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SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

DHANANJAY SINGH ACHITANAND DUBEY

SECTION: RG4001 MANUFACTURING SCIENCES

ROLL NO: B53

(REGD. NO: 11004263)

DATE OF ALLOTMENT : DATE OF SUBMISSION:

13/09/2010 23/10/2010

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LIST OF CONTENTS: PAGE NO.

PREFACE 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

INTRODUCTION 5-8

CAM

CAM

CIM

THE ORIGIN OF CAD/CAM 8-9

DESCRIPTION OF CAD CAM 9-11

DESCRIPTION OF CIM 11-13

ELEMENTS OF CIM

PRODUCT DESIGN USING CAD CAM CIM 14-15

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 16-17

OF CAD CAM CIM

APPLICATIONS OF CAD CAM CIM 17-19

THE FUTURE OF CAD CAM CIM 19-20

CONCLUSION 21

REFERENCES

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The use of computers for various activities gave new dimensions to design and manufacturing to meet the challenges of global competition. The field of computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing and computer integrated manufacturing (CAD/CAM/CIM) has widened the scope of traditional design and manufacturing. In order to be competitive in the global economy, it is imperative that all the manufacturing industries adopt CAD/CAM/CIM.

Thus, we need to train the man power on CAD/CAM/CIM technology for the requirement of the present day industries. Understanding the need of the industries the CAD/CAM/CIM has been considered very useful in present era.

My term paper is intended to provide a comprehensive coverage of the technical topics related to CAD/CAM/CIM. This includes definitions and every details including applications, advantages and disadvantages. I am sure that my term paper will create curiosity in those who are interested in CAD/CAM/CIM technology and its applications to design and manufacturing. Each page of this project will give some useful knowledge about CAD/CAM/CIM. All the topics are explained with examples and i have tried to have a diagrammatic approach for the better understanding of the topic.

This project introduces the definition of the CAD/CAM/CIM, types of manufacturing industries, product life cycle and applications of CAD/CAM/CIM.

I hope that my term paper will be very valuable and knowledgeable for the readers. I have tried my best to make the term paper as simple as possible for easy comprehending.

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I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me directly or indirectly.

I would like to thank my subject teacher, Mr. ACHITANAND DUBEY for his continuous support in the progress of my term paper. He encouraged and advised me a lot in making my term paper a successful one. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to those members who gave me a wonderful opportunity to make this term paper which created an urge to have a deep knowledge about CAD/CAM/CIM. It increased my curiosity and enthusiased me a lot.

I am especially grateful to all my colleagues for their vital support. They helped me a lot whenever i need any kind of help. I must also thank several senior students of my college who guided me and showed right path for the completion of my term paper in a decent manner.

In addition, it seems appropriate to acknowledge my parents without whose support it was almost impossible to enhance my term paper. Their blessings supported me a lot.

Last but not the least, i would like to express my appreciation to my brothers who helped me at each and every step while making my term paper. Without their efforts and supports it would be difficult for me to prepare my project in a sophisticated way.

Finally i would like to thank GOD without whose support and blessings no one can proceed in a correct way to ones destination.

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COMPUTER – AIDED DESIGN (CAD):

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and

design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-

documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer.

CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of

streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD

output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The

development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to

economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-

based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated)

environments.

COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING(CAM):

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to control machine

tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of work pieces. This is not the only

definition for CAM, but it is the most common;[1] CAM may also refer to the use of a

computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning,

management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production

process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency,

which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste),

while simultaneously reducing energy consumption

COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING:

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of

using computers to control the entire production process.[1][2] This integration allows

individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. Through

the integration of computers, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone, although the

main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Typically CIM

relies onclosed-loop control processes, based on real-time input from sensors.

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Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Computer-aided design (CAD) involves creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters. These models typically appear on a computer monitor as a three-dimensional representation of a part or a system of parts, which can be readily altered by changing relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers to view objects under a wide variety of representations and to test these objects by simulating real-world conditions.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses geometrical design data to control automated

machinery. CAM systems are associated with computer numerical control (CNC) or direct

numerical control (DNC) systems. These systems differ from older forms of numerical

control (NC) in that geometrical data are encoded mechanically. Since both CAD and CAM

use computer-based methods for encoding geometrical data, it is possible for the processes of

design and manufacture to be highly integrated. Computer-aided design and manufacturing

systems are commonly referred to as CAD/CAM. Computer-aided design (CAD) involves

creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters. These models typically appear

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on a computer monitor as a three-dimensional representation of a part or a system of parts,

which can be readily altered by changing relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers

to view objects under a wide variety of representations and to test these objects by simulating

real-world conditions.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses geometrical design data to control automated machinery. CAM systems are associated with computer numerical control (CNC) or direct numerical control

CAD had its origins in three separate sources, which also serve to highlight the basic operations that CAD systems provide. The first source of CAD resulted from attempts to automate the drafting process. These developments were pioneered by the General Motors Research Laboratories in the early 1960s. One of the important time-saving advantages of computer modelling over traditional drafting methods is that the former can be quickly corrected or manipulated by changing a model's parameters. The second source of CAD was in the testing of designs by simulation. The use of computer modelling to test products was pioneered by high-tech industries like aerospace and semiconductors. The third source of CAD development resulted from efforts to facilitate the flow from the design process to the manufacturing process using numerical control (NC) technologies, which enjoyed widespread use in many applications by the mid-1960s. It was this source that resulted in the linkage between CAD and CAM. One of the most important trends in CAD/CAM technologies is the ever-tighter integration between the design and manufacturing stages of CAD/CAM-based production processes.

The development of CAD and CAM and particularly the linkage between the two overcame traditional NC shortcomings in expense, ease of use, and speed by enabling the design and manufacture of a part to be undertaken using the same system of encoding geometrical data. This innovation greatly shortened the period between design and manufacture and greatly expanded the scope of production processes for which automated machinery could be economically used. Just as important, CAD/CAM gave the designer much more direct control over the production process, creating the possibility of completely integrated design and manufacturing processes.

The rapid growth in the use of CAD/CAM technologies after the early 1970s was made possible by the development of mass-produced silicon chips and the microprocessor, resulting in more readily affordable computers. As the price of computers continued to decline and their processing power improved, the use of CAD/CAM broadened from large firms using large-scale mass production techniques to firms of all sizes. The scope of operations to which CAD/CAM was applied broadened as well. In addition to parts-shaping by traditional machine tool processes such as stamping, drilling, milling, and grinding, CAD/CAM has come to be used by firms involved in producing consumer electronics, electronic components, melded plastics, and a host of other products. Computers are also used to control a number of manufacturing processes (such as chemical processing) that are

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not strictly defined as CAM because the control data are not based on geometrical parameters.

Using CAD, it is possible to simulate in three dimensions the movement of a part through a production process. This process can simulate feed rates, angles and speeds of machine tools, the position of part-holding clamps.

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer Aided Design (CAD):

CAM is defined as the effective use of computer technology in manufacturing planning and control.CAM is most closely associated with functions in manufacturing engineering, such as process planning and numerical control (NC) part programming.CAD/CAM is concerned with the engineering functions in both design and manufacturing. Product design, engineering analysis and documentation of design (e.g., drafting) represent engineering activities in design. Process planning, NC part programming and other activities associated with CAM represent engineering activities in manufacturing. The CAD/CAM systems developed during the 1970s and early 1980s were design primarily to address these types of engineering problems. In addition, CAM has evolved to include many other functions in manufacturing, such as material requirement planning, production scheduling, computer production monitoring and computer process control.

It should be noted that CAD/CAM denotes an integration of design and manufacturing activities by means of computer systems. The method of manufacturing a product is a direct function of its design. With conventional procedures practiced for so many years in industry, engineering drawing were prepared by design draftsmen and later used by manufacturing engineers to develop the process plan. The activities involved in designing the product were separated from the activities associated with the process planning. Essentially a two step procedure was employed. This was time consuming and involved duplication of effort by design and manufacturing personnel. Using CAD/CAM technology, it is possible to establish a direct link between product design and manufacturing engineering. It is the goal of CAD/CAM not only to automate certain phases of design and certain phases of manufacturing, but also to automate the transition from design to manufacturing. In the ideal CAD/CAM systems, it is possible to take the design specification of the product as it resides in the CAD data base and convert it into a process plan for making the product, this conversion being done automatically by the CAD/CAM systems. A large portion of the processing might be accomplished on a numerically controlled machine tool. As part of the process plan, the NC part program is generated automatically by CAD/CAM. The CAD/CAM system downloads the NC program directly to the machine tool by means of a telecommunications network. Hence, under this arrangement, product design, NC programming and physical production are all implemented by computer.

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing:

CIM includes all of the engineering functions of CAD/CAM, but it also includes the firm’s business functions that are related to manufacturing. The ideal CIM system applies computer and communications technology to all of the operational functions and information processing functions in manufacturing from order receipt, through design and production, to product shipment.

WHAT IS CAD??

CAD may be defined as a process using sophisticated computer graphics techniques, backed by computer software packages, to aid in the analytical, development , costing and ergonomic problems associated with design work.

The implementation of a CAD process on a CAD CAM system is shown in figure. Once a conceptual design is materialised, the geometric model can be started.

Definition of geometric model

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WHAT IS CAM??

CAM may be defined as the of computer system to plan, manage, and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the productions resources of the plant.

The implementation of CAM process on the CAD CAM system as shown in figure .

The geometric model generated during the cad process forms the basis for the Cam process. Various activities in CAM may require different types of information of the CAD process. Interface algorithms are used to extract such information from the CAD data base. NC programme, along with ordering tools and fixtures, result from process planning. Once the parts are manufactured, computer aided quality control software is used to inspect the parts. This is achieved by superposing an image of the real part with a master image stored in its model data base. After passing inspection, all the parts are assembled by robots to result in the final product.

The overall CAM process is depicted here with:

Definition of translator

Geometric model

Interface algorithms

Design and analysis algorithms

Drafting and detailing

Documentation

Design changes

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To shipping and marketing

The CIM concept is that all of the firm’s operations related to production are incorporated in an integrated computer system to assist, augment and automate the operations. The computer system is pervasive throughout the firm, touching all activities that support manufacturing. In the integrated computer system, the output of one activity serves as the input to the next activity, through the chain of events that start with the sales order and culminates with shipment of the product. Customer orders are initially entered by the company’s sales force or directly by the customer into a computerised order entry system. The orders contain the specifications describing the product. New products are designed on a CAD system. The components that compromise the product are designed, the bill of materials is compiled, and assembly drawings are prepared. The output of the design department serves as the input to manufacturing engineering, where process planning, tool design and similar activities are accomplished to prepare for production. Many of these manufacturing engineering activities are supported by the CIM system. Process planning is performed using CAPP. Tool and fixture design is done on a CAD system, making use of the product model generated during product design. The output from manufacturing engineering provides the input to production planning and control, where material requirements planning and scheduling are performed using the computer system. And so it goes, through each step in the manufacturing cycle. Full implementation of CIM results in the automation of the information flow through every aspect of the company’s organization. Although the terms are closely related, my assertion is that CIM possesses a broader meaning than does either CAM or CAD/CAM. The term Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is sometimes used interchangeably with CAM and CAD/CAM. There are various computerised elements of a CIM system under which comes the term “Quality Function Deployment”, which is a systematic procedure for defining customer desires and requirements and interpreting them in terms of product features and process characteristics. In a QFD analysis, a series of interconnected matrices are developed

Geometric model Process planningInterface algorithms

inspectionsassembly NC programmes

packaging

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to establish the relationship between customer requirements and the technical features of a proposed new product. The matrices represents a progression of phases in the QFD analysis, in which customer requirements are first translated into product features, then into manufacturing process requirements and finally into quality procedures for controlling the manufacturing operations. It should be noted that QFD can be applied to analyse the delivery of the service as well as the design and manufacture of a product. It can be used to analyse an existing product or service, not just a proposed new one. The matrices may take on different meaning depending on the product or service being analyzed. And the number of matrices used in the analysis may also vary, from as few as one (although a single matrix does not fully exploit the potential of QFD). QFD is a general framework for analyzing product and process design problems and it must be adapted to the given problem context.

Under the term CIM comes factory operations which includes design, manufacturing planning, business functions, manufacturing control, which further includes cost estimation, capacity planning, geometric modelling, engineering analysis, design review and evaluation, automated drafting, process monitoring and NC part programming.

ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM:

Marketing

Product design

Planning

Purchase

Manufacturing engineering

Factory automation hardware

Warehousing

Finance

Information management

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MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CIM

Information

finance

Warehousing

Automated works centre

Manufacture

Purchase

planning

Product design

Marketing

CIM

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PRODUCT DESIGN USING CAD CAM AND CIM

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Modelling with CAD systems offers a number of advantages over traditional drafting

methods that use rulers, squares, and compasses. For example, designs can be altered without erasing and redrawing. CAD systems also offer "zoom" features analogous to a camera lens, whereby a designer can magnify certain elements of a model to facilitate inspection. Computer models are typically three dimensional and can be rotated on any axis, much as one could rotate an actual three dimensional model in one's hand, enabling the designer to gain a fuller sense of the object. CAD systems also lend themselves to modelling cutaway drawings, in which the internal shape of a part is revealed, and to illustrating the spatial relationships among a system of parts

.By including this and other information, the CAD system could then "know" what an expert engineer knows when that engineer creates a design. The system could then mimic the engineer's thought pattern and actually "create" more of the design. Expert systems might involve the implementation of more abstract principles, such as the nature of gravity and friction, or the function and relation of commonly used parts, such as levers or nuts and bolts. Expert systems might also come to change the way data are stored and retrieved in CAD/CAM systems, supplanting the hierarchical system with one that offers greater flexibility. Such futuristic concepts, however, are all highly dependent on our abilities to analyze human decision processes and to translate these into mechanical equivalents if possible.

One of the key areas of development in CAD technologies is the simulation of performance. Among the most common types of simulation are testing for response to stress and modelling the process by which a part might be manufactured or the dynamic relationships among a system of parts. In stress tests, model surfaces are shown by a grid or mesh, that distort as the part comes under simulated physical or thermal stress. Dynamics tests function as a complement or substitute for building working prototypes. The ease with which a part's specifications can be changed facilitates the development of optimal dynamic efficiencies, both as regards the functioning of a system of parts and the manufacture of any given part. Simulation is also used in electronic design automation, in which simulated flow of current through a circuit enables the rapid testing of various component configurations.

To understand CAD it is also useful to understand what CAD cannot do. CAD systems have no means of comprehending real-world concepts, such as the nature of the object being designed or the function that object will serve. CAD systems function by their capacity to codify geometrical concepts. Thus the design process using CAD involves transferring a designer's idea into a formal geometrical model. Efforts to develop computer-based "artificial intelligence" (AI) have not yet succeeded in penetrating beyond the mechanical—represented by geometrical (rule-based) modelling.

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Other limitations to CAD are being addressed by research and development in the field of expert systems. This field is derived from research done in AI. One example of an expert system involves incorporating information about the nature of materials—their weight, tensile strength, flexibility, and so on—into CAD software.

The processes of design and manufacture are, in some sense, conceptually separable. Yet the design process must be undertaken with an understanding of the nature of the production process. It is necessary, for example, for a designer to know the properties of the materials with which the part might be built, the various techniques by which the part might be shaped, and the scale of production that is economically viable. The conceptual overlap between design and manufacture is suggestive of the potential benefits of CAD and CAM and the reason they are generally considered together as a system.

Recent technical developments have fundamentally impacted the utility of CAD/CAM systems. For example, the ever-increasing processing power of personal computers has given them viability as a vehicle for CAD/CAM application. Another important trend is toward the establishment of a single CAD-CAM standard, so that different data packages can be exchanged without manufacturing and delivery delays, unnecessary design revisions, and other problems that continue to bedevil some CAD-CAM initiatives. Finally, CAD-CAM software continues to evolve in such realms as visual representation and integration of modelling and testing applications.

APPLICATIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF CAD CAM AND CIM:

The use of CAD, CAM and CIM takes computer assisted part programming a step further by using a computer graphic system to interact with the programmer as the part program is being prepared.

Increase the productivity of the designer: This is accomplished by helping the designer to conceptualise the product and its components. Thus it reduce the time required by the designers to synthesize, analyse and document the design.

Improves the quality of the design: The use of a CAD system with appropriate hardware and software capabilities permits the designer to do a more complete engineering analysis and to consider a large number and variety of design alternatives. Thus the resulting design is improved.

Improves design documentation: the graphical output of CAD CAM CIM system results in the best documentation of the design then what is practical with manual drafting. The engineering drawings are superior and there is more standardisation among the drawings, fewer drafting errors, greater legibility.

Creates a manufacturing data base: in the process of creating the documentation for the product design (geometric specification of the product, dimension of the component, material specification, bill of materials, etc.,) , much of the required data base to manufacture the product is also created.

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Computer aided process planning (CAPP): process planning is concerned with the preparation of the route sheets that list the sequence of operation and work centres require to produce the product and its components. CAPP systems are available today to prepare these route sheets.

Computer assisted NC part programming: the subject of part programming is used for complex part geometry that represent a much more efficient method of generating the control instructions for the machine tools than manual part programming is.

Cost estimating: the task of estimating the cost of a new product has been simplified in most industries by computerising several of the key steps required to prepare the estimate. The programme is applied for appropriate labour and overhead rates to the sequence of planned operations for the components of new products.

Computer aided line balancing : finding the best allocations of work elements among stations on an assembly line is a large and difficult problem if the line is of significant size. Computer programme have been developed to assist in the solution of this problem.

Quality control: quality control includes a variety of approaches to ensure the highest possible quality labels in the manufactured products.

Simple CAD/CAM system for turning and milling

3D simulation for turning and milling

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Automatic control and loading/unloading of the CNC machine is undertaken by a 6-axis RV-1A industrial robot that travels on a linear axis. Unmachined parts are fed to the first production process via 2 conveyors. This facilitates feeding of two different unmachined parts, for example aluminium and brass. The workpieces undergo turning and milling in sequence and are then placed on the third conveyor.

If we see the evolution of CAD in the past we can predict the future.

We've witnessed dramatic advances in CAD usability, speed and automation over the past few years. But even the best 3Dmechanical-design software’s leave plenty of room for improvement. As with everyarea of computing, 3D mechanical-design package still needs to be faster, easier to use, and more useful for communicating with non engineers.

As we mentioned before the last ten years have been made dramatic changes which have been made not only for the improvements of the designing tools butalso in the integration of cad with related technologies and the integration with thebusiness process. Although the integration with the business process has not beendeveloped enough the last years,the vendor’s of cad software say that they willgive more intention at this direction the next years.Changes have been also made in the integration of cad with the management ofthe data. Some additional modules, are incorporate with the cad tools, and enablesfast, accurate sharing of design data across the manufacturing team.

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Output devices such as printers will also go 3D, making it easyfor design engineers to communicate with no technicalcustomers and to check form, fit, and function before movingto production. Although 3D printing technology is some twodecades old, the 3D printers themselves now cost less than$30,000, making them affordable for smaller businesses. ThisDevelopment will let more customers hold a 3D prototype in their hand earlier in theproduct-development process, a quantum leap from viewing 3D models on ascreen. Here again, the result is better products moving more quickly to market.The key in the changes at the cad softwares the next years will be at the cad tools.In the years to come, 3D CAD software will steadily improve engineeringproductivity by speeding the design process, suggesting options along the way, and identifying problems earlier. The software will “think” for designers andanticipate what they are creating. If they are creating weldments, for example, preconfigured pipes, beams, tubes, and angle irons will automatically fall intoplace. The designers in the future they could use only their voices for the designingof the model.Software will also increasingly offer smart layout and materialsoptions and assess the structural integrity of a design as it is created. Suchimprovements will help speed time to market and reduce the risk of product failure.A company called Actuality Systems Inc. is commercializing a low-cost scalable 3Dholographic display. The broadcast image will appear in 3D, viewable as ahovering form (versus 2D image) from any angle.Recently some of the mostpopular developers of CAD met each other and theydiscussed the future of CAD tools.“PLM Solutions’ Chuck Grindstaff said his company’s Unigraphics and I-DEASdevelopment teams are employing a variety of tactics to make their products easierto use. First, developers are combining multiple related functions into morepowerful, more general capabiZlities. For example, multiple functions for blending.

Although the last seven years nothing revolutionary happened in the cad cam and cim tools, the software’s vendors support that in the short run many things will change the way of the mechanical design.

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The CAD CAM and CIM in the future will be more easy to use and learn and geared to enhance concept design and construction planning will be functional and powerful enough to satisfy the need of engineering design and integration of all disciplines and corporate functions, sectors and levels. It will be more than 2D drawing and more than 3D models , it has to handle objects and symbolic data with same ease. It will be a 4D (3D+time) modelling tool for better planning and scheduling. It will allow the designers to exploit the best advantages of each CAD technology 2D-3D-4D, to progressively refine the design until fully satisfying the customers’ need will be efficient to store, locate, visualise and reuse data for integration of proven designs and standard parts and equipments. It will enhance simultaneous and distributed engineering eliminating all barriers that constrain communications. It will share one “data factory” that creates data needed by all disciplines.

REFERENCES:

INTERNET-books.google.com/cadcamcimbooks.google.com/cadcamwikipedia/cadcamcim

BOOKS:P.RadhakrishnanPN.RaoMikell P.Groover***************************************************************************