1.Fringing reef2.Patch reef3.Barrier reef4.Atoll

TIPE-TIPE TERUMBU KARANGTIPE-TIPE TERUMBU KARANG

a. Terumbu Karang Tepi (Fringing reef)

b. Terumbu Karang Penghalang (Barrier reef)

c. Atol

GEOLOGIC MODEL CARBONATE BUILD-UP (1)

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Environmental needTemperature : Moderately constant in range 260 -290C.Salinity : at 32-34% slightly below world ocean average and subject to seasonal variationsClarity : Improves with distance from shoreRunoff : Prolific silt/suspended fines from rivers bordering

the sea or straitStorm : Seasonal monsoon patterns impact runoff, turbulence and clarityHuman activity : Overfishing and mining on reef, transportation and

marine pollutionAdaptability : Low tolerance at molecular, organism, population or

community level to the wide spectrum of bio physico-stresses associated with eutrophication.Result : Many reef tracts now “functionally dead”. Animal- algal symbiont associations replace by a benthic heterotrophic community dominated by filter feeding and deposit feeding benthos typical muddy environment.

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