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Terminal Building
Introduction Terminal Building Passenger's Facilities Baggage Handling ATC
1 Incheon International Airport 2 Hong Kong International Airport3 Singapore Changi4 Zurich, Switzerland5 Munich, German6 Kansai, Japan7 Kuala Lumpur8 Amsterdam9 Centrair Nagoya , Japan10 Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards_2009/Airport2009.htm
1. Hartsfield, Atlanta2. O'Hare, Chicago3. Heathrow, London4. Tokyo, Japan5. Los Angeles, USA6. Dallas Forth/Worth7. Charles De Gaulle, Paris 8. Frankfurt, German9. Amsterdam, Schipol10. Las Vegas, USA
Airspace : Area for aircraft maneuver (after takeoff, before landing)
Airfield = Aerodromes : Area for aircraft take-off & landing (equipped with required installations & equipments, NavAids, Lighting)
Landside : Area to accommodate the ground-based vehicles, passengers & cargo movements.
Airport Ground Access Plans: Area to accommodate ground based vehicles to and from the near city area & between the various buildings around the airport.
AIRSIDE
2. Airfield
1. Airspace
3. Landside
4.
Equipment for preparing an aircraft for its next flight; this includes cleaning, performing checks, refueling and boarding
Tow tractor Very heavy vehicle that pushes an aircraft onto the
parking area.
Tow bar Device that connects the tow tractor to the aircraft’s
front landing gear.
Air start unit Vehicle to pump air into aircraft’s jet engines in order
to start the engine(equipped with an air compressor driven by a gas turbine)
Jet refueler Truck that pumps fuel from underground tanks into the
aircraft’s tanks.
Terminal A building to facilitate the passengers & baggage movements from the
landside to the aircraft on airside.
Concourse Open space or hall in passenger terminal, used for circulation or waiting.
Denver International Airport, Concourse B
To provide various facilities for crews & passengers move from aircraft or onto aircraft efficiently.
Examples: Transportation change (ex: from train to plane,
from car to plane). Ticketing process Customs clearance & immigration control Shopping, toilets, eating, meeting, business &
conference
Pier/Finger Satellite Semicircular Transporter Hybrid
Advantages: Centralized Facilities
Example :Amsterdam & Kansai
Disadvantages: Congestion in the
terminal at peak times. Long walking distance
from terminal to gate.
Kansai International Airport
Offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design. But, long distance from the check-in counter to the gate. Need high speed escalators, monorails or electric-
powered carts to reduce walking distances.
KLIA Airport
Passengers are transported to and from the building to the parked airplane.
Tampa Airport
Advantages: Short distance Low cost construction
Incheon Airport
Clear Signage
Convenience and comfort
Short walking Distances
Good airport shopping & eating facilities
Short Queues
What passengers expect from the terminal ? Easy Access from road or rail Efficient Baggage Delivery Full range of services Convenient parking, ground transportation Clean building Simple procedures that are not confusing Safe & Secure Environment
Flow chart of an EMBARKING passenger
Public Parking Facility- for airline passengers•Near terminal building.
Off-Airport Parking- for airline passengers•Far away from terminal building, with lower
charges. Separate Parking-for airport employee
•Far away from terminal area, airport workers using bus go to the terminal.
Car Rental Parking-for taxi or airport limousine•close to the terminal building.
Functions : Moving passengers baggage From the check in area to the departure area From one gate to another during transfers From the arrival gate to the baggage-claim
area.
Faster Safe
Tug & Cart • Labor intensive • Manual Method
Telecars• Multiple baggage pieces in one cart• Not automatically sorted• Typically used in automated systems
DCV – Destination Coded Vehicles• Each cart contains a single piece of baggage• Automatically sorted• Little or no human interaction required
DCVs = Destination-coded vehicles Conveyors- Like a local ‘roads’ Automatic Scanner=scan the labels on the
baggage Baggage-Like a Passenger
Check-in: Agents put tag on baggage• Bag’s owner, Flight number, Final destination, Intermediate
connections and airlines
Automated bar code scanner• After reading the bar-code, the system will know where that
bag is at all times.• Hundred of computers keep tack of the bag.
Conveyors• Hundreds of conveyors with junctions connecting all of them• Sort all of the bags from all of the different airlines and send
them to DCVs that are headed to the proper terminal and gate
DCVs –Destination Coded Vehicles• Headed to proper destination• Move bag quickly (5 times faster than conveyors)• Tracked by computers
To maintain safe and efficient SEPARATION between airplanes
Safety: To avoid mid-air collisions
Efficiency: To increase capacity and avoid flight delay.
ATC providing safe operating conditions for aircraft and passengers
Control the airport operating services and the airspace within a 5 to 10 km radius of the airport
Deal with airport operations staff for the airport surfaces and equipment maintenance (snow removal, ice control, airport lighting, etc)
Deal with airport emergency plans (aircraft crash, bomb threat, hi-jacking, etc.)
VFR (Visual Flight Rules)
• Separation maintained by pilot (“see and
avoid”)
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)
• Separation maintained by controller
En-route control : to control flight in air routes.
Approach control: to control flight associated with arrivals and departure.
Aerodrome control: to control aircraft during arrival(landing), departure(take-off) and surface movement of an aircraft (taxiway).
2. ARTCC: Air Route Traffic Control Centers
3. ATCT:Air Traffic
Control Towers
4. FSS: Flight Service Stations
1. ATCSCC: Air Traffic Control System Command Center
TRACON:
Control Tower
ATCSCC: oversees all air traffic control
Herndon, Virginia
Radar Display Systems
KLIA Main Control Tower
KLIA Apron Control Tower
Weather observations Pilot weather briefings Filing IFR/VFR flight plans Distributing NOTAMs Broadcasting weather information Spread ATC clearances Emergency assistance
Radar = Radio Detection and Ranging• Provides aircraft info: air speed, direction and
altitude of aircraft to assist air traffic controllers to track the position of aircraft in the coverage area.
TRACON= Terminal Radar Approach Control TAR= Terminal Approach Control
KLIA TAR:Terminal
Approach Radar
Providing information to pilots Weather & Navigation information NOTAMs: Notice to Airmens Responsible for Controlled Airspace ATC issue instructions that pilots are required to
follow
Surface Movement Radar Display
ATC Equipment
Preflight: clearance push
back, start engine taxi
Take-Off: tower give clearance
Departure: radarMonitor departure
En-Route: Air route control
center
Descent: Clearance for
descent
Approach: radarMonitor arrival Landing: tower
give landing clearance
The pilot receives the most recent weather information and a flight plan.
Before take-off, the pilot performs the flight check routine, pushes back the aircraft from the terminal's gate, and taxis out to the designated takeoff runway.
The required background information includes:•Type of Flight: VFR or IFR •Aircraft Identification or Pilot's Name •Aircraft Type •Departure Point •Estimated Time of Departure •Altitude •Route-of-Flight •Destination •Estimated Time En Route
The pilot receives permission from Local Control (the Tower) to takeoff.
The aircraft powers up and begins its take-off.
Upon lift off, the pilot is instructed to change radio frequencies to receive new flight instructions from Departure Control in the TRACON.
The pilot is instructed to follow a pre-determined, preferred routing that will take the aircraft up and away from the departure airport onto its route.
The pilot is then issued further altitude and routing clearance. The controller monitors the aircraft and its track (flight path) on the radar display.
As the aircraft reaches the edge of the TRACON airspace, the Departure Controller performs an electronic transfer of the flight to the controller in the next airspace.
The pilot receives instructions as to what altitude and heading to maintain, as well as to which radio frequency to tune.
This portion of the flight can be as short as a few minutes or as long as many hours.
As the aircraft nears its destination airport, the pilot is instructed to change radio frequencies and contact Descent Control for instructions.
The pilot is instructed to descend and change heading.
After receiving these instructions, the aircraft descends and maneuvers to the destination airport.
The pilot has received an approach clearance to the destination airport from the Approach Controller working in the TRACON.
The flight has been placed in line with other aircraft preparing to land at the same airport.
The pilot flies a specified flight procedure in order to get in line for the designated landing runway.
The pilot receives instructions from the Approach Controller to change radio frequency and contact Local Control (in the airport's control tower) for landing clearance.
The aircraft is electronically handed off from TRACON to the Tower.
The pilot receives clearance from the Local Controller in the airport's control tower to land on a designated runway.
Upon touching down, the flight is then handed off to Ground Control.
The Ground Controller directs the pilot across the taxiways to its destination gate at the terminal.