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CARRERA: INGENIERIA EN SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONALES SEMESTRE: 8vo.

“TELECOMMUNICATIONS INOUR COUNTRY”

M.S.C MEZTLI VALERIANO OROZCO

TRABAJO: ARTICULO TEC.CIENTIFICO

ALUMNOS:

FLORES PÉREZ JORGE ELIECERHUERTA ROQUE LUIS DANIEL

TUXTEPEC, OAXACA A 26 DE MAYO DEL 2014

ABSTRACT

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The telecommunications industry has become one of the engines of society. Every day activities that rely heavily on telecommunications are identified. Consequently, the number and diversity of actors involved in this ecosystem Telecommunication have been substantially increased in the last decade. Is that for economic and social development of the countries of the importance of this industry, it is clear the advantage that nations with a competitive industry and telecommunications mature with respect to nations that lack it.

The services offered by telecommunications infrastructures are spreading around the world and give rise to unprecedented phenomena, such as growth of cellular services, Internet-based applications or new revolution that is beginning with the convergence of networks, services and even among industries that had traditionally been separated (such as telephone, electricity and the media).

Coupled with the technological aspect that traditionally associated with the industry in question, have become important other aspects that until a few decades ago were not present in telecommunications, such as the economy, markets, public policy and regulation.

This document provides an overview of the telecommunications industry in Mexico that identifies critical factors and competitive capabilities, as well as a set of actions that could contribute to a virtuous circle of competitiveness and sustained growth for the industry is presented. Specifically, throughout the article points are identified that, in the opinion of the authors, should be associated with warning signs that must be dealt with immediately. The research is supplemented by a model that compares the development of competitive capabilities Mexico with the characteristics of other countries.

Finally, the information obtained by analyzing the state of the industry combined, the results obtained from the constructed models and data related to critical factors, with the aim of formulating a set of strategies that have been designed to provide industry members which to improve their competitiveness, overcome existing shortcomings and reach a state of constant development.

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KEYWORDS

Reforms, Grant, Infrastructure, des-estatilization, Backbone, Digital Agenda, Competition, and High Commissioners Laws.

INTRODUCTION

The history of telecommunications in Mexico originated in 1851, when it was laid the first telegraph network between Mexico City and Nopalucan population in the State of Puebla. It was President Mariano Arista who together with the high dignitaries of his government, inaugurated on November 5 year mentioned the network of 180 km of wires iron supported on wooden posts.

"The concession to operate these first telecommunications services, who used technological innovation called electric or electromagnetic telegraph was granted to Don Juan de la Granja, tenacious entrepreneur talent and vision, which has the merit of having made that Mexico dispusiera telegraphic communication just six years after the opening of the service in the American Union and five have been established in France"

For the next 20 years the growth of the networks was constant in 1870 constituted a network of 8000 km which circulated around 222 000 messages. By this time the telegraph had become an indisputable means by the advantage of transmitting short messages in a short time.

Starting the new millennium technological evolution of networks took a radical turn to what must be mobile telephony in Mexico , from being a luxury to almost be a necessity coupled with the entry of new entrepreneurs as Spanish group Telefonica , bought 4 small operators owned by Motorola north of the country , creating Telefonica Movistar based in Monterrey. Later this same bought another operator called Pegaso PCS , giving you the opportunity to expand the coverage and reach the center and south. Thereafter, the Spanish company moved its operations to Mexico City . Also highlights the evolution of the company Telcel , which implemented the GSM system in mid-2002 , while Movistar did the same in 2003 and 2004 respectively, leaving both companies with the GSM standard . Meanwhile, Iusacell , which also absorbed the Unefon company , focused on implementing and try to improve their CDMA network and Nextel allowing a contract extension to continue developing the iDEN network in the country. Between 2006 and 2008 saw the jump to the third generation services , Iusacell

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both its CDMA 1xEV-DO network under Telcel and Telefonica under the standard UMTS and HSDPA allowing relative improvement in data services and implementation of as many as GPS , video calls and more.

In the case of Telmex landline service entered the internet since 1996 when you buy IBM and Sears, ISP Prodigy Comunications in the U.S. and brings the brand to Mexico. In 2001 decided to sell Telmex Prodigy Communications subscribers in the United States to partner with SBC Communications which became SBC Prodigy and later SBC Yahoo!. It's still business Prodigy in Mexico. For 2004 Prodigy had over 70% of internet access via telephone and 40% in Mexico DSL. From 2009, Telmex began to unify their internet service through the brand Infinitum. Similarly, Telmex has been modernizing its infrastructure developing a digital platform that operates fiber optic networks with connections via submarine cable in 39 countries. From December 2010 Telmex started the construction of the FTTH network which thinks provide Triple Play services.

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MHETOD AND MATERIALS

The desestatalización of communications.

In the late 80's started a process for the liberalization of the telecommunications system . The National Development Plan is the first step in this direction. The Plan stated that " the essential modernization and expansion of telecommunications require huge investments , which should be financed participation of individuals "In 1989, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari Telmex announces the divestiture of which will be consummated when the company was privatized in 1990. The reasons justifying the privatization of the company were: the need for greater funding opportunities , improving the quality of services and the promotion of fair competition with other telecommunications companies .

With the signing of the Free Trade in North America, a commitment to Mexico on the issue of telecommunications liberalization of state control arises . Chapter XIII of the treaty concerning telecommunications, measures related to access and use of telecommunications networks and services are established. Obligations on monopolies , exclusive privileges and transparency and publicity measures related to access to telecommunications networks and services are also indicated.In 1995, a constitutional reform of great importance is given, in which Article 28 is amended to allow private sector participation in satellite communication , from a strategic area to be a priority area.

The liberalizing trend will as expressed in the Federal Telecommunications Act as a bill submitted to the legislature in 1995 , which establishes a radical change in the role of the state as regulator of telecommunications.The State , as rector of the economy and promote development , to establish the conditions that allow the participation of the initiative and private investment , and insurance under a clear regulatory framework. Greater private participation is consistent with the strengthening of governance in the state. 

Consequently , the role of government in this time of transition to more open markets must be to promote competition in telecommunications. Should the state also strengthen national sovereignty and security, and promoting adequate social coverage by taking advantage of technological advances in telecommunications .Finally, the bill will be approved on April 26, 1995 by the Senate . Arising under an order to encourage competition in the field of telecommunications , the LFT establishes obligations theme interconnections in order to promote competition .The main measures established by the LFT in order to encourage free competition are : telecommunications record creation ; empowering the authority to impose

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obligations on tariffs, quality and dealer information that is declared operator with substantial power in a telecommunications market ; allows the entry of the private sector in the provision of satellite services.

The 2014 telecommunications reform in Mexico is a constitutional reform presented by the President of the Republic , Enrique Peña Nieto, within the framework of agreements and commitments in the Pact for Mexico . The May 22, 2013 , the Permanent Commission of Congress declared it constitutional . It was signed by President Enrique Peña Nieto on 10 June 2013 and published the next day in the Official Gazette .

Subsequently, on March 11, 2014 , the President appeared before the Senate 's initiative secondary legislation to reform.

Background

On December 1, 2012 , to direct his first message to the nation as President , Enrique Peña Nieto announced the first twelve presidential decisions , in which sending a package of reforms was to generate increased economic competition , mainly in telecommunications; further notice delivered by two new broadcast networks and an initiative to recognize the right of access to broadband .On December 2, 2012 , the President of the Republic , Enrique Peña Nieto ;

Gustavo Madero Muñoz, President of the National Action Party ; Cristina Díaz Salazar, Interim President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ; and Jesus Zambrano Grijalva, Chairman of the Party of the Democratic Revolution, Mexico signed the Pact .The June 11, 2013 , you came published in the Official Gazette , the constitutional reforms in telecommunications , made to Articles 6, 7 , 27, 28 , 73, 78, 94 and 105 , adding eighteen transitory articles .

The September 10, 2013 , the Federal Institute for Telecommunications, which its Constitution was published in the Official Gazette on September 23, 2013 , creating in this way , the regulatory body for telecommunications and broadcasting joined as well as in economic competition in these sectors.In November 2013 , the National Digital Strategy was presented , which are established to guide actions and policies needed to bring the technologies of information and communication to the public; aiming to incorporate these technologies into the daily lives of people , businesses and government.

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On March 6, 2014 , the Full Federal Telecommunications Institute determined the prevailing Economic Agents in the areas of broadcasting and telecommunications , imposing a series of measures to prevent competition and free competition is affected .

In the area of telecommunications, through the Agreement P/IFT/EXT/060314/76 issued resolution by which it determined the economic interest group which includes Telmex , Telnor , Telcel, America Movil , Grupo Carso and Grupo Inbursa Economic Agents as preponderant .

Similarly, in the broadcasting sector , identified as economic interest group , Grupo Televisa SAB and various related companies, as preponderant Economic Agents .However consideration of some politicians, including Senator Javier Corral believes that the measures imposed are right for the telecommunications sector , but not for the broadcasting sector , which , imposed these measures are "irrelevant" , incurring contradiction to the provisions of the constitutional reform .

Content

Various provisions of the Constitution of the United Mexican States were reformed. Article 6 to regulate the right to information and protection of personal data; Article 7 to establish the sanctity of the dissemination of opinions , information and ideas through any media ; Articles 27 and 28 to give the Federal Telecommunications Institute the power to grant and revoke concessions in broadcasting and telecommunications and that its decisions can be challenged only by indirect amparo ; Article 73 to give Congress express power to make laws on information technology and communication, broadcasting and telecommunications , including broadband and Internet ; Article 78 to remove the power of the Standing Committee to ratify the appointment of the members of regulatory bodies in telecommunications and antitrust ; and 94 for the Council of the Federal Judiciary determine the number , circuit split , territorial competence and expertise in the specialized courts in broadcasting , telecommunications and antitrust .

Was added to Article 6 to ensure the inclusion of people in society of information and knowledge and access to information technology and broadcasting services and telecommunications, including broadband and Internet , these being provided under conditions competition , quality, plurality , universal coverage , networking , convergence, and continuity repositories , determining the attacks of privacy are a limitation to freedom of dissemination (previously located in Article 7 ), to establish a public body that will provide the broadcasting nonprofit ; and Article 28 to create the Federal Competition Commission and the Federal Institute for

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Telecommunications and allow the latter the necessary action to avoid unfair or monopolistic practices and establish corrective measures .In the transitory articles provides that the Congress will make the corresponding adjustments to the legal framework and the legal system on the use, development and exploitation of radio spectrum and telecommunications networks ; foreign direct investment up to one hundred percent in telecommunications and satellite communications and up to forty -nine percent broadcasting is allowed; that the President is responsible for the policy of digital inclusion; and other provisions more .

Digital Diary

The tenth article states that the fourth transitional Federal Executive is responsible for the policy of digital inclusion, being in charge of the infrastructure and connectivity issues , information technology and communication, digital skills , digital government programs , government and data open ; promoting investment in telehealth , telemedicine and electronic medical records ; application development and systems and digital content. Thus, the state must ensure the integration of the population to the information society and knowledge.

That was how in November 2013 , the National Digital Strategy was presented , which are established to guide actions and policies necessary to bring the Information Technologies and Communication of the population; aiming to incorporate these technologies into the daily lives of people , businesses and government.

The program establishes three types of digitized multidimensional impacts : Economic , Social and Political . Establishes mission , facilitate access and promote the use of information technology and communication in everyday life of society and government so that they contribute to economic and social development , and improving the quality of life of people ; vision is that of a Mexico with a connected digital , participatory and innovative society that potentiates its capabilities for better opportunities ; and open , close , modern and transparent government , to ensure that technology is the engine of development.

The objectives of the National Digital Strategy are five: 1. Governmental Transformation. Two . Digital Economy . March . Quality Education . April . & 5 Universal and Effective Health . Public Safety.Enablers are also five : 1. Connectivity. Two . Inclusion & Digital Skills . Three . Interoperability . April . Setting Legal and 5. Open Data .

Duty

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Free access to information is enhanced by adding paragraphs that specify the right to receive and impart information and ideas through any media; and is given to the constitutional right of access to information technologies and communication, broadcasting services and telecommunications, broadband and the Internet.

Additionally, the reform modifies the freedom to write and publish for the freedom to disseminate opinions, information and ideas through any media. It also strengthens the content that prohibits any restriction of these rights other than those stipulated in the Constitution.

Telecommunications backbone

The tenth sixth transitory article states that the Federal Executive shall install a shared network of wholesale telecommunications services to promote access of the population to broadband and other telecommunications services. The installation of this network will start before the end of 2014 and should be operational before the end of 2018. 90 megahertz of spectrum freed by the transition to digital terrestrial television in the 700 megahertz band and will be taken, at least fiber optic backbone of the Federal Electricity Commission.

Fostering competition

In the transitory articles of the reform is to be entrusted to the Federal Institute for Telecommunications bid two new broadcast networks with national coverage. Similarly, pay television licensees must include in their programming at no cost to users, the broadcast signal in full, simultaneous and unchanged ; turn the television broadcast licensees must allow dealers pay television broadcasting your signal free and non-discriminatory manner and in the same way as the radiodifunden ; this is known as must carry , must offer.It also states that measures to promote competition in television , radio , telephony and data services must be applied in all sectors so as to ensure a whole effective competition in broadcasting and telecommunications under one legal system that convergently regulate the use, development and exploitation of radio spectrum and telecommunications networks .

Federal Competition Commision Economic

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Reform, of the addition to Article 28 of the Constitution, the Federal Competition Commission which replaces the Federal Competition Commission. This new commission has the character of autonomous constitutional body with legal personality and independent assets in their decisions and operating performance in professional and impartial in its actions, and aims to ensure free competition and competition, as well as prevent, investigate and punish monopolies, monopolistic practices, mergers and constraints to the efficient functioning of the market.

Integrations

The Federal Competition Commission is comprised of seven commissioners , including a president commissioner. Commissioners shall have excelled in professional activities related to economic competition. The appointment process begins with the issuance of a public notice for the vacant commissioner by an Evaluation Committee , which shall consist of the holders of the Bank of Mexico , the National Institute of Statistics and Geography and the National Institute for Educational Assessment . This committee shall verify compliance with the requirements of the Constitution and then apply a knowledge test . Once the above process, the Evaluation Committee sent to the Federal Executive the list of candidates with higher qualifications, including the President elect the candidate to send to the Senate for ratification by the affirmative vote of , at least two-thirds of the Senate members present at the meeting . The commissioners shall hold office for nine years.

Powers

The powers that have the Federal Competition Commission are:

• Sort measures to remove barriers to competition and free competition. • Regular access to essential inputs. • Sort the divestiture of assets, rights, partnership interests or actions of economic agents in the proportions necessary to eliminate anticompetitive effects

Federal Institute of Telecommunications

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Reform , of the addition to Article 28 of the Constitution , the Federal Institute for Telecommunications which replaces the Federal Communications Commission . This new commission has the character of autonomous constitutional body with legal personality and independent assets in their decisions and performance, professional in performance and impartial in its actions, and aims at the efficient development of broadcasting and telecommunications , having responsible for the regulation, promotion and supervision of the use, development and exploitation of radio spectrum , networks and the provision of broadcasting services and telecommunications, as well as access to active, passive infrastructure and other essential inputs. It will also be the authority on economic competence of broadcasting and telecommunication sectors , so in these sectors , the institute exclusively exercise the powers prescribed by law for the Federal Competition Commission .

Integrations

The Federal Telecommunications Institute is comprised of seven commissioners , including a president commissioner. Commissioners shall have excelled in professional activities related to telecommunications. The appointment process begins with the issuance of a public notice for the vacant commissioner by an Evaluation Committee , which shall consist of the holders of the Bank of Mexico , the National Institute of Statistics and Geography and the National Institute for Educational Assessment . This committee shall verify compliance with the requirements of the Constitution and then apply a knowledge test . Once the above process, the Evaluation Committee sent to the Federal Executive the list of candidates with higher qualifications, including the President elect the candidate to send to the Senate for ratification by the affirmative vote of , at least two-thirds of the Senate members present at the meeting . The commissioners shall hold office for nine years.

Powers

The powers that have the Federal Telecommunications Institute include:

• Regular asymmetrically participants in the broadcasting and telecommunications markets in order to effectively remove barriers to competition and free competition .

• Impose limits to national and regional concentration of frequencies, concessioning and cross-ownership that controls various media are broadcasting and telecommunications dealers that serve the same market or geographic coverage area , and order the divestiture of assets, rights or necessary to ensure compliance with these limits parts .

• To grant , revoke and / or authorize transfers or changes in the control , ownership or operation of companies related to concessions in broadcasting and telecommunications.

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• Set the amount of the consideration for the granting of concessions , as well as the authorization of services related thereto , upon review of the taxing authority .

• Keep a record of public broadcasting and telecommunications concessions

Requeriments Commisioners

The Chairman of each of the organs shall be appointed by the Senate from among the commissioners , by a vote of two-thirds of the members present , for a period of four years, renewable only once . When the appointment was vested in a commissioner to complete its request before that period , take the chair only for the time remaining to complete his task as commissioner.

The commissioners shall meet the following requirements : I. be a Mexican citizen by birth and in full enjoyment of their civil and political rights; II . Over thirty -five; III. Enjoy good reputation and have not been convicted of a crime that warrants imprisonment for more than one year; IV. Possess professional qualification; V. have performed at least three years prominently in professional activities , public service or academic related substantially related to antitrust , broadcasting or telecommunications materials, as appropriate; VI . Certify, under the terms of this provision , the skills required for the office; VII. Not having been Secretary of State, Attorney General of the Republic , Senator , federal or local MP , Governor of any State or Head of Government of the Federal District , during the year prior to their appointment , and VIII. The Federal Competition Commission , not having been , in the past three years , any job, position or leadership role in companies that have been subject to any of the substance penalty procedures that said organ. The Federal Institute for Telecommunications not having been in the last three years , any job, position or leadership role in commercial companies or private dealers or entities related to them , subject to the regulations of the Institute.

Specialized Courts

Collegiate and single circuit courts and district courts specialized in broadcasting, telecommunications and antitrust are created, this will allow the judges thereof can specialize for technical aspects of the regulation thereof, and specializing its powers.

Secondary Legislation

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The Congress must make the necessary adjustments to the legal framework for:

• Establish special offenses severely punish monopolistic practices and concentration phenomena • Establish mechanisms to standardize the system of permits and concessions broadcasting • Regulate the right of reply • Set the prohibition on broadcasting misleading or surreptitious • Establish mechanisms to ensure the promotion of independent national production • Establish specific prohibitions on cross-subsidies or preferential treatment • Create an Advisory Council of the Federal Institute of Telecommunications

Legeslative process of constitutional reform

Presidencial Initiative

The March 11, 2013 , President Enrique Peña Nieto sent to Congress the initiative in antitrust and telecommunications, making use of the powers under Article 71 constitutional and based on Article 27 of Law organic Federal Public Administration.

In this initiative a document signed by the presidents of the three main national political parties is appended : National Action Gustavo Madero , Jesus Zambrano César Camacho Quiroz of the Democratic Revolution and the Revolutionary Institutional , this within the framework of agreements Pact Mexico ; and a signature page signed by the coordinators deputies Luis Alberto Villarreal García , Silvano Aureoles Conejo, Manlio Fabio Beltrones Rivera and Arturo Escobar and Vega, the parliamentary groups of the National Action Democratic Revolution , Revolutionary Institutional and Green Ecologist Mexico , respectively . Similarly the opinion of the budgetary impact of the initiative undertaken by the Ministry of Finance is attached.

Chamber of Deputies

The initiative comes to the House of Representatives on March 11, 2013 through the Legislative Liaison Secretariat for the Interior Ministry by Felipe Solis office of Secretary to the Direct Steel Table of the House. The next day , March 12 sent for study and analysis the Commission on Constitutional Matters .On March 14 , the Commission on Constitutional Matters adopted in general and particularly in its advice . A week later, the full House of Representatives began the discussion of reform opinion and added a dozen changes , approving the general opinion with 414 votes in favor , 50 against and 8 abstentions. During the discussion on the particular reserved presented by some deputies and later was

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sent to Senate for its constitutional effects were rejected.Among the changes that were made to the presidential initiative are : to Secretary of Communications and Transportation to issue a non-binding opinion to the Federal Telecommunications Institute for granting and withdrawal of concessions . The extension of time for the bidding of new TV channels, the authorization for foreign investment in broadcasting up to forty- nine percent, and promoting content to promote equality between women and men , and the obligation to give space independent producers.

Senate of Republic

The Senate received on April 2 the minutes of the House of Representatives and turned over to the commission together on Constitutional Issues , Communications and Transportation, Radio , Television and Film and Legislative Studies , with the view of the Interior and justice.

On April 9 was reached agreement on the critical path for the analysis and discussion of the reform bill , which discussions with experts , academics, and technical issues involved in reform included . So , on days 10, 11 and 12 April , the Senate received representatives various institutions, including the following :

• Center for Economic Research and Teaching• Legal Research Institute of the UNAM• Observatel• Broadcasters Network and Educational and Cultural Television Stations• Mexican Association for the Right to Information• Institute for Telecommunications Law• Movement YoSoy132• National Chamber of the Radio and Television Industry• National Chamber of Cable Telecommunications• National Chamber of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology• National Association of Telecommunications• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development• Competitive Intelligence Unit• Federal Communications Commission• Business Coordinating Council• TV UNAM• National Congress of Indigenous Communication• Telephone Workers Union of the Mexican Republic• Federal Competition Commission

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On April 19 , the fees attached Constitutional Issues , Communications and Transportation, Radio , Television and Film and Legislative Studies , approved the opinion of reform with 18 modifications.

That day started the analysis and discussion by the full Senate and approved in general with 118 votes in favor and 3 against, in particular.Upon approval with modifications , the bill was returned to the House for review , discussion and vote on the terms of Article 72 of the Constitution .

Ratification of Local Congresses

Pursuant to Article 135 of the Constitution, being the telecommunications reform in constitutional reform, to be valid after approval by two thirds of the Houses of Congress, most state legislatures must approve renovations and additions to the draft order. The first state to pass the reform was the State of Mexico. They add to the approval of the draft order states of Queretaro, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Chiapas, Puebla, Aguascalientes, Tamaulipas, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Jalisco, Morelos, Campeche, Colima, Tabasco, Veracruz, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Yucatán, Zacatecas, Hidalgo and Nayarit.

Enactment

Once ratified by the majority of state legislatures, the May 22, 2013, the Permanent Commission of the Congress declared constitutional reform. It was signed by President Enrique Peña Nieto's June 10, 2013 as witnesses to the members of the Governing Council of the Covenant, Mexico, Secretary of Communications and Transport, parliamentarians of the Senate and House of Representatives coordinators and governors and other members of his cabinet. The next day it was published in the Official Gazette.

Secondary Reform Laws

In March 2014 the President of the Republic , Enrique Peña Nieto, submitted a proposal to the secondary laws of reform, pending analysis since this was passed in 2013. Such initiative , currently under review by the Senate , mainly in aparatados VII and VIII of Article 197 instructs dealers telecommunications services " block, inhibit or reverse temporarily telecommunications services in events and hot spots for public and national security at the request of the competent authorities " . Number of other items were also given added as 189 points where an obligation to telecommunications licensees to " provide real-time geographic location of any type of communication device at the request of the holders of the security agencies or public servants on whom this power is delegated . " Articles 190 and 191 adds the requirement to allow intervention by the government , private communications, while the 192 requires dealers to keep a

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register and monitor users and communications made for two years .In April 2014 the president of the Communications Commission , Javier Lozano , submitted a pre opinion where the ability to block access to certain Internet content is maintained and kept as a royal possible state intervention in social networks. In Article 145 of the pre - stated opinion that the authorities " may block access to certain content , applications or services requested by the user , or when there is competent judicial order."

Secondary laws of constitutional reform in telecommunications , adopted in July last year, had to be approved by 9 December of that year, but this did not happen because of the workload generated by the energy reform at that time being debated in Congress.

Proposals by Enrique Peña Nieto secondary laws are divided into two areas:The first is the regulation of telecommunications services that benefit users, such as lower tariffs in telecommunications, improving mechanisms , such as expanding broadband interconnection , change the analog signal to digital and other great options , for users.

The second aspect is what has caused discontent as it is believed that they are not well defined and specified items , or that authority which will regulate and define the reasons alleged restrictions on the use of telecommunications.

Reactions with Secondary Laws

Protests

After the proposal made public Enrique Peña Nieto, citizens and organizations of various kinds began demonstrations against secondary laws , particularly regarding Internet freedom and freedom of expression.

The reform proposal has been rejected by researchers, international organizations , citizens, and digital activists , particularly in relation to the protection of the monopoly companies in the business of broadcasting, internet freedom and neutrality , freedom of expression and respect for the privacy of users in Mexico , as well as reactions in 49 sociales48 networks and street demonstrations .

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April 29, 2014 . In Saltillo , Coahuila, a group of citizens appeared at the main square of the city to protest the bill telecommunications and broadcasting , think that the power increases with the major television networks , defines public and Indian media and freedom of expression concerns by allowing government censorship on the Internet .

April 29, 2014 in Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua, activists and citizens marched to protest the reform of the Telecommunications Law . Complaining more than 500 people from political parties like the PRD , Brunette , PAN , and civil society organizations demanding " an end to the violation of freedom of expression. " Protests were present in men, women, young people who feel affected with these reforms , and various games Morena, National Action, and ordinary citizens.

RESULTS

Regarding the government environment , in Mexico there has been substantial progress in the last two decades , such as the creation of industry regulators , the introduction of competition and openness of public funds to be used by the operators. However, there are still three constraints in this environment that adversely affect the industry : inadequate and / or poor regulation ; the inability of regulators to enforce existing laws and legal overuse to prevent the proper application of the law or to take advantage of gaps in the regulatory framework resources.

The market environment in Mexico shows high levels of concentration. In most of them there is an agent with wide lead over its competitors ( landline , cell phone and broadband, there are operators whose units are greater than 70%) . Recently, the entry of various actors in new services is reducing the difference , although not significant , in the medium term could result in a rebalancing of forces.

Internationally , the effects of globalization can be clearly appreciated in the agents participating in the industry , both in organizations that have landed in Mexico , and Mexican companies have gone abroad . In the country are the two most important operators in Latin America : Telmex / América Móvil , of Mexican origin, and Telefónica / Movistar , born in Spain . Both operators have undertaken a robust process of internationalization that has given them a presence in most of the countries of the region.

The adoption of telecommunications services in Mexico is conditioned by factors such as the availability of equipment , service coverage and capabilities of users; these factors may cause significant impact on the growth of markets and the future of the industry. For example , if you continue with the pace of growth in recent years in the fixed broadband market in less than three years have covered the total

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of households with a computer.

From a technological perspective , telecommunication networks have given rise to three global trends : high-capacity connectivity (high bandwidth) , total mobility and interoperability ( platforms and interconnected networks ) . Specifically , the most advanced networks are evolving to what is called " New Network (or Next ) Generation " (NGN - Next Generation Networks ) based on the IP transport protocol.

With regard to the regulation may be seen that regulatory agencies are focusing on : the promotion of broadband networks by implementing rules that seek to maintain competition between the networks without slowing their evolution to NGN 's, the optimal use spectrum through the reallocation of frequencies for new services (known as pectrum refarming ) , redistribution of the available spectrum or " liberated" by the new technologies , and licensing with conditions other than traditional ( secondary spectrum , technological neutrality , etc . ) .

In the area of services , highlights the emergence of a new class of innovative services, known as m -services ( by its characteristic mobility ) that can be grouped into two " families " . The first , generated after adapting traditional services to mobile devices and access - TV and mobile video , mobile Internet, etc - . , And the second focused on the development of specific services for mobile environments , emphasizing those based on the location of terminal equipment ( searching by advertising and context , presence alarms , etc. . ) . This has resulted in two characteristic features of the next generation of services: ubiquity, that is, all services at all times in all places, and end -to-end digitization.

DISCUSSIONS

The analysis of the amendments to the Federal Law on Radio and Television and the Federal Telecommunications Act of vital importance for the development of democracy because it offers a glimpse of where it is going much legislation , act as media ; that is, if you are focused on satisfying the general or specific interest .

In the case of Mexico , unfortunately , both areas are identified more with the particular interest to be conditioned to the interests of the political class and economic class - this last represented by the two main television - , and less with the general interest , to get away from the social welfare . Moreover, while economic class has two fully identifiable groups (Televisa and TV Azteca ) , the political class lacks them , and that all political parties can at any time be subordinate to the game determined that broadcasters conveniences . Everything depends on the time and circumstance to use either this or that party or candidate.

In this regard , it is noted that television consortia know no partisan loyalties or political ideologies because their affinity is determined by the economic returns that can reach a particular party or a particular candidate , either by manipulating law or

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public opinion. And is that the weapons we have (unlimited economic capital and media) make the media law in the public interest becomes increasingly difficult if not impossible . If they can not persuade the political class by granting radio and television space to spread its political platform , they do so by libel and slander in their respective transmission channels.

Based on the foregoing , we conclude that by the time the reforms made to the Federal Law on Radio and Television and the Federal Telecommunications Act does not contribute to the democratization of electronic media in Mexico because they discourage competition in the industry , impoverish public debate and influence the collective decision to group interests. So that in order to carry out this task will require , in addition to considering the points previously developed , incorporated as guiding principles of legislation the following considerations:

Creation of citizen and autonomous body .It is necessary that the petition be attended by the organized society to create a citizen and autonomous body that can make determinations on radio, television and telecommunications , but far from the interests of the political class and the television consortia. Also, having technical and budgetary capacity to operate and that is represented in its management structure by a majority of experts in the field , academics and representatives of various civil organizations concerned with media law . In addition , it should include representatives of industrial and political parties , provided their presence does not constitute an obstacle to the development of broadcasting and the public interest.

Establishment of a single regulation.One of the most criticized by Javier Corral , Raul Trejo Delarbre , Manuel Bartlett , among others, is the fact that there are two rules to legislate a single item , which is allowed to take either gaps either regulation for broadcasters may discourage competition and increase their monopoly over the airwaves. For this reason, the creation of a single regulation that establishes clear guidelines on the requirements for the allocation of concessions is indispensable ; defining the mechanisms which operate on competitive bidding ; that encourages the creation of public media ; protecting activity and community college radio ; that is concatenated with other legal systems that concern and to define the scope of the powers of the three branches of government to avoid future disputes.

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Incorporation of the demands of civil society in the field.Yes you want the legislation media help fulfill the social role to which they are called , it must be one of the main requirements to cover , for no better than the representatives of civil society to bring to the forefront the issues that should be debated in the public square . This will temper the influence of television consortia , who seek by all means discourage social participation , to resort to slander and omission of those who intend to raise the voice against their interests.

Diversification and quality of content .Having only one voice is heard on the airwaves and transit public debate of ideas is impoverished , as having no other means to provide another perspective on the events , are the most powerful broadcasters who end up dictating the agenda public . In this vein , the contents stated by television monopolies does not favor any reasoning ability by public opinion, to be directed to the homogeneity of the thoughts by the supremacy of the picture and put aside deliberative interactions public space that draws . It is noted that broadcasters are uniquely susceptible to the debate only in those subjects which would mean a return relevance in economic terms. That's why diversification and quality decisions are necessary to nourish the public space and therefore .

Training Public Media.The emergence of public media in our country are presented as urgent because they mean a counterweight to the power of the commercial electronic media and its constitution because it necessarily involves the idea that they are closest to the social demands to the requirements of individuals. However, the problem is that every public medium has enough technical and technological capacity to enable it to face the capital to have the private media. Without considering it must have an autonomy from the state to avoid temptation to be the medium through which ideologically try to manipulate public opinion, thus reversing the roles and causing the supremacy of the political class on the media and public opinion.

To incorporate in the Constitution the social function of the media.The proposal involves the idea that there should be a section in the Constitution of the United Mexican States stipulating in detail the guidelines necessary and sufficient for that electronic media can get to meet your democratizing role .

Thus, these guidelines are presented as the spirit that should permeate subsequent legislation and opens the possibility that research in other disciplines looking to expand its development.

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REFERENCES

http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/mco/cruz_v_u/capitulo6.pdf

http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Iniciativa-Reforma- Constitucional-Telecom.pdf

http://eleconomista.com.mx/ley-telecomunicaciones

http://cec.itam.mx/medios_digitales/documentos/Estudios_sectoriales/ Resumenes_Ejecutivos/Telecomuncaciones.pdf

http://books.google.com.mx/books? id=moSYMzFvr6MC&pg=PA15&dq=reforma+de+las+telecomunicaciones&hl=es&sa=X&ei

http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=6Jvv- hI3BNcC&pg=PA8&dq=reforma+de+las+telecomunicaciones&hl=es&sa=X&ei=RcyDU63oOdSWqAal3ICABw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=reforma%20de%20las%20telecomunicaciones&f=false