TESCO AND THE SUPERMARKETIZATION OF CHINA

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHINESE RETAIL INDUSTRY AND

TESCO’S STRATEGIC POSITION WITHIN IT

Prepared by: Martin Witthoeft

Module Title: Strategic Management Module Leader: Graham Webster

Module Code: BC315017S

Academic Year: 2008/9 Semester: One

Level: 3

Submitted: 17 December 2008

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Table of Contents

1. The Supermarketization of China ..................................................................................... 1

1.1. China - Land of Opportunity ....................................................................................... 1

1.2. Tesco on Course of Expansion ..................................................................................... 1

2. Part 1: Analysis of the Chinese Retail Market .................................................................. 2

2.1. PESTEL Analysis ............................................................................................................ 2

2.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis ....................................................................................... 5

2.3. Opportunities and Threats Analysis ............................................................................ 7

2.4. Critical Success Factors Analysis .................................................................................. 8

3. Part 2: Analysis of Tesco in China...................................................................................... 9

3.1. Porter’s Value Chain Analysis ...................................................................................... 9

3.2. Balanced Scorecard Analysis ..................................................................................... 10

3.3. Ansoff Matrix Analysis ............................................................................................... 13

3.4. Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis .......................................................................... 14

4. Future Outlook on Tesco in China ................................................................................... 15

4.1. Learning Curve for Expansion .................................................................................... 15

4.2. Strategic Recommendations ...................................................................................... 16

4.3. Is Tesco able to deliver its Strategy? ......................................................................... 17

5. List of References ............................................................................................................. 18

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List of Tables

Table 1: Tesco’s International Strategy 1

Table 2: Current Shopping Trends in China 4

Table 3: Opportunities and Threats in the Chinese Retail Market 7

Table 4: Critical Success Factors in the Chinese Retail Market 8

Table 5: Financial Results for Tesco in Asia 11

Table 6: Ansoff Matrix Analysis of Tesco in China 13

Table 7: Strengths and Weaknesses of Tesco in China 14

List of Figures

Figure 1: Porter’s Value Chain for Tesco China .......................................................................... 9

Figure 2: Tesco’s “Steering wheel”........................................................................................... 10

Figure 3: Tesco’s “Steering wheel update” & “Shopping list” ................................................. 12

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1. The Supermarketization of China

China is the emerging force in today’s business world and its domestic market bears huge

growth potential for multinational companies. This report focuses on China’s supermarket

industry and shows how multinational Tesco is competing in what Gale and Reardon (2004)

call the “supermarketization” of China.

1.1. China - Land of Opportunity

China is the sixth largest economy in the world with a GDP of $ 3,241 billion in 2007 and an

annual growth rate of 9.8 per cent in 2008. The growth of real disposable income at an

annual rate of 11.5 per cent is resulting in a rapidly emerging middle class (Economist, 2008).

1.2. Tesco on Course of Expansion

Tesco PLC is the leading British and the World's third biggest retailer operating in twelve

countries around the globe. Tesco has advanced very quickly with its internationalisation,

gained foothold in Eastern Europe but withdrew from markets like France, Taiwan and South

Korea (Tesco PLC, 2008).

Table 1 below shows a brief summary of Tesco’s international strategy.

Tesco’s International Strategy

1. Be flexible in each market

2. Act local to the community

3. Maintain focus on the customer

4. Use multiformats for a successful approach

5. Develop capability in terms of skill

6. Build brands for long-lasting customer relationships

Table 1: Tesco’s International Strategy Source: Adapted from Tesco PLC, 2008

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In 2004, after a three year analysis of the Chinese market, Tesco decided to team up with

Taiwanese Ting Hsin and took a 50 per cent stake of its hypermarket chain Hymall in a joint

venture that was topped up to 90 per cent in 2006 (Tesco PLC, 2008).

There are now 58 Tesco hypermarkets and four Tesco Express stores on the Eastern coast of

China in the major cities like Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen/Guangzhou. Tesco has made

the commitment of adding another ten stores per year and is developing supply hubs in

these key regions (Tesco PLC, 2008).

2. Part 1: Analysis of the Chinese Retail Market

2.1. PESTEL Analysis

Outlined below is a PESTEL analysis to understand the forces of change in the Chinese retail

industry.

I. Political and legal

• TRADE REGULATIONS: The retail industry is not considered to be a prestigious industry

by the Chinese government and is therefore not sanctioned like the heavy industry

sector. Examples of the French hypermarket Carrefour, that ignored or bent the rules

and was not punished for it, illustrates that China does not see a need to restrict the

development of this industry (Jones, 2004).

• MODERNISATION: Local governments are shutting down the traditional street markets

(so-called wet markets) and convert them into supermarkets. The aim is to expand the

retail networks of chain supermarkets into China’s western provinces (Gale & Reardon,

2004).

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• OPEN MARKET: Since 2001 the Chinese retail market has been open to foreign

multinationals due to China’s entry into the WTO. Only one third of the companies in

China are still state controlled (Economist, 2008).

II. Economic

• ECONOMIC GROWTH: GDP growth is expected to drop from 11.9 per cent in 2007 to 8.2

per cent in 2012. However, domestic demand is to remain strong in the next five years as

consumption will rise due to overall wage growth (Economist, 2008).

• TAXATION: The rate of corporate income tax in China is 25 per cent. There are however

special tax rates available for companies which are investing in preferred sectors and

regions, e.g. the Western provinces (Economist, 2008).

• SUPPLIERS: Since most of the fresh produce originates from China, it is essential to find

local suppliers able to provide goods according to international quality standards (Jones,

2004).

III. Social

• DEMOGRAPHICS: The population growth rate of China is 0.629 per cent in 2008 with a

current average life expectancy of 73.18 years. Age distribution in China is characterized

by a small youth group (0-14 years account for only 20.1 per cent, ages 15-64 for 71.9

per cent and 65 & over for 8 per cent) due to the one child policy of the Chinese

government introduced in 1979 (CIA World Factbook, 2008).

• HEALTH AWARENESS: After thousands of infants have been poisoned by milk

contaminated with the industrial chemical melamine, Chinese customers are more

concerned about product safety than ever before (Arlidge, 2008).

• CULTURAL NORMS: There is a danger of forcing a foreign format onto the Chinese

shopper as it might result in rejection of the foreign supermarket chain (Gale & Reardon,

2004).

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Table 2 below shows current shopping trends in China.

Current Shopping Trends in China

1. How to buy? Always in person, no online shopping or other methods available.

2. Where to buy? At the closest store possible - no transportation available.

3. What to buy? Many of the everyday products Chinese consume are an issue for Western animal rights activists.1

4. When to buy? Almost daily to buy fresh produce.2

5. How much to buy? Average expenditure per customer is 80 RMB (£7.61) & Chinese only buy as much as they can carry.3

6. Who is buying? Most of the population in the major cities are singles.

Table 2: Current Shopping Trends in China Sources: 1 Action against Poisoning, 2000

2 Gale & Reardon, 2004 3 Wheatley, 2007

IV. Technological

• DISTRIBUTION: Due to its vast landmass and poor infrastructure it is essential to establish

a net of warehouses at strategic locations and to outsource distribution to a strong

distribution partner with great local knowledge (Jones, 2004).

• SUPPLIERS: Finding suppliers with the necessary IT capabilities to be integrated into an

existing distribution system can prove to be a challenge (Wheatley, 2007).

• LIVING STANDARDS: Few Chinese households are equipped with a refrigerator so the

shopping behaviour is not likely to shift quickly to one big weekly shopping trip

(Wheatley, 2007).

V. Environmental

• WASTE: The Chinese government recently abolished plastic bags, an example of

environmental decision making in China which can happen quickly and involve radical

changes (Shipeng & Graham-Harrison, 2008).

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• RECYCLING: The Chinese government made continuous efforts to introduce recycling

programs through its “National Economy and Social Progress Plan” (China Daily, 2004).

• CONTROLS: Due to international pressure China has become sensitive to the issue of

pollution and there is a trend towards stricter controls of firms in recent times (Shipeng

& Graham-Harrison, 2008).

PESTEL Summary: Move Westwards and Respect Traditions

The Chinese retail industry is encouraged by the government to spread westwards to

eventually cater all parts of China and to help to achieve an equally high standard of living

throughout the country (Gale & Reardon, 2004).

The traditional Chinese shopping habits are deeply rooted and should be respected while

introducing Western shopping concepts. Educating the Chinese shopper of how to improve

their shopping experience should be introduced in stages to limit the danger of rejection

(Wheatley, 2007).

2.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Shown below is Porter’s Five Forces analysis to assess the balance of power in the Chinese

retail industry.

I. Threat of new entrants

• High cost of entry due to the need to set up new distribution channels (Jones, 2004).

• Competitors might retaliate with price war or bad publicity (Kumar, 2007).

• Differentiation is important since China is a very price sensitive economy (Arlidge, 2008).

II. Threat of substitute products or services

• Food is a basic need but non-food products could be substituted eventually.

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• Retailing could be bypassed by internet shopping therefore eliminating hypermarkets.

• Traditional stores offering human contact are an alternative to hypermarkets (Gale &

Reardon, 2004).

III. Bargaining power of suppliers

• Bargaining power of suppliers is rather low, especially for small farming businesses.

• Huge international brands of the likes of Unilever or Proctor & Gamble have more power

due to international brand awareness.

• It is difficult to find local suppliers that confirm with international standards, giving the

existing suppliers a short-term advantage for bargaining.

IV. Bargaining power of buyers

• Bargaining power of buyers is very high towards small suppliers, e.g. small farmers.

• Switching costs between suppliers are moderate and are decreasing with growing

experience in the market.

• Higher economies of scale due to international expansion increase the power of buyers.

V. Rivalry among existing competitors

• The domestic retailers in China have a competitive advantage due to the time before

1992 when they were protected from their international rivals. Now Carrefour, Wal-Mart

and Tesco are entering the market almost simultaneously (Jones, 2004).

• The retail industry is now shifting its focus from the richer Chinese eastern coast to the

poorer western provinces. According to Wheatley (2007), the chain that masters this

challenge best is destined to be the major player in China in the future.

• Local competitors are quick in copying working strategies and using them to their favour

(Jones, 2004).

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Porter’s Five Forces Summary: Build Networks and Choose Strategic Store Locations

In conclusion to the analysis above, the first step in being successful in the Chinese retail

industry is to build a network of approved suppliers and a cost efficient distribution system.

The next step is to open supermarkets at the right locations and finally cater the needs of

the Chinese customer in a better way than the competition.

With the Chinese supermarket industry still in its infancy and all major multinational

supermarket chains eyeing towards China, there will be fierce competition for the Chinese

shopper in the near future.

2.3. Opportunities and Threats Analysis

Shown in Table 3 below is a summary of opportunities and threats in the Chinese retail

industry based on conclusions of the foregoing analysis of PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces.

Analysis of the External Environment

Opportunities Threats

• Size of the market

• Huge industry growth

• Political backing for industry

• Expansion into the Western part of China

• Retail partnerships with local companies

• Market is not highly regulated

• Trend towards Western lifestyle

• Market is in its infancy

• Intense rivalry in the market

• Unstable political environment

• Poor infrastructure

• Hard to find good staff & suppliers

• Raw material prices are on the rise & impact profit margins

Table 3: Opportunities and Threats in the Chinese Retail Market

Opportunities and Threats Summary: Focus on Research

Domestic supermarket chains have an advantage in terms of local knowledge, customer

preferences and shopping habits as well as long-term experience in the market. Foreign

firms on the other hand differ from the Chinese approach with innovations, lean distribution

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systems with advanced IT integration and the attraction of Western lifestyle (Thorniley,

2008).

Sensitive market approach and in-depth research can minimize the risk of failure in this

market and help to gain a competitive edge over the competition (Wheatley, 2007).

2.4. Critical Success Factors Analysis

Outlined in Table 4 below is a Critical Success Factors analysis to identify the factors that

matter most to be successful in the Chinese retail industry.

Critical Success Factors

Success Factor Description

1. Product quality Importance to build trust in own brand due to recent food poisoning scandals.1

2. Proximity of stores Chinese daily shopping behaviour happens at the nearest store due to lack of transport.2

3. Chinese management In China’s trust based and family focused culture locals should be employed in the stores.

4. Economies of scale China is a price sensitive market resulting in the need for ever lower priced goods.

5. Differentiation With the simultaneous entry of retailers the market it is vital to have differentiated approach.3 Table 4: Critical Success Factors in the Chinese Retail Market

Sources: 1 Arlidge, 2008

2 Gale & Reardon, 2004 3 Jones, 2004

Critical Success Factors Analysis: Learn about Chinese Values

According to McKinsey’s Hong Kong branch there is only room for five major players in the

Chinese retail industry in the next 15 years, thus expelling weaker players from the market.

Foreign firms are unfamiliar with Chinese customs, laws and regulations and have to put in

an extra effort to survive in this market (Penhirin & Miu, 2002).

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INBOUND LOGISTICS

OPERATIONS OUTBOUND LOGISTICS

MARKETING & SALES

SERVICE

PROCUREMENT

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN

RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE

Financial policy – Accounting - Regulatory compliance - Quality management - Legal - Community affairs

- Promotion - Advertising - Store layout - Loyalty scheme

(Tesco Club card)

- Store Operations - Till Operations - Back-of-store

operations - Store development - Internet shopping

- Customer service section - Complaint Follow-up

department

- Customer management policy

- Stores location - Packaging

Information Technology Communications

Recruitment/training & reward of quality controllers

Recruitment/training & reward of shop-floor staff/managers

Recruitment/training & reward of till staff

Recruitment/training & reward of sales/ Marketing staff

Recruitment/training & reward of customer service staff

IS/IT system integration with suppliers for ordering, stock control & accounting

Market research, media choice & PR

Customer satisfaction tracking system

- Supplier selection - Quality control - Warehousing &

distribution network (outsourced)

Figure 1: Porter’s Value Chain for Tesco China

Source: Adapted from Porter, 1985

In order to gain market share a differentiated approach in line with Chinese cultural values is

necessary. In addition to that retailers must find an innovative approach to use their

knowledge effectively thus setting themselves apart from their rivals.

3. Part 2: Analysis of Tesco in China

3.1. Porter’s Value Chain Analysis

Shown in Figure 1 below is Porter’s Value Chain analysis to understand how value is created

within Tesco’s organization.

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Figure 2: Tesco’s “Steering wheel”

Value Chain Summary: Focus on Core Competences

In the advancement of the joint venture between Tesco and Ting Hsin both partners are now

focusing on their core competences: Tesco is focusing on the implementation and migration

of the common IT infrastructure and the optimization of the supply chain and Ting Hsin is

concentrating on further expanding its market share as the leading food producer in China

(Tesco PLC, 2008).

Tesco has outsourced its warehousing and distribution network internationally to focus on

its core competences, IT integration and developing a lean supply chain (Elsevier Food

International, 2005).

The company is also gaining valuable market data through its loyalty scheme by introducing

the Tesco Club card in China. Tesco is able to track all purchases and customize its marketing

efforts for each individual store due to foreseeable customer behaviour (Tesco PLC, 2008).

3.2. Balanced Scorecard Analysis

Outlined in Figure 2 below is a Balanced Scorecard used to demonstrate how Tesco

motivates its employees to deliver its strategy on a day-to-day basis.

Source: Tesco PLC, 2008

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According to Tesco’s CEO, Sir Terry Leahy, the adaptation of the Balanced Scorecard research

by Robert S. Kaplan into the Tesco “Steering wheel” helped the company stay focused on its

strategy in the last twenty years. The wheel has five 90 degree arcs which represent the four

Balanced Scorecard performance areas of Finance, People, Operations and Customers as

well as of Community, a field recently added by Tesco (Kaplan, 2008).

I. Finance

Table 5 below shows the financial results of the first six months in 2008 for Tesco in Asia.

Financial Results for Tesco in Asia 2008

in million £ change in %

Asia sales (inc. VAT) £ 3.171 16.0%

Asia trading profit £ 145 16.9%

Table 5: Financial Results for Tesco in Asia Source: Tesco PLC, 2008

According to the figures above, sales grew by 16.0 per cent to £ 3.2billion and trading profit

increased by 16.9 per cent to £ 145 million in the first half of the financial year 2008 (Tesco

PLC, 2008).

Tesco China contributed with rapid sales growth but Tesco still made a small planned loss in

this trading period due to the establishment of its operations and supply hubs in China’s

main economic regions (Tesco PLC, 2008).

II. People

Sir Terry Leahy, CEO of Tesco exemplifies Tesco’s mission in the following statement: "Tesco

doesn't want one leader. We want thousands of leaders who take initiative to execute the

strategy” (Kaplan, 2008).

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III. Operations

Outlined in Figure 3 below are the “Steering wheel update” and the “Shopping list”, two of

Tesco’s main operational tools.

Figure 3: Tesco’s “Steering wheel update” & “Shopping list”

Source: Tesco PLC, 2008

Tesco’s slogan “Every little helps” can be translated to constant incremental improvements

of the steering wheels’ five arcs. Figure 3 above shows a template of the “Steering wheel

Update”, a monthly report tailored to each store with individual feedback on its

performance in key areas. In addition to this report, Tesco attaches "Shopping lists" to

describe in simple terms key elements of the wheel so employees can incorporate them in

their daily activities (Kaplan, 2008).

IV. Customers

Tesco has a strong commitment of putting customers’ interests first. The main focus is

therefore on its 'Everyday Low Price strategy' in combination with other promotions. The

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goal is to regularize low prices for Tesco customers and offer low prices not as a strategic

option, but on a daily basis (Tesco PLC, 2008).

V. Community

The addition of this fifth arch to the steering wheel shows that Tesco recognizes its

corporate social responsibility for the community. Therefore, it initiates numerous activities

including four Tesco summer soccer camps, which were held during August 2008 for

employees’ children and kids from special schools in Shanghai, and a national basketball

contest held in October 2008 (Tesco PLC, 2008).

3.3. Ansoff Matrix Analysis

Shown in Table 6 below is an Ansoff Matrix analysis to understand the risks of different

options for Tesco`s growth.

Products

Existing New

Mar

kets

Exis

ting

Market Penetration Product Development

• Improve service and quality

• Repositioning / advertising

• Loyalty program (Tesco Clubcard)

• “Tesco Value” branding to Chinese products

• Introduce new Chinese products

New

Market Development Diversification

• Online grocery shopping

• Introduce self-checkout

• Move into Western provinces

• Find different target groups

• Tesco store branding of joint Chinese joint venture stores to raise brand awareness

• Inner-city Tesco Express stores

Table 6: Ansoff Matrix Analysis of Tesco in China Source: Adapted from Ansoff, 1957

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Ansoff Matrix Summary: Start with Loyalty Scheme

Establishing the Tesco Clubcard loyalty scheme in China involves low risk since an existing

product is placed in an existing market. Higher risk operations include introducing online

grocery shopping to China, a move into a new market with an existing product; or the

branding of Chinese products with the “Tesco Value” label, where a new product is created

for an existing market. Most risky options include opening an inner-city Tesco Express stores

involving the move into a new market with a new product. Going into multiple quadrants

simultaneously further increases the level of risk (Manktelow, 2008).

Tesco might want to take chances with some of the riskier options in order to keep up with

its rivals but through close examination of the market and gradual introduction of new ideas

it can limit the risks to a minimum.

3.4. Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis

Outlined in Table 7 below is a summary of Tesco’s internal strengths and weaknesses based

on conclusions of the foregoing analysis of Porter’s Value Chain, the Balanced Scorecard and

the Ansoff Matrix.

Analysis of Internal Perspective

Strengths Weaknesses

• Experience in successfully entering foreign markets

• Steady growth in both home market an internationally

• Detailed market insight through loyalty scheme (Tesco Club card)

• “Retailer of the year 2008” at World Retail Awards

• Rapid international growth could weaken control

• Fast expansion difficult due to lack of experience in Chinese market

• Hypermarket format lacks flexibility of other more focused competitors

• Tesco’s mid and higher priced products will suffer due to economic slowdown

Table 7: Strengths and Weaknesses of Tesco in China Source: Adapted from Tesco PLC, 2005

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Strengths and Weaknesses Summary: Respect Cultural Differences

On its ambitious campaign into the Chinese retail market Tesco has successfully adapted to

local conditions and is supported by its steady international growth (Tesco PLC, 2008).

However, during what Tesco's corporate affairs director Lucy Neville-Rolfe calls the “need to

go local” (Jones, 2004), Ken Towle, head of Tesco China points out that “Tesco is not here to

change people's habits”. In order to ensure long-term success, Tesco’s main attention must

be on satisfying the arising needs of the Chinese costumer (Wheatley, 2007).

The analysis of Tesco’s weaknesses indicates that a well-planned approach with a moderate

speed of expansion could be right recipe for Tesco’s continuous growth in China.

4. Future Outlook on Tesco in China

4.1. Learning Curve for Expansion

I. Tesco’s downturn in the Past

Tesco has learned his lesson when taking on about 100 Catteau stores in Northern France in

1993 that it sold to Promodes just five years later with a great loss. Since then Tesco’s focus

has been to grow steadily and surely (Foster, 2004).

II. Tesco starts Small

Tesco started its venture in China in a small way and built it up in what Mumford at

Cavendish Asset Management calls a “sensible and responsible way” (Foster, 2004).

III. Tesco is Patient

Williams at Seymour Pierce adds that instead of using its traditional expansion strategy of

buying into the number one or two retailer in China, Tesco opted to enter China through a

smaller-sized retailer to learn about consumer trends and the market (Foster, 2004).

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IV. Tesco focuses on Learning

Mumford points out that Tesco’s entry strategy in China aims to firstly gain a foothold in the

market, then learn about the market and finally expand on a large scale. Williams calls this

“a wise decision” due to the size and diversity of the market (Foster, 2004).

V. Tesco goes Local

According to David McCarthy, managing director of food retail research at Citigroup, a key

element in Tesco’s international growth is to use a local scale rather than a global scale

strategy, which includes local sourcing and utilising local management (Foster, 2004).

4.2. Strategic Recommendations

A.T. Kearney’s Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) indicates that Tesco’s future success

in China will depend on two major factors, firstly on knowing when and how to move into

key second-tier cities and secondly on Tesco’s ability to understand consumer readiness

(Kuipers, 2008).

• MOVE TO SECOND-TIER CITIES: Given the saturation of China’s first-tier cities in the

coastal regions like Shanghai, Tesco lags behind in expanding into Tier-two cities like

Nanjing, which are twenty emerging cities with twelve per cent of the Chinese

population, and Tier-three cities like Chengdu, which are smaller provincial capitals

(Kuipers, 2008).

• CUSTOMER READINESS: The other key challenge for Tesco is to tailor products and

services to consumer readiness and assessing the real consumer needs in the area. Tesco

still has to learn about the highly diverse consumer preferences and buying habits

between different provinces in China (Kuipers, 2008).

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4.3. Is Tesco able to deliver its Strategy?

Concluding the analysis of Tesco’s expansion in China above, Tesco’s focus should be on

long-term strategic options rather than quick expansion at all costs. Further emphasis should

be given to the expansion into key regions and adapting to local customer needs.

Williams at Seymour Pierce concludes that the greatest threat to Tesco’s growth could be

Tesco itself either through arrogance or over ambition. He admits however, that this remains

an unlikely prospect to him (Foster, 2004).

Mumford’s final comment on Tesco’s future growth in China is that when “looking ten years’

ahead it could be regarded as a bit of a coup” (Foster, 2004).

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5. List of References

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Available at: http://www.foodinternational.net/articles/country-profile/1064/retail-in-the-wild-east.html [Accessed 17 November 2008]. Kumar, A., 2007. Retail sector undergoing paradigm shift, [Online] (Updated 8 Jan 2007). Available at: http://www.dawn.com/2007/01/08/ebr8.htm [Accessed 20 November 2008]. Manktelow, J., 2008. The Ansoff Matrix, [Online] (Updated 2008). Available at: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_90.htm [Accessed 20 November 2008]. Penhirin, J. & Miu, A., 2002. Hypermarkets China-style are Cashing In, [Online] (Updated 23 Dec 2002). Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greaterchina/mckonchina/industries/consumer/hypermarkets.aspx [Accessed 18 November 2008]. Shipeng, G. & Graham-Harrison, E., 2008. China launches surprise crackdown on plastic bags. Reuters UK, [internet] 8 January. Available at: http://uk.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=UKPEK25589820080108 [Accessed 18 November 2008]. Tesco PLC., 2008. Interim Results and Management Report 2008/9, [Online] Tesco PLC. Available at: http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/media/pr/pr2008/2008-09-30/ [Accessed 17 November 2008]. Tesco PLC., 2008. Our International Strategy, [Online] Tesco PLC. Available at: http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/international/ [Accessed 17 November 2008]. The Economist, 2008. Country briefings China – Factsheet, [Online] (Updated 30 Sept 2008). Available at: http://www.economist.com/countries/china/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet [Accessed 17 November 2008]. The Economist, 2008. Country briefings China – Forecast, [Online] (Updated 30 Oct 2008). Available at: http://www.economist.com/countries/china/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Forecast [Accessed 17 November 2008]. Thorniley, T., 2008. City focus: Tesco takes on China. This is Money, [internet] 12 August. Available at: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/investing-and-markets/article.html?in_article _id=449618&in_page_id=3 [Accessed 20 November 2008].

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Wardell, J., 2008. Tesco plans further China expansion. Seattle Post Intelligencer, [internet] 11 November. Available at: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/1310ap_eu_britain_tesco.html [Accessed 20 November 2008]. Wheatley, C., 2007. China revolution: Toads in Tesco. This is Money, [internet] 21 May. Available at: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/investing-and-markets/article.html?in_article _id=420559&in_page_id=3 [Accessed 17 November 2008].