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Peer-to-Peer Systems

By: Syed Ashfaq Hussain Shah  – MIT 01093001

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Topics of the session

• Why should we care for Peer-to-Peer?

• Introduction to Peer-to-Peer

• Properties of a Peer-to-Peer System

• Generations and Applications of P2P

• Future Development and Technology Trends Impacting P2P

• References

• Questions

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Why should we care for Peer-to-Peer?

• Internet traffic by application, Researched by:

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Introduction – Client/Server Systems

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Introduction – Peer

• Merriam Webster dictionary defines the ‘peer’ as:

one that is of equal standing with another: Equal; especially: one

belonging to the same societal group especially based on age, grade,

or status.

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Introduction – Peer-to-Peer Systems

.

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Properties of a Peer-to-Peer System 

It is a distributed computing with following desirable features:

• Resource Sharing

• Dual client/server role

• Decentralization/Autonomy

• Scalability

• Robustness/Self Organization

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GENERATIONS ANDAPPLICATIONS OF P2P

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

Peer-to-Peer Systems are being classified in three generations as follows:

• 1st Generation: Centralized Systems – Napster.

• 2nd Generation: Flooding-Based Systems – Freenet, Gnutella,

KazaA, BitTorrent.

• 3rd Generation: Distributed Hash Table (DHT) – Pastry, Tapestry,

Chord.

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

 Napster server 

 Index1. File location

2. List of peers

request

offering the file

 peers

3. File request

4. File deliv ered5. Index update

 Napster server 

 Index

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

A BitTorrent file distribution consists of these entities:

1. An ordinary web server

2. A static 'metainfo' file

3. A BitTorrent tracker

4. An 'original' downloader

5. The end user web browsers

6. The end user downloaders / BitTorrent Client Application

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

‘metainfo’ files are bencoded dictionaries with the following keys:

 –  announce  – The URL of the tracker

 –  info  – This maps to a dictionary, with described keys i.e. piece

length, pieces, files, path etc. 

To start downloading, a user does the following:

 –  Install BitTorrent client.

 –  Surf the web.

 –  Click on a link to a .torrent file to save it locally.

 –  Run the BitTorrent client and wait for download to complete. –  Tell downloader to exit (it keeps uploading until this happens).

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

The possible messages and their values exchanged by Peers are:

 –  choke

 –  unchoke

 –  interested

 –  not interested

 –  have

 –  Bitfield – Indicates pieces already sent by this peer

 –  Request

 –  piece

 –  cancel

 –  announce – The URL of the tracker

 –  info

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

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Generations and Applications of P2P 

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Future Development & Tech. Trends

Impacting P2P. • IPTV to P2PTV

• High bandwidth - LightSquared

• Interconnected devices forming spatial networks

• Netsukuku

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References 

• Distributed Systems Concepts and Design 4th Edition by George

Coulouris, Jean Dollimore and Tim Kindberg Published by Pearson

Education (2005).

• P2P Networking and Applications by John F. Buford, Heather Yu

and Eng Keong Lua Published by Morgan Kaufmann (2009).• Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking by Xuemin Shen, Heather Yu,

John Buford and Mursalin Akon, Published by Springer (2010).

• Network+ Guide to Networks 5th Edition by Tamara Dean Published

by Course Technology (2010).

• The Bittorrent P2p File-Sharing System: Measurements and Analysis

by J.A. Pouwelse, P. Garbacki, D.H.J. Epema, H.J. Sips (Peer-to-Peer

Systems 2005).

• The Rise and Fall of Napster – an Evolutionary Approach by Bengt

Carlsson, Rune Gustavsson (2001).

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References 

• www.velocix.com

• www.bittorrent.org

• www.howstuffworks.com

• www.lightsquared.com

• www.netsukuku.freaknet.org

• www.wikimedia.org

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QUESTIONS ?

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