TERADATAIntroduction: -

The teradata is a relational data base management system which is specially designed to build an enterprise DWH.

The teradata uses parallelism to store (or) manage tera bytes of business data.

The teradata supports massively parallel processing with shared nothing architecture.

A teradata is required to build decision supporting system.

Teradata supports to run on windows and UNIX operating systems.

Teradata has unlimited parallelism with unlimited scalability. It makes teradata worse time data base to build Decision Supporting System (DSS).COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES: -

There are two scalable hardwares that can processes and manages the data

i. SMP (Symmetric Multi Processor (or) Shared Memory Processor)

ii. MPP (Massively Parallel Processor)

Symmetric Multi Processor (SMP): -

Its a shared memory architect. Limited parallelism up to 64 processors. Limited scalability up to 64 processors.

MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP): -

Unlimited parallelism

Unlimited scalability

Linear expendability

Integration of hundreds and thousands of uni processors

Massively parallel processing with shared nothing architect

Linear parallelism

Ex: - Tera data, Metezza, Green plum (all are data bases)

Data stage (ETL Tool)

TERADATA SERVER ARCHITECTURE: -Teradata Client: -

A Teradata client is an application that allows you to prepare SQL request.

There are two teradata queries submitting utilities.i. Teradata SQL Assistant

ii. BTEQ (Basic Teradata Query)

COMPONENTS & ARCHITECTURE: -

Parsing Engine: -

A parsing engine is made up of following software components

i. Parser

ii. Optimizer

iii. DispatcherParser: -

It performs the following activities when the request is received from the client

I. It validates the users access right to the objects.II. It interprets the SQL into the machine language.III. Validates the SQL query for a syntactical check.

Optimizer: -The optimized role is to prepare least expensive query execution plan.

Least expensive is measured in terms of system resource usage.

Dispatcher: -The dispatcher dispatches the query execution plan to the messaging passing layer (network).MESSAGE PASSING LAYER (MPL): -

The message passing layer manages the dialogues between parsing engine access module processor (AMP).

It makes teradata parallelism possible.

Merging the answers-sets back to the parsing engine.

The message passing layer is a combination of

a. BYNET Software

b. BYNET Hardware for MPP

c. Parallel data base extensions softwareACCESS MODULE PROCESSORS: -

It processes the SQL requests.

Access Module Processor stores and retrieve rows to and from disks.

Access Module Processor performs the following tasks

1. Finding the rows requested

2. Lock management

3. Accounting

4. Recovery processing

5. Sorting the rows

6. Aggregating the rows

7. Joining the data

8. Output conversions

9. Creating Answers-sets for client

VIRUTIAL DISK (V-Disk): -

It is a combination of inter connected physical storage units.

Each AMP manages portion of total data

TERADATA COMPITITIVE ADVANTAGES: -

Scalability: -

This is the only RDBMS which confirms the performance improvement by adding more hardware.

Maintenance: -

When you add hardware the data gets distributed automatically.

Massively Parallel Processing: -

It works based on massively parallel processing architecture.

Shared Nothing Architecture: -

Using special software and hardware components, teradata gets the data faster.

Mature Optimizer: -

It handles complex queries up to 64 joins per query.

Unlimited Parallelism: -

It can add hundreds and thousands of processors to achieve the linear parallelism.It provides a single version of business.

Low CTO (Total Cost of Ownership): -Ease of setup, maintenance, administration expansion.

Parallel Load and Unload Utilities: -Robust, parallel and scalable load and unload utilities such as BTEQ, Fast load, Multi Load, T-pump and Fast Export.

TERADATA INSTALLATION PROCEDURE: -

Click on SETUP Click on Main Menu

Click on Install Teradata Express

Click on Installation Menu

Install the following components one after the other

i. Teradata BYNET Driver

ii. Teradata Database

iii. Teradata Express Tools

iv. Teradata Tools and Utilities

v. Teradata Warehouse Miner

CREATION ODBC CONNECTIONS: -Start settings ( Control Panel (Administrative Tools ( Data Sources (ODBCS) Select a system DSN

Click on add

Select a driver Teradata

Click on Finish

Enter the following details

Name: - TD_USER {our wish}

IP address: - 127.0.0.1 {for local system}

User Name: - TDUSER

Password: - TDUSER

Click OK.TERADATA INDEXES: -Indexes are used to access rows from a table without having to search the whole table. In the teradata RDBMS, an index is made up of one (or) more columns in a table. Once teradata indexes are selected they are maintained by the system.

In the Teradata RDBMS, there are two types of indexes

Primary indexes define the way the data is distributed.

Primary indexes and Secondary indexes are used to locate the data rows more efficiency than searching the whole table.

PRIMARY INDEXES: -

When the primary indexes for the table is well chosen the table rows are evenly distributed across the multiple AMPs for the best performance.

The primary index is created at the time of creating table.

A primary index created on single column (or) combination of columns.

There are two types of primary indexes,

I. Unique Primary Index

II. Non Unique Primary Index

Note: - Changing the choice of the primary index requires dropping and recreating the table.

UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX (UPI): -

Syntax: - Create Table Sample_1

(COL A_INTEGER

, COL B_INTEGER

, COL C_INTEGER)

Unique Primary Index (COL_B);

A unique primary index results in distributing the roes very uniform.

Maximum efficiency for parallel operations.

NON-UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX (NUPI): -Row distribution is less uniform.

** Rows with the same primary index value distributed to the same AMP.

HASH MAP: -A hash map is uniquely configured for each system.

It is an array of 65,536 entries which associates with the specific AMPs.

The system will check for the duplicates unique primary index value on row inserts.A new row is discarded if already row exist with the UPI value.STRUCTURE QUERY LANUAGUE: - (SQL)It is a relational language designed for relational database management system to access and maintains databases.

It is a fourth generation non-procedural set oriented language for relational databases.

The objects in the relational database are created and maintain using relational language.The objects definitions are stored in a data dictionary (or) data directory.

SQL-SUB COMPONENTS: -DATA DEFINTION LANGUAGE (DDL): -The DDL allows the users to define the database objects and create relationship among database objects. (Tables, Views, Triggers, Procedures, Macros)

The following SQL command defines DDL.

SQL StatementFunction

CREATE

DROPALTER It defines a database object (Tables, Views, Procedures, Macros, Triggers (or) Stored Procedure).

It removes a Tables, Views, Procedures, Macros, Triggers (or) Stored Procedure.

It changes a database object definition

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML): -The DML consists of a statement that lets the user to insert, update and delete the data rows of database.

If DDL defines the database the DML lets the user change the information contained in the database.

The DML is the most commonly used sub-set of SQL.

The following commands define DML.

INSERT: - It places a new record into a table.

UPDATE: - It manipulates the data values in one (or) more existing records.

DELETE: - It removes one (or) more rows from table.

DATA RETRIEVEAL LANGUAGE (DRL): -It lets the user to select the data rows from one (or) more tables.

The following command defines DRL

SELECT: - It selects the data from one (or) more tables.

DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL): -It is used to restrict (or) permit user access to the database

The following commands define DCL.

GRANT: - It gives user privileges on database objects.

REVOKE: - It removes user privileges on database objects.

TERADATA DATABASE: -A teradata database is a group of objects such as Tables, Views, Procedures, Macros, Triggers (or) Stored Procedure.

Every database is created with the following attributes

PERM SPACE: - (Permanent Space) a space which requires to stores the data in the objects such as tables.

TEMP SPACE: - (Temporary Space) a space which requires to temporarily stored the query results (TEMP tables).

SPOOL SPACE: - A space which is required to process user request.

A teradata database is created using CREATE database command.

A database is empty until objects are created.

A teradata administrator creates database using component.Procedure: - (Creation of Database)Start ( Teradata Service

Start ( Programs ( Teradata Administrator

Select the data source TDADIM

Click on OKFrom TOOLS Menu select CREATEClick on DatabaseEnter the Database Name: - SALESEDW (our wish)

Perm Space: - 50MB

Spool Space: - 40MB

Click on CREATETERADATA - USER: -A teradata user is a database with an assigned password.

A teradata user may logon to teradata and access the objects within in itself, can access other databases for which it has access rights.

**A user can access the database using ODBC.

A user is created with following attributes

I. PERM Space

II. SPOOL Space

III. TEMP Space

A user is created using Create User Command.

A user is empty until objects are created.Procedure: - (Creation of User)

Start ( Programs ( Teradata Administrator

Select the data source TDADMIN

Click on OKFrom Tools Menu select CREATEClick on User

Enter the User Name: - BOA (Our Wish)

Password: - BOA

PERM Space: - 50MB

SPOOL Space: - 40MB

Click on CREATEGRANTING PERMISSIONS TO ACCESS OBJECTS: -Procedure: -

From Tools Menu Grant/Revoke

Select Objects Rights

From database select database (BOAEDW)

From Tab TO/FROM USERSelect User: - BOA

Select ALLClick on GRANTClick on CLOSECREATION OF ODBC: -Start ( Settings ( Control Panel ( Administrative Tools ( Data Source ODBC

Select System DSN Tab

Select ADD

Select the drive TeradataClick on FinishName: - BOAEDW_ODBC (Our Wish)

IP Address: - 127.0.0.1

User Name: - BOA

Password: - BOA

Default Database: - BOAEDW

Click on OKCREATION OF INFORMATICA WITH TERADATA: -Source Definition: -

EMP (Oracle)

DEPT (Oracle)

Target Definition: -

EMP (Teradata)

DEPT (Teradata)

Creation of Pass through Mapping

Creation of writer connection using ODBC

Procedure: -

Open the client Power Center Work-flow Manager

From Connections Menu select RelationalSelect the type ODBC

Click on NEW

Enter the following details

Name: - TDUSER

User Name: - TDUSER

Password: - TDUSER

Connect String: - TDUSER

Click on OKCreate on Session

Double click the Session, select the Mapping Tab

From the left window select the Source

Set Reader connection to SCOTTFrom the left window select the Target

Set Writer connection to TDUSER, select the Target load type Normal

From Properties

AttributeValue

Table Name PrefixNIPUNAEDW (Database Name)

Click on APPLY

Click on OKCONSTRAINTS: -Constraints are the Conditions (or) Business Rule defines on one (or) more attributes to variable the values given by the user.If the given values satisfy the condition the database will accept the record else it gets rejected. Teradata supports the following constraints

I. Not Null

II. Unique

III. Primary key

IV. Check

V. Foreign key/ Reference key

NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS: -Create Table DEMO

(EMPNO NUMERIC (4) NOT NULL,

ENAME VARCHAR (10),

SAL NUMERIC (7, 2))

Insert into DEMO values (NULL, SMITH, 800)

Insert into DEMO values (7369, SMITH, 800)

Insert into DEMO values (7489, NULL, 800)

Select * from DEMO

EMPNOENAMESAL

7489?800

7369SMITH800

We can use NULL constraint on any column only when table is created.CHECK CONSTRAINT: -To insert a constraint we use CHECK Constraint.

Syntax: -

ALTER TABLE DEMO

ADD constraint CHK_EN_EN CHECK (ENAME IS NOT NULL)

Update DEMO set ENAME= , where EMPNO=7489

Insert into DEMO values (7521, NULL, 1000)

Insert into DEMO values (7521, WARD, 1000)

To copy the records from one table to other table without NULL command is

Insert into DEMO select * from DEMO;

UNIQUE CONSTRAINT: -Create Table DEMO

(EMPNO NUMERIC (4) UNIQUE,

ENAME VARCHAR (10),SAL NUMERIC (7, 2))

Command does not works without NOT NULL constraint

Create Table DEMO

(EMPNO NUMERIC (4) NOT NULL UNIQUE,

ENAME VARCHAR (10),

SAL NUMERIC (7, 2))

Insert into DEMO values (7521, WARD, 1250)

Insert into DEMO values (7521, SMITH, 1250) ( Record not inserted

Insert into DEMO values (7369, SMITH, 1000)

Insert into DEMO values (NULL, ALLEN, 850) ( Record not inserted

PRIMARY KEY: -To identify a record UNIQELY from a database

Create Table STUD (this table is not create without NOT NULL)

(STNO NUMERIC (3) CONSTRAINT PK_STNO PRIMARY KEY,

SNAME VARCHAR (12),

MKS NUMERIC (13))

Create Table STUD (this is using NOT NULL)

(STNO NUMERIC (3) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT PK_STNO PRIMARY KEY,

SNAME VARCHAR (12),

MKS NUMERIC (3))

Insert into STUD values (5, SMITH, 25)

Insert into STUD values (7, ALLEIN, 50)

Insert into STUD values (NULL, WARD, 40) ( invalid record not Stored

Insert into STUD values (7, WARD, 40) ( invalid record not Stored

Create a Table STUDENT (combination of Secondary (or) Alternate Key)(BCODE VARCHAR (3) NOY NULL,

ROLLNO NUMERIC (3) NOT NULL,

SNAME VARCHAR (10),

MKS NUMERIC (3),

CONSTRAINT PK_BR PRIMARY KEY (BCODE, ROLLNO))

NOTE: -

**NOT NULL can be used in table level

Combination of two Primary Keys is known as SUPER KEYWhen a Constraint is defined at end of database description is called as Table Level Constraint.

When a Constraint is defined at the TOP of database description is called as Column Level Constraint.

Insert into STUDENT values (B1,101, SMITH, 35)

Insert into STUDENT values (B1,102, ALLEIN, 40)

Insert into STUDENT values (B1,103, WARD, 50)

Insert into STUDENT values (B2,101, SMITH, 45)

Insert into STUDENT values (B2,102, ALLEIN, 50)

Insert into STUDENT values (B2,103, WARD, 55)

Insert into STUDENT values (B1,101, STEEVE, 50) ( record not inserted

Create Table DEMO

EMPNO NUMERIC (4) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT PK_ENO PRIMARY KEY,

ENAME VARCHAR (10),

JOB VARCHAR (10),

SAL NUMERIC (7, 2),

CONSTRAINT CHK_SAL CHECK (SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000),

DEPTNO NUMERIC (2))

Insert into STUDENT values (7001, SMITH, CLERK, 800, 20) ( below bound

Insert into STUDENT values (7001, SMITH, CLERK, 800, 20) ( above bound

Insert into STUDENT values (7001, SMITH, CLERK, 4000, 20)

Insert into STUDENT values (7002, ALLEIN, SALESMAN, NULL, 20)

ALTER Table DEMO

ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_SAL_NULL CHECK (SAL is not NULL)

Update DEMO set SAL=2800 where EMPNO=7002

Insert into STUDENT values (7003, SMITH, HYETFJ, 4500, 30)

ALTER Table DEMO

ADD CONSTRAINTS CHK_JOB

CHECK (JOB IN (ANALYST, CLERK, MANAGER, SALESMAN))

Update DEMO set JOB=ANALYST where EMPNO=7003

NOTE: -

Constraint cant be altered, so drop the Constraint and ADD a new constraint with requirement.

Insert into STUDENT values (7005, STELLA, STENO, 2500, 30)

ADD Constraint CHK_JOB

CHECK (JOB IN (ANALYST, SALESMAN, CLERK, MANAGER, STENO))Update DEMO set JOB=STENO, where EMPNO=7005

FOREIGN KEY: -It must relate to a Primary Key (or) Unique.

Create Table DEPT1

(DEPTNO NUMERIC (2) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT PK_DNO PRIMARY KEY,

DNAME VARCHAR (10))

Insert into DEPT1 values (10, ACCOUNTING)

Insert into DEPT1 values (20, RESEARCH)Insert into DEPT1 values (10, SALES)

Create Table EMP1

(EMPNO NUMERIC (4) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

ENAME VARCHAR (10),

SAL NUMERIC (7, 2),

DEPTNO NUMERIC (2)

CONSTRAINT FK_DNO REFERENCES DEPT1 (DEPTNO))Insert into DEPT1 values (7002, ALLEIN, 1500, 40)Insert into EMP1 values (40, OPERATIONS)

Unless child record is not deleted (or) inserted master record is not going to delete (or) insert.JOINS AND TYPES OF JOINS: -A join is a concept in a relational database theory.

A join is a technique for accessing the data from one (or) more tables in a single answer set.

The each row in the answer set contains data from columns of more than one table.

The tables should be join based on Common Column Values.

Joins can be used to make a view of data from more than one table. The following are the types of joins

I. Inner Join (Equi Join)II. Left-Outer Join

III. Right-Outer Join

IV. Full-Outer Join

V. Cross Join

VI. Cartesian Join

VII. Accidental Cartesian Join

VIII. Self Join (Recursive Join)

INNER JOIN: -It combines the data records from multiple tables based on Equality Match.

An Inner Join represents the intersection of the two sets based on common set of values called Join values.

Non ANSI Syntax: -

Select EMP.EMPNO, EMP.ENAME, EMP.JOB, EMP.SAL, EMP.DEPTNO, EMP.DNAME, DEPT.LOC from EMP, DEPT where EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO

ANSI Syntax: -

Select E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E INNER JOIN DEPT D on EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNOEX: - EMP DETAILS DEPT DETAILSEMPNOENAMEJOBSALDEPTNO

1245SIVACLERK500010

1389NARAYANAMANAGER800020

1429SURYACLERK500030

1587NANICLERK500050

DEPTNO

DNAME

LOC

10

SALES

HYD

20

ACCOUNTS

BAN

30

MARKET

CHE

40

OPERATIONS

MUM

Results of Inner Join: -EMPNOENAMEJOBSALDEPTNODNAMELOC

1245SIVACLERK500010SALESHYD

1389NARAYANAMANAGER800020ACCOUNTSBAN

1429SURYACLERK500030MARKETCHE

OUTER JOIN: -An Outer Join forces to combine the records even though there is no Equality Match.

As a result an Outer Join can produce more number of records than Inner Join.

Formulae: -

Outer Join= Inner Join + Non-Matching Records

LEFT OUTER JOIN: -

A Left Outer Join returns Inner Join rows and non-matching rows from Left table.

ANSI Syntax: -

Select E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPT D on EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNOEX: -

EMPNOENAMEJOBSALDEPTNODNAMELOC

1245SIVACLERK500010SALESHYD

1389NARAYANAMANAGER800020ACCOUNTSBAN

1429SURYACLERK500030MARKETCHE

1587NANICLERK500050NULLNULL

RIGHT OUTER JOIN: -

A Right Outer Join returns Inner Join rows and non-matching rows from Left table.

ANSI Syntax: -

Select E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPT D on EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNOEX: -

EMPNOENAMEJOBSALDEPTNODNAMELOC

1245SIVACLERK500010SALESHYD

1389NARAYANAMANAGER800020ACCOUNTSBAN

1429SURYACLERK500030MARKETCHE

NULLNULLNULLNULL40OPERATIONSMUM

FULL OUTER JOIN: -

A Full Outer Join returns non-matching rows from both tables.

ANSI Syntax: -

Select E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E FULL OUTER JOIN DEPT D on EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO

EX: -

EMPNOENAMEJOBSALDEPTNODNAMELOC

1245SIVACLERK500010SALESHYD

1389NARAYANAMANAGER800020ACCOUNTSBAN

1429SURYACLERK500030MARKETCHE

1587NANICLERK500050NULLNULL

NULLNULLNULLNULL40OPERATIONSMUM

JOINS USING ALIAS: -An Alias is: -

A temporary name for a table (or) view

Defined in the FROM clause

Useful for abbreviating long table names

Required to join a table to itself CROSS JOIN: -A Cross Join is a join that requires no join condition

Cross joins are sometimes called Product Joins

Each participating row of one table is joined with each participating row of another table

Cross join syntax does not allows ON clauseA WHERE clause may be used to restrict which row participates from either tableANSI Syntax: -

Select E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E CROSS JOIN DEPT D where E.SAL>2000Non-ANSI Syntax: -Select EMP.EMPNO, EMP.ENAME, EMP.JOB, EMP.SAL, EMP.DEPTNO, DEPT.DNAME, DEPT.LOC from EMP, DEPT where EMP.SAL>2000

CARTESIAN PRODUCTS: -

A completely unconstrained Cross Join is called a Cartesian product.

Each row of one table is joined to each row of another table.

A Cartesian product results from a Cross Join without a WHERE clause

The output of Cartesian product is rarely meaningful.Cartesian product can also result from an Inner Join with improper Aliasing (or) Join conditions.

Non-ANSI Syntax: -

Select EMP.EMPNO, EMP.ENAME, EMP.JOB, EMP.SAL, EMP.DEPTNO, DEPT.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP, DEPT

ACCIDENTAL CARTESIAN PRODUCTS: -A Cartesian product results from an Inner Join with improper aliasing.

Improper Join condition in a Join can result Accidental Cartesian Join.

Non-ANSI Syntax: -

Select EMP.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E FULL INNER JOIN DEPT D on EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO

Select E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC from EMP E FULL INNER JOIN DEPT D on 3=3

INNER JOIN ON MULTIPLE TABLES: -A Join can have up to 64 participating tables (or) views.

The number of participating tables (or) views determines the number of require Join conditions.

An n-table Join requires n-1 Join conditions.

Omitting a Join condition will result in a Cartesian product Join.SELF JOIN: -A Join which is made on the same table is known as Self Join.

A Self Join is also known as Recursive relationship.

EX: -

Each Employee has a manager, who is also an Employee

Syntax: -Select E.EMPNO as EMP_NUMBER

, E.ENAME AS EMP_NAME

, M.MGR AS MANAGER_NUMBER

, M.ENAME AS MANAGER_NAME

From EMP E JOIN EMP M on E.MGR=M.EMPNO

SET OPERATORS: -The following key words are available as ANSI standard set operators

I. UNION

II. UNION ALL

III. INTERSECT

IV. EXCEPT (MINUS is a NON-ANSI synonym)

UNION: -The Union operator allows combining the two data sets into a single answer set.

The Union set operator eliminates duplicates.

Syntax: -

SELECT * FROM EMP UNION SELECT * FROM EMP;

UNION ALL: -

It allows duplicates in the answer set

Syntax: -( SELCET * FROM EMP UNION ALL SELECT * FROM EMP;

(SELECT * FROM EMP (N) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM < (N/2+1)

Here N is number of records

INTERSECT: -The Intersect operator captures common content of two data sets into a single answer set.

Syntax: -

CREATE a Table EMP1 as (SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20) WITH DATA;

SELECT * FROM EMP INTERSECT SELECT * FROM EMP1;

EXCEPT: -The Except operator produces the difference in contents of the two sets

Syntax: -

CREATE a Table EMP1 as (SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20) WITH DATA;

SELECT * FROM EMP EXCEPT SELECT * FROM EMP1;

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS: -The Aggregation is a process of calculating the summaries for a group of records.

Use the following Aggregate Functions to calculate the summaries (Aggregations)

SUM

AVERAGE

MAX

MIN

COUNT

Syntax: -

i) SELCET DEPTNO, SUM (SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO ORDER BY DEPTNO

ii) TARGET (DEPTNO, DNAME, SUMSAL)

SELECT EMP.DEPTNO, DEPT.DNAME, SUM (SAL) FROM EMP, DEPT WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO GROUP BY EMP.DEPTNO, DEPT.DNAMEThumb Rule: -

If the select statement contains aggregates, other than aggregates appears in Group By clause.

iii) SELECT DEPTNO, JOB, SUM (SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY 1,2 (DEPTNO, JOB) ORDER BY 1,2 (DEPTNO, JOB)

HAVING CLAUSE: -It is used to make a restriction on summary records

Syntax: -

SELECT DEPTNO, SUM (SAL), MAX (SAL), MIN (SAL), AVG (SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO ORDER BY DEPTNO HAVING AVG (SAL) > 3000

Some of Conditions without using Sub-Query: -

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=JONES

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>2975 {request for finding sal > JONES in the table}

SELECT T1.EMPNO, T1.ENAME, T1.JOB, T1.SAL, T1.DEPTNO FROM EMP T1, EMP T2 WHERE T2.ENAME=JONES AND T1.SAL>T2.SAL

SELECT T1 * FROM EMP T1, EMP T2 WHERE T2.ENAME=JONES AND T1.SAL>T2.SAL

Insert into EMP values (7935, JONES, MANGER, 7839, 17/07/2011, 2000, NULL, 20)

SELECT T1.EMPNO, T1.ENAME, T1.JOB, T1.SAL, T1.DEPTNO FROM EMP T1, EMP T2 WHERE T2.ENAME=JONES AND T1.SAL>T2.SAL ORDER BY {if table contains another employee namely Jones}

CONCEPT OF SUB-QUERY: -When a query is dependent on the output of another query for its predicate (condition) then we use the Sub-queries.A sub-query is a query used in the predicate of another query.

The query which makes use of output written by the sub-query is called Main (or) Parent (or) Route query.

When two (or) more sub-queries are used in the predicate of route query then it is called as multiple sub-queries.

When a sub-query is used in the predicate of another sub-query then it is called as nested sub-query.

Note: -

The sub-query can be on the same table which is used in the main query (or) it can be on any other table of database.

SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=JONES

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>2975

SELECT * FROM EMPWHERE SAL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=JONES)

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=(SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=BLAKE) AND ENAME1=BLAKE

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL> (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=JONES) OR JOB= (SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME=SMITH) {multiple sub-query}

Where a query to find the Employees from DEPTNO=20 whose JOB is same as anyone of the JOB from the DEPT=SALES?

Solution: -

SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME=SALES

SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND JOB IN (CLERK, MANGER, SALESMAN)SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND JOB IN (SELECT DITINCT JOB FROM EMP) WHERE DEPTNO= (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME=SALES)) {nested sub-query}Write a query to find the list of all the employees from DEPTNO=20 whose salary is greater than any one of the salary from the DEPTNO=30? Solution: -

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30 ORDER BY SAL

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 ORDER BY SAL

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND SAL> (SELECT MIN (SAL) FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30)

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND SAL> (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30)

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND SAL>ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30)

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND SAL>ALL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30)

SELECT * FROM EMP (MAX SAL OF ONE EMPLOYEE) WHERE SAL= (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP)

SELECT * FROM EMP (MAX SAL OF SECOND SALES)

WHERE SAL= (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL< (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL> (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP)))VIEWS: -

A view is like a window into one (or) more tables. It provides customized access to base tables by,

Restricting which columns are visible from base tables

Restricting which rows are visible from base tables

Combining columns and rows from several base tables

A view is virtual table

It may define a subset of row of row of a table

It may define a subset of a table

It may reference more than one table

View definitions are stored in the data dictionary, not in the users own space

Simple View: -

A view which is created from single base table is known as simple view.

A view is created using CREATE VIEW command.

It does not occupy any space because it does not contain any data on its own.

Syntax: -DATABASE SALES

CREATE VIEW V_EMP_TEST AS SELECT * FROM EMP

NOTE: - We can update the base tables (or) you can insert the records into base tables using simple views.

Accessing a record using following command

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7369;

Updating a base table (view) using following command

UPDATE V_EMP_TEST SET SAL=SAL+100 WHERE EMPNO=7369

Inserting a view a record using following command view to base table

SELECT * FROM V_EMP_TEST (to check record in base table)

INS INTO V_EMP_TEST (EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, DEPTNO) VALUES (8243, SIVA, 4500, 30)

SELECT COUNT (*) FROM EMP (after inserting record)

Complex Views (or) Join Views: -A view which is created from more than one table is known as complex view (or) join view.A join view is a view contains columns from more than one table.

A join condition is a typical part of a view definition.

A join view consists of columns from more than one table.

Warning!

Updating of base tables may not be done via join views

Syntax: -

CREATE VIEW EMP_JOIN_VIEW AS SELECT E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.DEPTNO, D.DNAME, D.LOC FROM EMP E INNER JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO=D.DEPTNO

SELECT * FROM EMP_JOIN_VIEW;

Views to Rename columns: -

You may create a view that renames columns.

This is often used to shorten long column names, making queries easier to create.

Syntax: -

CREATE VIEW EMP_VIEW (ENO, NAME, JOB, SALARY, DNO) AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;SELECT * FROM EMP_VIEW;Aggregate Views: -Aggregate views are views which contain aggregate expressions (or) derived columns (scrubbing).

Aggregate and derived columns in the views must be assigned names (Aliases).

Syntax: -

CREATE VIEW V_AGGR AS SELECT DEPTNO, SUM (SAL) AS SUMSAL, AVG (SAL) AS AVGSAL FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO

Join on Views: -Views may participate in join operations just as tables do.

The total number of tables and views which may be used in a single SQL statement is 64.

NON-ANSI Syntax: -

SELECT V.DEPTNO, T.DNAME, V.SUMSAL, V.AVGSAL FROM V_AGGR V, DEPT T WHERE V.DEPTNO=T.DEPTNOANSI Syntax: -SELECT V.DEPTNO, T.DNAME, V.SUMSAL, V.AVGSAL FROM V_AGGR V INNER JOIN DEPT T ON V.DEPTNO=T.DEPTNOView with CHECK Option: -In a view definition, the WITH CHECK Option limits the ability of users with update and inserts privileges on the view.

With the CHECK Option in effect, the user may not update (or) insert rows whose value will violate the constraints of the WHERE CLAUSE in the view definition.

Syntax: -

CREATE VIEW V_EMP_CHECK AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL>1500 WITH CHECK OPTION

INSERT Into V_EMP_CHECK Values (2000, SIVA, CLERK, 1200, 10) INSERT Into V_EMP_CHECK Values (2000, SIVA, CLERK, 1500, 10) INSERT Into V_EMP_CHECK Values (2000, SIVA, CLERK, 1501, 10)

Restrictions on Views: -An Index cannot be create on View.

View cannot contain an Order by clause.Derived an Aggregated columns must be assigned a name using AS clause.A view cannot be used for update operations if it contains data from more than one table (Join Views).

A view cannot be used for update operations if it contains derived columns, a distinct clause and Group by clause.

Advantages of Views: -

An additional level of security. Controls read and update privileges. Simplify end users access data. Are unaffected if a column is added to a table. Are unaffected if a column is dropped unless the dropped column is referenced by the view.Suggestions: - Create Views to insure that all users access to tables is via Views.

Create Views which do complex joins (or) Aggregations to simplify end user coding requirements. Use access locks when creating views to maximize data availability to users.

SUB QUERIES: -A query which is defined within the main query is known as sub query.

The sub queries are created to simplify the long list values.

There are two types of sub queries

I. Traditional sub query

II. Correlated sub query

Traditional sub queries: -Traditional sub queries are read from the bottom up. The lowest level query is resolved and the results are fed to the next level of query.

A source statement may reference up to 64 tables (or) Views, thus there may be up to 64 levels of sub query.

Sub query Processing: - Resolve bottom level query first Use results as input to next level

Repeat until top level reached

Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT)

DISTINCT ( used for deleting duplicates

RESTRICT( used for finding duplicates

Sub queries in Aggregates: - List out names of employees drawing highest salary

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERESAL= (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP) List out names of employees drawing salary greater than average salary of company

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL > (SELECT AVG (SAL) FROM EMP)

List out names of employees drawing lowest salary from each companySELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL IN (SELECT MIN (SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO)

Sub query with WHERE Clause: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = MILLER)

Sub query with Qualifier ANY: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20)

The teradata server evaluates all the values which are written by the sub query.

Sub query with Qualifier SOME: -

It picks up the lowest value from list of values written by the sub query.

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20)

Correlated Sub queries: -

Correlated sub queries are processed differently from traditional sub queries.

Correlated sub queries expand the functionality of traditional sub queries.

Correlated sub queries are processed using top down approach.

Each row of the outer query is selected and compared to the criteria in the sub query.

When the row matches with the inner query than outer query returns the row.

Usually correlated sub query is sub query whose outer query results are processed as against sub query result.

The sub query result is analyzed for each row of outer query.

Ex: - Find the employees with the highest salary in each department

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP EE WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX (SAL) FROM EMP EM WHERE EE DEPTNO= EM DEPTNO)Note: - correlated sub queries uses shared spool technique to which makes them correlated sub queries are more fast and efficient.

HELP Utilities: -

Teradata SQL contains extensions beyond ANSI stand SQL.

There are many tools available to provide the Help for a teradata user (or) programmer.

HELP - Command: -

The HELP command provides the help for any defined teradata database object

HELP TABLE

HELP VIEW

HELP MACRO

HELP COLUMN

HELP PROCEDURE etc

SHOW Command: -

The SHOW command displays the data definition (DDL) associates with database objects (Tables, Views, Macros, Triggers, Joins, Indexes, and Stored Procedures).

SHOW command displays how an object was created

COMMANDRETURNS

SHOW TABLE TABLENAME

SHOW VIEW VIEWNAME

SHOW MACRO MACRONAME

SHOW TRIGGER TIRGGERNAME

SHOW JOIN INDEX INDEXNAME

SHOW PROCEDURE PROCEDURENAMECREATE TABLE STATEMENTCREATE VIEW STATEMENT

CREATE MACRO STATEMENT

CREATE TRIGGER STATEMENT

CREATE JOIN INDEX STATEMENT

CREATE PROCEDURE STATEMENT

EXPLAIN Command: -Use an EXPLAIN command to provide query execution plan which is prepared by optimizer.

Syntax: - EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL

Teradata Logical and Conditional Operators: -Logical Operators: -

AND, OR, BETWEEN AND are known as logical operators to defines the conditions in WHERE Clause.

The multiple conditions can be combined using logical operators.

AND Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL > 2000 AND DEPTNO = 30

OR Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL > 2000 OR DEPTNO = 30

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE (DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 20) AND (SAL>2000)

BETWEEN AND Syntax: -

It returns the range of values between two given values

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 1500 AND 2500

Conditional Operators: -ISNULL: -

It verifies the NULLS on the given columns

Syntax: - SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NULL

IS NOT NULL Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL

IN Operator: -

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN (10, 20)

IN NOT NULL: -

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN (20, 30)

LIKE Operator: -

SELECT EMPNO, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE S%Teradata SQL Extensions Date Arithmetics: -

The current date and time can be displayed with the following extensions

SELECT DATE

SELECT CURRENT_DATE

SELECT TIME

SELECT CURRENT_TIME

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (displays both date & time)

Date Arithmetic: -Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO, HIREDATE, (DATE_HIREDATE)/365 AS EXP FROM EMP

Date Extracts: -

Extract is a function

SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM CURRENT_DATE)

SELECT EXTRACT (MONTH FROM CURRENT_DATE)

SELECT EXTRACT (MONTH FROM CURRENT_DATE+30)

SELECT EXTRACT (DAY FROM CURRENT_DATE)

SELECT EXTRACT (DAY FROM CURRENT_DATE+2)

SELECT EXTRACT (HOUR FROM CURRENT_TIME)

DATE Arithmetic in WHERE Clause: - Displays employees experience greater than 26 years

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO, (DATE_HIREDATE)/365 AS EXPERIENCE FROM EMP WHERE (DATE_HIREDATE)/365 >= 26String Functions: -String Operator: -

Pipe is a concatenate operator which puts two string together

Syntax: - SELECT ENAME || , || ENAME AS EMPLOYEE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20

Sub String Function: -

It returns the part of the string from character string

Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SUBSTR (ENAME, 1, 1) = S

Note: -

We can use string literals in a sub string function to return the part of the string.

Syntaxes: -

SELECT SUBSTR (CATALOG, 5, 3)

SELECT SUBSTRING (CATALOG FROM 5 FOR 3)

Character Function: -

Count the number of characters in a string.

Syntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE CHAR (ENAME) >= 5

TRIM Function: -

It removes the spaces (or) blanks from the both sides of the stringSyntax: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE CHAR (TRIM (ENAME)) >= 6

Position Function: -

It locates a character position in a string

Syntax: - SELECT POSITION (M IN SMITH)

MACROS: -

Macro contains one (or) more prewritten SQL statements

Macros are a Teradata extension to ANSI SQL

Macros are stored in the Teradata data dictionary

Macros can be executed from any SQL front ends

I. SQL AssistantII. BTEQThe following are the Macro related commands

i) Create Macro: -

It creates a Macro and stores in the data dictionary

ii) Execute Macro Name: -

Executes the SQL statements within the Macro

iii) Show macro: -

It displays how the Macro was created

A Macro is created for frequently occurring queries (or) set of operations.

Macros are similar to Stored Procedures in oracle with no control flow statements [while loop, for loop etc].

All Macro statements are treated as a single transaction.

Re-optimized the execution time.

Accept users provided parameters.

Note: -In views the data definition can be update used a command called REPLACE.Syntax: -

REPLACE VIEW EMP_VIEW AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10;

Syntax to create a Macro: -

CREATE MACRO M_EMP20 AS (SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 ;);

Macro Execution: -

A Macro is executed using EXECUTE command.

Syntax: - EXECUTE M_EMP

To display how a macro was created we use SHOW commandSyntax: - SHOW Macro M_EMP

Updating Macro definition: -

Use the REPLACE command to update an existing macro definition

Syntax: -

REPLACE MACRO M_EMP AS (SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10 ;);

Parameterized Macros: -

Parameterized macro allows substitute variables.

Values for these variables are supplied at runtime.

Macros may have more than one parameter.

Each name and it is associated data type are separated by comma from the next name and it is associated data type.

The order is important.

Creation of Parameterized Macro (Single Parameter)

i) Create Macro M_DEPT_LIST (DNO INTEGER) AS (SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=: DNO ;);

Execution of Macro: - EXECUTE M_DEPT_LIST (20);

ii) Create Macro Sales.get_Customers (V-Nation varchar (30)) AS (SELECT C_CUSTKEY, C_NAME FROM Sales. CLIENT a, Sales. AREA b WHERE a.C_NATION KEY = b.N_NATION KEY and b.N_NAME =:V_NATION ;);EXEC Sales.get_Customers (INDIA)

Here Sales is our database where Macro gets stored.

iii) Create Parameterized Macro to insert a recordCREATE MACRO NEW_EMP ( ENO INTEGER,

NAME VARCHAR (10),

SAL DECIMAL (7, 2),

DNO INTEGER)

AS (INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, DEPTNO) VALUES

(:ENO, :NAME, :SAL, :DEPTNO););

EXEC NEW_EMP (7666, SIVA, 4500, 10);

EXEC NEW_EMP (7666, , 4500, 10);

EXEC NEW_EMP (ENO=7666, NAME= SIVA, SAL= 4500, DNO= 10);

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, DEPTO FROM EMP;

Sample Macro: -

CREATE MACRO NEW SALE (BOOKNUM SMALL INT, SDATE DATE, QTY SMALLINT)AS (SELECT :BOOKNUM (TITLE BOOK), :SDATE (TITLE DATE, FORMAT MMMBDDBYYYY), QTY (TITLE NBR SOLD) FROM BOOK_SALES_HISTROY;

INSERT INTO BOOK_SALES_HISTORY (BOOK_NUMBER, SALES_DATE, SALES_QUANTITY) VALUES (: BOOKNUM, :SDATE, :QTY););

EXEC NEWSALE (123, 20000130, 6);

EXEC NEWSALE (QTY=6, BOOKNUM=123, SDATE=20000130);

Note: -

You can create a Macro to preserve Integrity

Table level constraints are defined at last column in the table.

Column level constraint are defined at specifically create to a column.

To check multiple columns we use table level constraints.

Create a Macro to Preserve Integrity: -

CREATE TABLE EMP TEST (EMP_ID INTEGER NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (10), SAL DECIMAL (7, 2), DNO INTEGER, CONSTRAINT CHECK (SAL>1000 AND DNO BETWEEN 10 AND 40) ;);

SHOW TABLE EMP TEST;

CREATE A MACRO NEW_EMPLYEE (ENO INTEGER, NAME VARCHAR (10), SAL DECIMAL (7, 2), DNO INTEGER)

AS (ROLLBACK WORK INVALID SALARY WHERE :SAL40;

INSERT INTO EMP TEST (EMP_ID, NAME, SAL, DNO) VALUES (:ENO, :NAME, :SAL, :DNO) ;);

EXEC NEW_EMPLOYEE (7888, SIVA, 8000, 40)

BTEQ (Basic Teradata Query)

The BTEQ is a interactive and batch SQL utility.

It can be used for Import and Export of data.

It can be used as report writer.

Useful for error handling.

All BTEQ commands begin with the period (.).

SQL statements in the BTEQ scripts do not have begin period and have trialing semi colon.

Interactive Utility: -

Procedure1: -

Access the command prompt

Type BTEQ and press ENTER to invoke interactive environment

.LOGON 127.0.0.1/TDUSER (press ENTER)

** Logon successfully completed

Enter the following SQL request

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO FROM Sales.EMP WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL (press ENTER)

To EXIT from Interactive environment

Type .QUIT (press ENTER)

Procedure2: -

To access BTEQ

Start ( Programs ( Teradata Client ( Teradata BTEQ

Select ASCII character set

Click on OK

Batch Utility: -

It can execute multiple SQL statements with the BTEQ scripts.

Note: - We can use SQL as a single statement request as well as multi statement request

EX: - BTEQ.txt

.LOGON 127.0.0.1/TDUSER, TDUSER;

Database Sales;

Create table BTEQ_CUST, NO FALLBACK, NO BEFORE JOURNAL,

NO AFTER JOURNAL (CUSTOMERID CHAR (5) NOT NULL,

COMPANY NAME VARCHAR (40) NOT NULL)

UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX (CUSTOMERID);

INSERT BTEQ_CUST VALUES (C0001, HSBC);

INSERT BTEQ_CUST VALUES (C0002, ATT);

:QUIT;

Running the BTEQ Script: -

Open the command prompt

Type the following syntax to run the script

BTEQ T.AVGSAL

DROP TABLE MY_TEMP

DERIVED TABLES: -

A Derived table is a named temporary table obtained from sub query.

A Derived table allows you to directly access the derived results in other parts of overall SQL statements.

Derived tables allow the user benefits of Interim tables but within the syntax of single SQL statements.

Conceptually the approach is same of for four separate SQL statements it may be achieved in single SQL statements.

Derived tables are temporary tables that are created and dropped in part of query.

They permits the use of aggregates in WHERE clause

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, AVGSAL FROM (SELECT AVG (SAL) FROM EMP) MY_TEMP (AVGSAL), EMP WHERE SAL>AVGSAL ORDER BY 3OUTPUT ATTRIBUTES: -

Output attributes defines and alias name for columns. The following are known as Output attributes AS, TITLE and NAMED.

AS: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, SAL*0.15 AS TAX, DEPTNO FROM EMP ORDER BY TAX

NAMED: -

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, SAL*0.15 (NAMED TAX), DEPTNO FROM EMP ORDER BY TAX

AS is an ANSI standard Output attribute

The following are the Teradata SQL extensions to define Output attributes

i) Title

ii) Named

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, SAL*0.15 AS TAX, DEPTNO FROM EMP ORDER BY 5

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, SAL*0.15 (TITLE TAX), DEPTNO FROM EMP ORDER BY 5

OLAP FUNCTIONS: -

RANK: -

a) Simple Ranking: -SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, DEPTNO, RANK () OVER (ORDER BY SAL DESC) AS RANKING FROM EMP QUALIFY RANKING