Telecommunication Networks

Satellite Radiocommunication Systems

Adó Trasmitter Receiver

Trasmitter

Receiver

Tipically broadcast networks (big geographical area, TV, Radio)

Different communication systems with small or big amount of data.

Different radio frequency band, different applications. differnet areas

Land, or satelite communication with different types of antennas

Trasmitter

Receiver

Satelite Communication

Earth is covered by satelire antennas, for different applications

Satelite Communication Orbits

Van Allen Radiation BeltThe Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles around Earth, trapped by Earth’s magnetic field.The inner belt consists mostly of protons while the outer belt consists mostly of electrons. 

Van Allen Radiation Belt

Satellite OrbitsOrbits

LEO, Low Earth Orbit: distance 200– 1200 (2000) km-re from the Earth surface, mainly circle but some ellipse too

MEO, Medium Earth Orbit: distance 2000–35786 km from the Earth surface, ellipse

GEO, Geostationary Orbit: distance 35786 km from the Earth surface

Orbital planes

EquatorialPolarMiddle inclination

Satellite Networks (GEO)

• FSS (Fixed Satellite Service). The transponder

receives the signal from the Earth, transforms the signal to another fr. band, amplifies it and transmits it to an Earth Station.

• ISL (Inter Satellit Link). Connection between to satellites

• MSS (Mobile Satellite Service). Connection between moving endpoints through different satellites

Services: weather, communication, TV-radio broadcast, amateur radio…

Satellite Networks (GEO)

Satellite Networks (GEO)DVB-S

Mobile satellite communication systems: IRIDIUM, GLOBALSTAR

IRIDIUM: 66 active satellites (on 6 orbital planes) 6 spare Covers the whole Earth surface Satellites on LEO Distance 780 km Period 100 minutes Satellites connected directlyon adjacent orbits

Satellite Networks (LEO)

• GLOBALSTAR: 48 active satellites (on 8 orbital planes, 6

satellites each) 4 spare Covers the part Earth surface ( eg. Polar areas are not covered) Satellites on LEO Distance 1414 km Period 114.1 minutes  Satellites are not connected directly on adjacent orbits

Satellite Networks (LEO)

Globalstar Coverage

Iridium Connection

Globalstar Connection

Sergei

Sam

MEO Satellites GPS

GPS Systems GPS Global Positioning SystemThe United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32 MEO satellites in six different orbital planesOperational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is currently the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.

GLONASS, Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System), Russian, or GLONASS, was a fully functional navigation constellation in 1995. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it fell into disrepair, leading to gaps in coverage and only partial availability. It was recovered and fully restored in 2011.

GalileoEuropean Union and European Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS.  The system of 30 MEO satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014.

Comparision GPS Systems

Theory of PositioningGPS satellites transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this

information and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a

satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.

Theory of Positioning

Each GPS satellite sends out a unique code. That code is a series of ones and zeros (Figure 3). The GPS receiver in your car or phone has a copy of each satellite’s code. When GPS signals come in, the receiver electronics has to figure out which satellites sent them. It carefully compares the received GPS signals with the codes for all the satellites it knows about. 

Theory of Positioning

GPS Signals

Firstly, the navigation signal (50 Hz) will either modulate with C/A code or P code depending on the type of application.The navigation signal modulated with C/A code will mix with L1 carrier producing a L1 signal. Whereas the navigation signal modulated with P code will mix with both the L1 and L2 carrier produce a L2 signal. These signals contain data like satellite orbits, clock corrections and other system parameters.P codes in the L1 band have a signal power of -163 dBW and a power of -166 dBW in the L2 band. By contrast, the broadcast power for C/A codes in the L1 band is a minimum of -160 dBW on the earth’s surface.

C/A codes: civilP codes: military

GPS Navigation Message

For C/A codes, the navigation message consists of 25 frames of data, and each frame contains 1500 bits. In addition, each frame is divided into five 300-bit subframes, each subframe contains a unique set of information. Generally, subframes have the following data [2][7]:Subframe 1: Clock correction, accuracy, and health information of satelliteSubframes 2-3: The precise orbital parameters used to compute the exact location of each satelliteSubframes 4-5: Coarse satellite orbital data, clock correction, and health information

1) TLM – Telemetry: 30 bits, sent at the beginning of each frame.  •It is used for data synchronization and satellite maintenance. They are usually constant for any one satellite for a long period of time.2) HOW – Handover Word: 30 bits, sent after TLM. It indicates the time at the beginning of the next subframe. •It also contains a sub-frame ID, some flags and parity bits.3) Ephemeris: It is sent in each frame by each satellite.  It may take the GPS receiver up to 30 seconds to acquire Ephemeris.4) Almanac: It is spread out over all 25 frames of the message.For receiving the complete Almanac, the GPS receiver may need about 12.5 minutes.

GPS Navigation Data

GPS Receiver

GPS Receiver Chips

S

Price is below 1 Euro

GPS Receivers (Navigation)

GPS Receivers (Geodesy)

Trackers

Loggers

GPS in Camera