TELECOMMUNICATION Document 012-Erev1 DEVELOPMENT … · Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka...

SOURCE: LIRNEasia

TITLE: Measuring Progress: Towards Information Societies in Emerging Asia

__________

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

Document 012-Erev1 05 March 2009

TELECOMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT BUREAU

Original: English

7TH WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION/ICT INDICATORS MEETING, CAIRO, EGYPT, 3-5 MARCH 2009

Measuring Progress: Towards Information Societies in Emerging Asia

Findings from a six‐country study of Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Helani Galpaya – [email protected]

ITU 7th World Telecom Indicators Meeting

Cairo, 5 March 2009

Teleuse@BOP: background

• Objective: To understand how BOP interacts with ICTs (mostly phones) to better inform policy• Large surveys of ‘BOP’ conducted in 2005, 2006, 2008

• It’s not exactly a pyramid, but combining D&E as BOP makes it so.

• Almost 20,000 face to face interviews in 6 countries since 2005• Bangladesh (2008)• Pakistan• India• Sri Lanka• Philippines• Thailand

• Funded by the International Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada with contributions from Telenor Research and Innovation

2

SEC D & E

SEC A, B & C

Why worry the BOP?

• Because if the access and usage problems for BOP can be solved, it can be solved for the TOP

• Because TOP is less of a challenge– closer to gaining Universal Access already

– through market forces

– less likely to need public sector subsidies/funding

• BOP is where policy challenges are

3

Samples

Bangladesh Pakistan[1]

India Sri Lanka[2]Philippines[3

] Thailand[4]

Total

BOP teleusers

2,050 1,814 3,152 924 800 800 9,540

Margin of error @ 95% CL (%) + 3% + 2% + 2% + 3% + 4% + 4%

Diary Sample

1,025 900 1,600 450 400 400 4,775

Migrant workers

350 300 400 200 200 100 1,550

4

[1] Pakistan: Excludes tribal regions[2] Sri Lanka: Excludes North and East[3] Philippines: Survey was undertaken only among SEC E[4] Thailand: Excludes Bangkok as the SEC DE population in Bangkok is very small

Methods

• Multi‐stage stratified sampling, random selection of households and individuals

• Migrant worker teleusers at “bottom of the pyramid”– SEC groups C** + D + E*– “internal” and “external” migrants that send money home– Findings available in March 2009

5

Representing around 518 million BOP citizens aged 15‐60 in the 6 countries surveyed.

• Teleusers at “bottom of the pyramid”– SEC groups D + E

– Aged 15‐60

(Rural India: R2, R3, R4)

6

43 52 60 62

0

72

57 48 40 38

100

28

Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Philippines Thailand

Socioeconomic group classification (% of sample)

SEC D SEC E

Among BOP teleusers

Individuals earning USD38 per month, on average

7


Personal 36 37 38 54 45 79

Household 117 127 99 151 127 172

Mean monthly income (USD)

Among BOP teleusers

Link between SEC D+E and "$2 per day" definition


SEC D+E (% of population) 73 59 69 44 38

[SEC E]33

Less than $2 per day (% of population) 78 85 86 45 40 28

Actual population proportions

8

PROFILING THE BOP

Motorized

transpo

rt

Motorized

transpo

rt

Motorized

transpo

rt

Motorized

transpo

rt

Motorized

transpo

rt

Motorized

transpo

rt

Bicycle

Bicycle

Bicycle

Bicycle

Bicycle

Bicycle

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


% of B

OP ho

useh

olds

Access to transport within the household (% of BOP teleusers)

Access to transport: mostly bicycles

10Among BOP teleusers

Note: “motorized transport” includes: motorbike, three-wheeler (trishaw), scooter, tractor, “jeepney” (Philippines), “Qingqi” (Pakistan) + other kinds of auto-rickshaws

Access to other forms of communications: phones bypassing radio in South Asia. Access to computers still low everywhere

11

TV

TV

TV

TV

TV

TV

Radio

Radio Radio

Radio

Radio

Radio

Phon

e

Phon

e

Phon

e

Phon

e

Phon

e

Phon

e

Compu

ter

Compu

ter

Compu

ter

Compu

ter

Compu

ter

Compu

ter

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


% of B

OP ho

useh

olds

Access to communication technologies within the household (% of BOP teleusers)

41% of Indian BOP teleusers' households have access to a "bank account" (broadly defined)

12


Bank account 31% 11% 41% 93% 13% 84%

Credit card 3% 2% 3% 10% 1% 11%

Access (either own or within household) to a bank account or credit card (% of BOP teleusers)

Among BOP teleusers

Educational attainment does not exceed primary or secondary education

13

23 22

1 0 0

4035

38

17

39

3639

60

62

52

1 1 015 5

0 3 0 0 3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Philippines Thailand

Educational attainment (% of BOP teleusers)

Degree or above

Diploma Level

Secondary

Primary

No formal education

Among BOP teleusers

BOP = HIGH ACCESS & USE . MODERATE OWNERSHIP

Most have used a phone in the last 3 months to make and receive calls. Many had used in last week


% of BOP (outer sample)

95% 96% 86% 88% 79% 77 %

15


% of BOP (outer

sample)82% 66% 65% 77% 38% 72%

Used a phone in the last 3 months

Used a phone in the last week

Among BOP (OUTER SAMPLE)

Rural useage also high: e.g. More than two thirds of rural BOP teleusers in India used a phone in the last week

16

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Urban Rural

India

Last time respondent made/received a call (% of BOP teleusers)

2‐3 months ago

1‐2 months ago

About a month ago

2‐3 weeks ago

1‐2 weeks ago

In the last one week

Yesterday / Today

Among BOP teleusers

Mobiles are used most as the primary phone; public phones in second place

17

4337 36 31

61

8003 7

39

4

9

2032

13

109

6

4

11

8

812

0

2

9

3

4 111

32

8

33

7 4 3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)

Public acces phone

Friend/relative/workplace phone

Neighbor's phone

Other household member's phone

Household fixed phone

My own mobile

Access within the household

Among BOP teleusers

Fewer women in South Asia use public phones. No gender difference in S E Asia

• Women less likely to use their own mobile or public phones; more likely to use other peoples’ phones

18

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female


Public acces phone

Friend/relative/workplace phone

Neighbor's phone

Other household member's phone

Household fixed phone

My own mobile

Among BOP teleusers

Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)

1.6 : 1 3.5 : 1 2.0 : 1 1.8 : 1 1 : 11 : 1

Ratio of male to female use of ‘my own mobile’

Public access has fallen since 2006

19

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008


Modes of telecom used (% of BOP teleusers)

I used my own phone I used the phone in my house Public access phones A friend’s or relative’s phone A neighbour’s phone

Among BOP teleusers

BOP = MODERATELY HIGH PHONE OWNERHIP

Ownership (fixed + mobile) is high, but has room for growth

21

43% 41% 45%

73%63%

91%


Total phone ownership (% of BOP teleusers)

owners

Among BOP teleusers

43%36% 41%

19%

45% 41%

73%

54%63%

77%

91%

2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008


Total BOP phone ownership: 2006 vs 2008 (% of BOP teleusers)

Largest % growth in phone ownership in India

22

131% increase

Among BOP teleusers

Urban‐rural divide in total BOP phone ownership declining

23

1.4 urban owners for every rural owner1.4 urban owners for every rural owner

Ratio between urban and rural BOP teleusers

1.0

2.0 1.7

1.4

1.1 1.3

1.0 0.9

1.2 1.1 1.1

2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008


Urban‐rural divide in phone ownership (urban:rural)

1:1 ratio

Mostly mobile: 90% BOP phone owners own a mobile

2424

43% 41%45%

73%63%

91%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Phone ownership (% of BOP teleusers)

Fixed only

Mobile + fixed

Mobile only

Among BOP teleusers

Mobile adoption determined by: demographics, household amenities and network effects

LOGIT model for mobile adoption:

25

QPONMLKJIHGFEDCBAe 81.062.076.238.013.131.087.079.020.070.101.001.030.179.036.060.050.098.311

+−+++−−−−+−−+++−+−+Where

A = ln (personal income)B = female (1 if true)C = primary education (1 if true)D = secondary education (1 if true)E = tertiary education (1 if true)

F = walking time to nearest townG = age * ageH = percentage of top five contacts with mobiles

I = BangladeshJ = PakistanK = Sri LankaL = PhilippinesM = Thailand N = Electricity in the house ( 1 if true)

O = percentage of household members with mobiles

P = Fixed phone in the house (1 if true)

Q = TV in the house (1 if true)

R2 = 0.23

Mobile adoption determined by demographics, household amenities and network effects

• Significant variables :– Demographics: Personal income, gender, education, age, proximity to nearest town

– Household amenities: electricity, fixed phone ,TV

– Network effects: % of contacts who already have mobiles, no. of household members who already have mobiles

• Insignificant variables:– Urban/Rural, perceptions of benefits from phone access occupation

26

Own more than one (active) SIM


2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008 2006 2008

More than 1 SIM 10% 12% 23% 5% 9% 9% 16% 9% 19% 1% 13%

27

Among BOP mobile owners

But non‐owners are still a signficant proportion of users

• 76% of these non‐owners can reach a phone in under 5 minutes

Among all BOP teleusers

57% 59% 55%

27%37%

9%

Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Philippines* Thailand

Non‐ownership (% of BOP teleusers)

non‐owners

Main reasons for not owning are affordability and the lack of a need

• Just 2% say that service is not available where they live network rollout no longer an issue

Among BOP non‐owner teleusers

Of those planning to buy, 92% plan to buy a mobile phone/connection

• Same picture in rural India

Among BOP non‐owner teleusers planning to get connected

98% 93% 92%

58%

89% 100%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Type of phone planning to buy (% of potential BOP owners)

Not decided

Mobile

Fixed (undecided)

Fixed (wireless)

Fixed (wireline)

BUT WHAT ABOUT THE INTERNET?

Most of the BOP either haven't heard of, or haven't accessed the internet

32

All BOP

The few who DO use the internet depend on telecenters/internet cafes

33

Among BOP who USE the internet. Note: LOW BASES

Access device (computer vs. mobile phone) linked to GDP?

34

BOP that have used the internet at least once. NOTE: LOW BASES

USAGE OF TELEPHONES STILL BASIC – VOICE, SMS

Mostly calls, SMS, missed calls, balance checking

36

B’desh Pakistan India S’ Lanka Ph’pines T’land

% of BOP mobile owners

Taking phone calls 100% 100% 99% 100% 89% 100%

Receiving phone calls 100% 100% 98% 100% 99% 100%

Sending/receiving 'missed calls' 94% 84% 84% 73% 86% 39%

Sending/receiving SMS (text messages) 32% 47% 33% 52% 100% 53%

Sending/receiving MMS (picture messages) 1% 4% 4% 6% 13% 4%

Sending/receiving emails 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1%

Browsing the Internet 0% 1% 1% 2% 0% 2%

Taking photos /video clips 4% 2% 1% 8% 4% 18%

To play games (individual) 13% 18% 7% 21% 14% 17%

To play games (interactive) 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% 1%

To listen to the radio 0% 7% 3% 12% 5% 22%

To listen to music (files which you have downloaded or been sentby others, not radio)

4% 5% 3% 7% 3% 22%

To share content that you have created (E.g. ringtones, wallpapers, pictures, games and video clips)

1% 2% 2% 6% 5% 3%

To send or receive or download or upload other content (E.g., ringtones, wallpapers, pictures, games and video clips)

0% 2% 3% 8% 10% 9%

As an organizer (keep appointments, reminders, alarm and clock) 1% 7% 8% 4% 9% 14%

To check my bill / credit balance 11% 40% 25% 50% 3% 39%


POTENTIAL FOR MORE‐THAN‐VOICE?

Poor awareness of More than Voice services in South Asia. Higher in SE Asia

• E.g. 10% are aware of voting applications in India (competitions, real time polling, live participation in TV/radioprograms, etc)

38

(n=56)

Among BOP teleusers

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

Banking and financial services

Payment services

Government services

Health services Voting General information services

Agricultural or fisheries

information

Awareness of services at the BOP (% of BOP teleusers)


Usage is even poorer

39

Among BOP teleusers who are aware of services

Payments: Most who are aware don't know how or don't feel the need to use it

40

Among BOP teleusers who are aware of services but don’t use them

Few of those who aren't aware would be willing to use money transfer services and govt services via a mobile

41

439 11

37 38

22

20 18

6 15

14

31 3018

4521

41 41 392

Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Philippines

Willingness to try sending or receiving money (% of BOP teleusers who are currently unaware of such services)

I dont need to use this service

No

Not Sure

Yes

316 9

29 37

20

16 164

15

22

30 33 20

4427

48 41 47

3

Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Philippines

Willingness to try accessing government services (% of BOP teleusers who are currently unaware of such services)

I dont need to use this service

No

Not Sure

Yes

Among BOP teleusers who are not aware

High e‐load use potential for phone‐based payments?

42

Among BOP prepaid mobile owners who use each respective method

• 68% of Indian top‐up card users “completely trust”their method

• 53% of Indian electronic reload users “completely trust” their method

Around 50% would not switch for cheaper package phone has become a “personal” device

43


• 40% of those unwilling to switch state that it is important to keep the number at present need for mobile number portability + ability to tie in “personalized” services to phone

WHAT BENEFITS DO THEY GET AT PRESENT? Thank you

44

Survey asked about perceived benefits of telecom access: how has telecom access improved …

• Your ability to:– make more money (generally, and via sale of talk time)– find out about employment/work opportunities – access price or market information – save money – save on travel cost – act in an emergency – contact others in an emergency

• The efficiency of your day to day work • Your relationships with family and friends • Your social status/ recognition in the community

45 Five‐point scale: 1=worsened 5=improved

Economic benefits

Emergency communication

Emotional / soft benefits

Efficiency

Largest benefit in emergency communication and relationship maintainance.

• Smallest benefit (though still positive) on economic factors

46

1=worsened 2 = slightly worsened 3=no change 4=slightly improved 5=improved

4.5 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.74.34.0

4.6 4.7 4.4 4.64.3

3.84.4 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.14.0

4.6 4.74.0

4.5

2.6

3.94.6 4.6

4.2 4.43.93.7

4.7 4.84.3 4.6

4.2

Ability to increase earnings and/or savings

Ability to act in emergency Ability to contact others in emergency

Efficiency of daily activities Family and social relations Social status/recognition

Perceived benefits (all)Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Philippines Thailand

Among BOP teleusers

Among economic benefits, abilityto save on travel costs most prominent

• Indian males see more benefit than females in:– finding out about

employment opportunities

• Indian females see more benefit in:– saving money (in general,

and in travel cost)

– maintaining relationships

47

4.4 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.74.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.3

3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.3

2.21.4

2.5 2.4

3.44.3

3.7 3.64.1 3.8 4.0 4.3

3.6 3.44.0

3.6 3.64.5

Ability to make more money Ability to make more money by selling calls

Ability to find out about jobs/work

Ability to access price/market information

Ability to save money Ability to save on travel cost

Perceived benefits (livelihood‐related)Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Philippines Thailand

Among BOP teleusers

Phone for business? 77% of Indian teleusers at BOP use their mobile for business, financial or work‐related purposes

48

72

3142

21

49

32

8

14

21

14

17

15

3

7

7

5

10

9

2

4

4

4

2

14

0

3

2

3

6

5

1

1

2

3

19

14

3923

50

15 17


Use of the phone for financial, business or work‐related purposes (% of BOP mobile owners)

Never

Less than once a month

Once a month

Two‐three times a month

Once a week

Twice a week

DailyDai

ly u

se


Males in Pakistan and Sri Lanka using the phone more for business/financial purposes.

49

7566

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female


Use of the phone for business, financial or work puposes (% of BOP mobile phone owners)

Never


Once a month


Once a week

Twice a week

Daily


7970

34 29

5141

21 21

46 52 55

26

87

13 16

1622

16 14

1618 17

14

23

4 10

5 7

2 6

811 8

9

02

5 3

5 4

5 4

41 5

16

20

2 3

2 2

2 4

93 1

6

02

1 1

1 2

2 3

1 1 110

9 16

41 3821 23

54 50

16 15 13 18

Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural


Use of the phone for business, financial or work puposes (% of BOP mobile phone owners)

Never


Once a month


Once a week

Twice a week

Daily

Most pronounced urban/rural gap in Thailand's BOP in using the phone for business/fincial purposes


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OUR MISSION:

To improve the lives of the people of the emerging Asia‐Pacific by facilitating their use of ICTs and related infrastructures; by catalyzing the reform of laws, policies and regulations to enable those uses through the conduct of policy‐relevant research, training and advocacy with emphasis on building in‐situ expertise

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