What is broadband?What is broadband?Dr Angus Hay

The InternetThe Internet

• Around 30000 unique BGP4 qAutonomous Systems• 50% of traffic on 150 ASs

• More than 5 Exabytes of traffic carried monthly

• 680 million host computers• 1.5 billion unique users• 444 million (fixed line) 

broadband connections• “IP over everything & 

everything over IP”

Neotel is a member of the Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA)

Architecture of the Internet todayArchitecture of the Internet today

“Hyper Giants”Large Content, Consumer, Hosting CDN

Tier 1Global Transit Backbones

IXPIXPIXP

Tier 2Regional ISP

Tier 2Regional ISP

Customer Networks

Concept from ATLAS Internet Observatory

The Internet in South AfricaThe Internet in South Africa

• Six Regional Tier 1 (Tier 2) providers*g ( ) p• Around 150 ISPs of various sizes and tiers

• Internet Transit and Peering• Two public Internet exchanges (JINX and CINX)• 1 Gbps exchanged publicly; probably 5 Gbps privately

• 5 million unique Internet users (Q4 2009)• 700 000 dial‐up connections (still!)• 1,69 million broadband connections (Q1 2009)

• South African definition includes fixed and mobile

• South Africa ranked 61st on Broadband Quality

* Neotel / Tata Communications Global Tier 1 network is present in South Africap

Sources: World Wide Worx, MyADSL, Oxford Broadband Quality Study, ISPA, ispmap.org.za

The distribution bottleneck

Content Aggregation Distribution Devices

The distribution bottleneck

Content Aggregation Distribution Devices

Access BandwidthAccess Bandwidth

• Bandwidth is not a finite resource like oil – over time totalBandwidth is not a finite resource like oil  over time, total bandwidth will grow, and the price per bandwidth will fall

• Driven by applications and content, broadband accessDriven by applications and content, broadband access bandwidth continues to grow exponentially around the world

• Access bandwidth per customer needs to increase continuallyp y

• Retail competition will increasingly not g ybe on the price of bandwidth, but on services delivered over that bandwidth.

Broadband 2.0Broadband 2.0• “Broadband 2.0” is a term first coined around 2005, to describe 

the next step in broadband performance required by high end

• Characteristics of Broadband 2 0

the next step in broadband performance required by high‐end users such as online gamers, and to deliver triple play services

• Characteristics of Broadband 2.0– Higher bandwidth, low contention ratio– Symmetrical access and Quality of ServiceSymmetrical access and Quality of Service– High‐definition video speeds (20+ Mbps)– Multiple sources of content, peer‐to‐peer

• Two worlds of broadband– Wireless for personal broadband access– Optical fibre for fixed Broadband 2.0 access– Wireless will dominate broadband in Africa

• Broadband 2 0 requires FTTB/FTTH access even in South Africa• Broadband 2.0 requires FTTB/FTTH access, even in South Africa

Global Broadband benchmarks

Country Average Change/y > 5 Mbps > 2MbpsSouth Korea 14,6 Mbps 13% 74% 94%Japan 7,9 Mbps 11% 60% 90%Japan 7,9 Mbps 11% 60% 90%Sweden 5,7 Mbps 6,2% 42% 75%United States 3,9 Mbps -2,4% 24% 57%United Kingdom 3,4 Mbps 16% 19% 73%Czech Republic 4,8 Mbps 23% 30% 76%Brazil 1,1 Mbps -4,6% 1,4% 11%India 879 kbps -6,8% 0,7% 4,9%China 825 kbps 6,2% 0,4% 4,2%Mayotte 43 kbps - - -WORLD 1,7 Mbps 13% 19% 53%

Midrand, SA 1,5 Mbps - 4,2% 11%Jo'burg, SA 1,1 Mbps - 1,3% 8,0%Cape Town SA 1 3 Mbps - 0 8% 13%Cape Town, SA 1,3 Mbps 0,8% 13%

Source: Akamai State of the Internet Report

Why optical fibre?y p

• Almost infinite bandwidthAlmost infinite bandwidth• 25.4 Tbps (160 x 160 Gbps wavelengths) demo• 600 Gbps on a single wavelength in laboratory• Commercial Terabit per second cables

• High reliability and availability vs copper• Highly scalable bandwidth using DWDM

Active vs passive optical fibre accessp p

• Active– Metro Ethernet: Ring or 

Switched Ethernet architecture– Highly scalable access from 10 

Mbps to 10 Gbps– Dominates European market– Ubiquitous GE installed baseUbiquitous GE installed base

• Passive– Point‐to‐multipoint topology, 

multiple access protocol– 100% passive outside plant 

minimises capex and opex– Cost effective access between 

10 Mbps and 100 Mbps– Parallel analogue broadcastParallel analogue broadcast 

video stream (Second lambda)

The ultimate capacity constraints

PermissionsPermissions

Spectrum

Photos: ld13 , Neotel

p

Rapid fibre rollout methods

Broadband: South Africa vs The World

32%

South Africa

32%

68% Wireline

Wireless

13%

1% 1%World

DSL

21%64%

Cable

Fibre

Wireless

Other

Sources: MyBroadband, The Broadband Forum

Broadband ecosystem

Global Global TransitTransit

Hosting / Hosting / ApplicationsApplications

Network Network servicesservices

Voice Voice InterconnectInterconnect

Internet Internet PeeringPeering

National National networknetwork

Access: Access: FibreFibre networknetworkFibreFibre

Access: Access: WirelessWireless

Submarine cables – 2011 

EΛSSy

WACS

Content Delivery NetworksContent Delivery Networks

• Developed to cache (mirror) files across the Internetp ( )• Concept pioneered by Akamai in the late 1990s

• Many CDNs, but a few dominate• Akamai• Limelight• Level 3• Panther• BitGravity• BitGravity

• Today account for 10% of all Internet traffic• CDNs today carry more varied traffic including streaming• CDNs today carry more varied traffic, including streaming

• Video is about a third of the traffic, but not of the economic value• The video CDN market will grow to around $1bn by 2012g y

Sources: Frost & Sullivan, ATLAS Internet Observatory

The future of broadband wirelessThe future of broadband wireless

• Network architectureNetwork architecture– Uncapped wireless as primary broadband 

access puts pressure on spectrum and backhaul– Deep backhaul and high site density required– Heavy core evolution vs lean pure IP network

D i d li ti• Devices and applications– Personal vs home/office vs new device types– Diversity of devices matches market diversityDiversity of devices matches market diversity

• A fixed and mobile future– Broadband wireless will connect peopleoadba d e ess co ect peop e– Optical fibre broadband will connect places– In some markets, wireless will connect both– Wireless will dominate broadband in Africa

Choosing a wireless access technologyg gy

• Economies of scale• Stability, features and network cost

• Terminal price and availability

• Standards and interoperability

• Backward compatibility• Terminal re‐use and customer retention

• Network migration and equipment re‐use (vendors)

• Spectrum• Lower frequencies for coverage and penetration

• Global or regional band plan alignment

• Economic basis of spectrum regulation

• Roaming, multi‐band and multi‐standard devices

Wireless roadmapsp

3GPP GSM UMTSEDGE HSPAGPRS HSPA+ LTE LTE-A

3GPP2 CDMA EV-DO Rev.A Rev. B

IEEEIEEE WiFi 802.16e802.16d 802.16mWiMAX

RF technology: CDMA versus OFDMAgy

CDMA2000 1X and EV-DO are more efficient in bandwidths up to 5 MHzbandwidths up to 5 MHz

OFDMA-based solutions offer a simpler implementation inbandwidths greater than 10 MHzbandwidths greater than 10 MHz

Making broadband happenMaking broadband happen• US: President Barack Obama aims to ensure 

broadband access for all, thereby restoring the US ranking in broadband penetration. The minimum definition of broadband will be redrafted to meet 21st century communications requirements.ce u y co u ca o s equ e e s

• UK: New government policy promotes broadband for all, and Ofcom will require BT Openreach to offer new active fibre based broadband servicesoffer new active fibre‐based broadband services. BT has announced an initial investment of £1.5 billion in fibre to the home infrastructure.

• South Africa: Minister of Communications, Siphiwe Nyanda, releases a draft national broadband policy. The South African National p yBroadband Forum proposes a framework to promote affordable broadband and restore South Africa’s global and continental ranking in InternetAfrica s global and continental ranking in Internet access.… which is all very well, but what about Local Loop Unbundling in South Africa?

Global Broadband Growth

500

400

450

500

250

300

350

ions

100

150

200Mill

0

50

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Source: Point Topic

SA Population and Internet Usersp

60000000

50000000

60000000

40000000

20000000

30000000 Population

Internet users

10000000

0

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Sources: UNISA Bureau of Market Research & World Wide Worx, extrapolated

Neotel: Infrastructure for Broadband

• New high bandwidth national l f b b kboptical fibre backbone

• New international submarine ti l fib bl t

MidrandMidrandPretoriaPretoria

CBDCBD

optical fibre cable systems• High quality national and 

international Internet / IP

Jo’burgJo’burg

RandburgRandburgSandtonSandton

RosebankRosebank

BrixtonBrixtonKillarneyKillarney

international Internet / IP• Carrier‐class voice on IP core• New access networksgg

CBDCBD GermistonGermiston • New access networks• Optical fibre: FTTC ‐> FTTB/FTTH• 3G wireless (CDMA2000)3G wireless (CDMA2000)• Fixed wireless (WiMAX)

• Metro Ethernet fibre access• World‐class Data Centres

Thank You