TELECOMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURES - REVIEW

ECE 3115 – WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Thursday, 23 November 2017

WHERE ARE WE IN THE SYLLABUS?

COURSE DESCRIPTION

• Wireless Area Networks: WiMAX: BWA - issues and challenges of WiMAX - network architecture - protocol stack of IEEE 802.16 - physical layer, MAC layer schemes - differences between IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16; WLAN: Fundamentals - technical issues - network architecture - protocol stack of IEEE 802.11 - physical layer, MAC layer mechanism; WPAN: Technical issue – system model- protocol stack of IEEE802.15; Bluetooth:Network architecture - operation-protocol stack - specification and application models; Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): Types and specifications.

• Wireless Internet: Introduction: Address - mobility - inefficiency of transport layer and application layer protocol, IP for wireless domain; Mobile IP - IPv6 advancements - mobility management - functions - location management - registration and handoffs - wireless security and standards; TCP in Wireless Domain: TCP over wireless - types - traditional - snoop - indirect - mobile - transaction - oriented - impact of mobility.

• AD-hoc Network: Ad-hoc Network: Introduction - issues - characteristics - medium access scheme – routing schemes - multicasting - transport layer protocol - pricing scheme - QoS provisioning - self- organization -security - energy management and deployment consideration.

• Wireless Sensor Network: Wireless Sensor Network: Issues - design challenges - characteristics and architecture of wireless sensor network - layered and clustered - data dissemination - data gathering – MAC protocols - routing schemes - security - enabling technologies for sensor network and applications -comparisons with MANET - ZIGBEE standard and architecture –WBAN standard and architecture.

• Emerging Technologies: UWB Radio Communication: Fundamentals of UWB - major issues - operation of UWB systems - comparisons with other technologies - advantages and disadvantages; Multimode 802.11 -IEEE 802.11a/b/g - software radio based multimode system – meghadoot architecture - 802.11VoIP phone -IEEE 802.11n;

• LTE: System architecture – transmission scheme - frame structure - analysis of link and system level performance - LTE FDD vs TDD comparison - LTE advanced- network architecture –frame structure and its characteristics.

EXCHANGE AREA 3057-XXXXXX

EXCHANGE AREA 1055XXXXXX

ANALOG FIXED TELEPHONE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

EXCHANGE AREA 2056-XXXXXX

AreaSwitchingCentre (ASC)

NationalSwitchingCentre

InternationalSwitchingCentre

000

Local Loop Interface

FIRST GEN MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

(a) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) System

(b) Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

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SECOND GENERATION (GSM) NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Mobile Station (MS)

Base TransceiverStation (BTS)

Base StationController (BSC)

MobileSwitchingCentre (MSC)

VisitorLocationRegister

EquipmentIdentityRegister (EIR)

AuthenticationCentre (AuC)

HomeLocationRegister

Group Call Register

IG & 2G NETWORKS INTRODUCE THE PROBLEM OF LOCATION MANAGEMENT

1. Location management is concerned with tracking of an active mobile station within the cellular network.

2. This is usually carried out by the network (MSC) between two consecutive phone calls.

3. There are two basic operations involved in location management:(a) Paging - The process of which the network initiates a query for the MS’s location its many location areas. (b) Location tracking and update - A process in which the MS initiates a change in the Location Database (HR, VLR) when it moves to a new area.

PagingNetwork (MSC using HLR,VLR)queries Location Areas for MS

Location

LA06

LA02

LA01

LA07

LA03

LA04 LA05

TrackingMS (Phone , Modem)

transmits its location and updates databases(HLR,VLR)

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TWO EXTREMES LOCATION AREA UPDATE APPROACHES

From academic point of view, there are two extreme cases of Location Area Approach, i.e

1. “Always-update,” in which a) Each cell is a location area.b) The MS updates its location whenever it enters a new cell. c) The cost of location update is therefore high, d) There is no paging cost because the network (MSC) can

just route an incoming call to the last reported cell without paging.

2. “Never-update,” in which the whole service area is a location area.

a) Therefore there is no cost of location update. b) Consequently, the paging cost is high because the cellular

system needs to page every cell in the service area to find out the cell in which the MS is currently located so an incoming call can be routed to the BTS of that cell.

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LOCATION AREA (LA)

PA-4

PA-2

PA-3

LOCATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

8Update when movement counts exceed a preset number

MS updates its location periodically

Update when number of cells from previous update exceed a set number

LOCATION AREA PLANNING IN 2G NETWORKS

1. Both paging and location updates consume scarce resources like wireless network spectrum and power of mobile station.

2. Location Area planning is therefore based on a criteria that guarantees the total signalling load, which comprises paging and registration, is kept under tolerable limits.

3. Planning is characterized by the trade-off between:

a) The number of location updates, and

b) The amount of paging signalling that the wireless network can handle.

9MTSO

MTSO PagingWhere is 072xx…

Phone ReportingI am in cell number xxx

2G+ COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE

PCUPCU

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)IP Router and Gateway

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)Routing packets, handover, IP address

assignment, billing, etc

INTERNET

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN USIM & SIM

1. A USIM supports Near Field Radio (NFR) Communication which allows contactless e-purse and supports a local service portal giving you access to your phone bill, etc;

2. USIM card can be used to make video calls when the calling area is covered by a 3G network, SIM cannot;

3. USIM uses advanced encryption algorithms with keys that are stronger than those provided by SIMs.

4. The phonebook is much bigger on the USIM, allowing thousands of contacts (instead of a maximum of 255 in a SIM).

5. USIM contacts are richer, for instance it can contain email addresses, a second or third phone number, etc.

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COMPONENTS OF A SIM CARD

CPU: Older models were 8-bit e.g. Motorola 6805 or Intel 8051. Today the norm is 16-bit. Java Card 3 based generation use 32-bit RISC processors.RAM: Size ranges from few

hundred bytes to several megabytes

ROM: Contains the smart cards core operating system and support libraries. Sizes ranges from 6 -300 kbytes.

EEPROM: Stores the card’s file system. Typically sizes are from 4 - 64k

VCC - 1.8v, 3v, 5v

Clock: 5-20 Mhz.

Resets card and initiates the ATR (Answer-On-Reset) protocol

Input/Output: Serial half-duplex 9.6 - 115kbps

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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CARD IDENTIFIER (ICCID)

• Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID).

• ICCIDs are stored in the EEPROM and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation.

• The number is up to 22 digits long, including a single check digit

FURTHER READING (HOME WORK)

How does a thin-sim work?

USER EQUIPMENT (UE)

1. Transmitter/Receiver2. Baseband processing3. USIM

RADIO NETWORKSUBSYSTEM (RNS)

1. Radio Network Controller

2. Node B

CORE NETWORK (CN)1. HLR2. VLR3. EIR4. MSC5. AUC6. GMSC7. SGSN8. GGSN

UuInterface

UMTS ARCHITECTURE / 01

IuInterface

UMTS ARCHITECTURE / 01

Packet-switched part

Circuit-switched part

LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE / 01

LTE CONTROL PLANE & USER DATA PLANE