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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
1
Technology In Action Chapter 11
Technology In ActionTechnology In ActionTechnology In ActionTechnology In Action
Chapter 11Chapter 11
Behind the Scenes: Databases and Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information SystemsInformation Systems
Chapter 11Chapter 11
Behind the Scenes: Databases and Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information SystemsInformation Systems
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
• Databases and their usesDatabases and their uses• Database componentsDatabase components• Types of databasesTypes of databases• Database management systemsDatabase management systems• Relational databasesRelational databases• Data warehouses and data martsData warehouses and data marts• Information systemsInformation systems• Data miningData mining
• Databases and their usesDatabases and their uses• Database componentsDatabase components• Types of databasesTypes of databases• Database management systemsDatabase management systems• Relational databasesRelational databases• Data warehouses and data martsData warehouses and data marts• Information systemsInformation systems• Data miningData mining
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Life without databaseLife without databaseLife without databaseLife without database
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Databases Databases Databases Databases
• Electronic collections of related dataElectronic collections of related data• Help us organize dataHelp us organize data• Turn data into informationTurn data into information
• Electronic collections of related dataElectronic collections of related data• Help us organize dataHelp us organize data• Turn data into informationTurn data into information
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Advantages of Using DatabasesAdvantages of Using DatabasesAdvantages of Using DatabasesAdvantages of Using Databases
• Enable information sharingEnable information sharing
Data centralizationData centralization• Data integrityData integrity• FlexibilityFlexibility
• Enable information sharingEnable information sharing
Data centralizationData centralization• Data integrityData integrity• FlexibilityFlexibility
Student housing
Financial AidRecording grades
Student Registration
Parents
Student Information Database
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database TerminologyDatabase TerminologyDatabase TerminologyDatabase Terminology
• Field:Field:– Category of information Category of information
displayed in columnsdisplayed in columns
• Data types:Data types:– TextText– NumericNumeric– DateDate– MemoMemo– ObjectObject– Hyperlink Hyperlink
• Field:Field:– Category of information Category of information
displayed in columnsdisplayed in columns
• Data types:Data types:– TextText– NumericNumeric– DateDate– MemoMemo– ObjectObject– Hyperlink Hyperlink
Field Name
One Field
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database TerminologyDatabase TerminologyDatabase TerminologyDatabase Terminology
Record
Table
Primary Key
• Record:Record:– A group of related fieldsA group of related fields
• Table:Table:– A group of related recordsA group of related records
• Primary key:Primary key:– A field value unique to a A field value unique to a
recordrecord
• Record:Record:– A group of related fieldsA group of related fields
• Table:Table:– A group of related recordsA group of related records
• Primary key:Primary key:– A field value unique to a A field value unique to a
recordrecord
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database TypesDatabase TypesDatabase TypesDatabase Types
• Relational databases:Relational databases:– Organize data in a tableOrganize data in a table– Link tables to each other through their primary keysLink tables to each other through their primary keys
• Object-oriented databases:Object-oriented databases:– Stores data in objectsStores data in objects– Handles unstructured dataHandles unstructured data
• Object-relational databases:Object-relational databases:– A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented databaseA hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database
• Relational databases:Relational databases:– Organize data in a tableOrganize data in a table– Link tables to each other through their primary keysLink tables to each other through their primary keys
• Object-oriented databases:Object-oriented databases:– Stores data in objectsStores data in objects– Handles unstructured dataHandles unstructured data
• Object-relational databases:Object-relational databases:– A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented databaseA hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Management Systems Database Management Systems (DBMS)(DBMS)
Database Management Systems Database Management Systems (DBMS)(DBMS)
• Application software designed to acquire Application software designed to acquire and analyze dataand analyze data
• Four main operations of a DBMS are:Four main operations of a DBMS are:– Creating databases and entering dataCreating databases and entering data– Viewing and sorting dataViewing and sorting data– Extracting dataExtracting data– Outputting dataOutputting data
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Relational Database Relational Database OperationsOperations
Relational Database Relational Database OperationsOperations
• Relational databases organize data into Relational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupingstables based on logical groupings
• Relationships are links between tables Relationships are links between tables with related datawith related data
• Common fields between tables need to Common fields between tables need to existexist
• Normalization of data (recording data Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancyonce) reduces data redundancy
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data StorageData StorageData StorageData Storage
• Data warehouses:Data warehouses:– A large scale repository of A large scale repository of
datadata– Organizes all the data Organizes all the data
related to an organizationrelated to an organization– Data is organized by Data is organized by
subjectsubject
• Data warehouses:Data warehouses:– A large scale repository of A large scale repository of
datadata– Organizes all the data Organizes all the data
related to an organizationrelated to an organization– Data is organized by Data is organized by
subjectsubject
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data martsData marts• Small slices of dataSmall slices of data• Data of a single Data of a single
departmentdepartment
Data warehouse illustrationData warehouse illustration
Source dataSource data• InternalInternal• ExternalExternal• Customers Customers
Data stagingData staging• Extract data from Extract data from
sourcesource• Reformat the dataReformat the data• Store the dataStore the data
Source dataSource data• InternalInternal• ExternalExternal• Customers Customers
Data stagingData staging• Extract data from Extract data from
sourcesource• Reformat the dataReformat the data• Store the dataStore the data
Populating Data WarehousesPopulating Data WarehousesPopulating Data WarehousesPopulating Data Warehouses
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© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Managing Data: Information Managing Data: Information SystemsSystems
Managing Data: Information Managing Data: Information SystemsSystems
• Information systems:Information systems:– Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze
informationinformation
• Functions performed by information Functions performed by information systems include:systems include:– Acquiring dataAcquiring data– Processing data into informationProcessing data into information– Storing dataStoring data– Providing output optionsProviding output options
• Information systems:Information systems:– Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze
informationinformation
• Functions performed by information Functions performed by information systems include:systems include:– Acquiring dataAcquiring data– Processing data into informationProcessing data into information– Storing dataStoring data– Providing output optionsProviding output options
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Information Systems CategoriesInformation Systems CategoriesInformation Systems CategoriesInformation Systems Categories
• Office supportOffice support• Transaction processingTransaction processing• Management Management • Decision supportDecision support
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data MiningData MiningData MiningData Mining
• Process by which data are analyzed and Process by which data are analyzed and investigatedinvestigated
• Objective is to spot patterns or trends Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the datawithin the data
• Process by which data are analyzed and Process by which data are analyzed and investigatedinvestigated
• Objective is to spot patterns or trends Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the datawithin the data
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Mining MethodsData Mining MethodsData Mining MethodsData Mining Methods
• Classification:Classification:– Define data classesDefine data classes
• Estimation:Estimation:– Assign a value to dataAssign a value to data
• Affinity grouping or association rules:Affinity grouping or association rules:– Determine which data goes togetherDetermine which data goes together
• Clustering:Clustering:– Organize data into subgroupsOrganize data into subgroups
• Description and visualization:Description and visualization:– Provides a clear picture of what is happeningProvides a clear picture of what is happening
• Classification:Classification:– Define data classesDefine data classes
• Estimation:Estimation:– Assign a value to dataAssign a value to data
• Affinity grouping or association rules:Affinity grouping or association rules:– Determine which data goes togetherDetermine which data goes together
• Clustering:Clustering:– Organize data into subgroupsOrganize data into subgroups
• Description and visualization:Description and visualization:– Provides a clear picture of what is happeningProvides a clear picture of what is happening
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Summary QuestionsChapter 11 Summary QuestionsChapter 11 Summary QuestionsChapter 11 Summary Questions
• What is a database and why is it beneficial What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases?to use databases?
• What components make up a database?What components make up a database?• What types of databases are there?What types of databases are there?• What do database management systems What do database management systems
do?do?• How do relational databases organize and How do relational databases organize and
manipulate data?manipulate data?• What is data mining?What is data mining?
• What is a database and why is it beneficial What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases?to use databases?
• What components make up a database?What components make up a database?• What types of databases are there?What types of databases are there?• What do database management systems What do database management systems
do?do?• How do relational databases organize and How do relational databases organize and
manipulate data?manipulate data?• What is data mining?What is data mining?
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