Technology, Culture and Everyday Life
Technology: word created in 1829 to describe the application of science to
tasks of everyday life
Agricultural Advances
1837--John Deere invented a steel-tipped plow that cut in half the hours needed to clear an acre.
Farmers began using fertilizers when it was clear that “virgin” lands out west were producinghigher yields (plaster, guano)
Agricultural Advances• In 1834 Cyrus McCormick
patented the mechanical reaper
• It cut the wheat down, then separated the chaff (waste) from the grain
• It harvested grain seven times faster than previous methods
• McCormick marketed aggressively and sold 80,000 by 1860.
Other technological advances
Samuel MorseTelegraph Machine--1840
Singer Sewing Machine• Perfected by
Isaac Singer• Gave boost to
northern industry
• Became foundation for
ready-made clothing industry
• Led many women into factories
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.
• He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by
creating dyes for pistols and rifles. • Very important early pioneer in America’s
industrial revolution.
Cotton Production
The invention which changed
the South, cotton and slavery.
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus
McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)
“Iron Horse” Wins!
• Early railcars were
Railroad Growth
• 183013 miles of track built by B & O Railroad
• By 1850 9000 miles of RR track
• By 1860 31,000 miles of RR track
• Northern tracks built by immigrant labor
• Southern tracks builty by slave labor
Effects of Technological Advances
• Products once only available to the wealthy become commonplace
• Purchasing power of average person rose 25% between 1840-1860
• Women and children had opportunities for paid work(in cities and towns,fueling migration)
Standard of living
• Defined: Level of material comfort available to an individual or group
• Changed much more for middle class than for poor
• Middle class people were able to live in ways only the wealthy could earlier
Architecture
Examples of row houses from the 1800s
Medical Advances• There was nothing in the area of medical
advance that rivaled the change in industry• People concentrated their energies on new
diets rather than procedures and medications• Discovery of ether as anesthesia in 1840 by
Crawford Long led to surgical advances
Public Health
• Lack of understanding of how diseases were spread and importance of disinfectants hindered progress in medicine
• Cholera epidemic in 1832 killed 3500 in NYC and more worldwide
Health Movements
• Sylvester Graham advocated good nutrition, whole grains, abstinence from alcohol and later sex, fruits, vegetables and very little meat
• Inspired by cholera outbreak
Pastimes• Entertainment became a
business• Plays and minstrel shows
became popular• Penny newspapers,
subsidized by politicians or businesses, became popular
• PT Barnum—newspapers could create as well as report news
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
AntebellumAmerican
Art
TheHudson River
School:1820s-1870
► These artists captured the undiluted power of nature
► Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].
► Nature was the best source of wisdom &fulfillment.
► They created visual embodiments of the ideals ofthe Transcendentalists. * Painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind. * Art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.
Background
1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.
2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.
3. Experiment with effects of light on waterand sky.
4. Symbol of the school a broken tree stump
Characteristics of the Hudson River School
A new art for a new land.
► Transcendentalist thinking.► Westward expansion.► American nationalism --> What is
America? * Creation of a national mythology
► Racism and Native Americans.► Concern for political extremism.► The price paid for progress and the
advances of civilization.
Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists
In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835
NiagaraFrederic Church, 1857
View of the Catskills, Early Autumn
Thomas Cole, 1837
View from Mt. Holyoke: The OxbowThomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: The Savage State
Thomas Cole, 1834
The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: Consummation
Thomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: DestructionThomas Cole, 1836
The Course of Empire: DesolationThomas Cole, 1836
Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849
Watercolors by John Audubon
Stanley Hawk Barred Owl
TheLuminists
Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf
Robert Salmon, 1833
The Constitution in Boston Harbor
Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49
Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri
George Caleb Bingham, 1845
TheClassical Styles of Greece &
Rome
Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836
Jefferson Rotunda(Univ. of VA), 1819-26
The Capitol Rotunda
PatrioticArt
The Landing of the PilgrimsUnknown Artist, 1830s
Washington Crossing the DelawareEmmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851
George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841
The “New Cincinnatus”?
Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861
The“Frontier”
Artists
Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees - Charles Bird
King, 1821
1. The “Noble Savage” Image
Buffalo Bull’s Back Fat, Head Chief,
Blood Tribe - George Caitlin, 1832
2. The “Stoic” Indian
Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s
3. The “Demonic” Indian
Osage Scalp Dance John Mix Stanley, 1845
Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847
4. The “Doomed” Indian
Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization Thomas Crawford, 1857
A portend of the future??
Major Authors of 1800-1850
e
Herman Melville
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Edgar Allen Poe
Emily Dickenson
Henry David Thoreau
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Walt Whitman
Two Main Literary Movements
• Romanticism • Transcendentalism
Romantic Writers of 1800s
Washington IrvingJames Fenimore Cooper
William Cullen BryantEdgar Allan Poe
American Romanticism• Time Period: 1800-1860• Characterized by:
oRomantics considered the city to be a place of moral ambiguity, corruption, and death. American Romanticism can best be described as a journey away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought and toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of the imagination.
• Romantics value feeling and intuition over reason. They believe imagination, spontaneity, individual feelings, and wild nature have a greater value than reason, logic, planning, and cultivation.
Two different types of American romantic novels:
Gothic novels – exploring supernatural realms, haunted landscapes, and mysterious castles.
Nature novels – westward expansion developed this and the author’s need to find transcendence through nature.
Washington Irving
• Romantic tales of folklore adapted from European legends
• set in American landscape • characterized by American stereotypes that
reveals general truths about human nature– Nagging wife– Battered husband
• Old truths (stereotypes) about human nature and possibilities of American landscape (mixes history with fantasy through use of hearsay)
• Uses humorous tone (satirical at times) but conveys serious message about human values
Notable Works
• “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”• “Rip Van Winkle”• The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.• A History of New York…by Diedrich
Knickerbocker
Pictured: John Quidor, 1801–81, The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane, 1858, oil
Rip Van Winkle, oil on canvas by John Quidor, 1829; in the Art Institute of Chicago.
James Fenimore Cooper
• 1st major American novelist• Uses actual events in American history as
settings for his novels • his characters define their personal values by
their experiences in the lawless wilderness• Natural view of life is simple and profound
Notable Works
• Leatherstocking Tales---collection of 5 novels that chronicle life of Natty Bumppo– The Pioneers– The Last of the Mohicans– The Prairie– The Pathfinder– The Deerslayer
• Natty Bumppo is literary hero
William Cullen Bryant• Poetry reflects Romantic approach to life• through imagination and intuition one can learn
from Nature great moral and spiritual truths• “religion of nature”---natural world is
inexhaustible source of moral and spiritual lessons
• Observations of nature evoke feelings of self in oneself.
• Father of American Poetry
By living in harmony with nature,
• man will understand transience (temporary state) on earth
• accept death• rejoice in immortality of nature
Notable Poetry
• “To A Waterfowl”• “Thanatopsis” Romantics poets were often
concerned about:– Death– Individualism
• Since death is the final restriction upon the self and its powers, individualism (the power of the self) became an important theme in poetry.
Emphasis of the poetry
• Romantics emphasized the organic process of constant changes in nature: Every living thing fulfills its appointed life cycle of birth, growth, decay, and death.
Poe
• Romantic view of Nature and the inner self by depicting irrational characters in a grotesque reality
• Nature’s greater truth = madness
Accomplishments• Most important American poet before Walt
Whitman– Unreal atmosphere and musical effects influenced
French symbolist poets and on all modern poetry• Literary critic• Credited along with Hawthorne for giving short
story it modern form– Poe thought a short story should be short enough to be
read in one sitting so as to achieve and sustain a single emotional effect
• Inventor of the detective story
Gothic Elements of Literature
• Language– Everyday language that focuses on nature– Repetition
• Imagery• Mystery, horror, violence, grotesque,
supernatural
Famous Poe Works
Fall of the House of UsherAnnabel LeeThe Murders of the Rue MorgueThe RavenThe Black CatThe Cask of AmontilladoThe Masque of the Red DeathThe Pit and the PendulumThe Telltale Heart
Basic Tenets of Transcendentalists
• A belief that God is present in every aspect of Nature, including every human being
• The conviction that everyone is capable of apprehending God through the use of intuition
• The belief that all of Nature is symbolic of the spirit.
Major Authors: • Henry David Thoreau—Civil Disobedience,
Walden• Ralph Waldo Emerson—Essays, Self-Reliance• Herman Melville—Moby Dick• Nathaniel Hawthorne—The Scarlet Letter, The
House of the Seven Gables• Walt Whitman—Poetry: Leaves of Grass• Emily Dickinson—Poetry published
posthumously
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Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-1882• Ralph Waldo Emerson was at the center of the American
transcendental movement– The major American philosopher of the nineteenth century
• In September 1835, Emerson founded the Transcendental Club with notables like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Elizabeth Hoar and Margaret Fuller
• In 1840, Emerson, Bronson Alcott, and George Ripley founded the magazine, The Dial, with Margaret Fuller editing– The Dial became the leading mouthpiece for the transcendental movement– Emerson, its editor for two years, began publishing his poems and essays in the magazine
• By the 1840s, Emerson became recognized as the leader of the Transcendental movement• In addition to his writings, Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England
– Audiences were captivated by his speaking style– Emphasized self-reliance and nonconformity, he championed authentic American literature,
and insisted that each individual find their own relation to God
• “. . . man as a reformer. . . our life . . . is common and mean . . . yet . . . each person . . . has felt his own call to cast aside all evil customs . . . and to be in his place a free and helpful man, a reformer, a benefactor, not content to slip along through the world like a footman or a spy . . . but a brave and upright man, who must find or cut a straight road to everything excellent in the earth, and not only go honorably himself, but make it easier for all who follow him, to go in honor and with benefit”
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Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862
• Henry David Thoreau was one of the best known transcendentalist thinkers of his age
• He met Ralph Waldo Emerson, who became a patron and advisor to him and who introduced him to the leading Although he could never make a living from his writings, Thoreau’s work now comprises over 20 volumes
• His writing is rich and complex and intended to nudge readers to reconsider the beliefs that make up their lives
• Politically, Thoreau was a lifelong abolitionist
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Henry David Thoreau: Walden (1854) From 1845-1847, Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living
by living in an isolated log cabin on land owned by Emerson While at Walden, Thoreau did an incredible amount of reading and writing, yet
he also spent much time "sauntering" in nature Thoreau lived a life of simplicity at Walden In 1854, Thoreau published an account of this period entitled “Walden,” which
became one of the great classics of American literature; indeed of world literature It offers a social critique of the West with its emphasis on consumerism and
its widespread destruction of the natural environment The book invites one to the examine one’s life and to the realization of one's
potential
Walden Pond A Modern Replica of Thoreau’s Walden Cabin
Henry David Thoreau