5 June 2012 1
TELECOM NEEDS
OF
POWER SECTORTechnology Options & Choices
29th May 2012
What are the Key Technology Options
available? ( PLC, Microwave, VSAT,
OFC, GPRS etc)
What are the advantages &
disadvantages of each option in the
Indian Context?
What has been the experience so far?
What are the key issues &
Challenges?
Technology Options
5 June 2012 2
Reliable Telecom Connectivity is required for;
Voice – CUG, VoIP, Land Line
Corporate VPNs
Internet & E-Mail
ERP Applications
Protection Systems
Data Real Time Data Transfers for Grid Operation (SCADA / EMS)
Remote Monitoring of Projects
Remote Operation of Active sites
( Sub-stations / Generating Stations, NTAMC)
Smart Grid Applications
Automatic Metering
Computerised Billing & Collection
Data Centres & Disaster Recovery Centres
Video Conferencing
TELECOM NEEDS
5 June 20123
What’s Required?
Sufficient end to end bandwidth
IP/Ethernet capable devices
Flexible and Reliable Backbone and
Access communication network
Network reach down to consumers
Interfaces and Protocols based on
Power Industry standards
Communication solutions
5 June 2012 4
Technology Options – Communication Media
5 June 2012 5
Reliable medium of Communication is the Primary need for any
utility. There are various medium and technologies are available and
are deployed at different locations depending on the need. The
medium can be any one or combination of the following:
Wire Lines
Copper Cables
Co-axial Cables
Wireless
Microwave Radio
VSAT
Through Power Transmission Lines
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
Digital PLCC
Optical Fibre Cables
Underground / Aerial OFC
All Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS)
Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
Wrap Around
Technology Options – Communication Media
5 June 2012 6
Equipment
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
DWDM (Dense Wave Digital Multiplexing)
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)
Depending on the medium , various types of end
equipments (Transmitters / Receivers) are deployed
for collection / transmission of voice , Data & Video
Each of the medium has its own advantages &
disadvantages
Deciding factors for Network Design
5 June 2012 7
Type of application
Type of transaction (interactive/batch)
No. of simultaneous users on the network
Transaction size
Response time expected
Type of communication media
ROW
Techno-Economics
Technology Options – Copper Cables
5 June 2012 8
Advantages Disadvantages
Doesn’t require
any License
Right of Way
requirement for
underground
cable
Power utilities can
use their existing
infrastructure
Fault location is
difficult
More number of
Channels
Faults can lead to
Ground potential
raise
Suitable for short
distances
Prone to theft
Twisted pair Copper cables are the popular medium for wire line
communications adopted.
They can be laid either underground or aerially
Technology Options – Co-axial Cables
5 June 2012 9
Advantages Disadvantages
Doesn’t require any
License
Right of Way
requirement for
underground cable
Power utilities can
use their existing
infrastructure
Fault location is
difficult
More number of
Channels compared
to Copper
More immune to RF
noise interference
Suitable for short
distances
Prone to theft
Coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor surrounded by a grounded outer
conductor, which is held in a concentric configuration by a dielectric. The dielectric
can be PVC, air, foam etc
Coaxial cable can transmit high frequency signals up to several MHz with low
attenuation compared to copper wires
They can be laid either underground or aerially
Technology Options – Microwave Radio
5 June 2012 10
Microwave radio technology makes use of short wavelengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum to send signals over distances with high
frequencies.
Frequency range: 2.3 - 2.5 GHz
Repeater distance : 40-50 kms.
Network Capacity : 4x 2.048 Mbps.
Automatic Protection System (APS) -
Redundancy & Link Protection.
Network designed for 99.99 % availability
under the worst conditions.
RF signal contains Voice/Data, Service
channels & In-Service Monitoring.
Typically, 1.8m, 2.4m & 3m Grid Parabolic
Antennas used.
Technology Options – Microwave Radio
5 June 2012 11
Advantages Disadvantages
Independent of common carriers and
power lines
Frequency assignments requiring
clearance from SACFA(Standing
Advisory Committee for Frequency allocation).
Spectrum Scarcity
Relatively low construction costs
Does not require physical cables or
expensive attenuation equipment
Subject to interference .
Line of sight technology (i.e the
signals will not pass through
objects) limits operating distances
Mountains, hills and rooftops
provide inexpensive and accessible
bases for microwave towers.
Microwave radio signals are affected
by electromagnetic interference
(EMI)
Transmits thousands of data
channels between two points
without relying on a physical
transmitting medium
Less reliability . Microwave radio
communication is also affected by
heavy moisture, snow, rain and fog
Technology Options – VSAT
5 June 2012 12
VSAT is the short form for Very Small Aperture Terminals. There are three main
components of the VSAT Technology – The Satellite, A Central Hub (With a Big Dish
Antenna) and a number of smaller nodes (smaller dish antenna) kept at various remote
locations that together form a Star topology (Mesh topologies for small networks)
using the satellite network.
Outdoor Unit
Antenna: Reflector, Feedhorn & Mount
RFT: LNA, Down Converters, Upconverters,
HPA
Indoor Unit
Decides Access Schemes
Modem
User Interfaces
Protocols Conversions
Interlink Facility
Low loss coaxial cable to the indoor unit.
Typical length 300 feet.
ODU
(1+0)
MODEM
DA
TA
DA
TA
VO
ICE
VO
ICE
MODEM
ODU
(1+0)
DA
TA
VO
ICE
DA
TA
VO
ICE
VO
ICE
DA
TA
REMOTE STATION CENTRAL STATION
VSAT NETWORK ON SHARED HUB
5 June 2012 13
VSAT
VSAT
VSAT
VSAT
SATELLITE
TRANSPONDERS
HUB
40 M
bp
s
Space SegmentSatellite transponder
Ground SegmentCentral HUB
Remote VSATs
TopologiesStar
Mesh
Hybrid
Point to Point
Remote Telephony
VSAT –SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
VSAT FREQUENCY BANDS
5 June 2012 14
Frequency
Band
Uplink (GHz)
Earth Station to
satellite
Downlink (GHz)
Satellite to Earth
Station
C Band 5.925 to 6.425 3.700 to 4.200
Extended C
Band6.725 to 7.025 4.500 to 4.800
Ku Band 14.000 to 14.500 10.950 to 11.700
Technology Options – VSAT
5 June 2012 15
Advantages Disadvantages
Suitable for accessing Remote
Locations . Easy to install.
Wider Area Coverage.
Latency is high. (>200 ms) vis-
a.vis terrestrial equivalent
technologies (<100 ms).
Downtime are expected due to
satellite eclipses.
Channels cost are almost
distance independent .
Higher initial cost for satellite
connectivity and recurring
monthly costs for terminal
equipments .
Can be a back up to terrestrial
networks .
Need to be fixed outside the
offices or homes hence
making them susceptible to
damage or theft.
Broadcasting Capabilities . IP
based Multi-cast applications
like audio and video streaming
are possible .
Rain Attenuation might affect
the performance of VSAT
communications under rainy
conditions.
Technology Options - PLCC
5 June 2012 16
Power Line Carrier Communications (PLCC) – Traditional and reliable technology available to
electric power utilities for critical communications channels and protection signaling.
In PLCC the radio frequency signals are transmitted through power transmission lines.
PLCC systems operate with audio frequency signals in the range of 30 kHz and 500 kHz.
band over power transmission lines
3
3
1
3 3
1
2
1
3
3
5
1. Carrier Eqpt.
2. HF Cable
3. Coupling
Device
4. CVT / CC
5. Wave Trap
4
WAVE TRAPS
Prevents the carrier currents from entering the power
equipment.
Suitably designed choke coils connected in the series with
the power lines.
Negligible Impedance for the power frequency current but
high impedance to the radio frequency current.
COUPLING CAPACITORS
Minimizes capacitance changes with temperature and time.
Coupling capacitors have capacitance between 2 and 8 nF.
LINE MATCHING & PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Consists of matching Transformers and Tuning capacitors.
Isolates the communication equipment from the power line.
Matches the impedance of the power line to that of the
coaxial cable of communication equipment.
Technology Options - PLCC
5 June 2012 17
Advantages Disadvantages
Both communication and
power transfer can be
possible on same circuit and
cost effective.
Noise introduced by power
lines is high in case of
telephone lines.
Equipment installed in utility
owned land or structures
with minimum hardware.
Carrier frequencies often not
protected on a primary basis
Economical & reliable over
long distances w/o need for
repeaters and works at any
climatic conditions
Inherently few channels
available
Attenuation is less over
long distance
Expensive on a per-channel
basis
Technology Options – Optical Fibers
5 June 2012 18
An Optical Fiber is a flexible thin filament of glass. Optical Communication
system accepts electrical signals as inputs, convert them into optical signals,
carry them over fiber optic cables and revert them into electrical signals at the
destination. There are various types of OFCs Underground, Aerial, OPGW etc.
Underground OFC OPGW
Under Ground Optical Fiber Cables
5 June 2012 19
Advantages Disadvantages
Immune to electromagnetic
interference and Immune to
ground potential rise . Optical
Fiber Cables can run long
distances.
Subject to breakage and water
ingress . Limited bend radius
(about 30 mm). So, if they are
bent more, it might lead to some
signal loss
High channel capacity. Do not
have speed limits or bandwidth
limitations. They can support
any speed/ bandwidth depending
only on the type of active
components used at either end.
High RoW Cost in case of
underground fibers.
High CAPEX in terms of cost of
Fibers , end equipments and
installation
High Security. Not easy to
intercept Can be laid both within
the buildings and outside the
buildings .Generally they are
buried under the ground using a
Trench and protective materials
Vulnerable to fiber cuts due to
Road Expansions, Development
activities like Metro Projects ,
maintenance activities etc
VULNERABILITY OF UNDERGROUND OFC
5 June 2012 20
5 June 2012 21
VULNERABILITY OF UNDERGROUND OFC
5 June 2012 22
VULNERABILITY OF UNDERGROUND OFC
ADSS ( All Di-electric Self Supporting )Cables
5 June 2012 23
Suitable Transmission lines upto 220KV. Fibre inside HDPE tubes
Flexible, Reliable and Long lasting.
Can be installed without shut down of power.
Free from electro-magnetic interference.
Specially strung over large road or river crossings.
Easy to commission, maintain, and expand.
Ideal for reinforcing existing networks.
Weather proof and environmental friendly.
TYPICAL ADSS CABLE LAYING FROM SUBSTATION YARD
5 June 2012 24
OPGW (Optical Ground Wire ) Cables
5 June 2012 25
Suitable for Transmission lines of 132KV and above. Acts as earth
wire –cum- OFC.
Right of Way (ROW) readily available on transmission lines
No forest Clearance etc are required
Transmission infrastructure is sturdy, stable, free from vandalism
and rodent menace.
Telecom Network over Transmission system ensures very high
availability for Telecom Network
Faster Roll-out. Mostly Live line installation without disrupting
power flow
Longer Life of OPGW
OPTICAL GROUND WIRE
OPGW
ALUMINIUM TUBEACSR STRANDS
FIBRE
OPGW INSTALLATION
WRAP AROUND
ADSS
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE INSTALLATION
OPGW
Electric Power Utilities have Power
Transmission Network with larger
number of towers spread across each
state.
These towers can be leveraged for
revenue by permitting mounting of
Telecom Antennas
POWERGRID already carried out Pilot
Projects and leased out its towers in 3
states i.e Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir. Tendering process for
balance states will be taken up at
appropriate time
Under ULDC projects, total of 187
microwave towers have been installed of
which 20 are in the central sector and 7
are within POWERGRID premises.
Leasing of these towers in association
with the State Utilities is also under
process
Tower Infrastructure
PARAMETERS OPTIC
FIBRES
MICROWAVE PLCC VSAT
Bandwidth Very high High Low Moderate
Installation cost Very High High Low Low
Expandability Easy Difficult Not
possible
Limited
Repeater distance
(typical)
80-90 KM 40-50 KM Not
applicable
Not
applicable
Immunity to
interference
Very High Prone to
interference
Prone to
interference
Prone to
interference
Reliability Very high High Low Moderate
Frequency
clearance
NA Required Required Required
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION MEDIA
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)SDH and DWDM Technologies
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) aggregates a number of
lower-speed electrical or optical signals into a single higher bit
rate signal for transmission over a single fiber using a single
wavelength. Time division multiplexing (TDM) or statistical TDM is
used. Generally suitable for access networks.
DWDM (Dense Wave Digital Multiplexing) assigns incoming optical
signals to specific frequencies or wavelengths of light and
multiplexes them for transport over a single fiber. WDM is a form
of frequency division multiplexing. Generally suitable for high
capacity backbone networks.
Advantages of WDM: each wavelength of light can carry a signal
with its own speed and protocol, independent of what's on the
other wavelengths. And all signals arrive at the same time, instead
of being distributed across time slots.
SDH can be carried over WDM; but not vice versa.
MPLS-Virtual Private NetworkAny-to-any connectivity on Internet Protocol (Routing)
Max. Bandwidth Utilization- Same pipe used by others
when free
Sub 2 Mbps (256 kbps/512Kbps/1024 kbps)
bandwidths possible
Scalable & Simpler Customer connectivity (radial
Connectivity)
Provides QoS & Class of Service (CoS)
MPLS is highly Secure & Reliable Network
connectivity
Easy Provisioning & Maintenance
Cost Effective
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)
Solutions for Electric Power Utilities
5 June 2012 32
Deployment of Hybrid, Sturdy & Reliable
communication network which is feasible through
Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) , All Dielectric Self
Supporting (ADSS) Backbone Networks and
Access network through Distribution lines or
Microwave Radio or Wi-Max
Homogeneous Smart Grid communication network
with IP/Ethernet connectivity between the
components.
Integration of smart meters and distributed
generation, and extension of the communication
network down to the end customer .
POWERGRID initially laid Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) on
its transmission lines for collecting real time data for Grid
Monitoring
Diversified into Telecom , to utilize spare capacity of
OPGW installed for Grid Monitoring & with an incremental
investment
All equipment & Fibres are international standards
compliant (ITU-T).
Regional & National level NOCs with dedicated NMS for
monitoring of the network on 24 X 7 basis
5 June 2012
POWERGRID’s Diversification into Telecom
POWERGRID’s Strengths in Telecom Over 93,000 Ckms of transmission network and 150 sub-stations across
the Country
Operates Fiber Optic Backbone Network of about 25,000 Kms connectingmore than 200 Cities & towns. Expansion by about 33,000Kms undervarious schemes in progress.
Backbone links are mainly on overhead Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
Adding value by implementing latest state-of-the-art MPLS network
Right-of-Way (ROW) and infrastructure readily available to develop OPGWback bone
Faster Roll-out – 60-75 km/ gang / month
Installation & Maintenance on live power lines without disturbing thepower system
Dedicated team of professionals developed through extensive training and
have acquired skills in planning, design, installation and O&M of telecom
networks
Impeccable experience in timely building of very large Infrastructure
projects
Capable of undertake large scale projects in the rural areas and difficult
terrain
Power Transmission N/W & Telecom N/W
25000 Kms
205 PoPs
Power Transmission
Network 92946 CKm
150 Sub-Stations
POWERGRID’s MPLS Network
Bhubaneswar
Ahmedabad
Jeypore
Gazuwaka
Dadri
Ballabgarh
Padhge
Somanhalli
Sriperumbudur
Allahabad
Vijaywada
Ramagundam
Moradabad
Kanpur Sasaram
ItarasiKota
Chanderpur
Raipur
Delhi
HyderabadPune Nagpur
Indore
Vadodara
Allahabad
Durgapur
ShillongMisa
KolkataPatna
Vijaywada
Kanpur
Lucknow
Bhopal
Bassi
Jallandhar
Mysore
Trichy
Somanhalli
Bhadrawati
Jamshedpur
Sriperumbudur
Dadri
Ballabgarh
Jammu
Jaipur
Gurgaon
New Siliguri
Kishanpur
Biharsharif
Sasaram
GuwahatiBadarpur
DimapurVaranasi
Mandola
Itarasi
Vindhyachal
Trichur
Salem
Nellore
Rourkela
Malda
Bhadrawati
Durgapur
Bangalore
Jabalpur
Hisar
Agra
Moga
Udamalpet
Kolar
Vapi
Dehgam
Indravati
Rengali
Gooty
Khammam
N’Sagar
Manesar -I
Manesar -II
Madurai
Coimbatore
Yelahanka I
Hyderabad NOC
Routers I & II
Delhi
NOC
Routers
I & II
RR
RR
Yelahanka 2
Legends:
MPLS CORE Router
MPLS Edge Router (Type-II)MPLS Access-I Router (CPE-I)
MPLS Access-II Router (19 CPE-III)
MPLS CORE Router (IGW)
MPLS Edge Router (Type-I)
MPLS Access-I Router (CPE-II)
Chandigarh
Chennai
Raipur
Mumbai
Talcher
V R ALERT – 365 X 24 X7
`
STATE OF ART CONTROL CENTRES
OPTICAL GROUND WIRE(OPGW)TYPE OF
CABLE
OVER HEAD ON
POWER TRANSMISSION TOWERSNETWORK
BACK-BONE
TOPOLOGY
POWERTELPARAMETER
POWERTEL- It is Unique
QUALITY & SAFETYCABLE LAYING
LIVE LINEINSTALLATION
`POWERTELPARAMETER
POWERTEL- It is Unique
Challenges
Challenges
Service attitude comes from heart
"He profits most who serves best.“— Rotary International's motto
Service starts with SMILE
Thank You
BANDWIDTH PLANNED for ERP
5 June 2012 45
2Mbps bandwidth/Port speed at each location except RHQ & CC.
20Mbps bandwidth/Port speed for Corporate centre & 10 Mbps
Bandwidth/Port speed at each RHQ.
100 Mbps Bandwidth/Port speed at Main & DR DATA CENTRE.
100 Mbps Point to Point links between NTAMC & Back up NTAMC
from POWERTEL as well as 3rd party service provider, for data
replication.
20 Mbps Internet bandwidth from POWERTEL at Main & DR DATA
CENTRE.
10 Mbps Internet bandwidth from 3rd party at Main & DR DATA
CENTRE.
NTAMC (National Transmission Asset management Center)
NTAMC National Transmission Asset management Center- Remote centralised
operation, monitoring and control of POWERGRID sub-stations
Main Control Centre at National level in 400kV GIS Gurgaon or Manesar
substation
Backup NTAMC planned at :Bangalore (Yelahanka)
No of Regional Transmission Asset management Centers (RTAMCs): 9
(one for each region)
Telecom to provide high speed communication links between NTAMC,
RTAMCs and Sub-stations.
5 June 2012 46
NTAMC Connectivity Plan (Substations)Status upto Dec'12 Status upto Dec'13 Status upto June'14
Connectivity Protected Connectivity Protected Connectivity Protected
Total 101 56 182 106 192 177
Phase - I 77 42 113 66 120 114
Phase - II 24 14 69 40 72 63
Smart Grid
• Smart grid is a combination of
the smart transmission system,
the smart distribution system and
integrating customer systems.
• Integration of distributed generation from renewable
energy sources into main grid like
solar photo voltaic cell,
wind,
biomass,
mini and micro hydro
is also an important feature of smart grid development.
DIGITAL PLCC
5 June 2012 48
Utilizes 8 KHz to establish a full DUPLEX connection
Data stream including voice ,data & teleprotection
@ 32 Kbits/sec can be transmitted
Can accommodate 3 Speech channels and 9 Data channels
Relevent Standard IEC- 495
Utilizes the same band width as an analog PLC.
Increase the capacity ( at least 3 times) that of analog PLC
ADVANTAGES OF SDH TECHNOLOGY
5 June 2012 49
It is a transport network
Based on synchronous multiplexing
Fully standardized
It provides high bandwidth
It accommodates both synchronous and asynchronous
signals for future broadband signals and new services
It has standardized network management capabilities
It Provides traffic protection
It has flexible multiplexing structure
Provides direct access to tributaries
Cross-connections without de-multiplexing
DENSE WAVE MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)
5 June 2012 50
ATM
IP
FIBRE
SDH
SDH
SDH
FIBRE
O
P
T
I
C
A
L
M
U
X
O
P
T
I
C
A
L
D
E
M
U
X
Optical
Transponder
Optical
Transponder
Optical
Transponder
Optical
Transponder
Optical
Transponder
3
1
3
2
DWDM
PAIR
PAIR
Intermediate
Optical Amplifiers
1
2
31
32
D
W
D
M
TYPICAL DWDM LINK
5 June 2012 51
Tx RxMUX DEMUX
OFA W
D
M
W
D
M
1
2
16
TRANSPONDERS
OPTICAL
SIGNALS.STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
ATM
IP
A total of 425 locations (CC, 9 RHQs, 195 substations both
operational and under construction, 57 TL & TLC offices, 24 TLM
offices, 34 DMS, 106 other offices) have been considered for ERP
implementation.
All locations are required to be connected to ERP Data Centre at
Gurgaon and DR Data Centre at Bangalore.
Telecom Department is responsible for providing all required
connectivity for implementation of ERP Project.
The connectivities are primarily planned through POWERTEL’s
proposed MPLS network utilizing existing & proposed FO
network of POWERGRID as well as fibre/bandwidth lease.
The unconnected locations shall be connected through third
party VPN.
ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) Project
5 June 2012 52
BANDWIDTH PLANNED for ERP
5 June 2012 53
2Mbps bandwidth/Port speed at each location except RHQ & CC.
20Mbps bandwidth/Port speed for Corporate centre & 10 Mbps
Bandwidth/Port speed at each RHQ.
100 Mbps Bandwidth/Port speed at Main & DR DATA CENTRE.
100 Mbps Point to Point links between NTAMC & Back up NTAMC
from POWERTEL as well as 3rd party service provider, for data
replication.
20 Mbps Internet bandwidth from POWERTEL at Main & DR DATA
CENTRE.
10 Mbps Internet bandwidth from 3rd party at Main & DR DATA
CENTRE.
Project cost components
Fibre cost 35%
Fibre installation cost 10%
Equipment cost 20%
Access Network 7%
Auxiliaries 3%
Row charges 5%
Interest & finance charges 15%
Miscellaneous 5%
5 June 2012 54