1
TECTONIC PLATES TECTONIC PLATES Plate Boundary - Referenced from Bird, Peter (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries. (Orogen boundaries omitted.) Plate Convergence Vectors - Referenced from United States Geological Survey: Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary. Plate Divergence Vectors - Referenced from Digital Tectonic Activity Map: Divergence data are shown by double arrows describing direction and speed. World WorldSat Color Shaded Relief Image - Published by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc Projection: Robinson (World) April 2009 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E & & & & F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F 30 mm/yr 27 mm/yr 44 mm/yr 15 mm/yr 75 mm/yr 72 mm/yr 70 mm/yr 50 mm/yr 86 mm/yr 59 mm/yr 94 mm/yr 15 mm/yr 14 mm/yr 35 mm/yr 35 mm/yr 25 mm/yr 23 mm/yr 18 mm/yr 23 mm/yr 151 mm/yr 151 mm/yr 45 mm/yr 47 mm/yr 40 mm/yr Nicaragua SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : (: : : : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 6 6 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 6 6 6 1 6 (: ( ( : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Russia Antarctica China Canada Brazil Australia United States India Iran Sudan Greenland Algeria Argentina Kazakhstan Libya Mexico Mali Peru Chad Niger Mongolia Egypt Angola Bolivia Saudi Arabia Ethiopia Turkey Nigeria Colombia Iraq Pakistan South Africa Spain Namibia Zambia France Mauritania Ukraine Venezuela Kenya Sweden Somalia Finland Yemen Botswana Afghanistan Poland Thailand Indonesia Turkmenistan Syria Gabon Belarus Guinea Chile Italy Democratic Republic of the Congo Mozambique Norway Oman Morocco Madagascar Laos Germany Uzbekistan Cameroon Paraguay Japan Zimbabwe Myanmar (Burma) Ghana Romania United Republic of Tanzania Uganda Ecuador Nepal Guyana Senegal Cote d’Ivoire Central African Republic Tunisia Uruguay Iceland Malaysia Papua New Guinea Kyrgyzstan Burkina Faso Greece Western Sahara Cambodia United Kingdom Serbia Bulgaria Suriname Austria New Zealand Latvia Hungary Liberia Ireland Portugal Philippines Lithuania Croatia Estonia Slovakia Sri Lanka Czech Republic South Korea Sierra Leone French Guiana Taiwan Belgium North Korea 9 mm/yr 94 mm/yr 70 mm/yr 48 mm/yr 27 mm/yr 78 mm/yr 18 mm/yr 20 mm/yr 79 mm/yr 61 mm/yr 88 mm/yr 63 mm/yr 92 mm/yr 78 mm/yr 73 mm/yr 58 mm/yr 39 mm/yr 123 mm/yr 106 mm/yr 237 mm/yr ARABIA PLATE TIMOR PLATE BIRD’S HEAD PLATE MOLUCCA SEA PLATE BANDA SEA PLATE CONWAY REEF PLATE EASTER PLATE ALTIPLANO PLATE JUAN FERNANDEZ PLATE GALAPAGOS PLATE SANDWICH PLATE PANAMA PLATE SUNDA PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE KERMADEC PLATE TONGA PLATE NIUAFO`OU PLATE WOODLARK PLATE MAOKE PLATE SOUTH BISMARCK PLATE SOLOMON SEA PLATE NORTH BISMARCK PLATE NEW HEBRIDES PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE COCOS PLATE OKHOTSK PLATE BALMORAL REEF PLATE NORTH ANDES PLATE OKINAWA PLATE PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE AMUR PLATE CAROLINE PLATE MARIANA PLATE FUTUNA PLATE SCOTIA PLATE AEGEAN SEA PLATE ANATOLIA PLATE YANGTZE PLATE BURMA PLATE RIVERA PLATE ANTARCTICA PLATE SOMALIA PLATE INDIA PLATE AUSTRALIA PLATE EURASIA PLATE SOUTH AMERICA PLATE NAZCA PLATE PACIFIC PLATE EURASIA PLATE NORTH AMERICA PLATE NUBIA PLATE F DIVERGENCE E CONVERGENCE PLATE BOUNDARY Converging Diverging Transform 7KLV PDS KLJKOLJKWV WKH (DUWK¶V WHFWRQLF SODWH ERXQGDULHV 7KH LQGLYLGXDO WHFWRQLF SODWHV DUH ODEHOHG LQ ZKLWH OHWWHULQJ $UURZV LQGLFDWH WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI SODWH PRWLRQ DW PDQ\ RI WKH SODWH ERXQGDULHV DQG WKH UDWH RI PRWLRQ LV VKRZQ LQ PLOOLPHWHUV SHU \HDU 0RVW SODWHV DUH PRYLQJ WHQV RI PLOOLPHWHUV SHU \HDU ±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ivergent, Convergent, and Transform Boundaries Divergent, Convergent, and Transform Boundaries 7UDQVIRUP %RXQGDULHV 7UDQVIRUP ERXQGDULHV DUH IRXQG LQ DUHDV ZKHUH SODWHV DUH VOLGLQJ SDVW RQH DQRWKHU (YHQ WKRXJK WKH PLGRFHDQ VSUHDGLQJ ULGJHV DUH SUHGRPLQDQWO\ GLYHUJHQW ERXQGDULHV WKH\ DUH EURNHQ LQWR VPDOO GLYHUJHQW VHJPHQWV FRQQHFWHG WR RQH DQRWKHU E\ VKRUW WUDQVIRUP IDXOWV 2Q WKH FRQWLQHQWV WZR RI WKH ODUJHVW DQG EHVWNQRZQ WUDQVIRUP SODWH ERXQGDULHV DUH WKH 6DQ $QGUHDV )DXOW =RQH LQ &DOLIRUQLD DQG WKH 1RUWK $QDWROLDQ )DXOW =RQH LQ 7XUNH\ 8 Produced by California Institute of Technology Tectonics Observatory DIVERGENT BOUNDARY TRANSFORM BOUNDARY CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
