termite damage

8/9/2019 termite damage

1/24

5th COST E22 Workshop, Madrid

Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de lInsecteCNRS UMR 6035, Universit de Tours, France

Termites in EuropeTermites in Europe

Modern mapping of a wood pest

A.-G. Bagnres, S. Dronnet, M. Kutnik & P. Uva


2/24


Termites in Europe

!General biology of Reticulitermes termites

!Current situation

!Methods of species identification

!Geographical distribution of species

- natural and urban settings

- migration and introduction of species

- case of a new species in Europe

- impact on treatment methods

!Termite biology and control


3/24


Reticulitermesis a cryptic subterranean genera

Foraging may occur at great distances from the nest

- simple family headed by primary reproductives

- inbred families with neotenic reproductives

- colony with multiple unrelated reproductives

Mixtures of colony types

Zaffagnini &Ferrari

General biologyGeneral biologyofof Reticul i termesReticul i termestermitestermites

Study of Reticulitermestermites is difficult because of their living habits

Colonies contain different castes

eggseggs

nymphs

workers

soldiers

winged primar

y

sexualspr imary

neotenic(brachyptera)

neotenic

(aptera)

larvaes

regressive

molts

REPRODUCTIVES


4/24


Development of new treatment methods poses

major problems since it requires:

- accurate species identification- determination of the genetic structure of the colony and populations

- application of an effective termiticide inside the nest

CurrentCurrentsituationsituation

Traditional control techniques

- resistant woods,

- chemically treated wood,

- specially adapted architectures

were replaced by injection of neurotoxins into wood,

ground, and walls without great regard for environmentalconsequences.

New strategies are now being tested and produced bypublic and private laboratories:

- new termiticides,

- new formulations.

Termites play a highly beneficial role in

forest ecosytems.

In urban zones termites are

highly destructive pests causing an

increasing amount of costly structural damage


5/24


MethodsMethodsusedusedforforspeciesspeciesidentificationidentification

Tool taxonomy:

1 -1 -MorphologyMorphology

Problem: Reticulitermestermites cannot be identified by visual examination with

the naked eye and are difficult to identify using mangnifying glasses.

Few morphological features allow differentiation (post-clypeus in workers,

mandibules in soldiers)

The santonensis type The other species

For exemple: post-clypeus

Work s o f JL Clment


6/24


Post-clypeus Tibia

Top view Side viewSpecies

Flat Curved Flat Intermediate Curved Yellow Dark

R. santonensis + + +

R. flavipes + + +

R. sp. + + +

R. balkanensis + + +

R. lucifugus + + +

R. l. corsicus + + +

R. banyulensis + + +R. grassei + + +

SANTO

FLAVI

LUCIF

CORS

GRASSEI

BANYUL

SP

BALKA

R. santonensis

R. flavipes

R. lucifugusR. l. corsicus

R. grassei

R. banyulensis

R. sp.

R. balkanensis

MorphologyMorphology((contcontd)d)


7/24


2 -2 -Analytic chemistryAnalytic chemistry

They are long-chain hydrocarbons

that can be extracted using organic solvents

and analyzed by chromatography.

We use the same identification tools as termites themselves, i.e.,cuticular compounds. Cuticular compounds are lipids found on the

surface of the exoskeleton that allow insects to recognize:

"species

"colonies

"castes

...

Works of Bagnres and co l.


8/245th COST E22 Workshop, Madrid

We have also used frontal gland secretions from soldiers for

species identification.

R. santon ensis

R. flavipes

R. sp

R. balkanensis

R. luci fug us

R. l. corsicu s

R. banyu lensis

R. grassei

A Quin tanas thesis



3 -3 - MitochondrialMitochondrialDNA (DNA (DNAmDNAm))

Animal cellMaternal lineage can be used as a taxonomic tool.

Although there is no variation between individuals in a colony,

mDNA allows unambiguous identification of species.

It can be used to create phylogenetic trees (origin and

classification of species).

mitochondrion


10/24



10

Lucif V

Lucif Bib

Lucif Cgd

Lucif C

Lucif G

Lucif Anz

Lucif Sab

Lucif Cfb

Lucif Cfc

Lucif Grf

Lucif Fo

Lucif Tdl

Corsicus

Copto

64

100

89

87

100

95

Lucif Fo

Lucif Tdl

Corsicus

Mitochondrial DNA has also been used to determine the origin of

subspeciesas was the case for R. lucifugus corsicus

P Uvas thesis



4 -4 -MicrosatellitesMicrosatellites((genetic fingerprintgenetic fingerprint))

Genetic analysis of the Parisian termite (R. santonensis)

correlated with the chemical signature analysis

Cyticularhydrocarbons

Specific chemical signature

Variations between and within colonies

Involvement in colony recognition

Highly polymorphic

Identification of the origin of individuals

Codominants, neutral

5 microsatellites isolated from R. flavipes

Rf11.2

Rf15.2

Rf6.1

Colony 1 Colony 2Locus

Example of al polyacrylamide gel showing

different allele patterns

Microsatel l i te

markers

S Dron net s thesis



Colony 1Clichy

1 50

50 100

100 200

200 300300 - 400

Numbers of infested

buildings since 1969

(from S.M.A.S.H.)

1 km

Paris

Colony 5Toursat 240 km from

Paris

Colony 2Tronchet

Colony 3Ivry

Colony 4Crteil

7 km

Analysis sampling



Factor 1 (41.60%)

Factor3(1

4.1

0%)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

33

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

22

2

2

22

2

22

2

2

2

2

-2,5

-1,5

-0,5

0,5

1,5

2,5

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Chemical discrimination

PCA plot using relative proportions of CHs (90% confidence ellipses)

Crteil

ParisTronchet

Ivry

Tours

Paris Clichy



0.1

4-16

4-1

3-3

4-203-6

4-18

4-4

4-5

4-2

4-13

4-19

4-34-6

4-124-104-154-7

4-9

4-11

4-84-14

3-9

4-17

3-73-5

3-12

3-15

3-83-17

3-1

3-2

3-10

3-113-4

3-14

3-163-18

5-125-1

5-35-95-13

5-20

5-25-155-14

5-185-16

5-5

5-75-85-11 5-6

5-105-17

5-45-19

1-31-6

1-12

1-131-171-19

2-2

2-42-192-8 2-3

2-12

2-14

2-201-9

1-41-16

1-181-7

1-1

1-10

1-20

1-2

1-11

1-151-81-5

1-14

2-18

2-10

2-62-13

2-72-9

2-11

2-16

2-15

2-52-172-1

Clichy

Tours

Ivry

Crteil

NJ tree on distances among 100 individuals

Tronchet

Genetic discrimination



GeographicalGeographical distributiondistribution

R. lucifugusR. lucifugus

R.(l.) corsicusR.(l.) corsicus

R. santonensisR. santonensis

R. grasseiR. grassei

R. banyulensisR. banyulensis

R. balkanensisR. balkanensis

In natural settings



Ret icul i termes santonensis

R. gr assei

R. banyu lensis

R. luc i fugu s

Dispersion of species



R et i c u l i t e r m e s R et i c u l i t e r m e s

u r b i s u r b i s

A new species in Europe: Ret icul i termes urb is

P Uvas thesis



Impact on treatment methods

Each species displays its own characteristic:

colonial behavior

reaction to the control technique

physiology

geographical distribution

etc

Extermination can be difficult for some species such as

R. grassei because of its complex evolutive status(M Ku tn ik s thes is)

Some species adapt well to urban settingssuch as R. santonensis

and R. urbis...


20/24



Termites are structural pest in Europe

The estimated cost of termitetreatment is 200 millions Eurosper year.

If added the cost of repairs,replacement or destruction ofstructures, furniture, walls andother woodwork, the annual costin France would be around 500millions Euros a year.

Within 5 years, the yearlyturnover of termite controlcompanies in the Europeancommunity will reach at least

1 billion Euros per year.

City of Domne, France


22/24



CNRSCNRS

Mairie deMairie deDomneDomne

Mairie de ParisMairie de Paris

St DowSt DowAgrosciencesAgrosciencesSt BayerSt Bayer

Contrats ADEMEContrats ADEME

DDE13DDE13

Association des Villes pour la lutte contre les Insectes XylophagesAssociation des Villes pour la lutte contre les Insectes Xylophages

et le Termite en particulieret le Termite en particulierNorht Carolina State UniversityNorht Carolina State University(E.(E.VargoVargo))

Collaborations andCollaborations andfundingfundingforforthisthisresearchresearchworkwork::


24/24

Thank youThank you

Date post:	01-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	marko-grozni
View:	224 times
Download:	0 times

termite damage

Documents