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Tenement Buildings in the 19th
century
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Meaning of the words "tenement" and
"apartmenthouses"
is a type of multilevel building that existed inEurope and in the Ancient Rome consisting of
a great number of smaller or bigger flats
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Forerunners of the tenements built in
the 19th century
Derived from the latin word insulae which was
a concept of a block of grouped, but separate
buildings, or a single structure in Ancient
Rome and Ostia
Insulaewere in fact tenement buildings for
the labouring class
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Starting with the 15thcentury , In Europe, we
find interesting remnants of tenement
buildings in :
-Lubeck (Northern Germany)-der Fuggerei , which is the oldest
continuous social settlement
-Edinborough
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Lubeck Gange
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Der Fuggerei
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19thcentury tenement buildings
Industrialization and the explosion of immigration
brought a mass movement of people to the cities
which led to overcrowding and the introduction oftenement housing
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Shortcomings of the rapid growth of tenement
buildings:
Unsanitary rental structures
Epidemic diseases such as diphtheria, typhoid,
cholera, smallpox,yellow fever
Cramped, poorly lit and lacked indoor plumbing
and proper ventilation
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According to the Tenement House Report of
1900, out of 3,437,202 people living in New
York City, 2,372,079 lived in tenementhousing.
In United States double-decker or dumb-
bell buildings were front and rear tenementbuildings that were joined by narrow
passageways
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The land-plot for the building was 25 feet
wide by 100 feet deep and the building it-self
was 25 feet wide and 90 feet deep. Ten feet
was left bare in the back of the building so
that the back rooms would receive some light.
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12 adults slept on the floor and infant death
rate was 1:10 which lead to a reform
Consequences of bad quality housing:
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The consequences of the epidemic diseases
among the working class determined the
philanthropic bourgeois to make noble efforts
on behalf of the health of their workers.
Societies were founded, books were written,laws debated and passed, in order to close the
sources of the ever-recurring epidemics. The
housing conditions were examined andattempts of remedy were made.
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In Europe, Edwin Chadwick called Berlin the
"most foul-smelling, dirtiest and most
pestilent" capital in the civilized world in 1872,
declaring that its citizens could be "recognized
by the smell of their clothes."
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Many apartments in the Wilhelmian Ring were very
small, only one room and a kitchen. Also, apartmentswere laid out with their rooms reached via a commoninternal corridor, which even the Berlin Architects'Association recognized was unhealthy and detrimentalto family life.
Sanitation was inadequate: in a survey of one area in1962, only 15 percent of apartments had both a toiletand a bath or shower; 19 percent had only a toilet, and66 percent shared staircase toilets. Heating wasprovided by stoves burning charcoal briquettes.
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A young woman at a communal sink in a backcourt 1925. The door behind her appearsto be that of the toilet. Outside toilets were a common feature of Govan tenements
until the late 19th century. Subsequently tenements were built with or renovated to
include a shared water closet on each stair landing. Refuse can be seen piled up in the
"midgie" (midden) at the back of the courtyard.
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The starting point of tenement building in
Budapest was at the end of 18th century,
between 1788-1790. In this time period there
were built mainly two types of tenements:
small tenements and close courtyard
buildings with an 80% built area.
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The building height limits were defined in relationto the streets width with the height-to-widthratio established as of 25:15 meters. The lot sizewas approximately 250 m2, out of which 15%, or20% in case of the five-story buildings, consistedthe courtyard. Therefore, the courtyardtenement became the main dwelling type. Theland speculation led to an exploitation which
resulted into taller buildings with smallercourtyards.
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