Test Bench Upgrading For Ultrasonic Measurement.doc

600-FKM (FYP1-PR-Rev.01)

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Final Year Project Progress Report

PROJECT TITLE

TEST BENCH UPGRADING AND SYSTEM INTERFACING FOR ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT

MUHAMMAD ASHRAF BIN ZULKAFLIIC NO: 890508-06-5073

STUDENT ID: 2011613222

SEMESTER 07 SESSION 2014

2


FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKALBACHELOR DEGREE PROJECT PROGRESS

A. PROPOSED PROJECT

1. PROJECT TITLE:

TEST BENCH UPGRADING AND SYSTEM INTERFACING FOR ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT

2. STUDENT NAME:

MUHAMMAD ASHRAF BIN ZULKAFLI

3. STUDENT ID : 2 0 1 1 6 1 3 2 2 24. COURSE

CODE : EM220

SUPERVISOR NAME: DR. VALLIYAPPAN DAVID A/L NATARAJAN

CO-SUPERVISOR (if available) :

……………………………………………... ……………………………………………...(Student’s Signature ) (Supervisor Signature & Cop)

Name : …………………………….... Date : ……………………………....

Date : …………………………….... Ext. Line : ……………………………....

Cut HereACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP

I hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of a report entitled _________________________

_____________________ submitted by _______________________________________

at _ _ _ _ am/pm and the date __/__/2014.

………………………………………. ………………………………………. …………………………………..Received by: Chop Date

3


INSTRUCTION FOR PANEL

1. DO NOT ACCEPT THE PROGRESS REPORT WITHOUTH VERIFIED BY SUPERVISOR.

2. PLEASE CHECK THIS REPORT AND PUT REMARKS AT ANY PLACE SUITABLE TO HIGHLIGHT YOUR IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT OR CORRECTION.

3. PLEASE WRITE YOUR SUMMARY OF COMMENTS OR SUGGESTIONS INSIDE THE PROVIDED COLOUMN.

4. PLEASE MARKS THIS PROPOSAL TOGETHER WITH PRESENTATION IN FORM 600-FKM.FYP (PPE1-02).R1 - FYP1 PANEL EVALUATION (WILL BE PROVIDED DURING THE PRESENTATION DAY).

5. DO NOT ALLOWED THE STUDENT TO PROCEED FOR PRESENTATION WITHOUT PROVIDING THE PROPOSAL ATLEAST ONE WEEK BEFORE THE PRESENTATION DAY.

PANEL COMMENTS

……………………………………………... (Panel Signature & Cop)

Date: ……………………………....

Ext. Line: ……………………………....

4


A. PROJECT ABSTRACT(Abstract of the proposed project in not more than 200 words):

(20 MARKS)

Lubricant is an important approach used to reduce friction between one or more contacting

surfaces. This is turn will lead to reduced amount of heat generated. The lubricant

properties are therefore very important due to its influence on the wear and efficiency of

the component. This study is conducted to determine the ultrasonic signal’s reflection

produced from different lubricant as well as its film thickness. The necessary apparatus are

used to measure the relevant parameters such as the reflection coefficient, R and the film

thickness, h are to be upgraded to enable it to have a live data feed instead of the previous

method of having to manually extract the data into the computer.

5


B. PROJECT BACKGROUND(Describe the background of your project)

(20 MARKS)

Lubrication refers to the approach used to reduce wear of one or more surfaces in

close proximity and moving relative to each other by separating the surfaces using a

substance called lubricant to transport the load between the opposing surfaces. From

practical experience, we know that by adding lubricant to a solid-solid contact will

significantly reduce friction and wear. Friction and wear has long been studied since the

functioning of many mechanical systems that depends on the appropriate friction and wear

value. The consequences of lubricant failure can be seen by increase in friction and wear

and the total failure of the mechanical system. Though the same can be said for over

lubrication as over lubrication of a moving surfaces leads to senseless energy expending

due to it trying to overcome churning losses. Due to this, the number of articles and papers

regarding the study of lubricant properties are gradually increasing.

6


C. PROBLEM STATEMENT(Please state clearly the problem of the proposed project)

(20 MARKS)

The previous set up of the measuring apparatus needs to have the user manually extract the

data from the oscilloscope, and then manually tabulated and processed in the Labview

software. This extra process is deemed as waste of time and effort as the user needs to

constantly work their way through manually tabulating and analyzing the data in the

Labview, thus the need for an upgrade of the current interface.

Another problem encountered for this interfacing project is the rate of transfer of the date

from the oscilloscope to the PC if live feed were to be used in the data acquisition process.

Thus a proper connection medium needs to be established to ensure that data transferred to

the PC is of a desired rate which is not too slow. Too slow of a transfer rate will result in

the loss of data, thus making the measuring process of the parameters to be not accurate.

7


D. OBJECTIVES & EXPECTED RESULTS(Please state the objectives and expected results of the proposed project)

(40 MARKS)

Objectives:

1. To develop a real time data processor system for ultrasonic measurement of film

thickness in a solid-liquid interface.

2. To measure viscosity of different lubricants through the use of ultrasonic reflection

method utilized in the developed system.

3. To compare the values obtained manually from the oscilloscope to the PC with the

data obtained through live feed to determine whether or not there is any difference

which might lead to error in measurements. Proper rectifying processes are done to

ensure that the accuracy of the measurements is at its best.

8


Expected results:

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Time, us

Am

pli

tud

e, V

Reference

Signal

Figure 1: Observation of attenuation and time shift in time domain signals

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Frequency (MHz)

Am

pli

tud

e,

mV

Reference

Signal

Figure 2: Amplitude spectrum of ultrasonic signal after FFT

9


E. SCOPE OF WORK(Describe the scope of the project)

(20 MARKS)

The scope of work for this project will focus primarily on the upgrading the interfacing

process of the ultrasound measurement technique for film thickness by using the Labview

software. The current set up of the measuring apparatus has no ability of obtaining live

data processing feed of the relevant measured ultrasonic parameters, where the date stored

in the oscilloscope has to be manually extracted to the computer’s Labview.

10

Literature Review

Identifying the all the equations used in obtaining the relevant

parameters as well as the relevant software & hardware in

use

Recognizing what connection is viable to connect the

oscilloscope to the Labview software(PC). In which it is

decided that the Ethernet cable shall be used.

Generate the necessary

interface based on the previous

apparatus set up.

Obtain a live feed connection between the computer and the

Labview and generate the necessary data acquisition for

data analysis


F. PROJECT METHODOLOGY(Describe the procedures and methods to be used to achieve the project objectives)

(40 MARKS)

11


G. LITERATURE REVIEW & REFERENCES(Previous work done on the field of study and anything that you consider to be relevant to the hypothesis or research

question and to its investigation.)(60 MARKS)

Non-destructive Testing

It is defined as wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to help

evaluate the properties of a material without impairing its usefulness.[1] Commonly used

techniques are:

1. MT – Magnetic Particle Testing

2. PT – Dye Penetrant Testing

3. RT - Radiographic Testing

4. UT-Ultrasonic Testing

5. VT-Visual Testing(VI – Visual Inspection)

In this research, the focus is going to be more on Ultrasonic testing.

Machine Health Monitoring

Machine Health Monitoring or Condition Monitoring is the process of monitoring the con-

dition of a machine with the intent to predict mechanical wear and failure. Noise, tempera-

ture and vibration are used as parameters to indicate the state of the machine. Trends in the

data helps provide health information about the machine faults early, which prevents unex-

pected failure which in turn leads to costly repair.

It is considered as both valuable and important as it helps provides the health information

of the machine. Information obtained through this process can be used to help flag warning

signs early, to help organizations stop unscheduled outages, optimize machine performance

and reduce repair time and maintenance costs.[2]

The Figure 1.1 below shows the warning signs of a machine failure.

12


Figure 1.1: The warning signs of a machine failure

Using a machine condition monitoring system, signs of machine failures can be detected

months before repair is necessary, allowing for proper maintenance scheduling and shut-

down.

Ultrasound

The visible spectrum and the audio spectrum correspond to the standard human receptor

response function and covers frequencies from 20Hz to 20kHz, however with age, the

upper limit is reduced significantly. The “human band” is only a tiny slice of the total

available bandwidth for both light and sound. For both cases of light and sound, the full

bandwidth can be narrated by a complete and unique theory, that of electromagnetic waves

for optics and the theory of stress waves in material media for acoustics.

Ultrasound is characterized as an oscillating sound pressure wave with a frequency greater

than the upper limit of the “human band” as mentioned before above the 20kHz upper

limit. It goes up into the megahertz range and finally stops at around 1GHz, goes over into

what is conventionally called the hypersonic domain. The full spectrum is depicted in

Figure 1.2 below, where the typical ranges for the situation of interest are shown.

Emergency Stop

13

f (Hz)

cavitation Nondestructive Evaluation

Surface Acoustic Waves

Medical Imaging

Acoustic Sensors

Acoustic MicroscopyGuided Waves


Figure 1.2: Common frequency ranges for various ultrasonic processes. Source (David, J.

et al., 2012)

Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic is the application of ultrasound. It has many applications and covers a very

broad range of disciplines such as chemistry, physics, engineering, biology, food industry,

medicine, oceanography, seismology and so on. All of these applications are based on two

distinct features of ultrasonic waves which are:

1. Ultrasonic waves travel slowly, about 100,000 times slower than electromagnetic

waves. This makes way to display information in time, creating variable delay, and

so on.

2. Ultrasonic waves are able to penetrate opaque materials, whereas many other types

of radiations such as visible light cannot. Since ultrasonic wave source are

inexpensive, sensitive and reliable, this produces a highly desirable way to probe

and image the interior of the opaque objects. [2:1-2]

Wave Propagation

Wave propagation is defined as the direction of which the waves travel. With respect to the

direction of the oscillation relative to the direction of the propagation, we are able to

determine between longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

Ultrasonic waves can be classified into four groups which is:

1. Longitudinal (or Compression) waves

14


2. Transverse (or Shear) waves

3. Rayleigh (or Surface) waves

4. Lamb (or Plate) waves

Longitudinal and transverse waves are two modes of propagation most often used in

ultrasonic testing.

Longitudinal or compression waves are where the oscillation occurs in the longitudinal

direction or the direction of the wave propagation. It can be said the particles which goes

through a longitudinal waves is subjected to movement which moves parallel to the

direction of the waves. The Figure 1.3 below shows particle’s movement subjected to

longitudinal waves.

Figure 1.3: Particles oscillating due to longitudinal waves

Transverse waves are when the particles oscillate at a right angle or transverse to the

direction of the propagation. It can be deduced that the particle of the medium oscillates

perpendicular to the wave’s direction of travel. Figure 1.3 below depicts the particle’s

movement subjected to transverse waves.[3]

Figure 1.4: Particles oscillating due to transverse waves

15


Time Domain

Time domain is defined as the study of mathematical functions, physical signals, time

series of economics, environmental data, with respect to time. In the time domain, the

signal or function’s value is noted for all real numbers for the case of continuous time, or at

various separate instants in the case of discrete time.

One of the most commonly used tools which operates in the time domain, is an

oscilloscope. It is used to visualize real world signals in the time domain. The Figure 1.5

below shows an example of data depicted with respect to time.

Figure 1.5

Frequency Domain

Like the time domain, it is the analysis of the above mentioned parameters although it is

analyzed with respect to frequency rather than time. Unlike the time-domain graph where it

shows how much a signal changes over time, the frequency-domain graph depicts how

much of the signal located within each frequency band over a range of frequencies.

Real world signals received in the time domain can be transformed to in terms of

frequency domain by utilizing mathematical operators called transform. The data depicted

in terms of frequency domain shall be used in this research for data processing to obtain

the necessary parameters. The Figure 1.6 below shows an example of data tabulated with

respect to time.

Figure 1.6

16


Oil Film Thickness

The thickness of the oil film is considered to be a key parameter in terms of the study in

tribology. If the film thickness is too thin, it will result in high friction and wear due to the

occurrence of surface contact. Likewise if the film thickness is too thick, it will result in

senseless energy expending due to it trying to overcome churning losses. The film is so

thin that measurement of the bulk separation of the components is not sensitive enough to

determine its film thickness. Electrical resistance & capacitance and optical methods have

proved to be viable methods however the above mentioned approaches require

modifications to the bearing machinery which usually precludes their application outside

of the laboratory.

Ultrasonic Reflection Method

Ultrasonic reflection method shows promise for non-invasive oil film measurement

technique. An ultrasonic transducer coupled to the outside of a bearing and a wave

transmitted through the bearing shell. When the wave strikes an oil film, the wave is

partially reflected in which the proportion wave reflected known as the reflection

coefficient depends on the thickness of the oil film.

Any operation that has got to do with the application of ultrasonic waves has it transmitted

from one medium to another where the measurement or actuation is to be performed. The

objectives include retaining a wave in a given medium and preventing it from radiating

outside of the controlled environment. [3:101]

It is said that when an ultrasound is incident on a boundary between two different

interfaces, some of the energy is reflected and some transmitted. The acoustic property of

the two interfaces plays a part in influencing both the reflection and transmission behavior

of the displacement waves at the boundary. [4:958]

17


The proportion of the incident signal reflected or the reflection coefficient, R can be

depicted by the equation below.

R = z1−z2

z1+z2

Where: z is the acoustic impedance of the media (given by the product of density and the

speed of sound).

The subscript is as reference to the two interfaces. (z1 & z2)

The transmission coefficient, T where the proportion of the incident signal transmitted can

be analyzed as the equation below.

T = 1 - R

If the ultrasound is incident on a multi-layered system, then the signal transmitted or

reflected is said to be superposition of the resulting application of equation 1 and 2 at each

boundary. Figure 1.7 below shows an ultrasonic beam incident on typical lubricated

contact, which consists of a three layered system of steel-lubricant-steel.

Figure 1.7: Schematic of an ultrasonic beam incident on a lubricated contact. Source

(Dwycer-Joyce, R.S et al., 2003)

The steel either side of the lubricant represents the bearing elements, such as the bush and

shaft in a journal bearing, or the ball and raceway in a rolling element bearing.

1

2

18


It is inferred that if the oil layer is sufficiently thick, or the ultrasonic wave bundle little

enough, then the reflections from the top and bottom bearing surfaces are discrete in time.

This expresses that if the speed of sound in the lubricant is known then the thickness of the

oil film can be dictated by measuring the time of flight (ToF) between the two reflections.

The amplitude of these reflected pulses can likewise be figured from equation 1 and 2, with

the assumption that the losses in the lubricants are small. The ToF method is normally used

for thickness gauging of metallic parts and for corrosion checking. The ToF method gets to

be less precise as the lubricant film gets to be thinner until for very thin layers, the

reflected pulses overlap and it gets difficult to determine the discrete reflection. The

thickest lubricant films are of or less than 50 μm thick, consequently the ToF system is

rarely applicable.

It is a challenge to extract the thickness information from the reflections that are

overlapping in the time domain, for a practical lubricant film. Thus, comes the approach of

a quasi-static spring model which interprets and measures the amplitude of the reflected

signal provided that the lubricant-film thickness is so small that the frequency of the first

through-thickness resonance is above the measurable range. [4:959]

The response of a thin intermediate layer between two solid bodies to an ultrasonic wave

can be determined using a quasi-static spring model. The magnitude of the reflection

coefficient, |R| when the ultrasound is normally incident is given by:

|R| = √ (ω z1 z2)2+K 2( z1−z2)

2

(ω z1 z2)2+ K2(z1+z2)

2

Where: ω is the angular frequency of the ultrasonic wave

z is the acoustic impedance(the product of the wave speed, c and the density, ρ)

and the subscripts of 1 & 2 refer to the materials either side of the layer.

K is the stiffness of the interfacial layer, and represents the compression of the

layer with changing contact pressure.

In the context of such thin layers (thin with respect to the ultrasonic wavelength), the

reflection is dominated by the stiffness of the layer and it is assumed that mass and

damping have insignificant contribution to the coefficient of reflection.

3

19


For analysis purposes, the layer can be a film of homogenous material(liquid or solid)

between two solid mediums, or a region of reduced stiffness, for example a rough surface

contact. This quasi-static spring model has been successful in the study of adhesive bonds,

cracks under compressive loading and rough surface contact phenomenon.

Oil films in engineering bearing component are typically very thin (and acoustically

dissimilar from the bearing materials) and through the spring model approach provides a

suitable method for interpreting their ultrasonic response. The stiffness of the oil film is a

function of its bulk modulus, B and film thickness, h according to:

K = Bh

Or in terms of the oil’s acoustic properties:

K = ρ c2

h

Where: ρ is the density of the oil

c is the speed of sound through the oil

The combinations of equation 3 and 5 help construct a relationship between reflection

coefficient and liquid film thickness. Ultrasonic studies above rely on the measurement of

reflection coefficient i.e the fraction of incident wave reflected. The proportion is obtained

through the reflection from the interface is compared to the reflection from a material/air

interface where the complete reflection occurs. This requires the surfaces on either side of

the interface to be separated and a reference measurement taken against which following

reflections are compared. In the case of a journal bearing film monitoring this entails

removal of the journal from the bush.

This reference taking procedure is considered to be not ideal, as the process requires

having to stop the machinery and to have the components disassembled before film

thickness can be measured. The reference then can be subjected to degradation with time

as well to temperature changes. Measuring new references by disassembly is at least costly

and under certain conditions makes oil film monitoring unfeasible. [6:2-3]

5

4

20


Ultrasonic Reflection at an Oil Film

Figure 1.8below shows a three layered system, each layer having an associated speed of

sound c, and acoustic impedance, z i.

Figure 1.8: Schematic diagram of an ultrasonic wave travelling through a three-layer system. Source (Reddyhoff, T. et al., 2005)

An incident acoustic displacement wave of unit amplitude propagating in medium 1 in the

direction of x can be represented with the equation ui = e iω(t− x/ ci)

At the interface between media 1 and 0, a fraction of the wave is transmitted into medium

0, while the other fraction is reflected back into medium 1. The part of the wave

transmitted through an interface is denoted as the transmission coefficient, T, while the

part reflected back is denoted as the reflection coefficient, R. The total displacements in

media 1, 0, and 2 are therefore given by:

u1(x) = e−iωx

c1 + R1 eiωxc1

u0(x) = T 0 e−iωx

c0 + R0 eiωxc0

u2(x) = T 2e−iωx

c2

R1

T 1 T 0 T 2

R0

x = 0 x = h

x

Medium 0

Medium 1

Medium 2

6

7

8

21


By having the term e iωt omitted for simplicity. Differentiating the formulas with respect to

x and applying the stress strain relationship gives the stress in each medium, σ .

σ 1(x ) = −iωE1

c1(e

−iωxc1 −R1 e

iωxc1 )

σ 0(x) = −iωE0

c0

¿ −¿ R0 eiωxc0 )

σ 2( x) = −iωE2

c2(T 2e

−iωxc2 )

Where Ei is the Young’s Modulus of medium i. The modulus is the replaced by the

acoustic impedance (Ei=zi c i) so equations 9 to eleven become:

σ 1(x ) = −iω z1(e−iωx

c1 −R1 eiωxc1 )

σ 0(x) = −iω z0 ¿ −¿ R0 eiωxc0 )

σ 2( x) = −iω z2(T 2e−iωx

c2 )

With the assumption that interfaces 1-0 and 0-2 are perfectly bonded and have negligible

mass, then the boundary conditions of continuous stress and displacement are:

u1(0) = u0(0) ; u0(h) = u2(h)

σ 1(0) = σ 0(0) ; σ 0(h) = σ 2(h)

By combining this relationships, we can obtain the equation below:

R1=e

−iωhc0 ( z1+ z0) ( z0−z2 )−e

iωhc0 (z0−z1)(z0+z2)

e−iωh

c0 ( z0−z1 ) ( z2−z0 )+eiωhc0 ( z1+z0 ) ( z0−z2 )

The above equation is used as the exact analytical solution for the reflection coefficient

from a three layered system. This equation shall be simplified further by utilizing the

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

22


Taylor series expansion for the special case where the intermediate layer is thin and of

lower acoustic impedance than the surrounding interface. Thus we obtain the below

equation:

R = z0 ( z1−z2 )+iωh/c0(z1 z2−z0

2)

z0 ( z1+z2 )+iωh/c0(z1 z2+z02)

If z0 is small compared to z1 and z2, it is then reduced to:

R = ( z1−z2)+ iωh/z0 c0(z1 z2)

( z1+ z2 )+iωh/ z0 c0(z1 z2)

The acoustic impedance, z is then substituted as z = ρc which leads it to become:

R = ( z1−z2)+ iωh/ ρ0 c0

2(z1 z2)

( z1+ z2 )+iωh/ ρ0c02(z1 z2)

Combining equation (20) with equation (5) gives the reflection coefficient in terms of layer

stiffness K which depicts the reflection coefficient as a complex quantity containing

amplitude and phase information is obtained as below:

R=( z1−z2 )+iω/ K (z1 z2)

( z1+z2 )+iω/ K (z1 z2)

The reflection coefficient above, R has been derived in terms of displacement. If the

amplitude of the reflection coefficient is determined from equation (19) and equation (5) is

used to substitute oil film thickness, then the basic amplitude spring model, equation (3) is

obtained.

19

20

21

2 z1 z22( ω

K)

z12 z2

2( ωK

)2

+(z1+z2)2

( z12−z2

2)+z12 z2

2( ωK

)

z12 z2

2( ωK

)2

+(z1+z2)2

23


Figure 1.9: Representation of the reflection coefficient from an intermediate layer as a

complex quantity on an Argand diagram. Source (Dwycer-Joyce, R.S et al., 2003)

From the figure 1.9, it can be seen that the phase shift, ΦR associated with the reflection

coefficient(i.e the phase difference between the incident and the reflected waves) is

obtained by the trigonometry equation (20)

ΦR=arctan (

2 ω z1 z22

K

( z1−z2 )+ω2( z1 z2

K )2 )

The phase difference, between an incident and reflected wave, thus varies from 0 for a

thick film (K→ 0), to π /2 for a thin film (K→ ∞) as shown in Figure 1.10. It should be

considered that if the second medium were acoustically less dense than the first ( z2< z1),

then the phase difference for a vanishingly thin film would be π. [6:4-6]

Figure 1.10: Schematic representation of the phase difference and amplitude reduction

between an incident and reflected wave at thick and thin oil films. Source (Dwycer-Joyce,

R.S et al., 2003)

24


Bibliography

1. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ndt-non-destructive-testing-d_314.html

2. http://www.ni.com/white-paper/6511/en/pdf

3. David, J., Cheeke, N. Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves. New York, NY: CRC Press, 2012, pp. 1-2

4. Dwycer-Joyce, R.S., Drinkwater, B.W. and Donohoe, C.J (2003). “The measurement of lubricant-film thickness using ultrasound” Proceedings of the Royal Society Series A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences. [On-line]. 459(2032), pp.957-976. Available: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169/1/dwyer-joycers1.pdf [Nov.10, 2014]

5. https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/ wavepropagation.htm

6. Reddyhoff, T., Kasolang, S., Dwyer-Joyce, R.S. and Drinkwater, B.W. (2005). “The phase shift of an ultrasonic pulse at an oil layer and determination of film thickness” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. [On-line]. 219(6), pp. 2-26. Available: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/9179/1/25_IMechE_pt_J_phase_paper_2005.pdf [Nov. 10, 2014]

H. PRELIMINARY OUTCOME(Discuss the current status & expected outcomes of the project)

(80 MARKS)

Figure 2.1: The graph of amplitude against time data for SAE40 oil depicted in the

Labview

http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/9179/1/25_IMechE_pt_J_phase_paper_2005.pdf

https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/wavepropagation.htm

https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Physics/wavepropagation.htm

http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169/1/dwyer-joycers1.pdf

http://www.ni.com/white-paper/6511/en/pdf

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ndt-non-destructive-testing-d_314.html

25


Figure 2.2: The graph of amplitude against time for the reference signals.

Figure 2.3: The amplitude data of the SAE40 oil plotted against frequency after the Fast

Fourier Transformation

Figure 2.4: The amplitude data of the reference signal plotted against frequency after the

Fast Fourier Transformation thickness, h.

26


Figure 2.5: The reflection coefficient, R plotted against multiple data points

The value of reflection coefficient, R obtained for the SAE oil is at 0.955139. All the

above figures are interfaces taken from the Labview for measurement process of the

reflection coefficient, R. This was done by manually extracting the data from the

oscilloscope and tabulating it in the Labview, thus our expected outcome at the end of this

project is to have the live feed measurement’s value up to par with the manually extracted

data.

27

600-FKM (FYP1-PS-Rev.01)

I. PROJECT PLANNING(List the main activities of the project. Indicate the length of time needed for each activity.)

2014 201_

Project Activities

SEPTMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Securing a Project Title

Research on Project Background

Project Scope and Objectives

Literature Review

Progress Report

Submission of Progress Report

Prep for Presentation

Presentation

28

600-FKM (FYP1-PS-Rev.01)

Date post:	25-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ashraf-zulkafli
View:	228 times
Download:	0 times

Test Bench Upgrading For Ultrasonic Measurement.doc

Documents