Tent House (Hindi)

8/19/2019 Tent House (Hindi)

1/40

ifj;kstuk dk;Z dk “kh"kZd“TENT HOUSE”

d{kk ,oa lsD”ku dk uke & ch-

dkWe- VI lsesLVjProject Report Submitted to

“ kkldh; egkfo|ky;] lSykuk

gLrk{kj funs!kd-------------------------gLrk{kj

fo|k"kh-----------------------------

2015-16 - 1 - B.Com VI Sem


2/40

funs!kd kW-,e-,l-$kSgku fo|k"kh

dk uke&l%;ukjk;k

'lgk;d ()k*;k(d+ fo|k"kh dku.ekad&/0/012324kkldh; egkfo|ky;]lSykuk

“k("k&(5

eSa l%;ukjk;k d{kk ch-dkWe- III o!k

egkfo|ky;& “kkldh; egkfo|ky;] lSykuk ;g

dFku djrk gwW fd izzLrqr izfrosnu 66Vs7V

gk8l 9;olk;:: esjs kjk rS;kj fd;k !;k oa

iw#kZr$ ekSfyd gS%

2015-16 - 2 - B.Com VI Sem


3/40

gLrk{kj

uke & l%;ukjk;k

f”k{kd funs”kd dk ()ekk &(5

izekf#kr fd;k tkrk gS fd izLrqr izfrosnu

ftdk “kh'kZd (()s*) gk+ ,;ok;-- gS ;g

2015-16 - 3 - B.Com VI Sem


4/40

k5&l%;ukjk;k d{kk ch-dkWe- III o!k

kjk esjs ek!Zn.kZu esa rS;kj fd;k !;k gS% ;g

/udk ekSfyd ifj;kstuk&dk;Z gS

gLrk{kj

uke funZs.kd f.k{kd

&0kW1e112kSgku

hy

Contents

fo'k; oLrq

2015-16 - 4 - B.Com VI Sem


5/40

3

1

fo'k; oLrq i4'5

36 ifj;kstuk dk;Z dk “kh'kZd $ Vs7V gk8l 7

8 fod9i ds fy *;wure “kS{kf#kd :gZrksa 7 fod9i ds fy +kr tkudkjh

7

? fod9i ds fy LFkkiuk oa iath;u s a=af>kr

tkudkjh

@

A fod9i ds fy iz=a>k ,;oLFkk s a=af>kr

tkudkjh

6B

7 fod9i ds fy a2kyu izf3;k s a=af>kr

tkudkjh

6?

@ fod9i ds {ksC esa fo|eku eL;k:ksa dh

tkudkjh

67

D fod9i ds {ksC esa Ekfo'; dh

2qukSfr;k oa +ik;ksa dh tkudkjh

6D

G fod9i ds {ksC esa Ekfo'; dh aEkkouksa

oa :oj

8B

6

B

ifj;kstuk ds nkSjku SHkafrd d{kk :>;kiu 87

6

6

egkfo|ky; esa :>;;u ds nkSjku izkIr

qfo>kksa

87

6

8

izkIr iqjLdkjksa dk fooj#k 87

6 ijh{kk ifj#kke 8@

2015-16 - 5 - B.Com VI Sem


6/40

Jk#0&:

• ns”; gS? &

ifj;kstuk dk;Z dk 2;u djus ds ihKs

esjk +nns.; ;g gS fd eSa Lojkst!kj

s a=f>kr ,;ok; s tq0Muk 2kgrk gw

N;ksfd )s*) gk+ ,;ok; =s izeqJk

,;ok; gS% Ekh dks /dh :ko.;drk

gksrh gS% eqOs / {ksC esa dkPh

Qf2 gS% ;g rsth s =RMrs gq" ,;ok;

esa s "d gS%

2015-16 - 6 - B.Com VI Sem


7/40

• Lojks=@kj ds {ks5 esa jks=@kj dh

laAkkoukksa dks Jkkstus dh fn.kkesa esjs kjk )s*) gk+ dk fod9i

2quk !;k gS :kSj /dk foLr4r

izfrosnu ;gk izLrqr gS%

2015-16 - 7 - B.Com VI Sem


8/40

6T fodB( dk uke & Vs7V gk8l

8T fodB( Lojks=@kj s a=af>kr gS%

T fodB( dk $;u djus dh ()sjkk 1

eqOs :ius funsZ.kd 0kW1 "e1"1

2kSgku j s feyhU

?T fodB( ds fy, 7;Cure grk,s &

“ kS{kfkd $

)s*) gk+ ds ,;ok; ds fy" fo.ks'k

;ksV;rk dh :ko.;drk ugha gS fd*rq ;fn

dkeZ Lukrd gks rks ;g ,;ok; :ksj :


9/40

'+ fodB( ds fy;s frfjDrE8FFk

f”k{kk dh ko”;drk ls lacaf*kr

=kudkjh &/ds fy" :frfjNr +


10/40

Vs7V gk8l 9;olk; ds

(a=h;uEL"kk(uk dh =kudkjh

;g dgk tkrk gS fd “kknh&Y;kg o :*;

dk;Z3e ds kFk ,;kikj dk tks izFke LoQIk

izd) gq:k og )s*) gk+ ,;kikj gh Fkk%

(fjAkk!kk,a&

fofEk*u fokuksa kjk "dkdh ,;kikj dh

fuXufyfJkr ifjEkk'kk"a nh tkrh gS%

61 0kW 2k9 0Y9;w1 !L)uZ=!Z ds

:uqkj&(("dkdh ,;kikj og ,;kikj gS

tks "d ,;fNr kjk izkjaEk fd;k tkrk gS

rFkk ogh ,;fNr ,;kikj ds dk;Z a2kyu

2015-16 - 10 - B.Com VI Sem


11/40

"oa ykEk&gkfu dk +rjnk;h gksrk

gS%--

81 izks1 yq/Z gSus ds :uqkj& (("dkdh,;kikj a!5u dk og LoQIk gS ftdk

izeqJk "d gh ,;fNr gksrk gS[ tks

+dk a2kyu djrk gS "oa +ds eLr

dk;ksZ ds fy" +rjnk;h gksrk gS%

,;kikj dh tksfJke dk Ekkj Ekh +ds

da>kksa ij jgrk gS%

1 fdX=ky "oa fdX=ky ds “kYnksa esa

& (("dkdh ,;kikj og ,;kikj gS tks

:ius ns.k ds kek*; fu;eksa rFkk

,;ok; ij izEkko 0kyus okys fof.k')

fu;eksa ds :ar!Zr :ius ,;ok; s

a=af>kr eLr =krksa esa oksZ


12/40

A1 0kW tkWu1"1 “kqf=u ds

erkuqkj&"dy Lokfeo okys ,;ok; ds

:ar!Zr "d gh ,;fNr a!5udrkZ gksrkgS[ ogh Lokeh gksrk gS :kSj ,;ok;

dks :ius futh uke s 2ykrk gS%

71 kek*; ifjEkk'kk& +i;qNr

ifjEkk'kk:ksa ds :k>kkj ij dgk tk drk

gS fd "dkdh ,;kikj ,;ok; dk og QIk

gS[ fts "d ,;fNr LFkk\r djrk gS% ogh

,;fNr iwath y!krk gS% gkfu ykEk ds

fy" iw#kZr;k ftXesnkj gksrs gq" ,;kikj

dk a2kyu[ funsZ.kd[ iz=a>kd[

kgh "oa a!5d gskrk gS% ,;kikj "d

oksZkdkjh gksus ds ukrs Lo;a

dh iwath[ Lo;a ds fuekZ#k rFkk Lo;a

ds dkS.ky s ,;kikj dk a2kyu djrk

gS% "dkdh ,;kikj gekjs ns.k esa

jkst!kj dk "d k>ku gS fts ekC jkst!kj

dh izkfIr ugha gksrh =f9d :k; dk "d

k>ku ds Ekh +iyY>krk n.kkZrh gS

2015-16 - 12 - B.Com VI Sem


13/40

ftesa Lo;a ekfyd dk gh :f>kdkj gksrk

gS 2kgs og ykEk gks ;k gkfu% +dh

tkudkjh Lo;a ekfyd ds fgr esa jgdj ghdh tk drh gS% :kt "dkdh ,;kikj ns.k

dh =RMrh tuaJ;k esa :iuk fo.ks'k

LFkku =uk 2wds gS fts :f>kdka.k

,;fNr :iuk thou ;kiu djrs gS :kSj

yks!ksa dks jkst!kj dh izkfIr djus fd

hJk iznku djrs gS o jkst!kj +iyY>k

djkrs gS %tSs Ksk)s QIk esa f.kf{kr

gksus ij ukSdjh a=a>kh dk;Z djkus

ds QIk esa +dh Ekwfedk gksrh gS%

2015-16 - 13 - B.Com VI Sem


14/40

Vs7V gk8l 9;k(kj esa ()ca*k 9;oL"kk dh =kudkjh &

)s*) gk+ ,;kikj dk ,;okf;d {ksC esa

fof.k') ego gS% /fy" )s*) gk+

,;kikj iz#kkyh :;ar izk2hu gksrs gq"

Ekh :kt yksd\z; gS%

fuXukafdr ykEkksa s / LoQIk dk ego

Li') gks tkrk gS&

6 izkjaEk "oa :ar djus esa Pyrk &

)s*) ,;kikj esa izkjaEk esa :f>kd

oS>kkfud :0Mkz fu#kZ;&

2015-16 - 14 - B.Com VI Sem


15/40

)s*) ,;kikjh :ius ,;ok; dk a2kyu

dk fu#kZ; L,k;a djrk gS% og “kh]kz

fu#kZ; ysdj :k" gq" ,;kikfjd :ojksa dk;Fkke; ykEk +5k drk gS[ N;ksfd +s

fu#kZ; ysus esa :*; ,;fNr;ksa ij

fuEkZj ugha jguk i0Mrk gS%

1 iw#kZ fu;aC#k&

)s*) ,;kikjh ds ,;kikj ij iw#kZ

fu;aC#k gksrk gS% ^s'5 fu;aC#k

,;kikfjd Pyrk dh daaqth gS% "dkdh

:f>kdre ykEk izkIr djus ds fy" :iuh

iw#kZ {kerk "oa dq.kyrk ds kFk

,;kikj ds iz=a>k ij fu;aC#k jJkrk gS%

?1 eLr 9kkEk ij "dkf>kdkj&

"dy Lokfeo dh n.kk esa )s*)

,;kikjh dk eLr ykEk ij "dkf>kdkj

gksrk gS[ /fy" og ykEk dks :f>kdre

djus ds fy" :f>kd ifj^e "oa 2rqjk/Z s

dk;Z djrk gS%

A1 !ksiuh;rk&

2015-16 - 15 - B.Com VI Sem


16/40

,;kikfjd jgL; fd !ksiuh;rk gh ,;kikfjd

Pyrk dh daqth gS% )s*) ,;kikjh

:ius ,;kikfjd jgL;ksa dks iw#kZ QIk s!qIr jJk drk gS% +s fdh dks Ekh

:iuh ,;kikj a=a>kh uhfr =rkus fd

:ko.;drk ugha i0Mrh% "dkdh ,;kikj

:ius ,;ok; dk :dsyk +rjnk;h gksrk

gS[ :r$ eLr ,;kokf;d jgL;ksa[

uhfr;ksa[ ;kstuk:ksa "oa

dk;Zfof>k;ksa dks q!erk s !qIr jJk

drk gS% !ksifu;rk =uk" jJkus s og

,;kokf;d J;kfr dk fuekZ#k djus esa

Ekh Py gks tkrk gS% ,;ok; dks

:uqf2r izfr;ksf!rk s qjf{kr jJk drk

gS% dgk tkrk gS fd 2kj dkuksa esa

=krs dEkh !qIr ugha jgrh[ ysfdu

"dkdh ,;kikj esa ;g eL;k iSnk ugha

gksrh% /h dkj#k dgk tk drk gS fd

"dkdh ,;kikjh dh !ksiuh;rk "dkdh

,;kikj ds fy" ykEkizn gS%

2015-16 - 16 - B.Com VI Sem


17/40

71 fer,;f;rk &

)s*) ,;kikjh ds k>ku hfer gksrs gS%

:r$ +udk :f>kdre +i;ks! :ko.;d gS%)s*) ,;kikj esa Lokeh ds dk;Z djus

ds dkj#k og >ku dks =gqr gh ko>kkuh

s Jk2Z djrk gS% / izdkj >ku "oa

k>kuksa dk nqQi;ks! ugha gks ikrk%

@1 dk;Z esa y!u &

)s*) ,;kikj esa ykEk ij "d gh ,;fNr

dk iw#kZ :f>kdkj gksus ds dkj#k og

y!u ifj^e[ >kS;Z "oa 2rqjk/ZiwoZd

,;kikfjd dk;ksZ dks Xi*u djrk gS%

fts +s :f>kdre ykEk izkIr gks ds%

/ izsj#kk dks ysdj og y!u iwoZd dk;Z

dj drk gS%

D1 ,;fNr!r XidZ&

)s*) ,;kikj dk !zkgdksa s ,;fNr!r

aidZ jgus ds dkj#k og +udh Qf2 "oa

:ko.;drk:ksa s iw#kZ ifjf2r gks tkrk

gS% ogh +udh Qf2 ds :uqkj eky

2015-16 - 17 - B.Com VI Sem


18/40

Jkjhjdj +udh nqdku ij fo3; gsrq jJkrk

gS% og :ius deZ2kfj;ska s Ekh XidZ

jJkrs gq" +*gs :f>kd dk;Z djus dhizsj#kk nsrk gS%

G1 _#k esa qfo>kk&

)s*) ,;kikj dks ,;fNr!r a=a>kksa[

,;fNr!r kJk "oa :hfer +rjnkf;o ds

dkj#k :kkuh s _#k izkIr gks tkrk gS%

6B1 iSr4d J;kfr dk ykEk&

)s*) ,;kikjh kjk iSr4d ,;ok; :iukus

ds dkj#k +dks iwoZtksa fd J;kfr dk

iw#kZ ykEk izkIr gks tkrk gS [ /s

+s ,;kikj dh o4fH djus dh qfo>kk jgrh gS%

661 :kefo.ok dk thou &

:9i k>kuksa dks ysdj )s*) ,;kikj

,;ok; dk izkjXEk djrk gS[ ftesa

+dh Pyrk afnV>k jgrh gS% /fy" oks

kg[ :kefo.ok[ >kS;Z[ rZdrk "oa

iw#kZ nkf;o ds kFk dke djrk gS%

2015-16 - 18 - B.Com VI Sem


19/40

/s +dh dk;Z {kerk dk fodk gksrk

gS :kSj og kgh a;eh "oa

:kefo.okh =u tkrk gS%681 ,;fNr!r LoraCrk &

,;ok; dks izkjaEk djus gsrq u dks/Z

izkFkZuk iC nsu i0Mrk gS :kSj u gh

+s :a.k =s2uk i0Mkk gS ,;ok; ds

2;u djus esa og LoraC jgrk gS% oLrq

dk 3; fo3; djus[ ew9; fu>kkZj#k djus [

+>kkj nsus :kfn esa Ekh +s iw#kZ

LoarCrk jgrh gS%

61 rZdrk &

)s*) ,;kikj esa ,;fNr!r fgr

LkoksZijh gksus ds dkj#k og ,;kikj dk

iz=a>k "oa a2kyu rZdrkiwoZd djrk

gS%

2015-16 - 19 - B.Com VI Sem


20/40

Vs7V gk8l dh la$kyu ()f.;k

dh =kudkjh

+i;qNr ifjEkk'kk:ksa ds :k>kkj ij )s*)

gk+ ,;ok; dh izeqJk fo.ks'krk"a

fuXufyfJkr gS&

61 "dkdh Lokfeo &

)s*) ,;ok; dk "d gh ,;fNr Lokeh

gksrk gS% ,;ok; dh iwath[ k>ku "oa

Xifr;ksa ij +dk :f>kdkj gksrk gS% og

,;kikj ds izkjaEk s ysdj ,;kikj ds :ar

rd dh Ekh Xifr "oa nkf;oksa ds fy"

Lo;a dh +rjnk;h gksrk gS%

81 :hfer nkf;o &

)s*) ,;kikj esa ,;ok; dk Lokeh "d

gh ,;fNr gksrk gS :r$ ,;ok; dk

Xiw#kZ +rjnkf;o Ekh +h ,;fNr ij

jgrk gS% ,;ok; esa gksus okyh Xiw#kZ

gkfu dh iwfrZ Ekh +s gh djuh i0Mrh

gS% ;fn fdh dkj#ko.k ,;ok; esa y!k/Z

2015-16 - 20 - B.Com VI Sem


21/40

iawth s :f>kd gkfu gks tkrh gS rks /

:frfjNr gkfu dks iwjk djus dk nkf;o

"dkadh ,;kikj dk gh gksrk gS% +s:iuh futh Xifr s :frfjNr gkfu iwjh

djuk i0Mrh gS% a{ksi esa[

)s*) ,;kikj esa gq/Z gkfu dks :afre

iSs rd 2qdkus ds fy" "dkdh ,;kikjh

+rjnk;h gS% ;g "dkdh ,;kikjh dk

:hfer +rjnkf;o gS% 0kW1 fLiza!y

us dgk gS fd ((dkuwu "dkdh ,;kikj

ds ]kj "oa ,;ok; esa :arj ugha ekurk

gS%-- :FkkZr "dkdh ,;kikjh ,;kikj

a=a>kh Ekh f3;k:ksa ds fy"

,;fNr!r QIk s +rjnk;h gS% :hfer

+rjnkf;o gksus s ,;kikj ds _#k

2qdkus ds fy" :usd =kj +s :iuh

Xifr Ekh =s2uk i0Mkh gS[ N;ksfd

+dk +kjnkf;o :hfer jgrk gS%

+nkgj#k& tSs ;fn fdh ,;kikjh ds

nkf;o 6A[BBB Q gS o dqy Xifr;ksa

2015-16 - 21 - B.Com VI Sem


22/40

6B[BBB Q gS rks 6A[BBB Q ds nkf;o

ds Ekq!rku gsrq A[BBB Q fd deh

i0s!h% /dh iwfrZ +s :ius futh Xifrs djuk i0s!h% / izdkj

dEkh&dEkh "dkdh ,;kikj esa ,;kikjh

,;kikj "oa ]kj nksuks s ==kZn gks

tkrs gS% :r$ :hfer +rjnfk;o

"dkdh ,;kikj dk izeqJk nsk'k gS%

1 iw#kZ fu;aC#k "oa iz=a>k &

)s*) ,;kikj ij "dkdh ,;kikj dk iw#kZ

fu;aC#k gksrk gS% og ,;kikj dks :iuh

/kd "oa funsZ.kd Lo;a gksrk gS%

+s gh kjs ,;ok; dk iz=a>k djuk

i0Mrk gS% iz=a>k djus ds ihKs gekjs

ns.k esa foLr4r tkudkjh iw#kZ fu;afCr

gksrh gS /esa nksuks {kSC gekjs

fy" +iq;Nr gksrh gS% ge / dk;Z ds

2015-16 - 22 - B.Com VI Sem


23/40

fy" f=uk ks2s eOs iw#kZ dk;Z dj drk

gS%

Vs7V 9;k(kj esa foGkeku

leL;kksa dh =kudkjh

)s*) ,;kok; dk ekt esa ego =gqr

:f>kd gS[ /ds izeqJk dkj#k fuXufyfJkr

gS&

61 LoaraC thfodk&

)s*) ,;kikj esa ,;fNr!r LoraC thou

f=rk drk gS% Ekh dk;Z3e o

“kknh&Y;kg :kfn ds fy" ;g :;ar

+i;sk!h gS%

2015-16 - 23 - B.Com VI Sem


24/40

81 LoraC thfodk&

)s*) ,;kikj s jkst!kj ds :ojksa esa

o4fH gksrh gS% ukSdjh u feyus ij /s:iuh thfodk :kkuh s 2yk drk gS%

1 :kfFkZd fo'kerk ij jksd&

)s*) ,;kikj dh Kks)h esa iwath =)

tkus ds dk#k >ku ds dzs*nzhdj#k ij

jksd y! tkrh gS[ fts !jh=h :ehjh dh

:kfFkZd fo'kerk fd Jkk/Z =RMus

ugha ikrh gS%

?1 de dher ij :


25/40

)s*) ,;kikj esa ,;fNr!r fgr gksus ds

dkj#k og +iknu ds k>kuksa dk

fer,;f;rk iwoZd +i;ks! djrk gS%@1 +rjnkf;o dh Ekkouk &

)s*) ,;kikj esa Lokeh :kefo.ok

"oa +rjnkf;o dh Ekkouk dk fudk;

gksrk gS%

D1 izf.k{k#k ds*nz&

)s*) ,;kikj esa Lo;a Lokeh "oa

deZ2kfj;ksa ds dk;Z djus s +*gs

,;kikfjd izf.k{k#k feyrk gS% fts :k!s

2ydj og Py ,;kikjh =u tkrs gS%

Vs7V 9;k(kj esa Akfo!; dh

$-ukSfr;ka ,oa 8(k; &

2015-16 - 25 - B.Com VI Sem


26/40

)s*) ,;kikj esa +i;qZNr ykEkksa ds

kFk dqK nks'k Ekh ik" tkrs gS[ tks

fuXufyfJkr gS&61 hfer iwath &

"dkdh ,;kikj ds ik hfer k>ku "oa de

iwath gksus ds dkj#k og orZeku esa

2y jgs =0Ms iSekus ds +|ks! >ak>ks

2ykus ;k ,;kikj dk foLrkj djus esa

:eFkZ jgrk gS% / izfr;ksf!rk ds ;q!

esa iwath ds :Ekko ds dkj#k ,;ok;

dk :fLro ekIr gksus dk 0j =uk jgrk

gS%

81 hfer iz=a>k ;kstuk &

)s*) ,;kikjh dh iz=a>k {kerk hfer

gksrh gS% "d ,;fNr[ oZ!q#k Xi*u

ugha gks drk% +dh fu#kZ; “kfNr[

foosd[ =qfH[ ;ksV;rk "oa 2krqZ; hfer

gksrk gS%

og forh; df5uk/Z;ksa ds dkj#k

:ads{kdksa fokh; ykgdkjksa :kfn

2015-16 - 26 - B.Com VI Sem


27/40

dh sok dk Ekh dXiuh dh rjg ykEk

ugha +5k drk :r$ ,;kikj ds foLrkj

ds dkj#k ,;kikj dh tf)yrk"a =RM tkuss og ,;kikj dks XEkkyus esa :eFkZ

gks tkrk gw%

1 :LFkk/Z :fLro &

)s*) ,;kikj dk thou "dkdh ,;kikjh dsthou sa a=af>kr jgrk gS% ,;kikjh dh

e4;q gks tkus[ yX=s e; rd =hekj gkstkus :kfn ds dkj#k ,;kikj ekIr gkstkrk gS%

)s*) gk+ Lojkst!kj esa d/Z

df5uk/Z;ka `2qukSfr;ka :kus dh

aEkkouk gS tks fuXukuqkj gS% oSs

)s*) gk+ “kkWIk izkstsN) jkst!kj gsrq

:fr +ke gS%

61 =s =0h 2qukSrh qfu;ksftr )s*)

gk+ =ktkj dks !Sj fu;ksftr )s*)

,;,kLFkk s gS%

2015-16 - 27 - B.Com VI Sem


28/40

81 Ekkjr esa qfu;ksftr )s*) =ktkj esa

Nokfy)h !qzi dh deh gS%

?1 )s*) +|ks! ds fy" =s =0Mh =k>kkizk/e yksds.ku dh deh gS% :f>kdrj “kgjh

{ksCksa /ruh =0Mh t!g dh ,;oLFkk

djuk Fkks0k )s0k dke gS% :!j “kgj s

nwj t!g ij )s*) LFkk\r fd;k tkrk gS rks

ogkW !zkgdksa dks :kus tkus esa

:qfo>kk gksrh gS%

A1 Ekh rjg ds !zkgdksa dh arqf')[ ;g

=s 2qukSrh iw#kZ dk;Z gS%

@1 !zkgdksa dks +udh ian ds :uqkj

+kk +iyY>k djokuk%

"dkdh ,;kikj dk ,;okf;d {ksC esa

fof.k') ego gS% /fy" "dkdh ,;kikj

2015-16 - 28 - B.Com VI Sem


29/40

iz#kkyh :;ar izk2hu gksrs gq" Ekh :kt

yksd\z; gS%

6 izkjaEk "oa :ar djus esa Pyrk &"dkdh ,;kikj esa izkjaEk esa :f>kd

oS>kkfud :0Mkz fu#kZ;&

"dkdh ,;kikj :ius ,;ok; dk a2kyu dk

fu#kZ; L,k;a djrk gS% og “kh]kz

fu#kZ; ysdj :k" gq" ,;kikfjd :ojksa dk

;Fkke; ykEk +5k drk gS[ N;ksfd +s

fu#kZ; ysus esa :*; ,;fNr;ksa ij

fuEkZj ugha jguk i0Mrk gS%

1 iw#kZ fu;aC#k&

"dkdh ,;kikjh ds ,;kikj ij iw#kZ

fu;aC#k gksrk gS% ^s'5 fu;aC#k

,;kikfjd Pyrk dh daaqth gS% "dkdh

2015-16 - 29 - B.Com VI Sem


30/40

:f>kdre ykEk izkIr djus ds fy" :iuh

iw#kZ {kerk "oa dq.kyrk ds kFk

,;kikj ds iz=a>k ij fu;aC#k jJkrk gS%?1 eLr 9kkEk ij "dkf>kdkj&

"dy Lokfeo dh n.kk esa "dkdh

,;kikjh dk eLr ykEk ij "dkf>kdkj

gksrk gS[ /fy" og ykEk dks :f>kdre

djus ds fy" :f>kd ifj^e "oa 2rqjk/Z s

dk;Z djrk gS%

A1 !ksiuh;rk&

,;kikfjd jgL; fd !ksiuh;rk gh ,;kikfjd

Pyrk dh daqth gS% "dkdh ,;kikjh

:ius ,;kikfjd jgL;ksa dks iw#kZ QIk s

!qIr jJk drk gS% +s fdh dks Ekh

:iuh ,;kikj a=a>kh uhfr =rkus fd

:ko.;drk ugha i0Mrh% "dkdh ,;kikj

:ius ,;ok; dk :dsyk +rjnk;h gksrk

gS[ :r$ eLr ,;kokf;d jgL;ksa[

uhfr;ksa[ ;kstuk:ksa "oa

dk;Zfof>k;ksa dks q!erk s !qIr jJk

2015-16 - 30 - B.Com VI Sem


31/40

drk gS% !ksifu;rk =uk" jJkus s og

,;kokf;d J;kfr dk fuekZ#k djus esa

Ekh Py gks tkrk gS% ,;ok; dks:uqf2r izfr;ksf!rk s qjf{kr jJk drk

gS% dgk tkrk gS fd 2kj dkuksa esa

=krs dEkh !qIr ugha jgrh[ ysfdu

"dkdh ,;kikj esa ;g eL;k iSnk ugha

gksrh% /h dkj#k dgk tk drk gS fd

"dkdh ,;kikjh dh !ksiuh;rk "dkdh

,;kikj ds fy" ykEkizn gS%

71 fer,;f;rk &

"dkdh ,;kikjh ds k>ku hfer gksrs

gS% :r$ +udk :f>kdre +i;ks! :ko.;d

gS% "dkdh ,;kikj esa Lokeh ds dk;Z

djus ds dkj#k og >ku dks =gqr gh

ko>kkuh s Jk2Z djrk gS% / izdkj

>ku "oa k>kuksa dk nqQi;ks! ugha gks

ikrk%

@1 dk;Z esa y!u &

2015-16 - 31 - B.Com VI Sem


32/40

,;kikj esa ykEk ij "d gh ,;fNr dk

iw#kZ :f>kdkj gksus ds dkj#k og y!u

ifj^e[ >kS;Z "oa 2rqjk/ZiwoZd ,;kikfjddk;ksZ dks Xi*u djrk gS% fts +s

:f>kdre ykEk izkIr gks ds% / izsj#kk

dks ysdj og y!u iwoZd dk;Z dj drk

gS%

D1 ,;fNr!r XidZ&

,;kikjh dk !zkgdksa s ,;fNr!r aidZ

jgus ds dkj#k og +udh Qf2 "oa

:ko.;drk:ksa s iw#kZ ifjf2r gks tkrk

gS% ogh +udh Qf2 ds :uqkj eky

Jkjhjdj +udh nqdku ij fo3; gsrq jJkrk

gS% og :ius deZ2kfj;ska s Ekh XidZ

jJkrs gq" +*gs :f>kd dk;Z djus dh

izsj#kk nsrk gS%

G1 _#k esa qfo>kk&

,;kikj dks ,;fNr!r a=a>kksa[ ,;fNr!r

kJk "oa :hfer +rjnkf;o ds dkj#k

:kkuh s _#k izkIr gks tkrk gS%

2015-16 - 32 - B.Com VI Sem


33/40

6B1 iSr4d J;kfr dk ykEk&

"dkdh ,;kikjh kjk iSr4d ,;ok;

:iukus ds dkj#k +dks iwoZtksa fdJ;kfr dk iw#kZ ykEk izkIr gks tkrk gS [

/s +s ,;kikj dh o4fH djus dh qfo>kk

jgrh gS%

661 :kefo.ok dk thou &

:9i k>kuksa dks ysdj "dkdh ,;kikj

,;ok; dk izkjXEk djrk gS[ ftesa

+dh Pyrk afnV>k jgrh gS% /fy" oks

kg[ :kefo.ok[ >kS;Z[ rZdrk "oa

iw#kZ nkf;o ds kFk dke djrk gS%

/s +dh dk;Z {kerk dk fodk gksrk

gS :kSj og kgh a;eh "oa

:kefo.okh =u tkrk gS%

681 ,;fNr!r LoraCrk &

,;ok; dks izkjaEk djus gsrq u dks/Z

izkFkZuk iC nsuk i0Mrk gS :kSj u gh

+s :a.k =s2uk i0Mkk gS ,;ok; ds

2;u djus esa og LoraC jgrk gS% oLrq

2015-16 - 33 - B.Com VI Sem


34/40

dk 3; fo3; djus[ ew9; fu>kkZj#k djus [

+>kkj nsus :kfn esa Ekh +s iw#kZ

LoarCrk jgrh gS%61 rZdrk &

"dkdh ,;kikj esa ,;fNr!r fgr

LkoksZijh gksus ds dkj#k og ,;kikj dk

iz=a>k "oa a2kyu rZdrkiwoZd djrk

gS%

6?1 eku :oj dh +iyfY>k &

ukSdfj;ksa esa deh ds dkj#k og ekt

ds ,;fNr;ksa dks thfodk 2ykus ds fy"

og eku :oj iznku djrk gS / "dkdh

,;kikj esa fdh tkfr[ >keZ dh

kXiznkf;drk dk >;ku jJkk tkrk gS%

ftdk :kih fookn u gksrk gS =f9d "drk

ds kFk ;g ,;kikj ns.k esa :k!s

=RMrk tk jgk gS% fdh Ekh ekt dk /

izdkj dk ,;kikj izkjaEk dj drk gS% /

ij dks/Z izfr=a>k ugha gS% ;g

2015-16 - 34 - B.Com VI Sem


35/40

ektoknh ekt fd LFkkiuk esa

Ekjiwj ;ks!nku nsrk gS%

6A1 :*; ykEk&,;kikj dk ikfj^fed s h>kk X=a>k gksus

ds dkj#k dk;Z djus fd iz;{k izsj#kk

feyrh gS% ,;ok; dk Xiw#kZ iz=a>k

gkFk esa gksus ds dkj#k igys “kfNr s

ifjiw#kZ "oa deZ2kfj;ksa s iz;{k

XidZ gksus ds dkj#k +udks iw#kZ

fu;aC#k esa jJkus ds ykEk Ekh gt gh

izkIr gks tkrs gS%

2015-16 - 35 - B.Com VI Sem


36/40

KkC dk :uqEko &

izf.k{k#k izfrosnu ds dk;Z ds nkSjku

fdh Ekh rjg dh df5uk/Z;ka dk keuk

ugha djuk i0Mk N;ksfd )s*) gk+ ds

izksik/)j o L)kWP us gekjk iwjk g;ks!

fd;k[ ;FkkaEko iwjh enn dh% )s*)

,;ok; ds =kjs esa foLr4r tkudkjh +iyY>k

djk;h% )s*) ,;ok; esa dkSu&dkSu s

jkst!kj +iyY>k gS[ +uds fy" N;k

:ko.;d ;ksV;rk gksuh 2kfg"U dkSu&k

dksZ gksuk 2kfg" U N;k dk;Z jgs!k U

/;kfn ds =kjs esa foLr4r tkudkjh gesanh%

2015-16 - 36 - B.Com VI Sem


37/40

&&&&&&&BB&&&&&&&

2015-16 - 37 - B.Com VI Sem


38/40

Hk#& c

6T (fj;ks=uk dk; ds nkSjku lSIkafrd d{kk

*;k(u ,oa 8ldh 9;kogkfjd 8(;ksf@rk ds e*;

uAkCr arj dk foojk &

ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds nkSjku LkSHkafrd d{kk esa eSaus

fo'k; s a=af>kr ku izkIr fd;k fts eqOs fo'k; dh

!gjk/Z esa tkdj +dk =kjhdh s :>;;u djus dh izsj#kk

feyh%

J+ egkfo|ky; esa *;;u ds nkSjku ()k;;u ds nkSjku eqOs eLr “kS{kf#kd

qfo>kksa izkIr gq/Z% kFk gh f.k{kd`!k/Z0

0kW1e112kSgku oa :*; izk>;kidks dk Ekh iw#kZ

ek!Zn.kZu oa g;ks! izkIr gq:k%

2015-16 - 38 - B.Com VI Sem


39/40

'0+ egkfo|ky; esa *;;u ds nkSjku ()kko djus ds fy !kSjo

f2*g oa izek#k&iC iznku fd;k !;k

:>;;u ds nkSjku eqOs egkfo|ky;hu dy u4; esa frh;

rFkk 6BB eh1 o 8BB eh1 nkS0M izfr;ksf!rk esa frh;

iqQLdkj izkIr gq:k% NSDC s f)ZfPds) izkIr gq:k%

'M+ esjk (jh{kk (fjkke '()"ke lsesLVj ls (a$e

lsesLVj rd +

3

1

d{kk dk uke izkIrka

d

iw#kkZ

ad

ijh{kk

ifj#kke

6 =h1dkWe izFke

sesL)j

888 ?AB +rh#kZ

8 =h1dkWe frh; 866 ?AB s)hds)h

2015-16 - 39 - B.Com VI Sem


40/40

sesL)j

=h1dkWe r4rh;

sesL)j

6DB ?AB +rh#kZ

? =h1dkWe

2rqFkZ sesL)j

6G@ ?AB +rh#kZ

A =h1dkWe ia2e

sesL)j

67@ ?AB s)hds)h

Date post:	08-Jul-2018
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