Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals

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Telecommunications Telecommunications Technology FundamentalsTechnology Fundamentals

Chapter 01

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Convergence Technology

Describe the various technologies used in the telecommunications industry; Research historical events that have influenced the development of the telecommunications industry.


Telecommunication History

- Samuel Morse granted patent for electrical telegraph – 1837

- Alexander Graham Bell Patented the telephone – 1876

- Formed Bell Telephone - 1877 - local telephone exchanges


Telecommunication History (cont)

- AT&T formed in 1885 - connected the local Bell companies

- Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patents expire 1893 -1894 Telephone industry open to competition. Over 6,000 companies start in ten years.

- AT&T became a regulated monopoly in 1913. Kingsbury Commitment, published in 1914. They connected competing local companies and the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) approved prices and policies.



- Federal government nationalizes telecommunications industry for national security reasons. 1918 World War I

- Industry returned to private control - August 1919

- AT&T agrees to terms of anti-trust suit – 1982 - forced to give up its 22 local Bell companies. Agreement known as Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ). Seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) were established



- EIA/TIA released 568 Commercial Building Wiring Standard - 1991 - AKA structured cabling.

- Telecommunications Act of 1996 - First major overhaul of telecommunications law in 62 years. Allows anyone to enter communications business. Allows any communications business to compete in any market

Since the seven RBOCs were formed many changes have occurred: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKHg15rgCRA


International Standards Organization

International Standards Organization (ISO)- National standards institutes of 157 countries - One member per country - Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland coordinates

organization - Created OSI model


Federal Communication Commission

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) - Independent United States government agency- Responsible to Congress - Established by the Communications Act of 1934- Regulates interstate and international radio, television,

wire, satellite and cable communications- Covers 50 states, District of Columbia, and U.S.

possessions.


International Telecommunication Union

Communications standards organization

ITU Telecommunication (ITU-T) - Coordinates standards for telecommunications.

Predecessor organization of the Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique (CCITT)

ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) - Standards subcommittee relating to radio communication.

Predecessor of International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) –


Standards and Regulations


CCITT standards

Group 3: protocol for sending fax documents across telephone lines.

Group 4 : protocol for sending fax documents over ISDN networks.

V.21: standard for full-duplex communication at 300 baud in Japan and

Europe.

V.22 : standard for half-duplex communication at 1,200 bps in Japan

and Europe

V.22bis : standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data

across telephone lines


CCITT standards

V.29: standard for half-duplex modems sending and receiving data

across telephone lines

V.32 : standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data

across phone lines at 4,800 or 9,600 bps.

V.32: modems automatically adjust their transmission speeds based on

the quality of the lines.

V.32bis: The V.32 protocol extended to speeds of 7,200, 12,000, and

14,400 bps.


CCITT standards

V.34 : standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving

data across phone lines at up to 28,800 bps.

V.34 modems automatically adjust their transmission speeds

based on the quality of the lines.

V.42 : error-detection standard for high-speed modems.

V.42bis: data compression protocol that can enable modems to

achieve a data transfer rate of 34,000 bps.


CCITT standards

V.90: standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving

data across phone lines at up to 56,600 bps.

X.25: packet-switching protocol for WANs.

X.400: protocol for e-mail.

X.500: An extension to X.400 that defines addressing formats so

all e-mail systems can be linked


Trends in NetworksToday


Trends in Networks

• Move towards digital

• Applications abound

• Revenue driving competition

• Interoperability

• FCC authority and broadband

• Green IT


Move towards digital

• POTS to Packets (plain old Telephone system))

TDM analogPacket

Frame RelayATMCarrier Ethernet

• OpticalSONETFCoE - Fiber Channel over

Ethernet


Trends in Networks: Influencers

•Applications and software development

•Terminal manufacturers•Apple•RIM •Motorola

•Third party developers•OS, applications•Services to manufacturers, carriers


Revenue Driving Competition

• carriers and terminal manufacturers • price competition at the residential level• support to legacy equipment used by carriers

a. reduced supportb. absence of support

• one position is to posture about innovations• another is to provide CAPEX to build


POTS to Digital Voice• Modem to digital

equipment• Bandwidth• Error correction• Security

Wired to wireless applications• Vice versa• What are the drivers?

Interoperability


FCC – Wants common carrier restrictions on ISPs

•Net neutrality (very controversial – must follow news)•Regulations FCC wants:

Section 201: provide access to other carriersSection 202: no undue or unreasonable

prejudice or disadvantage Section 208: right to file complaints if 201, 202 violatedSection 222: privacy restrictionsSection 254: transform Universal Service Fund

to include broadband to underserved areas

FCC Authority and Broadband


Green IT (research for answers “google it”)

What does it mean to be Green? Why is it important?

Energy conservation Data Center energy use is extremely high

Equipment generates lots of heat Air conditioners (ACs) also generate heat, BUT the AC’s purpose is to offset the heat computers and other

equipment generate it too requires lots of energy How can WE conserve energy? How can Companies conserve energy Can building construction be Green? How?

(research for answers “google it”)


Review

Trends in Networks Today• Move towards digital …• Applications …• Revenue driving competition …• Interoperability …• FCC authority and broadband …• Green IT …


Credits

Icons: permission from Cisco SystemsChart: Cope Crisson


This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation underGrant No. 0402356. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation

Questions?

Feel free to contact the creator of this materialRobert B Wright

[email protected]

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Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals

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