Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen

8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen

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LIPID CLASSIFICATION & METABOLISM

IN RUMEN

Lecturer: Asist. Prof. Dr. Parwadee Pakdee

Student: Dao Duc Bien

References:

Church: 298-312

Prof..Dr. Metha Wanapat (lecture material)

Course title: Digestive physiology

****************


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Contents

Introduction

Lipid classification Metabolism of lipid in rumen

Result of practical studies


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IntroductionIntroduction

Lipid : contain carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). With more carbon and

hydrogen in proportion to the oxygen than do carbohydrates.

Fats contains 2.5 time as much energy/kg as do carbohydrates.

Formed by reaction of fatty acid with glycerol

Fatty acid + Glycerol Fat + Water

Example: Stearic acid + Glycerol >> Stearin + water

3C17H35 COOH + C3H5(OH)3 =C57H110O6 +3H2O

Oleic acid +Glycerol >>Olein + Water

3C17H35 COOH + C3H5(OH)3 =C57H104O6 +3H2O

Saponification: Fat + Alkali Soap + Glycerol

C17H35COOCH2 CH2OH

C17H35COOCH + NaOH C17H35COONa + CHOH

C17H35COOCH2 CH2OH

Functionally, animal lipid maybe classified in to two groups:

-Structural lipids which are an integral part of cell and tissue structures

-Depot lipids which are the major energy store.


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Item

Basic functions Accessory

functionAs a structural

material for body

building and

maintenance

As energy for

heat production,

work, and fat

deposition

As or for the

formation of a body

regulator

As a source of

nutrients for

milk (or egg)

production

Protein yes yes Certain amino acids Yes

Carbohydrates Only as fat formed

from

carbohydrates

enters in to make

up of cellular

growth

yes yes Yes

Fats Only as fatenters into make

up of cellular

growth

yes Yes yes

Minerals

Vitamin

water

Yes

No

yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Summary of the various functions which the different nutrients may serve

(Athur E. Cullison, 1982)


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Sphingomyelins

Cerebosides

Waxes

Steroids

Terpenes

Prostaglandins

Glycerol based Non-glycerol based

Lipids

Simple Compound

Glycolipids

LecithinsGlucolipids

Galactolipid

Phosphoglycerides

Fat Cephalins

LIPID CLASSIFICATIONLIPID CLASSIFICATION


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Structure of fat

TriglycerolTriglycerolor triglycerides or triacylglycerolor triglycerides or triacylglycerol


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SterolsWaxes

Sphingolipids

Phospholipids

Triacylglycerols Glycoglycerolipids


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Triglyceride O||

O C-O- C-R

|| |R-C-O-C O

| ||

C-O-C-R 46% oleic acid (18:1) and 42% linoleic acid (18:2)

Galactosyl diglyceride

O C-O-gal O gal

|| |

R-C-O-C O

| ||

C-O-C-R 31-61% linolenic acid (18:3)


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Glycolipids

Phospholipids

Phosphatidic acids

galactolipids


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glycerol Triglyceride or lipid or triacylglycerol

glycerophospholipids

sphingosine


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Number of Carbons

ShortShort--chain fatty acidschain fatty acids > 1212 carbonscarbons


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Number & Position of Double Bonds

Fatty acidsFatty acids

SaturatedSaturated

Single carbonSingle carbon--carbon bonds :carbon bonds : StearicStearic acids (Cacids (C 1818::00))

UnsaturatedUnsaturated

Double bondsDouble bonds

MonounsaturatedMonounsaturated

One double bond :One double bond : Oleic acid (COleic acid (C 1818::11, cis, cis--99))

PolyunsaturatedPolyunsaturated

22 double bonds :double bonds : LinoleicLinoleic acid (Cacid (C 1818::22, cis, cis--99,,1212))LinolenicLinolenic acid (Cacid (C 1818::33,cis,cis--99,,1212,,1515))


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Unsaturated fatty acid isomers Cis isomers (Naturally found in feeds)

H H

\ /C=C

/ \

C C

/ \

R R

Trans (Found in ruminant meat and milk as well ashydrogenated oils)

R

\

C H

\ /C=C

/ \

H C

\

R


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Triglyceride Containing LinoleicAcid

Omega-6


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Linolenic AcidOmega-3


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Common fatty acids in ruminant diets

Fatty acid Carbon:Double Bonds Double bond position

Myristic 14:0

Palmitic 16:0

Palmitoleic 16:1 Cis-9

Stearic 18:0

Oleic 18:1 Cis-9

Linoleic 18:2 Cis-9, 12Linolenic 18:3 Cis-9, 12, 15

Arachidonic 20:4 Cis-5, 8, 11, 14

Eicosapentaenoic 20:5 Cis-5, 8, 11, 14, 17

Docosahexaenoic 20:6 Cis-5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19


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Lipids in ruminant dietsLipids in feeds

ForagesFat content is low: 1 to 4% of dry matter

High proportion of linolenic acid (18:3)

Diglycerides in fats of leaves

Grains

Fat content variable: 4 to 20% of dry matter

High proportion of linoleic acid (18:2)

Triglycerides in oils of seeds

Feed % EE Form

Corn and 4-20 Triglyceridesother seeds

Forages 4-6 Galactosyl

glyceryl esters + pigments

waxes, essential oils


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Metabolism of lipids in the rumen

Hydrolysis Biohydrogenation

Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Also shown are the predominant fat types in common feedstuffs

(TG = triglycerides, GL = glycolipids and FA = fatty acids) FAs-Mixture of fatty acids; FA- saturated

fatty acids; VFAs-Volitle Fatty Acids; PL-Phospholipids; Trans acids-Intermediates in the

hydronation; FA- Fatty acids attached to feed particles . Adapted from Davis (1990)


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Metabolism of lipids in the rumen

E-galactosidaseDiglyceride MonogalDigly

Galactose

Propionate Diglyceride

Glycerol

Triglyceride Fatty acids

Saturated FA

CaFA Ca++ Feed particles

F-galactosidase

Lipase Anaerovibrio

lipolytica

H+

Reductases

Lipase

Dietary lipid


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Hydrolysis

Lipolytic bacteria : gram negative, curve rods.

Anaerovibrio lipolyticButyrivibrio spp.

S. ruminantium

Protozoa :Epidinium spp. : 30-40% lipolytic act. in the rumen


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Fatty acid metabolism

Minimal absorption or degradation of longchain fatty acids in the rumen

Lipids leaving the rumen 80-90% are free fatty acids bound to feed particles or

microbes

10% leaves as microbial phospholipids

If not protected, small quantities of undigested fats

may pass More fat leaves the rumen than enters

Major alterations of long chain fatty acids in therumen

Biohydrogenation

Microbial synthesis of long-chain fatty acids


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Biohydrogenation

Microorganisms Primarily bacteria, particularly cellulolytic bacteria

Protozoa Contain 75% of the microbial fatty acid in rumen

Not actively involved in biohydrogenation Contains high concentrations of 18:2 CLA

Obtained by ingesting bacteria

Fungi have capability for biohydrogenation, but make upa small proportion of the microbial biomass


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Processes From Linoleic acid

High roughage dietLinoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2)

cis-9, trans-12 isomerase

from Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens

(Rapid)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9, trans-11 18:2)

Also called Rumenic acidcis-9 reductase

from Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens

(Rapid)

Vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1)

trans-11 reductase

from Clostridium proteoclasticum(Slow)

Stearic acid (18:0)


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High grain diet (Low pH)

Linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2)trans-9, cis-12 isomerase from

Megasphaera elsdenii, Streptococcus bovis

(Rapid)

Conjugated Linoleic Acid isomer (trans-10, cis-12 18:2)

cis-12 reductase fromMegasphaera elsdenii, Streptococcus bovis

(Rapid)

Trans-10 18:1

trans-10 reductase

(Slow)

Stearic acid (18:0)


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From Linolenic acid High roughage diet

Linolenic acid (cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3)

Cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 18:3

Trans-11, cis-15 18:2

Vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1)

Stearic acid (18:0)


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Why do bacteria reduce unsaturated fatty acids?

Mechanism to use excess hydrogen

Detoxify unsaturated fatty acids


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Results of biohydrogenation in the rumen

On all diets Higher concentration of saturated fatty acidsleave than the rumen than enter in the diet

Higher concentration of stearic acid (18:0) leavethe rumen than enter in the diet

High roughage diets High concentrations of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 18:2)

and vaccenic acid (trans-11) 18:1 in the rumen

High concentrate diets

High concentrations of trans-10, cis-12 18:2 andtrans-10 18:1 fatty acids in the rumen

These fatty acids will be absorbed in the smallintestine and represent a high proportion of the fattyacids presented to tissues


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Results of long-chain fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acidFatty acid FEEDFEED

Corn SBM Barley-SBM-Tallow Grass

Saturated14:0 - - 2.5 4.6

16:0 7.0 11.0 32.7 20.8

18:0 2.4 4.1 20.6 3.3

Unsaturated

16:1 - - 0.8 2.4

18:1 45.6 22.0 25.1 5.7

18:2 45.0 54.0 16.5 14.0

18:3 - 7.5 1.9 49.2

IntramuscularIntramuscular fatfat Swine BeefBeef

SaturatedSaturated Barley-SBM-Tallow Grass

14:0 2.0 2.3 2.7

16:0 23.8 27.4 22.8

18:0 10.6 16.0 14.7

Unsaturated

16:1 3.7 4.0 3.9

18:1 45.1 38.6 40.6

18:2 12.8 3.0 2.1

18:2 CLA - 0.4 1.1

18:3 0.8 0.7 1.1


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Effects of biohydrogenation of unsaturated fattyacids in ruminants

Increased concentrations of saturated fatty acids in meat

and milk Increased concentrations of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) inruminant meat and milk

Anticarcinogenic

Reduces atherosclerosis

Alter body composition

Diabetes control Improved immune response

Improved bone mineralization

Milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows trans-10 , cis-12 CLA produced from linoleic acid in cows

fed high grain diets will directly inhibit long chain fatty acid

synthesis in the mammary gland Reduces the vitamin E requirement of ruminants

Indicates a low essential fatty acid requirement in matureruminants


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Microbial synthesis of fatty acids Distribution of lipid in the rumen

% of total lipid (Wet digesta)

Bacteria 4.1Protozoa 15.6

Feed particles in rumen fluid 80.3

Bacterial synthesis C18:0 and C16:0

From acetate and butyrate

Long straight-chain, odd-numbered fatty acids

From propionic acid or valeric acid at the initial step

Increase in cobalt-deficient animals because vitamin B12is needed for animals to use propionate for glucose

Long branched-chain fatty acids

From branched chain VFAs (Isobutyrate, Isovalerate) at

initial step Flavor components in meat and milk

15-20% of the bacterial fatty acids are monounsaturated

Can not synthesis polyunsaturated fatty acids

Bacterial synthesis increases on low fat, high concentratediets


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Lipid digestion in the small intestine Mechanism similar to nonruminants

Ether extract digestibility in small intestine islower than in nonruminants

Saturated fatty acids are better absorbed inruminants than nonruminants

Unsaturated fatty acids are less absorbed in

ruminants than nonruminants


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Mechanism of lipid digestion in small intestine

Unesterfied Triglyceride Phospholipid

fatty acids Pancreatic Phospholipase A1lipase Phospholipase A2

Unesterfied Monoglyceride Lysolecithin

fatty acid

Bile salt

PhosphatidylcholinePhosphatidylethanolamine

Micelles

Absorbed into mucosa

Micelles break up

Fatty acids < 14 C are transported directly in the blood

10% of the 18:0 is desaturated to 18:1

Long chain fatty acids combine with lipoproteins to produce VLDL (Very LowDensity Lipoprotein contains high Triglycerides) and chylomicrons


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Results of case studies

Reference Supplementation

Rumen fermentation efficiency

pH

N-NH3

mg%

Total VFA

mM C2 C3 C4

Protozo

a, x105

cell/ml

Wanapat and APhengvilaysouk, 2008 Control 7.1 6.6 93.1 57.8 21.3 8.8 4.6

Effect of coconut oil

and cassava hay

supplementation onrumen ecology,

digestibility and feed

intake in swamp

buffaloes

CH (Cassava hay 1

kg/hd/d) 7 17.4 108.4 65.9 28.7 11.5 3.3

CO (Coconut oil 2ml/kg of BW) 7 6.3 98.1 57.6 24.9 8.4 1.1

CH+CO (2 ml/kg of

BW+2 ml/kg of BW) 7.1 15.7 103.4 59 28 10.9 1.1

Wanapat et al, 2010 T1 (control) 6.8 16.6 106.2 65.7 22.8 11.5 2.8Effect of vegetable oil

supplementation on

feed intake, rumen

fermentaion, grouth

performance and

carcass characteristic of

growing swamp

buffaloes

T2 (CO:SFO 50:50 at

6%concentrate) 6.8 14.1 102.9 68.4 20 11.7 1.8

T3 (SFO at 6%

concentrate) 6.7 13.5 99.6 66.7 22.8 10.5 2.2


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Effect of vegetable oil supplementation on body weight and carcass characteristic

in swamp buffalo

Reference SupplementationInitial

weight, kg

Final

weight, kg

Hot carcass.

%

Backfat,

cm

Loin eye

area, cm2

Wanapat et al, 2010 T1 (control) 190.5 268 52.1 0.4 52.5 11.5

Effect of vegetable oil

supplementation on feedintake, rumen

fermentaion, grouth

performance and carcass

characteristic of growing

swamp buffaloes

T2 (CO:SFO 50:50

at

6%concentrate) 192.8 253.9 50.5 0.3 51.4 11.7

T3 (SFO at 6%

concentrate) 197.3 250.8 49.4 0.2 50.1 10.5


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Effect of sunflower oil supplementation in cassava hay based - dietson milk yield and milk composition

Item

CON (comercial

concentrate)

CHSO-0

(concentrat

e with

cassava hay)

CHSO-2.5

(concentrate

with cassava

hay+2.5%oil)

CHSO-5

(concentrate with

cassava hay+5%oil)milk production

Milk yield kg/day 10.2 10.4 11.5 10.8

4% FCM 10.9 11.1 12.3 11.6

milk composition %

FAT 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8

Protein 3.3 3.1 3 3.1

SNF 9 8.6 8.5 8.7

lactose 5 4.7 4.7 4.7

Total solid 13.2 12.5 12.3 12.5

ChantaprasarnandWanapat, (2008)


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References Treatments

Item (% of fatty acid)

C18:1 t-11

Vaccenic

acid

C18:2

Linoleic

acid

c-9,

t-11

CLA

Total

CLA

Oldemiro et al.

(2005)

Control

0.5 kg SFO

0.5 kg SBO

-

-

-

1.62a

2.05b

1.94b

-

-

-

1.26a

2.12b

1.93b

Cruz-Hernandez

et al. (2007)

Control

1.5% SFO3% SFO

4.5% SFO

-

--

-

0.66c

1.19b

1.41a

1.52a

1.88

1.99

2.13

1.96

0.66c

1.90b

2.36b

3.87a


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Effect of sunflower oil supplementation in cassava hay based - diets on fatty acid

composition, conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat and the proportion of unsaturated to

saturated fatty acids

Item

CON (comercial

concentrate)

CHSO-0

(concentrate with

cassava

hay)

CHSO-2.5(concentrate

with cassava

hay+2.5%oil)

CHSO-5(concentrate with

cassava

hay+5%oil)

Fatty acid (mg/g fat)

C14:0 113.8 102.1 94.2 92.9

C16:0 332 334.7 273 257.2C18:0 111 80.8 127.8 175.8

Other SFAs 149.8 132.9 121.5 136.2

C18:1 (cis-9) 93.7 111.8 156.2 195.9

C18:1 (trans-9) 12.6 8.6 15.8 24.4

C18:2 (cis-6) 14.2 10.8 13 16.3

C18:2 (trans-6) 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8C18:2 (cis-9, trans 11)

CLA 2.1 2.4 4.3 5.9

Total CLA 2.6 2.8 5.2 7.3

Other UFAs 14 24.5 18.9 20.7

UFAs:SFAs 0.2 0.25 0.34 0.4

Chantaprasarn andWanapat, (2008)


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References Treatments

Item (% of fatty acid)C18:1 t-

11

Vaccenic

acid

C18:2

Linoleic

acid

c-9,

t-11

CLA

Total

CLA

Chantapsarn

and Wanapat.

(2008)

Control

0% SFO-CH

0.25% SFO-CH

0.5% SFO-CH

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.1a

2.4a

4.3b

5.9c

2.6a

2.8a

5.2b

7.3c

Murphy et al.

(2008)

Control

255 g SFO/day

255 g SFO+52.5 g FO

105 g FO/day

4.36

5.61

6.98

7.10

0.83

1.50

1.53

1.40

1.76

1.87

2.36

2.16

-

-

-

-


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Conclusion

Fat could be applicable to manipulate and

improve efficiency of ruminal fermentation

through the supplementation of fat in diet.

Thereby, could be enhancement of the

quality of ruminal production.


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THANKS FOR YOUR

ATTENTIONS!!!

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Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen

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