Terrestrial N Budget

“Natural” Biological N Fixation 90 - 125Lightning 5 95 - 130Inorganic N Fertilizer 90Crop N Fixation 32Fossil Fuel Fixation 25Industrial Uses 15 162

1860

1990s

Galloway et al. 2004

Terrestrial P Budget

Weathering of P from Minerals 10 – 20

Phosphorus in Fertilizer 19

Industrial Uses of P 0.8

Bennett et al. 2001

Urea

SoilOrganic Matter

NH4+ NO3

- N2O N2Nitrification Denitrification

N2O N2NONH3

Fertilizer Use and Loss

Nitrate change in the Mississippi River

Agricultural sustainability in the Yaqui Valley

Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005

Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005

Urea

SoilOrganic Matter

NH4+ NO3

- N2O N2Nitrification Denitrification

N2O N2NONH3

NH4+

NO3-

Fertilizer Use and Loss

Gas Source RoleAnthropogenic

Ammonia

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrous Oxides

VegetationSoilsAgricultureAnimalsBiomass Burning

SoilsLightningAgricultureFossil Fuel CombustionBiomass BurningAircraft

OceansSoilsAgricultureFossil Fuel CombustionIndustrial Processes

83 %

42 %

Neutralizes precipitationTransports available N

Regulates tropospheric ozonePrecursor to nitric acidTransports available N

Greenhouse gasRegulates stratospheric ozone

69 %

Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Year

NO3- Input

to Marine

Marine and CoastalEcosystems

CroppingSystems

Urban

NO

NOX

N Deposition

DownwindDownstream

N2O

UplandEcosystems

NO3- in

Surface andGround water

Saving “land for nature”?

Yaqui Valley Human-Environment System

Water Agriculture

Industry

Wetlands

Aquaculture

Urban

Fisheries + Marine

Estuaries +Fisheries

Climate Markets

Policies Technology & Resources CO2

Note: institutions for each , but no institutions for integrated system

Bio Invasions

“natural”lands

Conservation NGOs

Agriculture and Ecosystem Services: Options for Maximizing Biodiversity Conservation and other Services on

Working Landscapes

Water Resource

Urban Environmental

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

AgricultureWetlands

Wild + Scenic Rivers

Endangered Species

In-stream Flows

Balancing Agriculture and Other Demands for Water

Patronato (Farmer

Research)

CIMMYT & CGIAR centers

Universities

INIFAP / CIANO

Secretary of Natural Resources

Secretary of Health

NGO’s (e.g., CI, WWF, Red Fronteriza)

Financiera Rural

FIRA

AOASS

Agro-industry

(Markets)

Agro-industry (inputs)

Practice

Regulation/ Policy

Research

Private Banks

Phytosanitary Committee& Irrigation

District

Secretary of Agriculture

(State / Federal)

Producers

Innovative

Credit Unions

Agriculture Knowledge System,Yaqui Valley050610

CONACYT

NGO’s (e.g.,

Foundations)