Tense agreement in conditional statements

My father wished he could have finished high school when he was young, but he had to go to work to support his

family instead.  When I was born, he wished that I would not only finish high school but also go to college. He worked hard to send me to college. I managed to graduate with honors.  Now, I have a child and I wish that he will go to college.  I encourage him to work hard.  I wish he would

understand how hard his grandfather and father have worked to give him a good life. He doesn't comprehend it

right now, but I hope he will when he is older.

Hypothetical Wish – Past Agreement

A PAST WISH ABOUT AN EARLIER EVENT

WISHED + PAST PERFECT

My father wished he had gone to college. (I regret he didn't.)

A PAST WITH ABOUT AN PAS EVENT

A PAST WISH ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT

WISHED WOULD + VERB   ( Action may or may not happen.)

Use “had gone” or “would go”

My father wished that I would go to graduate school.

My father wished that I went to college

Hypothetical Wish – Present Agreement

 WISH + PAST PERFECT

A PRESENT WISH ABOUT AN EARLIER EVENT

I wish father had understood my appreciation.(I regret he didn't.)

A PRESENT WISH ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT

A PRESENT WISH ABOUT A PRESENT EVENT

WOULD + VERB  ( Action may or may not happen.)

WISH + PAST

I wish my son would understand the importance of hard work.

I wish my son understood his grandfather's efforts. (He doesn't.)

A Wish (that may become true)

A Wish (that may become true)

 WISHED TO +VERB

My father wished to go to college. (Maybe he did.)

A PRESENT WISH ABOUT A FUTURE EVENT

WISH TO +VERB  cannot use an indirect object

I wish to go to graduate school. (Maybe I will.)

Wishes Followed by a That-Clause or an Infinitive Phrase

THAT-CLAUSES INFINITIVEThese words introduce a wish with a that-clause and will or would. These words introduce a

wish with an infinitive phrase.

My mother hopes (that) I will be an engineer. My father wished me to become an engineer. 

My mother hoped (that) I would be an engineer. My grandfather wanted me to be happy.

My grandfather prays (that) I will be happy. My grandfather would like me to be happy. 

Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating,

fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama

dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present

participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:a. subjek (subject)b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)c. objek langsung (direct object)d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)e. aposisi (appositive)

Subject

Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:

- Swimming is good service.- Your singing is very beautiful.- Studying needs time and patience.- Playing tennis is fun.- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement

Direct ObjectGerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:

Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu

didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan

subjective complement, contoh:

- My favorite sport is running.- My favorite activity is reading

- I enjoy dancing.- She likes dancing.- Thank you for your coming.- I hate arguing.

Object of PrepositionGerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak

setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah

of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.

Contoh:

- He is tired of gambling.- I am fond of eating bakso.- He insisted on seeing her.- I have no objection to hearing your story.

Appositive

Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:

- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.

INFINITIVE

Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di depannya, misalnya to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study.

Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun dapat berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih luas daripada gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Infinitive mempunyai tiga fungsi, yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective), dan kata keterangan (adverb).

Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun)

- To say is easy but to do is difficult.- To understand English is not an easy job.- To dry an ocean is nonsense.

Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)

- I come to meet you.- We read to get new information.

Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)

- I have no time to go.- The desire to success is strong in youth.- I have had the money to pay this ticket.

Present perfectPresent perfect

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

I have seen that movie twenty times.I think I have met him once before.There have been many earthquakes in California.People have traveled to the Moon.People have not traveled to Mars.Have you read the book yet?Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

Example :

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:I have been to France.This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.I have been to France three times.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.I have never been to France.This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.I think I have seen that movie before.He has never traveled by train.Joan has studied two foreign languages.A: Have you ever met him?B: No, I have not met him.

Simple PastSimple Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.I didn't see a play yesterday.Last year, I traveled to Japan.Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.Did you have dinner last night?She washed her car.He didn't wash his car.

I saw a movie yesterday.I didn't see a play yesterday.Last year, I traveled to Japan.Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.Did you have dinner last night?She washed her car.He didn't wash his car.

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?