Terrorism Reading Guide

Introduction What is terrorism? -Anyone who attempts to further his views by a system of coercive intimidation-Any act of violence perceived as directed against society.-The deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or threat of violence in the pursuit of political change.

Political-Fundamentally and inherently political also about power

Power-Is ineluctably about power: the pursuit of power, the acquisition of power, and the use of power to achieve political changeViolence -The threat of violence—used and directed in pursuit of, or in service of, a political aim.-The capacity & willingness to commit a violent act MUST be present. Need not be lethal, just disruptive. Underpinnings -Terrorism is a planned, calculated, and indeed systematic act.

-Remember, terror is a tactic, people as terrorists is not as well defined.

What was terrorism first intended for? -To establish order during the transient anarchical period of turmoil and upheaval- Audience and Mood of fear (to shock the conscience – i.e. fear)

History of terrorism from early history to today’s version of terrorism -1789-1795: Term terrorism used to describe actions of the French Government (positive connotation, good thing, specifically maintain power)-Late 1800’s-Early 1900’s: Terrorism used to describe violent activities of various groups (bombing London Underground, behavior by repressive leaders, negative connotation, citizens use force against own citizens –keep the man down)

When was terrorism first introduced? -First popularized during the French Revolution.

Who was the first to introduce terrorism? - Maximillen Robespierre, leader of the regime de la terreur of 1793-1794

-The regime de la terreur was an instrument of governance wielded by the recently established revolutionary state

What was their objective? - Terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it therefore an emanation of virtue- To establish order during the transient anarchical period of turmoil and upheaval that followed the uprisings of 1789.

-Designed to consolidate the new government’s power by intimidating counterrevolutionaries, subversives, and all other dissidents whom the new regime regarded as “enemies of the people.”

-The “People’s Court” were given wide powers of arrest and judgment, publicly putting to death by guillotine those convicted of treasonous crimes.-In this manner, a powerful lesson was conveyed to any and all who might oppose the revolution or grow nostalgic for the ancient regime.

-Its goal and very justification was the creation of a “new and better society” in place of a fundamentally corrupt and undemocratic political system.

How did it have a positive connotation? -It was meant to be revolutionary.-Regime de la terreur was adopted as a means to establish order during the transient anarchical period of turmoil and upheaval that followed the uprisings of 1789- Designed to consolidate the new government’s power by intimidating enemies of the people of revolutions

What was terrorism in its original context? -Positive and revolutionary -In it’s original context it was closely associated with the ideals of virtue and democracy.-The revolutionary leader, Maximilien Robespierre, firmly believed that virtue was the mainspring of a popular government at peace, but that during the time of revolution virtue must be allied with terror in order for democracy to triumph.-Maximilien: “virtue, without which terror is evil; terror, without which virtue is helpless” and proclaimed: “Terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue”.

What happened to the group that introduced terrorism? -French Revolution eventually began to consume itself.-Robespierre announced to the National Convention that he had in his possession a new list of traitors.

-Fearing that their own names might be on that list, extremists joined forces with moderates to overthrow both Robespierre and his regime de la terreur-Robespierre and his closest followers themselves met the same fate that had befallen forty thousand others: execution by guillotine.

-The terror was at an end; thereafter “terrorism” became a term associated with the abuse of office and power—with overt “criminal” implications.

Background to Carlo Pisacane-The advent of nationalism, and notions of statehood and citizenship based on the common identity of a people rather than the lineage of a royal family, resulted in the unification and creation of new nation-states such as Germany and Italy.-Massive socioeconomic changes endangered by the Industrial Revolution were creating new “universalist” ideologies (communism/Marxism), born of the alienation and exploitative conditions of 19th century capitalism.

-New era of terrorism emerged, in which the concept of terrorism gained many of

the familiar revolutionary, antistate connotations of today.

Carlo Pisacane-Italian republican extremist, known for propaganda by deed. Actions(violence) speak louder than words. -Was a passionate advocate of federalism and mutualism. Known for the theory propaganda by deed: ideas result from the deeds and people will not be free when they are educated, but educated when they are free. Said violence was necessary

What is he known for?-Known for the theory of “propaganda by deed,” which he is credited with defining—an idea that has exerted a compelling influence on rebels and terrorists alike ever since. **-The propaganda of the idea is a chimera.-Ideas result from deeds, not the latter from the former, and the people will not be free when they are educated, but educated when they are free.-Argued that violence, was necessary not only to draw attention to, or generate publicity for, a cause, but also to inform, educate and ultimately rally the masses behind the revolution.

-The didactic purpose of violence, could never be effectively replaced by pamphlets, wall posters, or assemblies.

What group first used his ideas? -The Narodnaya Volya, or People’s Will (sometimes translated as “People’s Freedom).

Who were the Narodnaya Volya, and what did they do?-A small group of Russian constitutionalists that had been founded in 1878 to challenge czarist rule.-For them, the apathy and alienation of the Russian masses afforded new alternatives besides resorting to daring and dramatic acts of violence designed to attract attention to the group and its cause.-They displayed and almost quixotic attitude toward the violence it wrought.-Most late-twentieth century terrorist organizations have cited the principle of “propaganda by deed” to justify the wanton targeting of civilians in order to assure them publicity through the shock and horror produced by wholesale bloodshed

-To this group however, propaganda by deed meant the selective targeting of specific individuals whom the group considered the embodiment of the autocratic, oppressive state. -Hence, the victims (the czar, leading members of the royal family, senior government officials) were deliberately chosen for their “symbolic” value as the dynastic heads and subservient agents of a corrupt and tyrannical regime.

-An intrinsic element in the group’s collective beliefs was that “not one drop of superfluous blood” should be shed in pursuit of aims, however noble or utilitarian they might be.

-Group members harbored profound regrets about taking the life of a fellow human being.

What was this groups fate? -The Narodnaya Volya’s most dramatic accomplishment led directly to its demise.-The group assassinated Czar Alexander II.

-The failure of 8 previous plots had led the conspirators to take extraordinary measures to ensure the success of this attempt.-After he Czar Alexander II was assassinated, the full weight of the czarist state fell on the heads of the Narodnaya Volya.

-An arrested member provided information to the secret police, and they proceeded to find most of the other plotters, who were quickly tried, convicted, and hanged.

Who was the Irish Brotherhood (IRB)? -Group of people who got together fighting Great Britain’s occupation of Ireland. -Several famous high profile bombings. -Trying to get Great Britain to leave Ireland -Irish-based offshoot for the Fenian Brotherhood (US) that had a commitment to both the Irish republicanism and the use of violence to attain it (against British Rule in Ireland)

What group spawned from the IRB? -The Clan na Gael (United Irishmen) took up the Fenians’ or IRB’s mantle.-IRA is one in all the same (What’s IRA stand for?)-IRB spawned into the Irish Republican Army(IRA)

-Tthe IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against British rule in Ireland in the 1919-21 Irish War of Independence.

Who was their leader? -Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa was the leader

Did they believe in killing innocent people? -No, that was not their intention

Black hand-prime example of state sponsored terrorism -Composed of Serbian military officers & led by Lieutenant Colonel Dragutin Dmitrievich –effectively took charge of all Serb-backed clandestine operations in Bosnia-Loosely responsible for the death of Alexander II -Mostly Serbian military officers-A radical group that left the Narodna Obrana in 1911 that was largely composed of Serbian military officers; their leader was Lieutenant Colonel Dragutin Dmitrievich

What was their primary goal?Serbian nationalism was their goal. Responsible for death of Alexander II loosely mostly Serbian military officers, created to promote Serbian nationalism. Make argument that this is an example of state sponsored terrorism.

What famous thing did they do? The archduke’s assassination. *Page 14: example of state sponsored terrorism*

1930 shift of terrorism What was the major shift of terrorism?-Was used less to refer to revolutionary movements and violence directed against governments and leaders and more to describe the practices of mass repression employed by totalitarian states and their dictatorial leaders against their own citizens.-Term regained its former connotations of abuse of power by government, and it was applied specifically to the authoritarian regimes that had come to power in Facist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia.

Who were the new “leaders” of terrorism?-Germany’s Hitler, and Italy’s Mussolini, Stalin

After WWII how did terrorism shift forms again? -Regained the revolutionary connotations with which it is most commonly associated today.-Term was used primarily in reference to the violent revolts then being prosecuted by the various indigenous nationalist/anticolonialist groups that emerged in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East during the late 1940’s and 1950’s to oppose continued European rule.-Diverse countries, for example, owe their independence at least in part to nationalist political movements that employed terrorism against colonial powers.

Where do the term freedom fighters come from? -“politically correct” appellation of “freedom fighters” came as a result of the political legitimacy that the international community accorded to struggles for national liberation and self-determination.-Sympathy and support for the rebels created a need for less judgmental and more politically neutral language than “terrorist” and “terrorism” to describe these revolutionaries and the violence they committed in what were considered justified “wars of liberation”.-Anyone or any movement that fought against “colonial” oppression and/or Western domination should not be described as “terrorists” but were properly deemed to be “freedom fighters.”-Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Tasir Arafat- “The difference between revolutionary and the terrorist, lies in the reason for which each fights. For whoever stands by a just cause and fights for the freedom and liberation of his land from the invaders, the settlers and the colonialists, cannot possibly be called terrorist.”

How did the term terrorism change during the 1970/1980’s? -1970’s : terrorism continued to be viewed within a revolutionary context. However, this usage now expanded to include nationalist and ethnic separatist groups outside a colonial or neocolonial framework as well as radical, entirely ideologically motivated

organizations.-Terrorism as a means to draw attention to themselves (disenfranchised or exiled nationalist minorities) and their respective causes, in many instances with the specific aim, like their anticolonial predecessors, of attracting international sympathy and support.-1980’s : terrorism came to be regarded as a calculated means to destabilize the West as part of a vast global conspiracy.-Renegade foreign governments such as the regimes in Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Syria became actively involved in sponsoring or commissioning terrorist acts—replaced communist conspiracy theories as the main context within which terrorism was viewed.

-Terrorism thus became associated with a type of covert or surrogate warfare whereby weaker states could confront larger, more powerful rivals without the risk of retribution.

1990s – narco-terrorism & the gray area phenomena -Meaning and usage of the term “terrorism” were further blurred by the emergence of two new buzzwords: “narco-terrorism” and the so-called gray area phenomenon. -The term terrorism was introduced to the critical new dimension of narcotics trafficking.

Narco-terrorism-Defined by one of the concept’s foremost propagators as the “use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations”—identified as the “Marxist-Leninist regimes” of the Soviet Union, Cuba, Bulgaria, and Nicaragua, among others. -Emphasis on “narco-terrorism” as the latest manifestation of the communist plot to undermine Western society, however, had the unfortunate effect of diverting official attention away from a bona fide emerging trend.

-Example: Growing power of the Colombian cocaine cartels and their close ties with left-wing terrorist groups in Columbia and Peru.

The Gray Area Phenomena-Concerned less with grand conspiracies than with highlighting the increasingly fluid and variable nature of subnational conflict in the post-cold war era. -Term came to be used to denote “threats to the stability of nation states by non-state actors and non-governmental processes and organizations”; to describe violence affecting “immense regions or urban areas where control has shifted from legitimate governments to new half-political, half-criminal powers”; or simply to group together in one category the range of conflicts across the world that no longer conformed to traditionally accepted notions of war as fighting between the armed forces of two or more established states, but instead involved irregular forces as one or more of the combatants. -Terrorism had shifted it’s meaning again from an individual phenomenon of subnational violence to one of several elements, or part of a wider pattern, of nonstate conflict.

September 11th, 2001 -Redefined “terrorism” yet again.

-19 terrorists hijacked 4 planes crashing them into 3 of their 4 intended targets, while one of the planes went down as the result of an ensuing struggle between the passengers and hijackers.-Total of nearly 3,000 people were killed in the attacks.

-To put that death toll into perspective, in the entirety of the twentieth century no more than fourteen terrorist incidents had killed more than 100 people. -Until 9/11 no terrorist operation had ever killed more than 500 people.-More than twice as many Americans perished on 9/11 than had been killed by terrorist since 1968.

Why is terrorism so difficult to define? -The words “aggressor” and “terrorist” no longer mean what they did. Instead of arousing fear or censure, they are a call to action.-Had to change overtime to accommodate the political vernacular and discourse of each successive era, has proved increasingly elusive in the face of attempts to construct one consistent definition

Why do terrorists today not call themselves “terrorists”-Terrorist organizations almost without exception now regularly select names for themselves that consciously eschew the word “terrorism” in any of its forms. -Instead these groups actively seek to evoke images of: freedom and liberation, armies or other military organizational structures, actual self-defense movements, righteous vengeance-These examples suggest that terrorist clearly do not see or regard themselves as others do.-Terrorists perceive themselves as reluctant warriors, driven by desperation—and lacking any viable alternative—to violence against a repressive state, a predatory rival ethnic or nationalist group, or an unresponsive international order. -Terrorists will never acknowledge that they are a terrorist, and moreover will go to great lengths to evade and obscure any such inference or connection.-The terrorist will always argue that it is society or the government or the socioeconomic “system” and its laws that are the real “terrorists,” and moreover that if it were not for this oppression, he would not have felt the need to defend either himself or the population he claims to represent.-Process of obfuscation-projection.

Pejorative term Pejorative Connotation

-Negative and derogatory-Political and social degradation when labeled a terrorist

-Particular individuals and/or groups are demonized-Routine crimes assume greater importance when described as terrorism

-Everyone agrees: “Terrorism” is a pejorative term.-A word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one’s enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer

to ignore.-“What is called terrorism, thus seems to depend on one’s point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded other to adopt its moral viewpoint.”

-Hence, the decision to call someone or label some organization “terrorist” becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned.-If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. -If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive light, and is not terrorism.

What did the UN try to do regarding terrorism? (see page 25, an example of what the UN did or enacted)-The United Nations following the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were killed, tried to do something about terrorism.-The UN should not remain a “mute spectator” to the acts of terrorist violence then occurring throughout the world but should take practical steps that might prevent further bloodshed.-While majority of the UN member states supported the secretary general, a disputatious minority—including many Arab states and various African and Asian countries—derailed the discussion arguing that the “people who struggle to liberate themselves from foreign oppression and exploitation have the right to use all methods at their disposal, including force.”

What were the third world delegates 2 arguments? 1) Claimed that all bona fide liberation movements are invariably decried as “terrorists” by the regimes against which their struggles for freedom are directed.

-By condemning “terrorism” the UN was endorsing the power of the strong over the weak and of the established entity over its nonestablished challenger—in effect, acting as the defender of the status quo.-The UN was thus proposing to deprive “oppressed nations and peoples” of the only effective weapon they had with which to oppose “imperialism, colonialism, racism, and Israeli Zionism.”

2) It is not the violence itself that is germane but its “underlying causes”—that is, the “misery, frustration, grievance and despair”—that produce the violent acts.

-The term terrorist could hardly be held to apply to persons who were denied the most elementary human rights, dignity, freedom, and independence, and whose countries objected to foreign occupation.

What do the different state departments of the United States define terrorism? -Different departments or agencies of even the same government will themselves often have very different definitions for terrorism.

State Departments Definition

“premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.”

(For purposes of this definition, the term “noncombatant” is interpreted to include, in addition to civilians, military personnel who at the time of the incident are unarmed and/or not on duty… We also consider acts of terrorism attacks on military installations or on armed military personnel when a state of military hostilities does not exist at the site, such as bombings against US bases in Europe, the Philippines, or elsewhere.)

-Emphasis is on the premeditated and planned or calculated nature of terrorism in contrast to more spontaneous acts of political violence.-Emphasize both the ineluctably political nature of terrorism and the perpetrators’ fundamental “subnational” characteristic.-Expands the definition of a terrorist act beyond the usual, exclusive focus on civilians to include “noncombatant targets”

FBI’s Definition:

“the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political

or social objectives”

-Addresses the psychological dimensions of the terrorist act described above, laying stress on terrorism’s intimidatory and coercive aspects.-Identifies a much broader category of terrorist targets than only “noncombatants,” specifying not only governments and their citizens but also inanimate objects such as private and public property. -Accordingly, politically motivated acts of vandalism and sabotage are included, such as attacks on medical and commercial industries that are of controversy. -Definition recognizes social alongside political objectives as fundamental terrorist aims, but does not offer a clear elucidation of the differences between them to explain this distinction.

Department of Homeland Securities Definition:

“any activity that involves an act that: is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources; and…must also appear to be

intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by

mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping”

-Definition clearly reflects its mission: concentrating on attacks to critical infrastructure and key national resources that could have grave societal consequences. -Cites specifically in its definition the threat of “mass destruction,” the better to

differentiate and distinguish its responsibilities from those of other agencies.

US Department of Defense’s Definition:“the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that

are generally political, religious, or ideological objectives”

-Definition is arguably the most complete of the four.-Highlights the terrorist threat as much as the actual act of violence and focuses on terrorism’s targeting of whole societies as well as governments. -It does not include the deliberate targeting of individuals for assassination and makes no attempt to distinguish between attacks on combatant and noncombatant military personnel.-Cites the religious and ideological aims of terrorism alongside its fundamental political objectives—omitting the social dimension found in the FBI’s definition.

Guerilla Warfare VS Terrorism

Guerilla Warfare-In it’s most widely accepted usage, is taken to refer to a numerically larger group of armed individuals, who operate as a military unit, attack enemy military forces, and seize and hold territory (even if only ephemerally during daylight hours), while also exercising some form of sovereignty or control over a defined geographical area and its population.

-Characterized by irregular military tactics. -Hit-and-run assaults or carry out attacks using roadside IED’s (improvised explosive devices).-Guerilla’s operate as a military unit, attack enemy military forces and seize and hold territory

Terrorism -Do not function in the open as armed units, generally do not attempt to seize or hold territory, deliberately avoid engaging enemy military forces in combat, are constrained by both numerically and logistically from undertaking concerted mass political mobilization efforts, and exercise no direct control or governance over a populace at either the local or the national level. -Foreign jihadists and domestic Islamic extremists who belong to groups like al Qaeda in Mesopotamia, led by Abu Musab Zarqawi, and who are responsible for most of the suicide attacks and the videotaped beheading of hostages, are labeled terrorists. -Concerned with influencing or affecting public opinion.-Fundamental aim of the terrorist’s violence is ultimately to change “the system”-The terrorist’s goal is ineluctably political (to change or fundamentally alter a political system through his violent act).-The terrorist is fundamentally an altruist: he believes that he is serving a “good”

cause designed to achieve a greater good for a wider constituency—whether real or imagined—that the terrorist and his organization purport to represent.-The terrorist is fundamentally a violent intellectual, prepared to use and, indeed, committed to using force in the attainment of his goals.

Both Terrorism and Guerilla Warfare-Often employ the same tactics (assassination, kidnapping, hit-and-run attack, bombings of public gathering places, hostage-taking, etc.) for the same purposes (to intimidate or coerce, thereby affecting behavior through the arousal of fear).-Wear neither uniform nor identifying insignia and thus are often indistinguishable from noncombatants.-Established terrorist groups like Hezbollah, FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), and the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, or Tamil Tigers), for example, are also often described as guerrilla movements because of their size, tactics, and control over territory and populace.-Indeed, nearly 1/3 of the 37 groups on the US State Department’s “Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations” list could just as easily be categorized as guerrillas.

Conclusion & factors of terrorism -By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and irregular fighters and terrorism from other forms of crime and irregular warfare, we come to appreciate that terrorism is:

-Ineluctably political in aims and motives;-Violent—or, equally important, threatens violence;-Designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target;-Conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or indentifying insignia) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and/or its leaders; and-Perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity.

Religion & Terrorism Religious motive as the over-riding motive -For groups like al Qaeda the religious motive is overriding; and indeed, the religious imperative for terrorism is the most important defining characteristic of terrorist activity today. -The modern advent of religious terrorism has not been confined exclusively to Iran, much less to the Middle East or to Islam or to al Qaeda alone: since the 1980’s it has involved elements of all the world’s major religions and, in some instances, smaller sects or cults as well. -Terrorism is motivated either in whole or in part by a religious imperative, where violence is regarded by its practitioners as a divine duty or sacramental act, and in turn

this leads to even greater bloodshed and destruction.

Connection between religion & terrorism is not new (i.e zealot, thug & assassin)-More than 2,000 years ago the first acts of what we now describe as “terrorism” were perpetrated by religious fanatics-Indeed, some of the words we use in the English language to describe terrorists and their actions are derived from the names of Jewish, Hindi, and Muslim terrorist groups active long ago:

Zealot-Etymology of the word “zealot,” for example which to us means an “immoderate partisan” or a “fanatical enthusiast,” can be traced back to a millenarian Jewish sect of the same name that fought in A.D. 66-73 against the Roman Empire’s occupation of what is now Israel. -The Zealot(or terrorist) would emerge from the anonymous obscurity of a crowded marketplace, draw the sica(a primitive dagger) that had been concealed beneath his robes, and in plain view of those present, dramatically slit the throat of a Roman legionnaire or a Jewish citizen who had been judged by the group guilty of betrayal, apostasy, or both.-The Zealots’ dramatic public acts of violence—precisely like those of terrorists today—were designed to have psychological repercussions far beyond the immediate victim(s) of the terrorist attack. -The Zealots also reputed to have employed a primitive form of chemical warfare, poisoning wells and granaries used by the Romans and even sabotaging Jerusalem’s water supply.

Thug-The word “thug,” now used to describe “a vicious or brutal ruffian,” is derived from a 17th century religious cult that terrorized India until its suppression in the mid-19th century. -The Thugs engaged in acts of ritual murder designed to serve the Hindu goddess of terror and destruction, Kali.-On specified holy days throughout the year, group members would forsake their daily occupations and lie in wait for innocent travelers, who would be ritually strangled as sacrificial offerings to Kali.-Thugs killed as many as a million people during their 1200 year existence, or more than 800 individuals every year, a murder rate rarely achieved by their modern-day counterparts armed with far more efficient and destructively lethal weaponry.

Assassin-The word “assassin”—one who undertakes to put another to death by treacherous violence”—was the name of a radical offshoot of the Muslim Shi’a Ismaili sect, which between A.D. 1090 and 1272 fought to repel the Christian crusaders attempting to conquer present-day Syria and Iran. -Violence for the Assassins was a sacramental act, a divine duty, commanded by religious text and communicated by clerical authorities. -Motivation for an Assassin was the promise that, should he himself perish in the

course of carrying out his attack, he would ascend immediately to a glorious heaven.

-The same ethos of self-sacrifice and suicidal martyrdom can be seen in many Islamic—and indeed other religious—terrorist organizations today.

What is Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism?

What is separatist terrorism?

Ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorism has overshadowed religious terrorism in the 1960s -Until the 19th century, in fact, religion provided the only justification for terrorism.-While terrorism and religion share a long history, then, for the past century this particular manifestation has mostly tended to be overshadowed by ethno-nationalist/separatist and ideologically motivated terrorism. -For example: none of the 11 identifiable international terrorist groups active in 1968—the year, as previously noted, credited with marking the advent of modern, international terrorism—could be classified as religious: that is, having aims and motivations reflecting a predominant religious character or influence.

-Not until 1980—as a result of the repercussions of the revolution in Iran the previous year—did the first “modern” religious terrorist groups appear.-Only 2 of the 64 groups active in 1980 could be classified as predominantly religious in character and motivation: the Iranian-backed Shi’a organizations al-Dawa and the Committee for Safeguarding the Islamic Revolution.

Essentially in 1968 there were no religious terrorist groups in 2004, ½ of terrorist groups were religious *page 86*

The impact of Iran on the Resurgence of religious terrorism & the increase in groups. Why? -Page 85-The reemergence of the modern religious terrorism was initially closely associated with the Islamic revolution in Iran.

-Within a decade of the Islamic revolution in Iran, none of the world’s major religions could claim to be immune to the same volatile mixture of faith, fanaticism, and violence.-12 years later, in 1992, the number of religious terrorist groups had increased exponentially (from 2 to 11 groups) and moreover had expanded to embrace major world religions other than Islam.

-As the number of religious terrorist groups was increasing, the number of ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorist groups declined appreciably

-Reasons:1) Many ethno-nationalist/separatist groups, suddenly finding themselves at the end

of the cold war enmeshed in bitter conflict and civil wars over their homelands. As a consequence people had little time or energy to engage in international terrorism.2) There was less reason to resort to international terrorism in order to have one’s own irredentist claims recognized.3) Cold war ended, once it was over people were more than happy to cease fighting because they felt as if they had some legitimacy. 4) Steepening divide between wealth and poverty.

-Iran is the truest form of Islamic law this is why Iran is important to the Middle East-Iran has defined themselves as the “true” Islamic state.-During the 1990’s the growth in the number of religious terrorist groups as a proportion of all active international terrorist organizations not only continued but increased appreciably.

-In 1994, for example, a third (16) of the 49 identifiable international terrorist groups active that year could be classified as religious in character and/or motivation. In 2004, for instance, nearly half (52, or 46%) of the terrorist groups active that year were religious, while the remaining percentage were left-wing groups or ethno-nationalist/separatist organizations.

Fatalities and violence of religious terrorism by comparison -Terrorism motivated in whole or in part by religious imperatives has often led to more intense acts of violence that have produced considerably higher levels of fatalities than the relatively more discriminating and less lethal incidents of violence perpetrated by secular terrorist organizations.-Although religious terrorists committed only 6% of recorded terrorist incidents between 1998 and 2004, their acts were responsible for 30% of the total number of fatalities recorded during that time period.-While al Qaeda perpetrated only 0.1% of all terrorist attacks between 1998 and 2004, it was responsible for nearly 19% of total fatalities from terrorist attacks during that time period.

Core characteristics of religious terrorism -The reasons that terrorist incidents perpetrated for religious motives result in so many more deaths may be found in the radically different value systems, mechanisms of legitimation and justification, concepts of morality, and worldviews embraced by the religious terrorist and his secular counterpart. -For religious terrorists, violence is first and foremost a sacramental act or divine duty executed in direct response to some theological demand or imperative.

-Terrorism thus assumes a transcendental dimension, and its perpetrators therefore often disregard the political, moral, or practical constraints that may affect other terrorists.

-Religious terrorists often seek the elimination of broadly defined categories of enemies and accordingly regard such large-scale violence not only as morally justified but as necessary expedients for the attainment of their goals.-Religion is a legitimating force justifying violence.-Religious terrorists see themselves not as components of a system worth preserving but

as “outsiders” seeking fundamental changes in the existing order.-The religious terrorists’ sense of alienation enables them to contemplate far more destructive and deadly types of terrorist operations than other types of terrorists.

-They have a far more open-ended category of “enemies” for attack—that is, anyone who is not a member of the terrorists’ religion or religious sect.

Islamic groups Why Iran? -The characteristics listed above have often been most closely associated with Islamic terrorist groups in general and Iranian-inspired ones and al Qaeda and its associates in particular.-The revolution that transformed Iran into an Islamic republic in 1979 played a crucial role in the modern advent of religious terrorism.-The root of the Iranian-backed Islamic terrorist campaign was the aim of extending the fundamentalist interpretation of Islamic law espoused in Iran to other Muslim countries.-They strived towards exporting their revolution throughout the world.-The Iranian revolution in Iran is held up as an example of Muslims throughout the world, exhorting them to reassert the fundament teachings of the Qur’an and to resist the intrusion of Western—particularly United States—influence into the Middle East.-Iran is the truest form of Islamic law this is why Iran is important to the Middle East-Iran has defined themselves as the “true” Islamic state.

-Therefore since Iran is the only state to have begun the process of redemption, by creating a “true” Islamic state, it must be the advocate for the oppressed and aggrieved everywhere.-Not only are violence and coercion permissible in order to achieve the worldwide spread of Islamic law, but they are also a necessary means to this divinely sanctioned end.

-They fought the West Hezbollah, Al Qaeda, Hamas

Hezbollah, Al Queda, HAMAS (Know leaders, who they represent and what their purpose is) PAGES 91-97

Hezbollah-Not fighting within the rules of the world as they exist today; they reject all of those rules.-Part of the Islamic community, and they fight an entirely self-defensive struggle, sanctioned if not commanded by God, use violence after all other ways have been tried; say they are not a terrorist group; Lebanon

Leaders:Hussein Mussawi – former leader of Lebananon’s HezbollahSheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah- groups spiritual leader

Al Queda-Want to be free of non-Muslim influences

Leaders: Osama bin Laden

HAMAS- Islamic Resistance Movement (zeal) leader was Imam Sheikk Ahmad Ibrahim Yassin, are in an all out war against Israel, will not stop until the enemy is vanquished

Leaders: Imam Sheikk Ahmad Ibrahim Yassin

Jewish Terrorism Similarity to Islamic terrorism -The same characteristics attributed to Islamic terrorist groups—the legitimation of violence by reference to religious precepts, the sense of alienation, the existence of a terrorist movement in which the activists are the constituents, and a preoccupation with the elimination of a broadly defined category of “enemies”—are equally apparent among the Jewish terrorist movements that have surfaced in Israel since the early 1980’s.-To a great extent many of the members of these groups draw their inspiration from the late Rabbi Meir Kahane.

Meir Kahane- leader of Jewish terrorism. -A native of New York, Kahane preached a liturgy of virulent hatred of Arabs that simultaneously extolled the virtues of Jewish aggressiveness and combativeness. -Founded his own Israeli political party/vigilante organization, Kach(Thus), to disseminate his extreme, uncompromising views.-His overriding obsession was to reverse the mythical image of the Jews as victim.

-From this flowed his conviction that the Jews were enmeshed in a continual struggle against an inherently anti-Semitic world, surrounded by hatemongers and closet anti-Semites in the United States and predatory, bloodthirsty Arabs both inside and encircling Israel.-He proclaimed that above all, “let us understand that people, in the very best of times, do not like Jews.”

-In 1980, Kahane openly called upon the Israeli government to establish an official “Jewish terrorist group” whose sole purpose would be to “kill Arabs and drive them out of Israel and the Occupied Territories.” -“it is important that you know what the name ‘Kahane’ means to the Arabs. It means terror.”

American Christian White Supremacists -Combination of seditious anti-semantic, and racist views-Use of violence justified by theological imperative as a means to overthrow a reviled secular government and attain both racial purification and religious redemption.-Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995 suddenly shed unaccustomed light on an indigenous, violent, Christian white supremacist movement that had been active long before this

tragedy. -Timothy McVeigh was the perpetrator of the attack.

-He was an antigovernment, right-wing extremist-He and his alleged accomplice(s) were apparently obsessed by the idea that the Waco assault—and similar FBI siege of an alleged white supremacists’ rural cabin in Idaho, the previous year—represented the opening salvo in US government plans to outlaw and seize all privately held firearms. -

Christian Patriot Movement -Combination of seditious, anti-Semitic, and racist views-Oriented toward “survivalism,” outdoor skills, guerilla training, and outright sedition (more recently)-Actively involved in violent, seditious activities, embracing the combination of revolutionary, racist, and anti-Semitic doctrines-Ethos include:

-Hostility to any form of government above the county level;-The vilification of Jews and nonwhites as children of Satan;-An obsession with achieving the religious and racial purification of the United States;-Belief in a conspiracy theory of powerful Jewish interests controlling the government, banks, and the media;-Advocacy of the overthrow of the US government, or the ZOG (Zionist Occupation Government), as the Patriot/militia groups disparagingly refer to it.

Turner Diaries-Turner diaries written by William pierce considered bible of the white supremacy movement. Timothy Bay used it to plan the Oklahoma City bombing.-Book describes a chain of events that begins with a white supremacist revolution in 1991 and culminates two years later in “an all-out race war” and worldwide nuclear conflagration. -A terrorist group called the Order embarks on a ruthless campaign of violence involving the assassination of public officials and prominent Jews, the shooting down of commercial airliners, the poisoning of water supplies, and bombings of public utilities.-Book reaches it’s climax when the terrorists seize the US nuclear arsenal and obliterate several American cities before turning the weapons on targets in Israel and the Soviet Union.-Turners tale, although fictional, is in many ways of a kind with Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf.-As incredible and lunatic as the events described in The Turner Diaries may seem, the strategy of the inchoate terrorist campaign waged in the United States between 1983 and 1984 by Robert Matthews and the real-life Order was based entirely on the battle plan detailed in the book. -The bizarre apocalyptic version of The Turner Diaries has long formed an integral part of the beliefs of white supremacists, Christian Patriots, and militia adherents.

Know leaders, who they represent and what their purpose isNorman E. Olson- cofounder and commander of Michigan Militia-Brothers John and David Trochmann- founders of Militia of Montana

Militias—prevalence-While the various militia movements have surfaced only within the past 15 years or so, they are in fact but the latest manifestations of a radical right-wing and white supremacist movement that has repeatedly “repackaged” itself in a bid to attract new recruits and a larger number of adherents and supporters. -The militias have been described as part of a longer “conveyor belt”.

-This metaphor is intended to depict a process whereby individuals are initially recruited into groups like the militias on the basis of their opposition to legislation outlawing firearms but gradually come to embrace increasingly extreme and violent position that, in turn, are legitimated by appeals to scripture and theological imperatives.

-With the militias, the wider antigovernment movement discovered a powerful way of attracting people—like McVeigh—who were not only vehemently opposed to gun control but also subscribed to a variety of fantastic conspiracy theories that invariably involved the Clinton administration in some master plan to seize all firearms held by American citizens and thereby proscribe fundamental individual liberties. -The Michigan Militia, an allegedly 12,000 strong paramilitary survivalist organization, believes that the US government has already initiated a program to control completely the life of every American.

-Claim they are preparing to defend their freedom-Purpose is sedition, plain and simple: goal is to establish the Republican Provisional Government.

-At on time, an estimated 800 other militias that were similarly oriented to the Michigan Militia—with a total membership claimed to be more than 5million, though more realistically put at no more than 100,000—had reportedly organized in almost every state of the union.

-These are the rough dimensions of the American militia movement at what would have been its height in the mid 1990’s

The Christian Patriot & National Alliance movements today -Militia of Montana (MOM)- founded by brothers John and David Trochmann

-Embraces the same ineluctable revolutionary principles and harbors the same profound fears as its counterparts in Michigan and elsewhere.-“Gun control is people control.”-Group markets is own range of do-it-yourself manuals and tapes that not only explain how to manufacture bombs but exhort listeners to prepare for the coming apocalypse.

-North American Volunteer Militia—railed against the “mess” created by the US government

-Almost Heaven “survivalist” compound—await the inevitable Armageddon

Cults Aum Shinrikyo -- Know leaders, who they represent and what their purpose is)

-A new kind of terrorist threat founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara; the Shiva God sent a message to him saying he had been chosen to lead God’s army; also know when Armageddon would come-Bombed with sarin gas in Tokyo (killed 12) but has written a formal apology; has been relatively enactive (virtually extinct); mostly college students; cults; associated with a religious sect more so than a terrorist organization now

Conclusion -Members of certain groups do not conform to our traditional stereotypes of the secular terrorist organization; complexity, diversity, & often-idiosyncratic characteristics of religious terrorism imply that there is no “magic bullet” that can be applied to all cases

Improvements in dealing with supremacist groups -Developing preemptive educational programs to mitigate grass roots alienation and polarization and to stop the spread of seditious and intolerant beliefs before they take hold and become exploited by demagogues and hatemongers

Popularity of bin Laden - Popularity of Bin Laden is directly related to the unpopularity of the United States.-Osama bin Laden is popular among many of our allies; intense antipathy felt toward the US in regions with larger Muslim populations; attacking Islam

Magic bullet -There isn’t a magic bullet that by which the killing of bin laden, or any other leaders of terrorism will result in an end of terrorism-There is no magic bullet – no single superior solution that can be applied to all cases; reinforces the need for multiple creative solutions

Suicide Terrorism

Core characteristics of Suicide Terrorism -Rational and calculated choice; strategic logic, planned

What are some of the advantages of suicide terrorism? -Inexpensive to mount-Less complicated and compromising; no escape plan is needed-Devastatingly effective, lethally efficient, have a greater likelihood of success and are relatively inexpensive

How does it differ from all other terror attacks? (The ultimate smart bomb)

-Ultimate smart bomb, ability to effect last minute changes in his or her attack plan-The perpetrator’s own death is an essential requirement for the attack’s success; the ultimate smart bomb means a human missile relentlessly horning in on its target but with flexibility in timing and access; has the ability to effect last minute changes

How many more people do suicide terrorists kill then regular terror attacks?

Kill about 4-6 times more people than other terrorists do.

How were the core characteristics of suicide terrorism displayed during the 9/11 attacks? (know all 6 different ways)

1) Operations success was dependent on the hijackers2) The plan itself was a master of deception that turned ordinary passengers into human cruise missiles. 3) Relatively inexpensive to mount4) Exceeded in terms of lethality and destruction of even the al-Qaeda’s grandest of expectations 5) Powerful psychological impact on the American psyche6) No escapee plan was required.

The tamil tigers and suicide terrorism -Image of an elite, professional & ruthlessly dedicated fighting force; distinguish the LTTE from other, better-established Tamil separatist groups as to intimidate its principal set of opponents: the government of Sri Lanka & the country’s Buddhist ethnic Sinhalese majority

What does LTTE stand for? -Liberation Tigers of Tami Eelam

When did it emerge? And why? -Emerged in 1976 in the midst of a period of renewed intercommunal tensions that was rapidly descending into violence

What was the the LTTE signature before suicide bombings? -During its opening operations, the tactic of choice was assassination

Who is prabhakaran? What is his story? -The chief of LTTE. -Founder and leader of LTTE; child of tax commissioner

What event in 1983 sparked the LTTE to gain more recruits? -Widespread ethnic riots took place in Sri Lanka in July 1983, sparked by an LTTE landmine ambush that killed 13 SLAF soldiers; hundreds of Tamils were killed & thousands injured b/c Sihalese mobs attacked (bloody) them.

What new thing did prabhakaran require for everyone to carry? - A glass vile of potassium cyanide to bite down on in case they were to be

arrested; this was seen as a badge of honor.

What were the two themes of the LTTE in the 1980’s 1) The belief that extreme sacrifices would have to be made to secure an

independent future for the Tamil nation

2) Determination and invincibility

What was the first suicide attack done and what did it do to the moral of the country? (in regards to the LTTE)-On May 5th, Captain Millar targeted a former Tamil high school that had been taken over by elements of the Sri Lankan army; 75 people were killed in the attack; it generated widespread shock & horror, military & political setback for the Sri Lankan government, but it also was the significant psychological blow to the Sinhalese population

Palestinian use of suicide terrorism

What were some of the problems facing hamas when they first came to the scene? -Had to distinguish from competing terrorist organizations, and also differentiate itself from a long-standing & powerful representative body (PLO) which was the preeminent force in Palestinian politics

What incident sparked the birth of Hamas? -On December 8, 1987, on the Gaza Strip, there was a collision involving an Israeli truck and some other vehicles; triggered an explosion of Palestinian rioting (kept spreading) the Muslim Brotherhood distributed a leaflet calling for sustained resistance (birth of Hamas)

What is Hamas’s primary goal? -Liberation of Palestine and the establishment of an Islamic state in all of Palestine; such liberation could be achieved by jihad

How do they intend to achieve that goal? -Organized violence was the only way to achieve their goal of retrieving Palestine

What was Hamas’s main way of spreading the word? -They have leaflets and also social welfare-Through the use of bavanat (leaflets); was able to publicize and differentiate

How many attacks did Hamas carry out in its first year?-Hamas carried out 10 attacks in its first year.

When did Hamas gain a military wing? -1991; the Battalions of Izz al-Din al-Qassan

What was the miscalculation by Israel that resulted in Hamas gaining more support? -When Prime Minister Itzhak Rabin ordered the deportation to Lebanon of 415 Islamic Palestinian activists (most belonged to Hamas); the deportees quickly attracted international media attention and sympathy

What organization did Hamas become friends with during the exile? -Hezbollah

When did Hamas carry out its first suicide attack? -April 6th, 1994; killed 8 and injured 34; Israeli city of Afula

What was Israel’s response to the suicide attacks?-Targeted Palestinian leaders who were believed to be directly engaged in planning suicide operations, and killed the leaders of it, and the person who made the bomb.

Inverted sense of normality -The Palestinian terrorists have worked hard to endow suicide operations w/ a positive social imprimatur and to build support for this tactic among their political constituents

What are suicide bombers used to offset? -Lack of resources, fewer people, lack of power; universal equalizer (even the playing field) give power to the powerless

What ways do terrorist’s organizations use to recruit suicide bombers? -Images of suicide terrorists emblazoned (murals, posters, key chains, pennants, etc) elevated & highly respected status to their families: terrorist organizations provide material encouragement to both the suicide terrorists & their families; motivated by their want to be martyrs

What do the suicide bombers do before going on their missions? -Tape a video of themselves (martyrs) before their operation; means to call attention to the organization & its determined fighters, to cultivate an image of invincibility and victory, and to attract further recruits

-Usually have a big meal, usually say prayers and so forth

Four approaches to advancing justice:1) Educating the Public-conditions which must be met

a) Problem must be one that public can relate to, an issue that touches their daily livesb) Must have effective medium for reaching public, means that educational material must be presented in a way that the public can understand, & means that must be a mechanism for physically distributing the materials to the publicc) Public must believe problem is one for which there is a solution, ex) if ppl believe that nothing they do will not a nation’s use of torture, it will be difficult to mobilize

them, no matter how they personally view the problem and no matter how well informed they are about the issue

-Rachel Carlson’s Silent Spring-Illustrates power of educational approach-Started modern environmental movement-Carson credited with changing the way Americans think about the toxic chemicals they use-Had rare gift for understanding complex scientific issues & writing about them in a language That lay people could understand, & in a style that’s been described as poetic-1962 book, Silent Spring, about how Carson opposed society’s willingness to freely & perhaps excessively use chemicals (insecticide DDT) without extensive research on their long-term effect-Started b/c letter from a friend observed a mosquito control plane flying over her bird sanctuary spraying the insecticide DDT. Shortly after the spraying, the friend found some of her songbirds dead-Realized chemical industry would attack any criticism of their products & that they had the resources to investigate any claims she made. -Chemical manufacturers saw book as direct attack on their industry & launched an all-out attack on the book & Carson herself-Critics eventually come to accept most of key points-Today, more chemicals being used than ever & still with too little knowledge about their long term consequences-Because of Carson, they are used more carefully & there is now awareness that long-term consequences cannot be ignored, her book provided a roadmap to guide our search for those consequences-Book became bestseller in days of release, lasted for 81 weeks

2) Civil Disobedience-Gandhi’s Life Biography-Man who almost single handedly led India to independence from Great Britain and provided the rest of the world with a model for using civil disobedience as a tactic for change-Born in India in 1869-Shy kid-Motherdeeply religious, follower of Hinduism, vegetarian-Father local official, known for honesty and kindness-Father died when Gandhi 16, leaving the family in poverty-Went to study law in England to eventually support family, failed as a lawyer b/c too shy, so began writing legal briefs & other odd legal work for other attorneys-Invited to South Africa to handle legal cases involving transactions between Indians living in South Africa & English speaking residents- Satyagraha, method Gandhi first developed his method of nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience in South Africa

- Turning point for Gandhi thrown off a train b/c passenger thought he was black & blacks were forbidden on buses. Made Gandhi realize the oppressive nature of British colonial rule & led his efforts to improve the conditions of Indians in South Africa

-1907, law passed in South Africa, “requiring the registration & fingerprinting of all Indians & giving the police the power to enter their houses to ensure that all inhabitants were registered”-Gandhi organized “peaceful picketing of registration centres, burning registration cards, courting arrest, & gracefully accepting punishment & harassment”efforts limited success-Gandhi organized women & miners against immigration regulations, indentured labor, a local tax, & government’s failure to recognize Indian marriagesefforts successful leading to the Indian Relief Act in 1914-Gandhi began weekly newspaper devoted to airing the concerns of Indians in South Africa-Returned to India in 1915, came to be called “Mahatma” meaning “great soul”, some thought of him as a reincarnation of God-Gandhi left for South Africa a shy & little-known failure, but returned a hero for his work to advance Indian rights-Worked to improve conditions in India & to undermine the authority of the British, but always remained true to his philosophy of nonviolence & passive resistancedemanded extraordinary bravery & shouldn’t be confused with cowardice-Gandhi said himself that if he had to choose between cowardice & violence, he would choose violence b/c cowardice takes away from a man’s self-respect

First turning point in India’s road to freedom -1919, one year after WW1 ended, the Rowlatt Act passed, which extended the wartime restrictions that had suspended many liberties of Indians during the war instead of the Indian’s liberties being restored when the war ended

-Gandhi’s response to the Rowlatt Acta work stoppage that would close shops, shut down factories, & close banks. Also called for distributing banned political literature

-strategy initially a successbut violence soon broke out with his followers

-Massacre of Amritsar British schoolteacher attacked by group of Indian youth, government responded by calling in troops & banning public meetings, crowd met in courtyard to protest the Rowlatt Act, soldiers ordered to shoot until ran out of ammo, 379 killed, 1,137 wounded.

-Gandhi responded to massacre of Amritsar by calling for a boycott of British goods, British schools, & British jobs. Encouraged Indians to burn imported clothing & only wear fabric made in India. Thousands imprisoned for political dissent, Gandhi sentenced to prison for publishing articles calling for a free India.-Held firm to his belief in nonviolence-Gandhi fasted when words were not enough to stop the violence by his people against the British; insisted fasts were only used to instruct the followers

- Second turning point in Gandhi’s quest for an Independent India -World economy in decline, farmers in India in economic trouble-Gandhi used British government’s tax on salt to both defy the British government & to unite his followers-Saltcommodity all citizens needed; for the poor, a tax on salt was oppressive-Illegal to possess salt that was not obtained from the government-Gandhi announced 240-mile march on foot from his camp to the sea, to intentionally harvest salt without paying a tax

-Salt marchlasted 24 days, stopped each day at villages to give speeches urging civil disobedience & asking citizens to join his march; ppl at villages gathered to greet Gandhi; local Indian officials working for Britsh gov. resigned their jobs; march attracted international attention

-Upon arriving at the sea, picked a spot where salt was thick, picked it up & gave a speech urging other Indians to ignore the law & gather salt; Gandhi arrested & jailed; his followers marched on the saltworks

-Salt protests showed the world & the British the brutal nature of British rule in India & the determination of the Indian ppl to be free

-Internal conflict between Muslims & Hindus meant continued unrest-Whether there should be one India or whether land w/ large concentrations of Muslims should be broken off into a separate country, Pakistan-Gandhi believed should be one country

-Extremist shot Gandhi at age 79 in 1948 while preparing to conduct prayer services-Gandhi engineered independence for India & provided the rest of the world with a model for using nonviolent means to bring about change

-Points of Gandhi’s Approach Which Made it Work1) Refusal to follow the law always done with a purpose & always done openly

-respectfully notified authorities of his intention before doing a specific act-remained optimistic about nature of human beings & always hopeful that if told of his plans in advance, authorities might be willing to negotiate for change

2) Always willing to pay for his civil disobedience by going to jail-Total of 6.4 years spent in jail throughout his lifetime-being jailed showed his followers dedication & gave him time to plan further actions-expressed disappointment b/c not jailed or released early

3) Gandhi & his followers willing to suffer beatings & other physical punishments without returning violence or treating the attackers with contempt or disrespect

-Gandhi thought violence or any demeaning of others was something that diminished the person practicing it-believed violence was morally reprehensive & an ineffective strategy for change

4) Faith in his approach gave him great patent-work toward a free India lasted 32 years; never gave up peaceful civil obedience-patient man willing to negotiate for smaller short-term steps towards long-term goal of independent India

5) Appreciate value of using every available medium to spread his ideas-led followers by direct example-gave speeches-prolific writer; constantly writing letters, essays for newspapers, published own newspaper

3) Civil procedures-“tort” means “wrong or twisted”-tort lawindividual who has been injured sues another to compensate for that injury & uses the court as a neutral arbitrator between the two sides-people who sue under tort law are generally seeking money to compensate for their injuries, or to punish the wrong doer

-torts/civil vs. criminal cases difference between two systems 1)Civil Law Criminal LawPrivate matter Public offense

If Fred Smith assaults Jones in California. Court case would be…If civil law Jones vs. SmithIf criminal law California vs. Smith2) Civil Law Criminal Law Repairs the damage done to the victim Punishes the guilty

Primary question for judgment/punishmentIf civil Law what should be done for the victimIf criminal law what should be done to the offender3)Civil Law Criminal LawIndividual brings the wrong to the attention of the court

State brings the wrong to the attention of the court

If woman was abused/victimIf civil law Individual victim’s responsibility to bring the matter to court & wishes of injured

person take priorityIf criminal law Woman can decide she doesn’t want charges brought, prosecutor is free to ignore

her wishes & go forward with criminal charges 4)Civil Law Criminal LawIndividual receives the fine or damage award

Sentence or fine is paid to the court

If a person was caught shopliftingIf civil law store sues shoplifter, get financial penalty imposed of the offender, get all legal costs & maybe awarded extra money as punishment of the offender (punitive damages) If criminal law shoplifter pays a fine to the court, but store gains nothing but returned stolen

merchandise5) Civil Law Criminal LawOne is found accountable by the “preponderance of evidence”

One must be found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt”

If civil law only necessary to show they are more likely responsible than to be no t responsible.

judge or jury only need 51% certain of guiltIf criminal law no reasonable doubt that person is guilty6)Civil Law Criminal LawFewer constitutional protections

More constitutional protections; Bill of Rights

If civil law accuser isn’t government but another individual, so constitutional protections do not apply to defendants in civil court

If criminal lawBill of Rights protects the accused from the power of the government

4) Guerilla tactics-unconventional & outrageous-Saul Alinsky

-worked to help poor neighborhoods obtain basic city services & help local residents get jobs-worked to help the Have-Nots take power away from the Haves-known for using tactics that were outrageous but highly effective-his book, Rules for Radicals, written for ppl w/o power who wanted to take it awayfrom the ppl w/ power; approach called radical

Key elements of Alinsky’s work1) Assumed that people always acts out of self-interest and that one way to gain their

cooperation was to appeal to their self-interest rather than to higher moral principles2) Communities & groups could only produce long-term change if residents were

committed to that change- a desire for change must come from the local community itself

-Needed to be seen as legit by local residents. Accomplished this by never talking down, treated w/ paternalism; being insulted or attacked by those in power made him more credible; showed his solidarity by being arrested & jailed

3) Tactics centered around the idea of power-Saw conflict as a positive force essential to a free society-Challenge was to find ways to pressure those in power to make concessions

4) Ethical standards of right & wrong must change to fit the times-Viewed efforts to help poor as a battle against those in power-Any effect means is automatically judged by opposition as unethical

5) Used humor as a weapon-Relied on ridicule & humor at the expense of Haves as a tool to gain their cooperation

6) Knew that for unconventional tactics to work they had to be unanticipated by the Haves

-Do things completely outside of the normal experience of the Haves-Not use same tactic repeatedly

7) Always organized communities with specific objectives in mind-& specific ways in which the Haves could meet those objectives

Example of Saul Alinsky’s approach-In NY, Kodak did little to hire or promote blacks. Alinsky organized in a black community to buy out 100 seats to a performance & give them to local blacks. Group would be given a large baked bean dinner, leading to a “fart-in” at the performance which would publicly embarrass Kodak, and also would not allow the company to arrest the blacks b/c suspicion about Kodak’s hiring practices would be raised. Leaked the plan previous hoping for

concessions from Kodak before the plan would be implemented. Plan never actually followed through with but a good example.

Amnesty International (1960) membership & purpose-British lawyer Peter Beneson, creator; wrote editorial describing ppl in diff countries imprisoned expressing for their religious or political views (“prisoners of conscious”) & he urged readers to contact his office & write letters seeking the release of these prisoners which led to Beneson launching a year-long campaign to free religious & political prisoners around the world called the “Appeal for Amnesty”-group of volunteers “adopt” particular prisoners; volunteers contact prisoners & their families & write letters to authorities on their behalf-mandates to free prisoners of conscience, making certain that political prisoners have fair & prompt trials, abolishing the death penalty, putting an end to extrajudicial executions & “disappearances”, end torture, detention without charges, & human rights abuses by armed opposition groups-stop human rights abuses

ACLU American Civil Liberties Union (purpose & causes) -During WW1, many basic civil rights, including freedom of speech, had little meaning. -The 1918 Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize the govppl sent to jail-Basic liberties also restricted when Congress passed new laws further restricting freedoms due to a series of bombings by anarchists. Became a crime to send anything written in German through the U.S. mail or the fly a red flag (communists)-Roger Baldwin, served yr in prison for anti-war views, outraged that the “land of the free” allowed ppl to express only those views supportive of the gov & that the gov would so freely ignore basic principles outline in the Constitution-Roger Baldwin formed ACLU as a private voluntary organization-ACLU defend the Bill of Rights to the Constitution-ACLU formed after excesses of Palmer Raids-Primary strategy of ACLU became taking cases to court, which proved effective-other efforts to further civil liberties consist of lobbying regarding legislation that may affect civil liberties, publishing books & other materials explaining basic rights, & taking public positions on issues related to civil libertiesThe Irish Republican Army or IRA (purpose & causes) -First emerged in 1916-Tension between Ireland & Britain to fight over the issue of Irish independence-Irish organizations arose to oppose the British-Created in effort to create an independent Ireland-Used violence (car bombs, radio-controlled bombs, bank robbery, even murder) to frustrate what it views as an occupying force-for the organization’s protection, members had smalls cells (4 ppl) & were cautioned to keep their activities secret-element in 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of Alfred P. Murrah building

Habeas corpus-right to have the lawfulness of imprisonment tested by the courts- in Bill of Rights

Geneva Conventions rules of war

-Guidelines for…1) treatment of sick & wounded combatants on land2) sick & wounded combatants at sea3) handling of prisoners of war4) treatment of civilians in occupied territories

-rules for engagement, the treatment of prisoners, & treatment of civilians-necessary step toward creating an enforcement mechanism

Nuremberg trials – success as a deterrent for future atrocities (killings)-“if the Nuremburg Trials were to serve as a deterrent to prevent future atrocities, they failed” -laid groundwork for later efforts at defining war crimes, conducting war crime tribunals, & the principle that individuals could be held accountable for the acts of nations & that “I was just following orders” was not an acceptable defense

Notes: Bringing About Change: Gandhi’s life; impact (above)

Civil Disobedience-Intentional & public refusal to obey a law or regulation with which one disagrees

Educating the Public-Must have

1) Problem the public can relate to2) Must have an effective mediumway to get the message out3) Must have a solution something that gives them something to do; without a solution the message will die

-Education likely to fail if it doesn’t have these 3 things

Success of Civil Disobedience-in comparison to violence-India’s freedom-Civil Rights Movement-Current activist issues

-Street demonstrations, marches, the occupying of building, and strikes, and other forms of economic resistance

Civil vs. Criminal law- (above)

Guerilla Tactics-unconventional & radical, unusual, never been done before-Sal Alinsky

-philharmonic example-successful in making people change in the way they behave

Organizations-ACLU American Civil Liberties Unionto protect the bill of rights

-IRA- (above)-Amnesty International human rights organizations

Films (We were Warriors & India: Defying the Crown)

Incremental Change small, over time changes that last b/c process in incremental & slow

Violence quick, speedy chance can also be quickly overturned