proponents usually deny or downplay the importance of value capture.”
Source: Chesbrough, H., 2011. Open Services Innovation: Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era 1st ed., Jossey-Bass.http://www.amazon.com/Open-Services-Innovation-Rethinking-Business/dp/0470905743
..so is it a gift vs. monetary economy?
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy
Open and P2P Money, are they a solution?
Does it address the current problems of money, or is just a way of making it “open” reinventing the wheel without proposing business models?
Source: http://www.bitcoin.org/
When everything is peaking...
Even renewable resources like wood are peaking.. What and how are we going to manufacture when everybody will be able to do it?
Source: http://ecoalfabeta.blogosfere.it/2011/03/il-picco-del-legno.html
… reinventing an open wheel is not enough
Will just making open an unstainable past be sustainable?
Source: http://www.theoscarproject.org/
New language, business for the new media: collaboration
Every new technology takes time to develop its own uses, languages and business models.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
New language, business for the new media: collaboration
Every new technology takes time to develop its own uses, languages and business models.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle
… blocks of an Open, DIY and P2P Economy
* open business for design, energy, materials, tools
* open business that consider information as abundant but materials and energy as scarce resources
* open money (but well designed and linked to energy and materials)
* API and Open Data between open businesses
* Open processes + distributed testing of business models
Any question or comment?
Thank you!
Massimo Menichinelli
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[email protected]/openp2pdesign
