Technology Enhanced Learning Implementation and ICT...

Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, AICTBM-18, July, 2018

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Technology Enhanced Learning Implementation and ICT Business Opportunities

Framework for Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan

Kifayat Ullah

National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Tahir Nawaz

National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan,

Alveena Khan

Student of MS TEFL at Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract

This paper offers a detail overview of technology enhanced learning implementation vis a vis ITC

business opportunities for shake hand in (FATA) Pakistan. An effort has been made to use technology

enhanced learning in FATA Pakistan for provision of quality and affordable education to male and

female (equally) students of higher education, in a view to eliminate gender discrimination. At the same

time business opportunities have been explored and identified in information and telecommunication

technology sector, analysis of the opportunity and identification of the vacuum available in telecomm

sector for good return on investment (ROI). For this purpose SWOT analysis and a test, pilot project

has been carried out in village Bagan of lower Kurram Agency FATA Pakistan, to calculate the

potential of opportunities in the area and acceptance of technology enhance learning in hostile local

unfriendly education culture and traditional environment. For which E-learning Facilitation Centre

(EFC) has been established and ICT tools have been used to communicate, learn and access to quality,

affordable educational contents. Various e-learning aids and e-learning framework have been

developed to fulfil the requirement of local students of FATA. The paper identified number of limitation

with regards to social, cultural and economic aspects. The limitation approaches through effective

technology enhance learning tools for the desirable results.

Keywords: Information and communication technology, IT business, Higher education, Technology

enhanced learning, Taliban, FATA, Militancy.

Technology enhanced learning using IT infrastructure in the area is a study and practical

approach of enabling education and refining efficiency by evolving ICTs tools, processing, (Robinson,

Rhonda; Molenda, Michael; Rezabek, Landra 2016). To empower women in the society education is

the only way out and use of technology enhanced learning is an instrument in the elevation of women’s

progress has huge potential (Sukanta Sarkar, 2012). In many countries of the world IT infrastructure

availability is one of the main concerns for flourishing education. The ultimate influence of ICT on

education is still being discovered (Mubarak M Alkharang 2014). It is one of the prime task of any

telecomm regulator to make ideal environment and policy for investor. Student diversity is one of the

learning and teaching challenge in higher education. Other challenges includes, academic preparedness,

language, IT services for advance research and schooling background amongst other diversity (A. S.

Sife, E.T. Lwoga and C. Sanga 2007).

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) is one of the greatest deprived places of Pakistan

in terms of teaching, learning and available resources of IT opportunities. Inadequate educational

opportunities, gender discrimination, insufficient qualified teachers community intrust and likewise

other causes responsible for poor state of education in FATA of Pakistan. Additionally FATA has many

allied problems’ like militancy, lack of IT infrastructure, internally displaced peoples (IDP’s), (ZR

mohsin, 2013) due to military operations, customs and traditions of the area IDMC (2014),

unaffordability of education. Furthermore poor educational conditions and physical resistance against

IT facilities and education are its greatest nightmares. Non availability of educational opportunities to

the youth supersedes all the ills in FATA. Absence of a single quality university or quality vocational

institutes (Nazakat at 2013) took FATA to dark ages resulting in negative impact on the country’s

development, law and order situation. No doubt, for creating economic growth, human development,

which leads to poverty alleviation and improve living standers, quality education is important. (Unesco,

2015). Technology and ICT has the capability to address issues of education, gender discrimination,

and social exclusion (Neil Selwyn, 2008). E-learning has enormous potential for contributing in tribal

education system and gender discrimination reduction.

FATA is semi-autonomous tribal region in North West of Pakistan, total population is

5,001,676 (Censes, 2017), consisting of two types of arrears, i.e. Frontier Regions (FRs) and Tribal


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Agencies. There are six FR’s named after the adjacent settled district and District Coordination Officer

/ Deputy Commissioner (DCO / DC) of the adjacent district is responsible for the administration of it.

Frontier Regions consist of Frontier Region Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Kohat, Laki Marwat, Peshawar

and Tank. The seven Tribal Agencies i.e. Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, North

Waziristan, South Waziristan, all bordered by Afghanistan at the north and west by Durand line, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa (KP) to the east and Baluchistan to the south as given in Fig 1. The area is linguistically,

geographically and culturally linked on one side with KP and on the other side with Afghanistan.. In

1901, Frontier Criminal Regulation (FCR) were implemented by Britisher, in FATA, which is still in

practice (Hamid, 2012).

Figure 1. Map of FATA.

Higher education builds the critical human capacity necessary for research, growth, innovation

and development across all sectors of economy. Progress and prosperity of any nation is governed by

quality of education system, Higher education is playing a pivotal role in development of socio-

economic transformation (Luvalo 2014).

Technology enhanced learning is define as the application of ICT in to teaching and learning, which

support teaching and learning processes, delivery mechanism and design parameters to enhance

knowledge (Kirkwood, Adrian and Price, Linda, 2014). A real answer to the problem is the use of

modern ICT / Technology Enhance Learning (TEL) tools to bring education while keeping tall and

international standards of education, (Sife, E.T. Lwoga and C. Sanga 2007). Gender discrimination is

one of the biggest evil in the FATA, and this discrimination is inbuilt in the cultural taboos.

Implementation of e-learning through e-learning facilitation centers will help in diluting the strong

restriction on women education in the area.

Literature Review

I. Education System in FATA and space for IT development

According to Article 37of 1973 Constitution of Pakistan and article 25-A after 18th Constitutional

Amendment , it is the State responsibility to provide compulsory and free education to all citizens and

remove illiteracy, Aman Ullah (2013). But unfortunately very little attention has been given to this very

vital subject by the government in FATA. No IT infrastructure is available in the area, which can help

promoting education and jobs opportunities. Table 1 shows students enrolled in academic institutions

in FATA.

Table 1: Students enrolment in FATA academic institution

Institution Gender & % age of Students

Female Male Female % Male %

Government 220,320 392,326 71.19% 64.5%

Private 12,433 109,835 4.01% 18.0%

Deeni Madaris 76,721 105,946 24.7% 17.4%

Overall 309,474 608,107 100% 100%

Source: Statistical Report, FATA, NEMIS 2014-15

The % age of students in FATA, KP and Pakistan is given in tabled 2.


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Table 2: Ratio of male and female students in FATA, KP and Pakistan academic institutions class 1-

12.

Out of School Students, %age of Male & Female

Gender FATA KPK Pakistan

Female 74% 51% 49%

Male 43% 23% 40%

Total 58% 36% 44%

Source: AEPAM-2015-16

Statistics of (OOSC) in FATA shows that 43% male children and 74% female children are out of school.

Overall 58%of children are not going to school (NEMIS, 2014-15).

Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and Gender Parity Index (GPI) of Class 1-12 is given in Fig 2.

Source: National Education Management information System, 2015-16.

Figure 2. GPI & GER of class 1- 12 in FATA

II. Impact of Militancy on Education System and IT Business in FATA Militants in FATA want to keep their own Socio-Political agenda and play a destructive role for

education in FATA Pakistan Buneri (2013). Education institutions are their main targets. Many schools

were destroyed and blown up, and many were closed on their verbal instruction to the school

administration. Some were closed because of Taliban fear and security situation in the area. Taliban,

militancy is the main factor for poor literacy rate and weak existing education system in FATA ZR

(Mohsin 2013). Terrorist activities of militants have further aggravated the situation in FATA, Nazakat

(2013). Because of militancy in FATA, thousands of students were deprived from their basic human

right of education (Naqvi 2012). Number of schools destroyed by Taliban is given as under.

Table 3: No of destroyed schools in FATA by Taliban. Agency/ Region Gender Total

Female Male

Khyber 27 31 58

Mohmand 22 66 88

Orakzai 11 23 34

Kurram 16 45 61

North Waziristan 09 23 32

South Waziristan 06 29 35

Bajaur 27 68 95

FR Peshawar 04 11 15

FR Lakki 02 02 04

FR Tank 02 02 04

FR Kohat 15 17 32

Total 141 317 458

Source: TIGAH, Volume: II, December 2012, FATA Research Centre,

ICT Business Opportunities in FATA

The fourth industrial revolution is knocking the door, world is standing at the brink of it, that

will push digital technology in to the center of our daily life. To stay relevant in the era of digital world

0.23

0.48

0.96

0.78

0.57

0.81

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

FATA

KPK

Punjab

Sind

Baluchistan

Pakistan

GPI of GER Secondary (Class 1-12)


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it is important to keep ITC development at the top of national agenda (Sukanta Sarkar 2012).

Uninterrupted, reliable, widespread and uniform access to telecommunication services is the basic

requirement for ICT revolution in FATA. As per PTA annual report 2017, rest of the country is having

72.4 % tele density where in FATA many places are without the basic services, there is no infrastructure

available in many areas of FATA for the provision of voice communication. At present foot prints of

mobile operator in FATA are negligible, In Pakistan other than FATA 44.6 million (PTA Annual

Report, 2017, p17) are using Broad Band (BB) but in FATA 90% present of the population have no

access to BB because of non-availability of infrastructure in the area.

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

According to the opinion of all the stakeholders and literature research, IT companies could

bring in specific strengths that will lead to success of their venture in the ICT industry in FATA.

Complete vacuum is available for launching of ITC services for 5.002 million population in triable area

(censes 2017). Return on investment (ROI) is looking good in the area being open to all. At present no

IT company has invested in the entire FATA, foot prints are available in very few locations, IT services

requirement in the area is evident from the use of Afghan SIMs by local population to fulfill their

communication requirement. Significant market is available for launching of IT services in the area,

population is ready to accept and absorb. The same services will also facilitate technology enhanced

learning, which will lead to prosper and safe FATA. Working hands are available with little training

and efforts.

Weaknesses

Militants in FATA want to keep their own Socio-Political agenda and play a destructive role

for education/ IT services in FATA Pakistan Buneri (2013). Education institutions and ICT

infrastructure are their main targets. Many schools and communication towers telephone exchanges

were destroyed and blown up, and many were closed on their verbal instruction to the administration.

Some were closed because of Taliban fear and security situation in the area. Taliban, militancy is the

main factor for poor literacy rate and weak existing education system in FATA. Terrorist activities of

militants have further aggravated the situation in FATA, Nazakat (2013). Thousands of students were

deprived from their basic human right of education (Naqvi 2012). But at present the situation is getting

better and better with each passing day, Security situation in the area is under control and all the

internally displaced people (IDPs) are falling back to their home towns. IT companies may face skill

HR problem in the initial stage but the problem will be overcome with the passage of time. There are

negative factors available in the area which may hinders the implementation phase, but altimetry high

rate of returns is expected and will be achieved.

Immediate opportunities

Horizontal market expansion is available in the area, at present very little investment has been

done by the IT companies in FATA, immediate opportunities are available for data and voice

communication to be extended in the area. At present no alternative is available to the people of FATA,

except very little foot print in the area and some mobile signals from Afghan telecomm. Investment by

any IT company in the area can catch up 5 million people market with in no time if initiative is taken,

at the other hand this will promote IT culture in FATA in terms of Education, jobs and social awareness.

Long term opportunities

Communication infrastructure, digital access, availability of bandwidth and digital payment

solution is important for an effective and efficient flourishing digital economy.

Studies by World Bank and GSMA have established that 1% increase in mobile phone subscription

directly boosts GDP growth by .028 % (GSMA report 2012). With the mobile phone penetration of

74.2 %, mobile broad band penetration of 20.6 %, at present 85.5 % of population of Pakistan has been

covered by mobile operators (PTA annual repot 2017), all the statistics are clear indication for the IT

growth in Pakistan and people are willing to invest on different IT products. This shows good long term

opportunities for investment for any IT company in the area. As a long term opportunities infrastructure

development vis a vis area coverage would be critical for the IT companies in the area, which will lead

to the number of subscribers connected to any particular company for the services.

Threats Every Pakistani has the right to modern telecommunication services. Over the past few years,

Pakistan has shown a extraordinary development in telecommunication and ICT Sector. But

unfortunately, people of FATA are still disconnected to enjoy all the services available to the rest of the

country. There are many reasons for it, among which security situation in the area and Return on


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Investment (ROI) are considered to be the major challenges for regulating authorities to push the

telecommunication operators in FATA. Many plans have been formulated to provide FATA with

telecommunication services in the past, like Khyber Lot Project (USF, 2015) but could not be

implemented. 3G / 4G Services for FATA was announced on 21 October 2016, by Ministry of

Information Technology (MoIT) and Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) but could not be

implemented because of multidimensional problems.. Development of FATA is directly linked with

ICT services in the area. The digital divide exists between FATA and rest of Pakistan, Zakir (2013).

Table 4: Existing Mobile Network – BTS Sites in FATA.

Agency Mobilink Telenor Ufone Warid Zong Total

Bajour 30 14 2 (5) - 1 47 (5)

Mohmand 10 5 3 - - 18

Khyber 30 11 12 7 7 67

Orakzai - - - - - -

Kurram 24 7 - - - 31

NWA - - - - - -

SWA (1) - - - - (1)

FRs - - 6 2 1 9

Total 94 (1) 37 23 (5) 9 9 172 (6)*

Source: (PTA, 2016)

()*Closed due to ongoing operations / damaged infrastructure

There are only 178 BTS Sites working in entire FATA / FRs, out of which 6x BTS site are

closed / damaged due to ongoing operation. The existing cellular coverage is around 10% in FATA,

PTA (2016).

Research Methodology

To find out business opportunities and implementation of e-learning in FATA, a site was

selected for establishment of EFC, keeping in view the availability of IT, data infrastructure and

acceptance of the community. Interaction with the FATA secretariat, educational institutions in the area

and concerned government administration was done because of the fragile security situation in the area.

Software and hardware were adjusted as per local needs and conditions, leveraging easy to use with

flexible application for understanding. Efforts were made to make the technology simple and relevant

to make it manageable for the local team. Important steps were to inform the community in FATA

regarding the EFC facility in the area, which was done with the help of few educated Malik’s and

students of the area. For female students, the parents were contacted to explain the usefulness of the e-

learning; EFC, FATA was managing by 2 teams as shown in Fig 3.

a.

Figure 3. Organizational structure of IT center / E-learning Facilitation Center FATA.

E-learning Facilitation Center (EFC)

Learning Management Downloads Store, Archive Watch Content Discussion Test Feedback Learning Training

ICT Management Infrastructure- Maintenance Media Connectivity Testing Cyber/Physical-Security Hardware / Software Upgradation Testing


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Results and Discussions

I. Instrument Measurement

The tools have developed through comprehensive literature study. Majority of the tools were

selected from different studies, like (Nazakat, 2013; Annika, 2009; Qureshi et al., 2012; Allen, 2011)

and augmented by e-learning literature. A 7-point scale as compared to 5-point was used to achieve

better consistency (Inman et al, 2011) Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to find out the reliability of the

construct. The Cronbach alpha values for all the construct were from 0.70 to 0.95, therefor it is

considered as a good reliability. Means and standard deviation were calculated for each construct and

for the instrument as a whole. Before the data was analyzed using a dependent t-test, the assumption of

normality was checked. It was determined that the data followed a normal distribution.

II. Data Sources

EFC was established for 7 days (24-30 April 3017) in village Bagan Lower Kurram Agency FATA.

Total 30 individual have participated in EFC activities. A comprehensive questionnaire was given to

them for further analysis. Table 1 shows respondent descriptive statistics.

Table-5: Age group of respondent

Age Group Frequency

15-20 19

20-25 14

25-30 2

30-35 5

35-40 0

Above 40 0

Total 40

Table-6: Marital Status of Repondent

Status Frequency

Single 30

Married 10

Divorce 0

Total 40

Table-7: Institution of respondent

Institution Frequency

Private 11

Public 29

Deeni Madaris 0

Other 0

Total 40

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha

N of Items

.949 66

47%

35%

5%13%

0%

0%Age

15-20

20-25

25-30

30-35

75%

25%0%

Marital Status

Single

Married

Divorce

27%

73%

0% 0%

InstitutionPrivate

Public

Deeni Madaris

Other


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Table-8: Area of respondent

Area Frequency

FATA 30

FR 10

KPK 0

Other 0

Total 40

Table-9: Qualification of respondent

Qualification Frequency

Middle 2

Matric 1

FA/FSc 25

BA/BSc 6

MA/MSc 3

Mphil/PhD 3

Total 40

Table-10: Occupation/Status of respondent

Occupation Frequency

Student 28

Teacher 3

Administration 2

Jobless 0

Other 7

Total 40

Table-11: Reason to left education by the respondent

Reason Frequency

NA of facility 2

Affordability 1

Marriage 2

Job 5

Restriction 0

Still Student 30

Total 40

75%

25%

0% 0%

Area

FATA

FR

KPK

Other

5% 2%

62%

15%

8%8%

Qualification

Middle

Matric

FA/FSc

BA/BSc

MA/MSc

Mphil/PhD

70%

7%

5%0%

18%

Occupation/Status

Student

Teacher

Administration

Jobless

Other

20%

10%

20%

50%

0%

Reason

NA of facility

Affordability

Marriage

Job

Restriction


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Table-12: IT infrastructure in FATA/FR (IT)

Variables Likert Scale Frequency Percentage Mode Range

Internet is available in your

area

Strongly Disagree 20 50.0

1 6

Disagree 3 7.5

Slightly Disagree 0 0.0

Neutral 2 5.0

Slightly Agree 2 5.0

Agree 5 12.5

Strongly Agree 8 20.0

Total 40 100

Sufficient telecom

equipment are available


1 6

Disagree 3 7.5


Neutral 1 2.5


Agree 11 27.5


Total 40 100

Power and power back up

is available


2 6

Disagree 11 27.5


Neutral 7 17.5


Agree 8 20.0


Total 40 100

IT expert is available in

your institution for your

guidance


6 6

Disagree 3 7.5


Neutral 4 10.0


Agree 12 30.0


Total 40 100

Mobile coverage available

in my area


7 6

Disagree 1 2.5


Neutral 2 5.0


Agree 9 22.5


Total 40 100

Radio transmission

coverage is available in

my area


7 6

Disagree 0 0.0


Neutral 2 5.0


Agree 12 30.0


Total 40 100

TV transmission coverage

is available in my area


61 6

Disagree 1 2.5


Neutral 1 2.5


Agree 13 32.5



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Total 40 100

1 Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Table-13: Factors effecting FATA/FR IT Business (FE)

Variables Likert Scale Frequency Percentage Mode Range

Talibanization/Militancy

have effected the IT Business

system in FATA/FR


7 6

Disagree 0 0.0


Neutral 0 0.0


Agree 6 15.0


Total 40 100

Taliban have restricted

Modern Comm in FATA


7 6

Disagree 1 2.5


Neutral 0 0.0


Agree 11 27.5


Total 40 100

Many IT Infrastucture have

been destroyed by Militancy


6 6

Disagree 2 5.0


Neutral 0 0.0


Agree 20 50.0


Total 40 100

Military operation have

affected the Business system

in FATA/FR


7 6

Disagree 1 2.5


Neutral 2 5.0


Agree 13 32.5


Total 40 100

Because of IDP's IT Business

system has disturbed in

FATA/FR


7 6

Disagree 2 5.0


Neutral 3 7.5


Agree 9 22.5


Total 40 100

Afghan Refugees has a

negative impact on FATA

Business


7 6

Disagree 4 10.0


Neutral 5 12.5


Agree 7 17.5


Total 40 100

Results and Discussions

Available IT infrastructure in FATA is insufficient to fulfill the requirement; space is available

for IT businesses in the area with expected good ROI. Skilled human resource is one of the biggest

challenge in the area, especially female skilled working hands. Quality education is not available

because of non-availability of IT skilled teachers and research resources like library and training aids.

IT infrastructure (inter net, mobile) is only available to 10 % population of FATA. Multiple factors


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have been identified during survey which have badly affected the IT infrastructure and quality education

in FATA. This includes talibanization / militancy, Afghan refugees, military operation, IDPs,

affordability and gender discrimination. The survey result shows strong gender discrimination in FATA

due to lack of information and education, which dictate strong IT services for social uplift. Tribal values,

early marriages, terror of taliban, cultural taboos and lack of justice have been identified as main factors

for social ills. Survey regarding implementation IT services which leads to quality education in FATA

has confirmed the following impacts. Will eliminate gender discrimination. Literacy rate will improve.

Quality education will be available to all. Will provide affordable education. Will help poverty

alleviation. Will provide job opportunities. Will change mind set. Will help in crime reduction.

In FATA good IT business opportunity is available which will also create an impact for good living

standard and social justice for the people of FATA.

Developing an E-Learning Frame Work Supported by IT Business for FATA

I. E-Learning Frame Work – Badrul H. Khan

Badrul H Khan frame work is considered as a complete e-leaning package, his framework is

measured as one of the comprehensive theoretical e-learning framework model. As stated: ‘’An

innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning

environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime, by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital

technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open and distributed learning

environment’’ framework is divided in main three parts, the first part is deals with education, which

explains Evaluation, Ethical and Pedagogical. The other 2nd part is focus on interface and technology.

The 3rd segment is about managerial issues, which deals with management support and arrangement of

elements and resources available for e-learning. Some missing important aspects has been incorporated

in the framework to make it more workable and fruitful for the people of FATA Pakistan.

II. Modified Frame Work for FATA

FATA Pakistan is having a unique educational environment, as already discussed the security

situation, non-availability of IT services and culture issue make the planning more complicated and

non-supportive. The best supported reinforce framework has been formulated to tailored the

requirement in the hostile FATA environment, Khan, K., & Badii, A. (2012). All the differences are

incorporated after feedback and deep analyses of EFC activities, All the analysis and deliberations have

concluded the following thoughts;

a) Modified framework is based on Technology instead of management; technology has a pivotal role

in the entire framework, therefore the complete framework is built on it IT structure. There for IT

based business are analyses for social uplift.

b) Religious consideration is one of the important aspects of this framework, in FATA most of the

people of the view that technology is pushing us away from our religion. This misconception has a

negative value. Parents are reluctant to accept technology enhanced learning.

c) Security aspect in the framework has a special priority, Taliban and militancy has the capability to

destroy telecomm infrastructure and restrict student from learning, as well as security to the

business community/management team is also a need to be considered.

d) One of the important aspects is content security, this part of framework is covered under technology

diminution to handle any disaster.

e) Missing factor of accreditation is incorporated in the framework, under institutional parameters,

student affairs, administration details, academic and technology enhance learning are already

covered.

f) Human resources capacity building is an important factor, in FATA it is very difficult to find

suitable skilled persons for management the entire process of learning, and people are not willing

to move to FATA because of security situation. Therefor a special HRM has been considered in the

framework for IT services.

g) To change the mind-set in FATA is very important, still the perception about internet / IT

business/technology enhance learning is not good, and many people consider using internet/ IT

services as a sin, this perception has a deep impact on female education.

h) IT business in the area is critical without IT infrastructure implementation of technology enhance

learning will not be possible, there for a special consideration for IT promotion has identified in the

framework.


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Conclusion

The purpose of paper is to highlight IT businesses opportunities in FATA, which will help

social uplift and open a door for modern education in the area. Technology enhanced learning is to

provide equal opportunity to students, to excel in their field, Improve their living standard, eliminate

poverty and violence. Modern education is the only way to move ahead and bring sustainable

development and progress in FATA. Irrespective of the challenges like gender discrimination, poor

infrastructure, militancy / talibanization, cultural and tribal values, lack of data communication

infrastructure, non-availability of uninterrupted electric supply, lack of computer awareness, lack of

public knowledge about ICT, mindset of the people regarding modern education and influence of Deeni

Madaris. All these obstacles are very challenging but at the same time we are highly optimistic about

the enormous capacities of FATA framework implementation. This will open a window of opportunities

for the students of FATA. We found female and male students of FATA equally enthusiastic and willing

to undergo and participate in EFC activities for better knowledge and understanding. The EFC (ICT)

services can be replicated and extended to other parts of FATA, which will provide quality, affordable,

accessible education, and will eliminate violence and gender discrimination from their society.

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from the uk, Educ. Soc. 29(4)

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Census (2017). "Preliminary 2017 census result" . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (17)

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https://www.researchgate.net/journal/1681-4835_Electronic_Journal_of_Information_Systems_in_Developing_Countries

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Sukanta Sarkar (2012). The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Higher Education for

the 21st Century, The Science Probe 1(1), 30-34

ZR Mohsin (2013). The Crisis of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas

of Pakistan and their Impact on Pashtun Women, TIGAH, 3(13)

Zakir (2013). Overcoming the Digital Divide: The Need for Modern Telecommunication Infrastructure in the

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan TIGAH, FATA Research Centre, Islamabad 3(13)

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