Technology for Eco-friendly Solution of Human Waste Disposal

Dr V. VasudevanDefence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior

vasudevan.v@drde.drdo.in

BIODIGESTERBACTERIA (INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium

developed by acclimatization / enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria

BIO-DIGESTER Fermentation container made of MS/ SS / FRP / LLDPE/RCC.

The dimensions and internal design varies with no. Of users, water availability and geo-climatic conditions

100% ANAEROBIC PROCESS

SPECIAL FEATURES OF DRDO BIODIGESTER

LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT

Affordable

Organic pollution reduction by 99%

Pathogen inactivation by 99%

Viability in all geo-climatic conditions prevalent in the country

Effluent is free from off odour and safe for environmetal discharge

Maintenance free, no need to clean the tank

Permits toilet cleaning agents

Easy to transport and install

Low space requirement

Choice of material for fabrication / construction

Biodigester

Stationary Biodigester

For Armed Forces (166)

For Snow Bound

Regions

For Soil Bound

Regions

For Civil application (10000)

For coastal areas

(Lakshadweep)

For cold climates

(Laddakh)

For House Boats

Biodigester for mobile vehicles

For Indian Railways (40000)

BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY

Fermentation device seeded with coldactive bacterial cocktail for accelerateddegradation of organic waste

Biodigester is made of mild steel/ SS/FRP/ bricks Dimensions and internaldesign vary with no. of users, wateravailability & geo-climatic conditions

LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY

Volume depends upon the number of users Septic tank may be convertedMasonry work needs common building material like brick,

sand, stone-chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrixS. No.

No. of Users *Volume of Septic Tank (m3)

Volume of Biodigester (m3)

1 5 1.12 0.72 10 1.8 1.23 15 2.34 1.74 20 3.28 2.35 50 10 66 100 19.87 97 150 30 128 200 39.6 149 300 60 17

LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY

Volume depends upon the number of users Septic tank may be convertedMasonry work needs common building material like brick,

sand, stone-chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix

No. of Users Volume (m3) Cost (approximate)

4-6 (for a family) 1/2 ~10,000~10 1 ~15,000~50 3 30,000-40,000~100 6 50,000-60,000~200 10 1,00,000

Parameters Septic Tank Biodigester/Biotank

Biotank + Reedbed treatment

pH 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.2 7.0-7.5Turbidity (NTU) 500-800 70-90 2-5Total Suspended Solids(mg/L)

150-300 90-120 50-80

TDS(mg/L) 500-850 350-450 100-300VS (mg/100ml) 50-60 20-30 5-12COD (mg/L) 1200-2000 250-300 15-25

BOD5 (mg/L) 350-500 70-120 2-4

Coliforms (MPN/ml) >3000 300-350 0-12

BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER QUALITY

SAFETY OF EFFLUENT

Oral toxicity at 0.5% of effluentAcute toxicityChronic toxicity

No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation, uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression, etcobserved

No change in biochemical parameters

Conclusion:No toxicity found in both rat and fish models (Report: DRLT/PT/Tech Report-Biodigester/01/2012, May 2012)

Installed so far

High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166

Indian Railways: ~40000

Plain areas: 10000 + 1837 (Lakshadweep)

CURRENT STATUS OF BIODIGESTERS

Curent/ Future Assignments

UT of Lakshadweep: 10000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow, Industries, Gwalior)

UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected)

Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

FOR ANY ENQUIRY CONTACT • Dr Lokendra Singh, Director, Defence R & D Establishment (DRDE),

Jhansi road, Gwalior – 474 002.

• Ph No - 0751-2341550, 2343972.

• Fax – 0751-2341148

• Email- director@drde.drdo.in

• Mr. S. Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi – 110011

• Ph No - 011-23013209

• Fax – 011-23793008

• Email- radkrishnan100@gmail.com

…………. for better health & Hygiene

Centralised Sewerage Solutions at Nagpur

Generation Treatment

Recycle & Reuse

A Success Story

National Workshop on Sanitation at New Delhi

8 April 2016

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Sewerage Network

• The total area of city is 226.96 Sqkm.

• The present population (2014) is 25.95 lacs.

• The city has been divided into 3 sewerage zones depending on the topography.

North Zone : North west & East (Pili river)

Central Zone : Central Nagpur (Nag river)

South Zone : South west. (Pora river)

North Zone

Central Zone

South Zone

Map showing Sewerage Zones in NMC Jurisdiction

13

Status

Present Sewage generation 345-400 MLD

Present Sewage Treatment 70-80 MLD (22%)

Area under sewerage network 70%

Total Length of Sewer lines 1670.00 kms

Diameter of Sewer lines Varies from 150 to 2600 mm

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Present & Proposed sewage generation and treatment upto 2031.

Particular North Central South Total

Sewerage Generated in 2014 117.44 142.55 85.40 345.39 MLD

Sewerage Generation in 2031 (forecasted) 185.39 189.50 135.63 510.52 MLD

Sewerage System (pipeline- 150 mm to 2600 mm)

885.72 kms. 427.59 kms. 434.07 kms. 1747.38 kms.

Sewage Generation & Treatment

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• Recycle & Reuse of Waste Water (NAG-016)

• Salient Features :• This project has been taken up under JnNURM which consists of 130 MLD capacity

STP, Intake well & pumping station, 1200 mm dia MS pipeline of 18 Kms. length.

• The awarded cost of the project is Rs. 195.00 Crs. including O&M for 10 years.

• This recycled water shall be used by state power generation company for their cooling

towers & coal washeries at Koradi Thermal Power Station.

• This will save the equivalent amount of domestic potable water which is presently used

for this purpose.

• The pollution load of the Nag river will be reduced to a large extent.

• This project will fetch NMC Rs. 15.00 Crores per annum for 30 years with a rise of 10%

every three years.

• The project is already completed 2015 and under trial run by MAHAGENCO.

completed projects

16

PROJECT COMPONENT & COST UNDER JnNURM

Sr. No. Components Cost approved by JnNURM (Rs. In Lacs)

1 Module-A: Intake for raw sewage 274.302 Module-B: STP (Primary &

Secondary )5000.00

3 Module-C:Tertary treatment) 4013.70

4 Module-D:(Transmission system) 2230.505 Module-E:(Interlinking of STPs) 1492.00

Total project cost 13010.50

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Arial View of STP Bhandewadi

Recycle & Reuse – NAG 016

• Augmentation of existing 100 MLD STP to 200 MLD capacity (APPP initiative)

• Salient Features :• The existing 100 MLD capacity plant is about 15 years old & the treatment capacity is

reduced to 70-80%.

• This plant needed immediate renovation & NMC decided to augment the existing

capacity to 200 MLD through PPP (Deferred Payment Basis).

• The work has been awarded at the cost of Rs. 261.00 Crs. including O&M for 30 years

& the capital work shall be completed in 3 years.

• The capital cost shall be borne by the PPP operator & shall be repaid by NMC during

the O&M period in EMIs.

• The work includes intake well & pumping station, STP, 17 Kms. pipeline work.• PPP operator shall have the right to sell the recycled water. Out of it 25 Mld shall be

vested with NMC.• If complete treated water is reused (sold), NMC shall get a revenue equivalent to its

O&M cost.

Upcoming projects

19

• Collection system for North Sewerage zone

• Salient Features :• North Sewerage zone DPR costing Rs. 491.14 Crs. got approved by GOI under

JnNURM. NMC is yet to receive the grant-in-aid.

• The project includes Collection System & Trunk sewers, Sewage Pumping Station

(Civil, Elect & Mech. works), Sewage Pumping Mains.

• This will help in 100% coverage of sewerage system (Collection, transmission &

Treatment) as per Master plan of City for Yr. 2046

• Prevent the Pollution of Natural stream & Improve the hygienic condition of city.

• Help in Planned Infrastructural development work in City.

• Sewerage collection and treatment is also included in DPR of Nag River Pollution

Abatement Project considering Pili river as tributary of Nag river.

Upcoming projects

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Project Benefits

• Saving of 110 mld of fresh water, sufficient to cater 0.8 million population.

• New STP of 130 mld will improve ecology and environment of water bodies.

• Reliable and economical source of water for power plant

• Cost centre converted in to profit centre for Nagpur & source of finance for additional STPs

• Saving in energy cost as alternative source need huge energy for pumping.

• Opens the possibility of swap of existing fresh water consumption of 140 mld in power plant, sufficient to meet 1.03 million population.

Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free…………..Where the world has not been broken up into fragments; Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.- Rabindranath Tagore

Mission Swachh Bharat 2.10.19Where the body is without fear and the toilet is held high; Where cleanliness is overfowing….Where Cities are not divided into clean and dirty….Into that heaven Swachh Bharat, my Father, let my country awake.-Dream of Mahatma GandhiDream of the Nation

Sanitation Mission 2nd October 2019…

• All 4,041 Statutory Towns in scope

• Household toilets for 1.2 crore urban households

• Construct 2.52 lakh public toilets seats

• Construct 2.56 lakhcommunity toilet seats

Sanitation Linked Objectives, under theMission

• Elimination of open defecation

• Eradication of Manual Scavenging

• To effect behavioral change regardinghealthy sanitation practices

• Generate awareness about sanitationand its linkage with public health

• Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s

• To create an enabling environment forprivate sector participation

AMRUT FINANCING NORMS………..Eligible components.

AMRUT Mission Components Sewerage i. Decentralised, networked underground sewerage systems,

including augmentation of existing sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants.

ii. Rehabilitation of old sewerage system and treatment plants. iii. Recycling of water for beneficial purposes and reuse of wastewater. Septagei. Faecal Sludge Management- cleaning, transportation and treatment in a cost effective manner.

ii. Mechanical and Biological cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.

4/27/2016 25

Full ODF Requires Swachh Bharat Mission & AMRUT to Converge

Ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the nation

• Elimination of open defecation• Eradication of Manual Scavenging• To generate awareness & effect behavioral change

about sanitation

• Household toilets• Community & Public toilets• IEC & Public Awareness• Capacity building

Providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage) to households and build amenities in cities which will

improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged

• Water supply• Sewerage facilities and septage management• Storm water drains to reduce flooding

• Water Supply• Sewerage & Septage• Reforms and management support• Capacity building

Swachh Bharat Mission AMRUT

Mis

sion

Goa

lsSc

ope

Fund

ing • Budget Outlay Rs. 62,000 Crore with Rs. 14,623 as

Centre Contribution• Budget Available for 42 Cities – Rs. 1,650 Crores

• Budget Outlay Rs. 1 Lakh Crore with Rs. 50,000 as Centre Contribution

• Budget Available for 42 Cities – Rs. 4,500 Crores

AMRUT FINANCING NORMS

AMRUT Mission.

One-third of the project cost as grant from GoI for cities with a population of above 10 lakh.One-half of the project cost as grant for cities/towns with population up to 10 lakh.Balance funding by State Governments /ULBs or through private investment.

The tender will include O & M for five years based on user charges. For the purpose of calculation of the project cost, the O&M cost will be excluded; however, the

States/ULBs will fund the O&M through an appropriate cost recovery mechanism in order to make them self-reliant and cost-effective.

4/27/2016 27

AMRUT FINANCING NORMS

Thank you

4/27/2016 28

J.B RavinderJoint Adviser (CPHEEO)Ministry of Urban Development

Waste to Energy Project - NashikCo-processing of Organic Waste and Septage

A Project under the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of Govt. of Germany

National Urban Sanitation Workshop 7th to 8th April 2016

India Habitat Centre, Stein Auditorium, Lodhi Road New Delhi

Mr. B.G. Mali, Executive Engineer, Nashik Municipal Corporation

Mr. Jitendra M Yadav, Technical Expert, GIZ

Nashik Municipal Corporation – An Overview

General Info

Services

Population

•259 Sq.Km• Established in Nov.1982• 6 Administrative Divisions/122wards

•1.5 Million (Census 2011) - Current 1.75 Million • Floating Population : Approx. 01.1 Million daily •2.5 to 5 Million during Kumbh Mela (Once in 12 Years)

• Water Supply, Sewerage Management, SWM, Health etc.

Solid Waste Management in Nashik

Municipal Solid Waste management• Quantity: 375 TP

• Treatment and Disposal: Mechanical Composting & Biomethanation, Sanitary Landfill, Mechanical Segregation, Inert Processing, RDF Plant, and Animal carcass Incinerator

Collection and transportation100 % door to door collection of waste by private operator Monitoring by GPS

Dust Bin Free City since 1996

Advantages Combined treatment of two types of wastes (septage & solid waste).

Anaerobic digestion ensures scientific treatment of fecal sludge.

Reuse & recover supports the closure of material loops.

Innovative business model improves economic viability.

Contribution to climate protection goals.

Approach for rapidly growing cities.

Waste to Energy, Nashik : A Pilot ApproachThe concept involves co-fermentation of the organic municipal solid

waste and fecal sludge

Project Partners

Waste to energy

MoEFCC

Govt. of Maharash

-tra

GIZ

NMC

10 -15 MTD

10 -20 MTD

30 MTD

4500 kWh Daily 25 - 30 MTD 1.5 -2 MTD

Organic kitchen Waste from Hotels

Fresh septage

W2E Plant

Electricity Treated Effluent Manure

Collected by Operator

Tipping fees paid by NMC to Operator

1150 kWh electricity given free of cost to NMC by Operator

Treated and disposed by Operator

Treated and sale by Operator (manure)

++

Technology

Positive conditions in Nashik

Pre-feasibility study * - Site selection Feasibility study - Project design (incl. baseline creation

through focused studies/assessments)

Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation Operational model Business model

Process negotiation with the partner and political clearances

Tendering process Construction ( current status) Commissioning Monitoring

Waste to Energy: Steps for Implementation

Secured waste sources Well regulated collection system

for organic waste from hotels Provisions for utilization of the

produced energy into the state power grid

HR capacities of Nashik good Market for products – manure Availability of compost plant Land availability

Nashik – Key-criteria for selection:

Delhi

Raipur

NashikArea: 259 Sq. Km, Population: 1.48 million (2011)

1.65 million (current)

Nashik

Supportive studies and baseline assessment

Study on biogas generation potential of different mixtures of organic waste and septage

• Admixture of organic waste to fecal sludge at 1:1.5 and 1:2 ratios givesbetter biogas production as compared to other ratios.

Study for characterization and quantification of organic solid waste generated in commercial establishments

Wastewater study from selected Community Toilet Complexes (CTC) in Nashik:

• To assess the hydraulic load of the septic tanks inflow to ensure thatsufficient quantity of fecal sludge is available throughout the year.

Detailed Project Report (DPR) Preparation (2011)

DPR prepared by an Indian consultant with detailed design, technical specification,O&M Plan, business model, EHS plan.

Project Financials: Capital CostsInvestment : approx. 1.2 Million Euro Grant will be provided by GIZ (upto 1 million euro) Additional investment (if any) from contractor (as per tender)

Operation and maintenance cost factors Collection and transportation Maintenance of the plant, staff

Expected Revenue from Manure – Rs. 3000 per ton Monthly O & M service fee for collection and treatment Feed in tariff for excess electricity (INR 5 per unit)

Pre-bid: Company provides securities as per NMC norms

Financial Bid: Bidder is selected based on lowest service fee and highest guaranteed electricity generation (subject to minimum 1150 kwh/d); whatever is the best deal for Nashik

Implementation through Design, Finance, Built, Operate and Transfer (DFBOOT) mode

Technical Bid: Technical know-how, understanding of the concept, experience in implementation and O&M, experienced staff, financial capabilities

Sustainable operation of the plant ensured through a provision, stating that services should be “one – stop – solution” (collection, transportation, processing, marketing and disposal in one hand).

Tender Process: Qualification criteria

Tender Process

The Tender results (as proposed by the selected bidder)

500.000 INR/ month for collection, transportation and treatment of organic solid waste and fecal sludge as per tender requirements

Guaranteed electrical energy supply of 3300 kWh/day to Nashik (as against minimum requirement of 1150 kWh/ day) worse 5 INR/ kWh (approx. Rs. 5 lakh per month)

The gross gain from this contract for Nashik is savings in transportof at least 450 tons per month of MSW and 300-600 tons of fecal sludge / month depending on actual quantities and avoided costs for processing of MSW

Bidder gets service fee as well as feed in tariff for excess electricity and can sell manure

Process flow diagram

Thank You……

Safe costs by

Background

Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) at Sector-V, SaltLake, Kolkata is now one of the largest IT Townships in India. As therewas no organized water supply & sewerage system in Sector – V, thebuilding premises used to extract groundwater indiscriminately anddispose of untreated sewage to environment.

This integrated PPP Project was then conceived in 2006 by UrbanDevelopment Department of Govt. of West Bengal, KolkataMetropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) & NDITA.

JUSCO – VOLTAS Consortium was selected as Private Partners for theproject through competitive bidding. A Development Agreement wassigned on 08/11/2007. The Private Partners formed Naba DigantaWater Management Limited (NDWML – An JV Company floated byJUSCO and VOLTAS, both TATA Enterprises).

NDWML was given responsibility to Build all necessary infrastructureand network and Operate these for 30 years. NDWML shall Transfer allproject facilities to NDITA after completion of concession period.

Salient Features of the Project

An integrated Water Supply and Sewerage System, a pioneering BOT –PPP Infra Project in India with an initial construction cost of Rs.72 Crore

Arrangement of 65% finances by Private Partners with viability gapfunding of 35% from Govt. of India through JNNURM

Design, Construction and Commissioning of project by Private Partners

24X7 Supply of Water and Collection, Treatment & Disposal of Sewageby Private Partners for 30 years post construction

Administrative support, land and bulk water (chargeable) to be providedby NDITA

Tripartite User Agreements between NDWML, Consumers and NDITA

Recovery of investment and profit through Connection and UserCharges by NDWML directly from Users (Consumers) over 30 years

JUSCO(Shareholder & Contractor in Construction Phase)

VOLTAS(Shareholder & Contractor in Construction Phase)

Naba Diganta Water Management Limited(Project Implementer & Infra Service Provider)

Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (Urban Local Body)

Users / Customers @ Salt Lake Sector – V(Consumer of Services)

Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority(State Level Nodal Authority)

Administrative Support, Land, Bulk Water

Payment for Bulk Water

Project Development, Monitoring & VGF Support

Consortium Agreement

Development Agreement

Development Agreement

Water Supply & Sewerage Services

Payment for Services

User Agree-ment

Financing, Project Construction

Project Structure

Implementation & Achievement

Construction works started in 2008 and were completed in about 2½years. The project was commissioned in January, 2011. For the last 5years, NDWML has been providing uninterrupted water supply andsewerage services at Nabadiganta.

NDWML’s customer base consists of mostly Corporate Organizations,Institutional Bodies and Government Offices. Currently, it serves apopulation of 1.5 Lakh and covers about 90% of 30 Million Sq.Ft. BuiltUp Area spread over 432 Acres of Nabadiganta Command Area.

NDWML uses best practices and modern technologies to provide qualityservices and reduce carbon footprints. NDWML enjoys high customerappreciation with 86% top-box rating in the last Customer SatisfactionSurvey.

The Company’s business has remained profitable for the last 3 financialyears. It has secured ICRA BBB+ credit rating with Stable outlook.

Sewage Treatment Plant

Revenue Model & Tariff

The tariff model consists of the following:

Connection Charge: One Time @ Rs.10/- per square foot of Built UpArea (non-refundable) payable either in 4 installments or payableupfront with 8% rebate

Combined User Charge: Monthly for on combined Water & SewerageService @ Rs.33.90/- per kilo litre (KL) of Water supplied

The above is based on bulk water purchase cost of Rs.4/- per KL.Provision for Tariff Revision is incorporated in Agreements which hasenabled us to increase tariff from Rs.25/- per KL in FY 2011-12 toRs.33.90/- per KL in FY 2016-17. However, Connection Charge rate hasnot been revised till inception.

Challenges & Risks

Absence of Regulatory Framework in Water & Sanitation Sector: Thereis no Central Act in this sector defining rights and responsibilities of allconcerned. Absence of statutory empowerment of the private partnersremains a concern.

Lack of coordination between Government Agencies: There is amultitude of Government Authorities involved in development, design,approval, land allotment, permission for right of way, execution,certification, disbursement of Grants & operation. Therefore, gaps,overlaps and conflicts exist here as procedures lack clarity.

Mindset towards municipal services: General unwillingness to pay forsuch services and propensity for overlooking or aversion of contractualterms at all levels pose serious threats to sustainability.

Ambiguity in accounting treatment of assets, taxes etc.: There existsvagueness in accounting treatment of assets in Income Tax Laws andlaws related to Bank Mortgage. Taxability and Exemptions with respectto Indirect Taxes also need specific attention.

Learning

Urban Infrastructure PPP Projects offer affordable solutions to ULBs andPublic, as well as a long term business opportunities for PrivateInvestors. It is possible to register profits within a short term.Achievement of desired ROI, however, remains a subject of very longterm perseverance.

Business opportunities in this sector pose some serious risks which canbe mitigated with proper and timely measures. A central regulatoryframework would be helpful to ensure sustainability.

Reforms in Direct and Indirect Tax laws will attract more investments inUrban Infrastructure PPP projects.

A well-thought customer sensitization programme and reliable qualityservice with transparency in billing can earn customer patronage. This,we hope, will ensure desired level of success of our venture.