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Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture
Lecture 8
Overview Water Resources
Water Supply SystemsPlanning Issues
Lecture 8
Overview Water Resources
Water Supply SystemsPlanning Issues
TerminologyTerminology
Potable Water: water fit for human consumption
Gray Water: non-potable, used water containing no harmful wastes
Black Water: non-potable, used water that contains harmful or human waste
Drains and SewersDrains and Sewers
Storm: contains rainwater and surface runoff
Sanitary: contains human waste
Combined: contains both
Acid RainAcid Rain
Rain combined with chemicals (SO2, COx, NOx,…) in the air to form a weak acid
Water + Sulfur Dioxide = Sulfuric AcidH2O + 2SO2 H2SO4 + SOx
Source: automobile emissions, coal fired electric generation, air pollution
HardnessHardness
Caused by calcium and magnesium salts
Can be removed by “water softening” systems
Ph ScalePh Scale
Alkalinity: bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides (Ph>7)
Acidity: hydrogen ions (Ph<7)
Water TableWater Table
Naturally occurring depth to top of water in an aquifer
S: p.896, F.21.2
Water ResourcesWater ResourcesWater ResourcesWater Resources
Sources of Fresh WaterSources of Fresh Water
Precipitation collection Surface water diversion Groundwater aquifersDesalinization
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic CycleWater exists in three phases—vapor, liquid, solid
Water storage takes several forms– clouds, groundwater, snow/ice, lakes/river/oceans
S: p. 859, F.20.4a
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
Natural intercepts of water affect its purity and utility
S: p. 859, F.20.4b
““We All Live Downstream”We All Live Downstream”
Human intercepts degrade quality
S: p. 896 F.21.2
Toxins Around UsToxins Around Us
Arsenic: pressure treated lumberCadmium: batteriesChromium: antifreezeFluoride: rat poison, water treatmentLead: paints, piping, fuelSilver: photo-processing
Other ContaminantsOther Contaminants
Chlorides (road salts) tasteCopper (corroding pipe) tasteIron (corroding pipe) stains/tasteManganese (natural) taste/laxative/colorNitrates (fertilizer) healthPesticides healthSodium (road salt) taste
Water Supply SystemsWater Supply SystemsWater Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
Groundwater AquiferGroundwater Aquifer
Artesian wells created from pressure due to elevation head
2.3’ of head = 1 psi
Upfeed SystemUpfeed System
Supplied through pressurized street main or artesian well source
S: p. 958. F.21.52
CisternsCisterns
Captured rainwater held in tanks to increase water availability and pressure
May also be refilled manually
San Francisco Plantation, Louisiana
Enhancing Water PressureEnhancing Water Pressure
When natural pressure is insufficient then a pump or pressurized source must be used
S: p. 913, F.21.13
Water TowersWater Towers
Used before electric pumping technology improved
Hand pumps or manual labor
Chicago, IL
Baltimore, MD
Scituate, MA
Water TowersWater Towers
Adapted for use on individual buildings
S: p. 959, F.21.53
PumpingPumpingTechnologyTechnology
As technology improved, buildings could become taller (w/steel framing and elevators)
Downfeed system
S: p. 960, F21.54a
Pumping TechnologyPumping Technology
Constant pressure up-feed system eliminates the house tank
S: p. 965, F21.57
PumpingPumpingTechnologyTechnology
To prevent over- pressurization, intermediate house tanks are used
S: p. 961, F.21.54b
Planning IssuesPlanning IssuesPlanning IssuesPlanning Issues
Planning IssuesPlanning Issues
Conservation strategiesFacility requirementsWaste disposal
Conservation StrategiesConservation Strategies
Reduce use flow control fixtures
Match grade to use culinary vs. irrigation
Collection/Storage cisterns, retention basins, roof ponds, porous pavement
Graskrete
Conservation StrategiesConservation Strategies
Gray Water Systems: captures drainage from non-black water waste fixtures and reuses it for lesser quality needs …irrigation, car washing…
Recently legalized in Utah. Opposition was due to contamination concerns and inappro-priate soil composition
Conservation GoalsConservation Goals
Reduce overall consumption
Avoid surface runoff
Allow percolation into soil to recharge groundwater table
Facility RequirementsFacility RequirementsCheck local codes for programming & ADA requirements
S: p.864, T.20.3
Waste DisposalWaste Disposal
Verify local sewer system availability/capacity Municipal sewer Septic system on site
Soil percolation Drain field/septic tank location Drain field proximity to other water sources
Water ReclamationWater Reclamation
Municipal programs that use treated wastewater for uses that do not require potable water
Los Angeles County Water Reclamation Project