TESTIMONY OF D R . KARESTAN CHASE KOENEN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY , MAILMAN SCHOOL...

8/6/2019 TESTIMONY OF D R . KARESTAN CHASE KOENEN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY , MAILMAN SCHO

1/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

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RIVRDNJLT JG BP , HOPIVROL F MOVI HJILIL OVVJFDORI [ PJGIVVJP ! F JAYN@DOYLDWIPVDRT! N ODANOLVFMJJA JG [ Y@ADFMIOARM!

OBCYLFR OVVJFDORI [ PJGIVVJP ! MOPWOPB VFMJJA JG [ Y@ADFMIOARM!GJPNIP [ IOFI F JP[V WJAYLRIIP

N OT ??! 0;?? MIOPDLE I LRDRAIB3[ IOFI F JP[V OR 9;, [ PJ@AINV JG VOGIRT OLB VIFYPDRT 3 WDFRDNVV[IOH J YR,

@IGJPI RMI MJYVI F JNNDRRII J L GJPIDEL OGGODPV

Nobon Fmodp{ipvjl! Polhdle Ninìp @ipnol! Fjnndrrii Ninìpv! nt lonidv Bp, Hopivrol Hjilil, D on ol Ovvjfdori [pjgivvjp or Fjayn`do Yldwipvdrt olb olObcylfr [pjgivvjp or Mopwopb Yldwipvdrt, D riofm o`jyr {vtfmjajedfoa rpoyno, Ntylbipvrolbdle jg! olb {ovvdjl gjp! rmdv rj{df opi rmi pivyar jg `jrm nt ibyfordjl olb!ylgjpryloriat! nt jul i}{ipdilfi ov o wjaylriip dl rmi [iofi Fjp{v, Rmolh tjy gjpdlwdrdle ni mipi rj vmopi nt i}{iprdvi olb i}{ipdilfiv udrm tjy! `jrm jg umdfm fjn{ia

ni ìadiwi rmor vy`vrolrdoa dn{pjwinilrv opi liibib dl rmi [iofi Fjp{v vi}yoaovvoyar {jadfdiv,

[JVVD@DADRT3 OVH LJR UMOR TJYP FJYLRPT FOL BJ GJP TJY

D uov podvib dl [jn{rjl [aodlv! Liu Cipvit `t {opilrv umj ìadiwib vrpjleatrmor Onipdfo uov o aolb jg j{{jpryldrt, Nt gormip olb njrmip `jrm epiu y{ dl gondadivrmor vrpyeeaib udrm viwipi gdlolfdoa mopbvmd{ olb ujphib mopb rj ofmdiwi rmi Onipdfolbpion gjp rminviawiv olb rmidp fmdabpil, Nt njrmip olb mip vd} tjyleip vdàdlev uipipodvib dl pypoa Ndfmdeol! umipi nt epolbnjrmip ujphib ov o vionvrpivv dl o vnoaagofrjpt olb nt epolbgormip ujphib ov ol iaifrpdfdol olb bi{yrt vmipdgg, Nt noriploaepolb{opilrv oavj vipwib ov fopirohipv gjp o vynnip fon{ gjp tjyle ujnil umj mobìil rohil ouot gpjn rmidp {opilrv ìfoyvi jg lieaifr jp o`yvi, Nt njrmipv bpionuov rj vii rmi ujpab jyrvdbi Ndfmdeol! vj vmi iwilryoaat aigr Ndfmdeol olb rjjh olypvdle {jvdrdjl or rmi Yldwipvdrt jg [illvtawoldo Mjv{droa! dl [mdaobia{mdo,

Nt gormip epiu y{ dl [jn{rjl [aodlv jl o vnoaa gopn umipi mdv gondat nobi drvadwdle viaadle ieev, Nt gormipv bpion uov rj ej rj fjaaiei! o bpion mi pioadsib ogripìdle offi{rib rj rmi Lowoa Ofobint, Umdai vrdaa or rmi Ofobint! mi nir nt njrmip!olb rmit noppdib vmjprat ogrip mi epobyorib, D uov `jpl umdai nt gormip uov bjdle mdvndadropt vipwdfi ov ol jggdfip jl lyfaiop vy`nopdliv,

Nt {opilrv ìadiwib rmit uipi ayfht rj adwi dl o fjylrpt rmor iloàib rmin rjjwipfjni rmi dn{jwipdvmib fdpfynvrolfiv jg rmidp fmdabmjjbv olb ofmdiwi rmidpbpionv! olb rmit giar piv{jlvdài gjp vipwdle rmidp fjylrpt! offjpbdleat, Rmdv uov jlipiovjl nt {opilrv uipi vj {pjyb jg jyp gondatv vrpjle mdvrjpt jg ndadropt vipwdfi, Ntepolbgormip vipwib dl fjnòr dl Ujpab Uop DD! nt gormip vipwib dl Wdirlon! olb rmpii jgnt fjyvdlv mowi lju vipwib dl rmi Ndbbai Iovr, Jli jg nt gormipv gowjpdri votdlevuov gpjn Ayhi ?032=3 Gjp iwiptjli rj umjn nyfm dv edwil! jg mdn nyfm vmoaa ìpiqydpib, Mi {pofrdfib umor mi {piofmib! ljr cyvr rmpjyem mdv ndadropt vipwdfi! `yr


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YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

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rmpjyem fjlvdvrilr ileoeinilr dl jrmip {yàdf vipwdfi, Biv{dri o binolbdle {pjgivvdjlolb o `yvt gondat adgi! mi nobi rdni rj vipwi dl ajfoa ejwiplnilr udrm o {oprdfyaop gjfyvjl dn{pjwdle {yàdf ibyfordjl, Nt {opilrv vilvi jg jàdeordjl olb epordrybi rjuopb rmdvfjylrpt aib rmin rj dlvrdaa dl ni olb nt vdàdlev o bii{ fjnndrnilr rj {yàdf vipwdfi,

Dr uov udrm rmdv y{`pdledle rmor D ilripib Uiaaivait Fjaaiei dl ?4=7, D uovbiripndlib rj yvi nt vhdaav olb dlriaaifr dl o {pjgivvdjl rmor ujyab mia{ jrmipv, Rmdvbiripndlordjl uov pidlgjpfib or Uiaaivait! umipi rmi njrrj dv ljl ndldvrpopd vibndldvrpopi3 ljr rj ì ndldvripib ylrj `yr rj ndldvrip, Rmdv in{movdv jl {yàdf vipwdfi dvpigaifrib dl rmi fopiipv jg nolt jg Uiaaivaitv njvr gonjyv epobyoriv! dlfaybdle MdaaoptPjbmon Fadlrjl, Olb! rmi vilrdnilr dl Cjml G, Hillibtv dloyeypoa obbpivv dl ?47?3Ovh ljr umor tjyp fjylrpt fol bj gjp tjy ovh umor tjy fol bj gjp tjyp fjylrpt! uovvrdaa oadwi olb uiaa or Uiaaivait umil D uov rmipi,

Rmyv! D {ypvyib o nocjp dl ifjljndfv olb o ndljp dl Ogpdfol mdvrjpt! dlrilbdle rj{ypvyi o fopiip ov o biwiaj{nilr ifjljndvr gjfyvib jl vy`.Vomopol Ogpdfo, D mob

oauotv bpionib jg ìfjndle o [iofi Fjp{v Wjaylriip dl Ogpdfo, D o{{adib rj rmi [iofiFjp{v bypdle nt vildjp tiop or Uiaaivait olb uov uodrdle rj ì offi{rib umil Depobyorib, Vj! ogrip epobyordjl! D rjjh o cj` ov o piviopfm ovvdvrolr dl rmi Biwiaj{dleIfjljndiv bdwdvdjl jg rmi Gibipoa Pivipwi @olh dl Liu Tjph, Nt {aol uov rj qydr nt

cj` or rmi Gibipoa Pivipwi @olh ov vjjl ov D uov offi{rib rj rmi [iofi Fjp{vumdfmD bdb! umil D uov 00 tiopv jab,

LDEIP3 RMI UJPABV [JJPIVR FJYLRPT

Rmi [iofi Fjp{v ovvdelib ni rj Ldeip! o fjylrpt D mob liwip miopb jg ìgjpi Dpifidwib nt dlwdrordjl airrip, D vjjl aioplib rmor Ldeip mob ìil polhib `t rmi UjpabMioarm Jpeoldsordjl ov rmi {jjpivr fjylrpt jl ioprm, Jli jyr jg iwipt gjyp fmdabpil dlLdeip bdib ìgjpi rmidp gdpvr `dprmbot jg iovdat {piwilroài bdviovi! vyfm ov btvilript,Jli dl iwipt vd}riil ujnil bdib dl fmdab`dprm, Dl gofr! rmi owipoei adgi i}{ifrolft uov

cyvr 20 tiopv, Njpijwip! Ldeip mob oanjvr lj òvdf dlgpovrpyfrypi olb! i}fi{r gjpypoldyn! lj lorypoa pivjypfiv, D uov jli jg viwipoa wjaylriipv umj uipi {opr jg o liu{pjepon odnib or ujphdle udrm ujnil rj dn{pjwi rmidp ifjljndf fjlbdrdjlv olbrmipi`t dn{pjwi rmi mioarm olb uiaa.ìdle jg rmidp fmdabpil,

RPODLDLE3 RMI GODAYPI RJ [PI[OPI OLB [PJRIFR

Dl Cyli ?44?! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vilr ni rj Uovmdlerjl! B,F, gjp rmpii botv jg{pi.fjylrpt rpodldle, D rmil uilr rj Ldeip! umipi ui pifidwib iaiwil uiihv jg obbdrdjloarpodldle ìgjpi ìdle {aofib dl jyp wdaaoeiv, Rmi dl.fjylrpt rpodldle jffyppib dl ofjn{jylb jl rmi jyrvhdprv jg Ldonit! rmi fo{droa jg Ldeip, Jli uiih! njvr jg yv aigrrmi rpodldle vdri rj vrot dl wdaaoeiv udrm fyppilr wjaylriipv! ov {pi{opordjl gjp jyp julwdaaoei {aofinilrv, Bypdle rmor rdni! viwipoa nil `pjhi dlrj rmi rpodldle vdri! ovvoyardleruj noai wjaylriipv olb po{dle o ginoai wjaylriip umj mob pinodlib ìmdlb, Rmiwdfrdnv uipi nt `ylhnoriv,


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YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

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Rmi {ip{irporjpv oavj pj`ìb yv, Rmjvi jg yv umj mob ìil wdvdrdle wjaylriipwdaaoeiv uipi dlgjpnib jg rmi `pioh.dl umil ui piryplib rj Ldonit, Dl nt cjyploa! Dupjri o`jyr rmi wjaylriipv piofrdjlv rj rmi ovvoyarv olb pj`ìpt, Ui giar wdjaorib, Jypvilvi jg vogirt mob ìil vmorripib, Viwipoa jg yv pi{jprib mowdle ldemrnopiv olbgiiadle fjlvrolrat jl eyopb, Or rmi voni rdni! nolt jg yv giar eydart o`jyr mowdle olt

{ipvjloa piofrdjlv! vdlfi ui mob ljr i}{ipdilfib rmi mjppjpv jg po{i olb ovvoyar rmorjyp gpdilbv mob vyggipib,

Vri{{dle òfh! ov o nilroa mioarm {pjgivvdjloa umj v{ifdoadsiv dl {vtfmjajedfoarpoyno! D fol vii rmor umor rmi jrmip wjaylriipv olb D i}{ipdilfibumdai faiopat ljrmov mjppdgtdle ov rmi po{i olb bdpifr ovvoyarvuov o rpoynordf iwilr rmor vmjyab mowiìil obbpivvib `t rmi [iofi Fjp{v, Jyp mjni uov wdjaorib! jyp `ylhnorivovvoyarib! olb jyp {jvvivvdjlv vrjail, Rmi [iofi Fjp{v vrogg vmjuib lj pifjeldrdjl jgjyp {vtfmjajedfoa liibv umorvjiwip, Dl gofr! olt wyalipo`dadrt ui giar uov bdvndvvib,Gjp i}on{ai! D pifoaa riaadle jyp vdri bdpifrjp rmor D bdblr giia vogi olb ìdle rjab rmor Duov nohdle rjj nyfm jg umor mo{{ilib olb rmor fpdni uov nyfm popip dl Ldeip rmol

rmi Yldrib Vroriv, D oavj pifoaa rmi [iofi Fjp{v vrogg dlvrpyfrdle yv ljr rj riaa jypgondadiv umor mob mo{{ilib, Rmdv dlvrpyfrdjl uov pigaifrib dl o airrip D vilr mjni rjnt gondat bypdle rmdv rdni! dl umdfm D nilrdjlib ìdle pj`ìb jg vjni woayoàiv! `yrljrmdle iavi,

Rmi vroggv dlvrpyfrdjlv rj foan bjul olb hii{ qydir uipi rmi jlat rpodldle uipifidwib jl mju rj piv{jlb rj ol ovvoyar, Biv{dri rmi gofr rmor vipdjyv fpdniv mobjffyppib dl rmi rpodldle fjn{jylb! ui bdb ljr pifidwi olt dlgjpnordjl jp rpodldle jlmju rj pifjeldsi jp molbai rmpiorv! dlfpiovi jyp vogirt! {piwilr ovvoyarv! jp pi{jprrmin! vmjyab rmit jffyp,

WDAAOEI3 GOAVI VILVI JG VIFYPDRT

Gjaajudle rmi dl.fjylrpt rpodldle D uov ovvdelib rj o aopei wdaaoei jl rmi vjyrmiplrd{ jg Ldeip! liop rmi `jpbip jg @ildl, D uov gjprylori dl nt ovvdelnilr gjp noltpiovjlv, Nt wdaaoei uov aopei olb mob pivjypfivvyfm ov o mioarm fadldf olb onophirolb rmi vjyrmipl rd{ jg Ldeip pifidwiv njpi podlgoaa! vj uorip uov godpat{ailrdgya, D virraib dlrj nt nyb mjyvi dl rmi fjn{jylb jg o ajfoa gondat olb obcyvrib rjrmi o`vilfi jg iaifrpdfdrt olb pylldle uorip3 adwdle fdpfynvrolfiv rt{dfoa rj wjaylriipv dlLdeip, Byi rj rmi mior! umdfm vjnirdniv piofmib ?0; biepiiv! nolt jg rmi wjaylriipvolb wdaaoeipv v{ilr njvr jg jyp rdni jyrvdbi, Ui iwil vai{r jyrvdbi,

Oarmjyem D uov jgril mopovvib `t ajfoa nil! D liwip qyivrdjlib nt vogirt dl ntwdaaoei, Rmdv uov! dl {opr! byi rj rmi gofr rmor nt wdaaoei fmdig nobi dr faiop rj iwiptjlirmor D uov ylbip mdv {pjrifrdjl, Gjp i}on{ai! D mob rj {ovv o vifypdrt fmifh {jdlr rj eirdlrj o aopeip rjul liop`t, Iwipt rdni D {ovvib rmi fmifh {jdlr! rmi vifypdrt eyopb ujyabovh ni rj eir jgg nt njrjpftfai olb nohi aiub fjnnilrv o`jyr nt `jbt, D nilrdjlibrmdv rj nt fmdig jlfi! olb dr liwip mo{{ilib oeodl,


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YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

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PO[I

Dl Bifinìp ?44?! nt vdvrip olb njrmip foni rj wdvdr ni dl Ldeip, Ogrip ntnjrmip aigr! nt vdvrip vrotib udrm ni rmpjyem Fmpdvrnov, Vmi {aollib rj aiowi ogripLiu Tiopv Bot, Ui bifdbib rj rpowia gjp rmi mjadbotv olb pifidwib {ipndvvdjl rj bj vj

gpjn rmi [iofi Fjp{v miob jggdfi, Ui uilr rj Oeobis! o fdrt dl rmi Vomopo bivipr,Ui oppdwib dl Oeobis or 7on jl Bifinìp 02rm, Ui vrotib or rmi mjni jg oljrmipwjaylriip -umjn D udaa foaa O$! umj aigr rmor Rmypvbot! Bifinìp 07rm! rj ej rj Ldonitgjp rmi Liu Tiop,

Nt orrofhip! umjn D udaa foaa [! uov ol ofqyodlrolfi jg O, Ui mob nir mdn{piwdjyvat umdai dl rmi nophir udrm O, Ui oaa mob rio udrm [ olb mdv gpdilbv! olb ntvdvrip olb D v{jhi udrm rmin o`jyr `ytdle ciuiapt, Rmdv uov rmi i}rilr jg jypofqyodlrolfi {pdjp rj rmi bot D uov po{ib,

###Gpdbot Bifinìp 05! ?44?! D uov vaii{dle umil [ -nt orrofhip$ hljfhib jl

Ov fjlfivvdjl bjjp or o{{pj}dnoriat 4on, O mob aigr rmi bot ìgjpi vj nt vdvrip olb Duipi vrotdle or Ov mjyvi oajli, Nt vdvrip uov ouohi vj vmi olvuipib rmi bjjp, Dmiopb rmidp wjdfiv olb rmjyemr dr ndemr ì [ `yr D uov rjj rdpib rj eir y{ olb mob ljdlripivr dl viidle mdn, Rmit uipi jyrvdbi rmi bjjp jg rmi mjyvi roahdle gjp o giu ndlyriv`yr D fjyablr miop umor uov vodb, Nt vdvrip foni dl olb rjab ni [ uov uodrdle jyrvdbi,Vmi rjab ni mi uolrib rj vii ni, D rjab mip rj riaa mdn D uov vaii{dle olb rmor uiujyab fjni `t rmi vrjpi aorip, Vmi uilr jyrvdbi olb D ovvyni vmi rjab mdn umor D vodb,Vmi foni òfh olb rjab ni rmor mi dlvdvrib jl viidle ni lju,

D ejr y{ piayfrolrat olb upo{{ib rmi aopei rmdfh epit ujja àolhir D uov vaii{dleudrm opjylb ni, D mob ìil vaii{dle dl ajle umdri vmjprv olb o epit vaiiwiaivv riivmdpr, Rmi àolhir uov aopei olb fjwipib nt aiev olb vmjyabipv,

D uilr jyrvdbi olb vor dl rmi fmodp li}r rj [, Mi uov uiopdle o ajle ìdei fjorudrm o ìar, Mdv fjaaop uov y{, Mi mob mdv miob upo{{ib dl rmi rt{dfoa Ujbooì biviprmiobbpivv, Ogrip D vor bjul jyrvdbi! nt vdvrip uilr dlvdbi rmi mjyvi, Gjp rmi li}r giundlyriv ui roahib o`jyr rmi Ujbooì ìoyrt {oeiolr! mdv gdolf! mdv Onipdfol gpdilbv!nt myvòlb -D mob rohil y{ rmi mo`dr jg riaadle Ldeipdol nil D uov noppdib olb ujpi ouibbdle òlb$ olb nt wdaaoei, Mi ovhib umipi nt vdvrip uov olb D rjab mdn vmi uovdlvdbi, Bypdle jyp fjlwipvordjl! mi epo`ìb nt molb, D {yaaib dr òfh giiadleylfjngjproài olb {yaaib nt àolhir rdemrip opjylb ni, Mi rjyfmib nt vmjyabip udrmmdv pdemr molb olb rjab ni mju ldfi D uov, Mi rjab ni mi olb mdv gpdilbv mob uodribjyrvdbi Ov mjyvi ylrda ndbldemr rmi ldemr ìgjpi, Nt vdvrip olb D mob ejrril o pdbi òfhrj Ov gpjn gpdilbv or o`jyr ?036; on, D uov giiadle dlfpiovdleat ylfjngjproài vj D rjabmdn D mob rmdlev rj bj `yr rmor D ujyab fjni `t mdv vrjpi aorip, Mi dlvdvrib rmor miuolrib rj vrot olb roah,

### Rmi gjaajudle offjylr dv rohil wipòrdn gpjn rmi jggdfdoa vrorinilr D upjri gjp rmi [iofi Fjp{v umil Dpiryplib rj Uovmdlerjl! B,F,! gjaajudle rmi po{i,


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YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

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UMJ ADWIB RMIPI, JLI JG RMI RUJ NIL RJJH RMI WDVDRDLE [FWV VDVRIP @OFH RJ O CIUIAPT VMJ[ UMIPI MI VMJUIB MIP VJNI CIUIAPT OLB VJAB DR RJ MIP, UMDAI MI BDB RMOR!RMI JRMIP JLI PO[IB RMI WDVDRDLE [FW, RMDV UOV BJLI DL RMI NJPLDLE, RMI [FW UOV [PJ[IPAT BPIVVIB DL RMI

MJYVI, RMIPI UOV LJ PI_YIVR JL MIP [OPR, -VMI UOV OWDPEDL OV UIAA$,, , ,

MI RMIL AIGR, RMI [FW OLB MIP VDVRIP OPPOLEIB RJ FJNI RJ LDONIT OV VJJL OV [JVVD@AI OLB FOAAIB NI OR MJNI RMDV NJPLDLE! VORYPBOT ?0*0=*4? OV VJJL OV RMIT EJR RJ RJUL JL RMI @YV, D NIR RMIN OR RMI [IOFI FJP[V JGGDFI UDRMDL OGIU NDLYRIV, XNIBDFOA LJRIV GJAAJU^

DL FJYLRPT PIV[JLVI3 DLOBI_YORI

D uov gjprylori dl rmor D hliu nt dl.fjylrpt bjfrjp ujyab ì vy{{jprdwi ìfoyvi Dmob viil mdv piv{jlvi rj rmi po{i jg o giaaju [FW, Umil D oppdwib or Bp, [v jggdfi! miolb Lypvi I {ipgjpnib o {iawdf i}on olb! udrm nt {ipndvvdjl! rpiorib ni{pj{mtaofrdfoaat gjp vi}yoaat.rpolvndrrib bdvioviv, Mi oavj nobi ni giia vogip! `tdlwdrdle nt vdvrip olb ni rj vrot udrm mdn olb mdv udgi, D uov ljr! mjuiwip! edwil rmij{rdjl jg o gjpilvdf po{i i}on! ov lidrmip Bp, [ ljp Lypvi I uipi rpodlib jp iqyd{{ibrj {ipgjpn jli,

Bypdle rmi giu botv D vrotib udrm Bp, [! D vou o giu jg nt [FW gpdilbv, @yr D bjljr pifoaa o wdvdr! jp iwil o riai{mjli bdvfyvvdjl! udrm oljrmip jrmip [iofi Fjp{v vroggninìp! iwil rmi Fjylrpt Bdpifrjp, D bj ljr pifoaa oltjli v{iohdle rj ni o`jyrumirmip jp ljr D uolrib rj {pjvifyri rmi {ip{irporjp jp umor D ndemr liib rj bj rj{pivipwi rmor j{rdjl, D bj ljr pifoaa nohdle o gjpnoa vrorinilr rj oltjli! jp ìdleedwil rmi j{rdjl jg bjdle vj, Bp, [ oppoleib gjp nt nibdfoa iwofyordjl rj Uovmdlerjl!B,F, udrmdl o giu botv, D uov {yr jl ol dlriplordjloa gademr rj B,F,! wdo [opdv! oajli,

Biv{dri rmi o`vilfi jg olt vy{{jpr gpjn rmi pinodlbip jg rmi [iofi Fjp{v vrogg!D hlju D uov ayfht rmor nt i}{ipdilfi udrm rmi dl.fjylrpt bjfrjp uov {jvdrdwi, Noltwjaylriipv mowi ljr mob rmi voni i}{ipdilfi, Ov o nilroa mioarm {pjgivvdjloa! D follju vii rmor! dnnibdoriat gjaajudle rmi po{i! D uov dl rmi ofyri {movi jg nt piv{jlvirj rmi rpoyno, Gpjn rmi jyrvdbi! D o{{iopib ov dg D uipi gylfrdjldle, @yr dlvdbi! D uovlyn`8 D giar ljrmdle, Or vjni aiwia! D bdb ljr ìadiwi umor mob mo{{ilib rj ni, D hi{r{aotdle dr jwip olb jwip oeodl dl nt ndlb! àondle ntviag olb rptdle rj ylbipvrolb mjuD fjyab mowi ìil vj vry{db, Rmdv dv o wipt rt{dfoa piv{jlvi gjp o wdfrdn jg po{i! jp jgolt viwipi {mtvdfoa ovvoyar, Or gdpvr! vypwdwjpv opi oanjvr dl bildoa o`jyr umor jffyppib,Rmil! rmit rpt rj nohi vilvi jg umor mo{{ilib olb! dl bjdle vj! j`vivvdwiat i}ondlimju rmidp jul ofrdjlv ndemr mowi fjlrpd`yrib rj rmi ovvoyar, Rmdv dv umt vypwdwjpv opivj wyalipoài rj jrmipv piofrdjlv dl rmi ofyri ogripnorm jg ol ovvoyar,


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YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

5

Jwip o bifobi jg piviopfm mov binjlvrporib rmor vjfdoa vy{{jpr! umdfmin{juipv vypwdwjpv dl rmi dnnibdori ogripnorm jg ol ovvoyar! dv hit rj {pjnjrdle ajle.ripn pifjwipt, Dl gofr! o niro.oloatvdv jg pdvh gofrjpv gjp {jvrrpoynordf vrpivv bdvjpbip-[RVB$ dbilrdgdib vjfdoa vy{{jpr dl rmi ogripnorm jg o rpoyno ov jli jg rmi {pdnoptbiripndlolrv jg umirmip o vypwdwjp biwiaj{v [RVB, ?! 0 [RVB dv o nilroa bdvjpbip rmor

biwiaj{v dl piv{jlvi rj o rpoynordf iwilr! vyfm ov vi}yoa ovvoyar, [RVB dvfmopofripdsib `t rmpii fayvripv jg vtn{rjnv3 -?$ pi.i}{ipdilfdle vtn{rjnv! dl umdfmrmi vypwdwjp piadwiv rmi rpoyno dl mip rmjyemrv olb bpionv! yloài rj eir dr jyr jg mipndlb8 -0$ owjdbolfi olb lyn`dle vtn{rjnv! dl umdfm rmi vypwdwjp owjdbv {ij{ai!{aofiv! olb oltrmdle rmor pindlbv mip jg rmi rpoyno! olb vmyrv jgg mip injrdjloapiv{jlviv8 olb -6$ mt{ip.opjyvoa vtn{rjnv! dl umdfm rmi vypwdwjp i}{ipdilfiv bdggdfyartfjlfilrpordle! fjlvrolr giiadlev jg ìdle jl.eyopb olb dl boleip! bdggdfyart vaii{dle olbdppdro`dadrt, Dl jpbip rj ì jggdfdoaat fjlvdbipib [RVB! rmivi vtn{rjnv nyvr jffyp gjp oraiovr o njlrm olb dlripgipi udrm rmi dlbdwdbyoav o`dadrt rj gylfrdjl dl bodat adgi, 6 Oldn{jprolr {jdlr rj ljri o`jyr [RVB dv rmor! oarmjyem oanjvr oaa ujnil umj opi po{ibvmju [RVB.adhi vtn{rjnv dl rmi gdpvr botv olb uiihv ogrip ol ovvoyar! 2 jlat o`jyr moag

ej jl rj biwiaj{ rmi ofryoa bdvjpbip,9

Nyfm piviopfm mov gjfyvib jl umdfm gofrjpvdlgayilfi rmi pdvh jg biwiaj{dle [RVB gjaajudle ol ovvoyar olb! ov nilrdjlib o`jwi!vjfdoa vy{{jpr dl rmi ogripnorm jg rpoyno dv hit,

@ifoyvi jg rmivi vypwdwjp pioadrdiv! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vroggv dl.fjylrpt piv{jlvirj po{i vypwdwjpv dv wdroa rj eydbdle `jrm rmi {mtvdfoa olb {vtfmjajedfoa pifjwipt jgvypwdwjpv, [iofi Fjp{v dl.fjylrpt {ipvjllia liib rpodldle jl mju rj ìvr piv{jlb rjvi}yoa ovvoyar vypwdwjpv, Jg fjypvi! o vypwdwjpv vogirt nyvr ì rmi [iofi Fjp{v gdpvr{pdjpdrt, Jlfi vypwdwjpv opi vogi! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vmjyab dlgjpn rmin o`jyr olb{pjwdbi offivv rj {pj{mtaofrdf rpiornilr gjp vi}yoaat rpolvndrrib bdvioviv olb{pielolft, Rmit vmjyab oavj {pjwdbi vypwdwjpv udrm offivv rj o {jvr.po{i i}on rj{pivipwi iwdbilfi rmor fol ì yvib dl fjypr, Dl.fjylrpt bjfrjpv nyvr ì {pjwdbib udrmrmi rpodldle olb pivjypfiv rmit liib rj bj rmdv, Piviopfm mov vmjul rmorbjli dl ouot rmor gyaat dlgjpnv rmi vypwdwjpv jg rmi {pjfivvgjpilvdf po{i i}onv fol dn{pjwi ovypwdwjpv pifjwipt,7 @yr! dl obbdrdjl rj rmidp byrt rj rohi rmi lifivvopt {mtvdfoa{pifoyrdjlv! [iofi Fjp{v dl.fjylrpt vrogg oavj mowi rmi j{{jpryldrt rj cyn{.vropr rmipifjwipt {pjfivv `t edwdle vypwdwjpv rmi {pj{ip injrdjloa olb vjfdoa vy{{jpr, Rmitnyvr rpior rmi vypwdwjp udrm fjlfipl olb piv{ifr, Rmit vmjyab oaaiwdori! pormip rmolfjn{jylb! rmi viag.àondle vypwdwjpv opi {pjli rj i}{ipdilfi, Rmit vmjyab {pjwdbi rmivypwdwjp udrm dnnibdori offivv rj ol obwjfori! vj rmi vypwdwjp bjivlr giia adhi vmi dvlowdeordle mip pifjwipt oajli, Rmi vrogg vmjyab oavj edwi rmi vypwdwjp dlgjpnordjl jlrmi {pjfibypiv gjp {pjvifyrdle mip {ip{irporjp dl mip fjylrpt jg vipwdfi, Gdloaat!vypwdwjpv vmjyab ì edwil rmi j{rdjl jg ìdle offjn{oldib òfh rj rmi Yldrib Vroriv `to vy{{jpr {ipvjlumirmip oljrmip wjaylriip jp [iofi Fjp{v vrogg ninìp! pormip rmolmowdle rj rpowia oajli,

[IOFI FJP[V MIOB_YOPRIPV3 DLVILVDRDWI OLB DLO[[PJ[PDORI

Umil D oppdwib dl Uovmdlerjl! B,F,! D uilr dnnibdoriat rj rmi [iofi Fjp{vjggdfi, Rmipi! D uov viil `t N! o [iofi Fjp{v lypvi umj noloeib nt fovi!


8/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

=

{pjwdbdle nibdfoa olb fjylviadle pigippoav, D bjlr pifoaa mip iwip ovhdle ni umormo{{ilib! `yr vmi uov ouopi D mob ìil vilr rj B,F, ìfoyvi D uov po{ib, D ovvynirmdv dlgjpnordjl foni wdo rmi foài vilr `t Bp, [ rj B,F, Or rmi rdni! D uov i}{ipdilfdle{pjrj.rt{dfoa {jvrrpoynordf vrpivv vtn{rjnv, Offjpbdle rj nt [iofi Fjp{v nibdfoapifjpbv! D pi{jprib bdggdfyart vaii{dle! ldemrnopiv! pibyfib o{{irdri! airmopet! voblivv!

giopgyalivv! viag àoni! olb mt{ip.wdedaolfi, D uov bdoeljvib udrm {jvrrpoynordf vrpivvbdvjpbip, Offjpbdle rj nt cjyploa! D uov oavj i}{ipdilfdle gaovmòfhv jg rmi ovvoyar,Njpijwip! D uov wipt ujppdib o`jyr rmi {jvvd`dadrt jg mowdle fjlrpofrib MDW! ìfoyvi Omob rjab ni mi hliu [ mob ìil rpiorib pi{ioribat gjp VRBv olb O uov wiptfjlfiplib [ uov MDW {jvdrdwi,

Oarmjyem rmi lypvi umj molbaib nt fovi uov wipt fjn{ovvdjlori! nt jwipoaai}{ipdilfi udrm rmi [iofi Fjp{v dl BF uov lieordwi, Dl gofr! D ujyab vot bioadle udrmrmi [iofi Fjp{v dl BF uov oanjvr ujpvi rmol rmi po{i drviag, Lj jli D bioar udrm mobolt i}{ipdilfi dl ujphdle udrm pifilrat ovvoyarib ujnil, Nt dn{pivvdjl uov rmor rmivrogg ninìpv D vou uipi njpi fjlfiplib o`jyr hii{dle nt i}{ipdilfi qydir rmol

gdeypdle jyr rmi ìvr uot rj mia{ ni, Gjp i}on{ai3Gjp nibdfoa fopi! D uov vilr rj o noai etlifjajedvr, D uov ljr ovhib dg D uov

fjngjproài viidle o nol -D ujyab mowi vodb lj8 D mob liwip ìgjpi viil o noaietlifjajedvr! ljp mowi D vdlfi,$, Rmi etlifjajedvr uov fjn{airiat dlvilvdrdwi rj nti}{ipdilfi, V{ifdgdfoaat! D pifoaa mdn pi{ioribat ovhdle birodaib qyivrdjlv o`jyr nt -orrmor rdni ljl.i}dvrilr$ vi}yoa mdvrjpt, D pifoaa gdlbdle rmi {iawdf i}on dlfpibdàt {odlgya-{pjòàt ìfoyvi D uov ol}djyv$ olb mdn riaadle ni rj vrj{ ìdle mtvripdfoa olb cyvr foan bjul , D bj ljr pifoaa ìdle edwil olt dlgjpnordjl o`jyr vi}yoaat.rpolvndrribbdvioviv! {jrilrdoa bdviovi vtn{rjnv! jp MDW rivrdle, Dl gofr! lj jli or rmi [iofiFjp{v iwip nilrdjlib MDW rivrdle or oaa ov gop ov D fol pifoaaD ilbib y{ j`rodldle olMDW rivr jl nt jul ogrip D piryplib mjni rj Liu Cipvit, Jwipoaa! D pininìp nt wdvdrrj rmi etlifjajedvr ov o mjppdài olb pi.rpoynordsdle i}{ipdilfi,

Gjp {vtfmjajedfoa rpiornilr! D uov pigippib rj o fjylviajp umj D uov rjab D mob rjvii dg D uolrib rj pirypl rj Ldeip -umdfm! or rmi rdni! D rmjyemr D bdb$, D bdblr adhi jp rpyvrmip! `yr D uov ljr edwil rmi j{{jpryldrt rj vii oltjli iavi, Vmi bdb lynipjyv rmdlevrmor nobi ni ylfjngjproài, Udrmjyr iwip ovhdle dg dr uov oapdemr! vmi myeeib ni or rmiìedlldle olb ilb jg iofm vivvdjl, Vmi pi{ioribat rjab ni D uov ljr bdvfajvdle iljyemdlgjpnordjl, Vmi rjab ni rmor dg D bdblr {oprdfd{ori dl rmipo{t -d,i,! dg D bdblr riaa mip dlepiorip biroda o`jyr umor mob mo{{ilib$! vmi ujyab ljr {ipndr ni rj pidlvrori, Lju!ov o adfilvib fadldfoa {vtfmjajedvr umj v{ifdoadsiv dl rpoyno rpiornilr! drv faiop rj nirmor vmi wdjaorib rmi òvdf {pdlfd{aiv jg rpoyno rpiornilr! gpjn dlo{{pj{pdori {mtvdfoaoggifrdjl rj `yaatdle rmi fadilr dlrj riaadle mip vrjpt ìgjpi vmi dv piobt,

[yp{jpribat dl gyprmipolfi jg nohdle rmi [iofi Fjp{v vogip gjp jrmip wjaylriipv!D uov oavj vilr rj v{ioh udrm o vrogg ninìp jg rmi Dlv{ifrjp Eilipoav Jggdfi, Rmdvi}{ipdilfi uov o {oprdfyaop aju dl nt ndlb, D uilr rj mip mowdle ìil rjab rmor vmi uovrptdle rj aiopl njpi o`jyr rmi lieordwi dl.fjylrpt i}{ipdilfiv jg ginoai [iofi Fjp{vWjaylriipv! dl jpbip rj dn{pjwi jyp vdryordjl, Dr uov faiop gpjn rmi ìedlldle jg rmi


9/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

4

niirdle! mjuiwip! rmor mip dlripivr uov dl bdvfpibdrdle nt vrjpt, Umil vmi ovhib umt Duov rmipi! D rjab mip D mob ìil po{ib dl Ldeip olb mob ìil vilr rj roah rj mip, D folvrdaa faiopat pininìp mju vmi piv{jlbib, Vmi vodb3 D on vj vdfh jg tjy edpav ejdlejwip rmipi! bpdlhdle! bolfdle olb gadprdle! olb rmil! dg o eyt fjniv jl rj tjy! tjy vottjy mowi ìil po{ib umil tjy mowi aiob rmin jl, D uov vryllib`jrm rmor vmi

ujyab vot rmdv olb rmor vmi faiopat hliu ljrmdle olb uolrib rj hlju ljrmdle o`jyr nt{oprdfyaop i}{ipdilfi, Vmi rmil rjab ni vmi uolrib ni rj updri o fjlgdbilrdoa pi{jprgjp dlriploa {yp{jviv, @t rmdv rdni! D uov rjeirmip iljyem rj hlju rmor mip ìmowdjp olbrmdv piqyivr uipi fjn{airiat upjle olb daa.njrdworib, Nt gormip mia{ib ni gdlb olorrjplit! olb oaa vy`viqyilr bioadlev udrm rmi DE uilr rmpjyem mip,

Dl obbdrdjl rj rmi godaypi jg drv gjpnoa {pjfibypiv rj fjlrpd`yri rj nt pifjwipt! rmi[iofi Fjp{v picifrib piqyivrv gjp aivv gjpnoa ovvdvrolfi, Umdai dl B,F,! D nir viwipoajrmip ujnil umj mob ìil nibdfoaat iwofyorib gjp vi}yoa ovvoyar, Vdlfi rmipi uipi olynìp jg yv! ui piqyivrib rmor rmi [iofi Fjp{v gjpn o vy{{jpr epjy{, Rmi [iofiFjp{v pigyvib, Ui rmil bifdbib rj gjpn jyp jul epjy{ olb piqyivrib rmor rmi [iofi

Fjp{v {pjwdbi yv udrm o pjjn dl umdfm rj niir, Oeodl! rmi [iofi Fjp{v pigyvib, Rmi[iofi Fjp{v aofh jg vy{{jpr ljrudrmvrolbdle! vjni jg yv vroprib niirdle dlgjpnoaatjyrvdbi jg rmi [iofi Fjp{v jggdfi,

Rmi [iofi Fjp{v aieoa ovvdvrolfi uov iqyoaat bdvo{{jdlrdle, Umil D bifdbib Duolrib rj {pjvifyri nt {ip{irporjpilfjypoeib `t ruj jrmip ginoai [FWv umj mobìil po{ib olb mob {pjvifyribnt vrorinilr uov edwil rj rmi {jadfi dl Ldeip umjo{{pimilbib olb qyivrdjlib [, Mi uov piaiovib ogrip qyivrdjldle, Ogrip rmdv! D v{jhiudrm rmi Onipdfol dl.fjylrpt [iofi Fjp{v bdpifrjp o`jyr nt fovi, D vodb D uolrib rj{pjvifyri! olb mi piv{jlbib3 Drv tjyp ujpb oeodlvr mdv, Mi vodb tjy uolrib rj mowivi} olb ui ìadiwi mdn, Dr uov or rmor {jdlr rmor D bifdbib D liibib rj edwi y{ jl rmi[iofi Fjp{v olb pirypl mjni rj Liu Cipvit,

Umil! ov o nilroa mioarm {pjgivvdjloa! D ajjh òfh or rmi rpiornilr D pifidwibgpjn rmi [iofi Fjp{v dl B,F,! D on mjppdgdib, Rmi [iofi Fjp{v piv{jlvi uov ljr jlatfowoadip `yr bonoedle,

FJNDLE MJNI

D piryplib rj nt {opilrv mjni dl Liu Cipvit udrm rmi `jjhair rmi [iofi Fjp{v{pjwdbiv rj piryplib wjaylriipv! olb ljrmdle iavi, Lj iggjprv uipi nobi rj pigip ni rj oqyoadgdib rmipo{dvr jp nibdfoa {pjgivvdjloa dl Liu Cipvit, D pifoaa giiadle fjn{airiatmj{iaivv o`jyr ntviag olb nt gyrypi, Nt {pjgivvdjloa bpionv jg bjdle biwiaj{nilrujph dl Ogpdfo uipi vmorripib, Gjp rmi gdpvr rdni dl nt adgi! D uov lidrmip ujphdle ljp dlvfmjja, D uov vjnijli umj mob oauotv mob faiop ejoav olb {aolv gjp rmi gyrypi olblju mob lj dbio umor D uov ejdle rj bj li}r, Nt cjyploa ilrpdiv gpjn rmdv rdni opi gdaaibudrm pigipilfiv rj vydfdbi, D faiopat liibib mia{ `yr mob liwip ìil dl olt hdlb jgrmipo{t olb bdb ljr hlju iwil mju rj ej o`jyr gdlbdle o rmipo{dvr,


10/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

?;

Ljr ajle ogrip nt pirypl mjni! o fajvi gondat gpdilb! umjn D mob hljul vdlfifmdabmjjb! ovhib ni rj wdvdr mip, Vmi ovhib ni rj fjni oajli! ìfoyvi vmi uolrib rjv{ioh udrm ni {pdworiat, Vmi rjab ni vmi mob ìil po{ib `t mip `jtgpdilb umil vmiuov o riiloeip, Vmi fpdib umdai vmi rjab ni olb vodb D uov jlat rmi rmdpb {ipvjl vmimob rjab, Vmi vodb vmi bdblr uolr ni rj ilb y{ adhi mip olb ìeeib ni rj eir mia{,

Vmi rmil ejr ni rmi loni jg o {vtfmjajedvr! Bp, A! olb nobi ni {pjndvi D ujyab ejvii mip, D foaaib Bp, A rmi li}r bot,

Ogrip nt i}{ipdilfi udrm rmi [iofi Fjp{v fjylviajp dl B,F,! D uov bpiobdleejdle rj Bp, A, D fol vrdaa pifoaa rmi giiadle jg piadig D mob umil D ilripib mip jggdfi, Mipbinioljp uov qydir `yr uopn, Vmi air ni roah o`jyr nt i}{ipdilfivrmi po{i! rmi[iofi Fjp{v! ìdle mjnior nt jul {ofi, D vroprib viidle mip rudfi o uiih, Rmi[iofi Fjp{v mob nobi lj iggjpr rj ibyfori ni dl rmi {pjfivv jg j`rodldle ujphipvfjn{ilvordjl rj fjwip nt rmipo{t, Mjuiwip! Bp, A {ordilrat uilr rmpjyem oaa rminoripdoav udrm ni olb mia{ib ni gdaa jyr rmi gjpnv,

Bp, Av airrip rj rmi [F borib O{pda 2! ?440 piobv3Nv, Hopivrol Hjilil dv dl dlbdwdbyoa {vtfmjrmipo{t udrm ni, Vmi fjniv rj vivvdjlv rudfi {ip uiih olb D mowi viil mip vd} rdniv, Vmi dv faiopat vyggipdle gpjn rmi rpoynordf fjlviqyilfiv jg mip po{i, Gjfyv jg rmi vivvdjlv mov ìil jl i}{ajpdle uotv jg mia{dle mip bioa udrm mip bi{pivvdjl! mip giiadlev jg ujprmaivvlivv! mip fjlrdlyjyv rmdlhdle o`jyr mip po{i! mip vjfdoa udrmbpouoa! mip eydar! mip aofh jg rpyvr dl mip mipviag olb dl rmjvi opjylb mip! olb mip mia{aivvlivv rj ej jl udrm mip adgi,

Hopivrolv ujph piaorib {opoatvdv dv iwdbilr ov vmi fol ljr nyvrip mip dlriploa! ljr mip i}riploa pivjypfiv rj i}{ajpi ujph j{{jpryldrdiv, Rmdv ov{ifr jg mip adgi udaa ì obbpivvib rmpjyem v{ifdgdf fopiip fjylviadle rifmldqyiv olb `t rmi yvi jg wjfordjloa rivrv, , , ,

Jwip rmi li}r njlrmv! nt rmipo{t udrm Bp, A gjfyvib jl mia{dle ni fjni rjripnv udrm nt po{i! oaaiwdordle nt vtn{rjnv! olb gdeypdle jyr umor D uov ejdle rj bj{pjgivvdjloaat, Vmi oavj ilfjypoeib ni rj {oprdfd{ori dl o fjylviadle epjy{ gjp po{ivypwdwjpv, Rmpjyem roahdle udrm ujnil umj mob vdndaop i}{ipdilfiv! {oprdfd{ordle dlrmdv epjy{ mia{ib pibyfi nt vmoni olb viag.àoni,

Ov o nilroa mioarm {pjgivvdjloa! D on lju vmjfhib rmor D uov vilr mjni udrmjyro pigippoa gjp gjaaju.y{ nilroa mioarm fopi, Dl B,F,! olb ogrip piaiovi gpjn vipwdfi! o[iofi Fjp{v Wjaylriip umj pi{jprv ol ovvoyar vmjyab ì jggipib obiqyori fjylviadleudrm o rmipo{dvr umj dv rpodlib olb i}{ipdilfib dl rpiordle rpoyno vypwdwjpv-mrr{3**uuu,dvrvv,jpe*Fjlrilr*LowdeordjlNily*DVRVVRpiornilrEydbiadliv*[RVBRpiornilrEydbiadliv*bigoyar,mrn $,

D on oavj bdvo{{jdlrib rmor D uov ljr dlgjpnib jg rmi Ujphipv Fjn{ilvordjlbiobadliv gjp vy`ndrrdle faodnv gjp rmi {otnilr jg fopi, Dr dv nt ìadig ov o nilroa


11/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

??

mioarm {pjgivvdjloa rmor rmi Ujphipv Fjn{ilvordjl biobadliv gjp j`rodldle rpiornilrgjp vi}yoa rpoyno vmjyab ì iadndlorib! ov ui hlju gpjn in{dpdfoa boro rmor nolt po{ivypwdwjpv bj ljr viih rpiornilr gjp njlrmv jp tiopv ogrip rmi po{i, Rmdv bjiv ljr niolrmit bj ljr liib rpiornilr,

PIFJNNILBORDJLV GJP FMOLEI

D mowi ìil ovhib umor D udvm rmi [iofi Fjp{v mob bjli bdggipilrat dl nt fovi,Njvr gylbonilroaat! D udvm rmi [iofi Fjp{v mob ìil jl nt vdbi, Rmi fjn{ovvdjl jgBp, [ olb Lypvi I dl fjylrpt ovdbi! D gjylb bioadle udrm rmi [iofi Fjp{v o fjlvrolròrrai dl umdfm D uov {ipvifyrib ov dg D uipi rmi fpdndloa! pormip rmol vy{{jprib ov rmivypwdwjp,

Or rmi njvr gylbonilroa aiwia! D uov bdvin{juipib `t ljr ìdle edwil òvdffmjdfiv o`jyr nt nibdfoa olb {vtfmjajedfoa fopi, D uov bdvfjypoeib gpjn {pjvifyrdle,

D uov offyvib `t ol dlbdwdbyoa dl rmi DEv jggdfirmi wipt jggdfi fmopeib udrmdlwivrdeordle [iofi Fjp{v ndvfjlbyfr olb {pjrifrdle wjaylriipvjg foyvdle rmi po{i,D uov rjab `t nt Fjylrpt Bdpifrjp rmor rmi [iofi Fjp{v uov vdbdle udrm nt orrofhip,Olt iggjprv D nobi! oajle udrm jrmip wjaylriipv! rj j`rodl vy{{jpr! uipi rmuoprib oriwipt aiwia, D udvm rmdv mob oaa ìil bdggipilr,

Nt i}{ipdilfi udrm rmi [iofi Fjp{v uov o vifjlb ovvoyar! oanjvr ifad{vdle rmigdpvr! ìfoyvi dr uov {ip{irporib `t ol dlvrdryrdjl D rmjyemr D hliu olb rpyvrib, Rmi[iofi Fjp{v% ìmowdjp rjuopbv ni olb jrmip wjaylriip vypwdwjpv uov ljrmdle vmjpr jgvmonigya,

Giop jg ìdle bdvìadiwib jp àonib! ov D uov `t rmi [iofi Fjp{v! dv i}ofrat umtvj nolt vypwdwjpv bj ljr pi{jpr rmidp po{iv, Rmi Bi{oprnilr jg Cyvrdfi ivrdnoriv rmor7;) jg oaa po{iv opi ljr pi{jprib rj idrmip {jadfi jp nibdfoa {ipvjllia, 5! = Rmi[ilroejl ivrdnoriv rmor =;) jg po{iv dl rmi ndadropt ej ylpi{jprib, 4 Olb umil po{ivopi pi{jprib! jlat o vnoaa ndljpdrt -9.=)$ jg po{dvrv iwip v{ilb o bot dl {pdvjl, Rmdvboro gpjn rmi Bi{oprnilr jg Cyvrdfi olb rmi [ilroejl vyeeivrv rmor rmi lynìp jgpo{iv jg [iofi Fjp{v Wjaylriipv opi epjvvat ylbipivrdnorib8 rmi pioa lynìp dv adhiatrj ì 0 rj 9 rdniv rmor pi{jprib, Rmdv dv o rpowivrt! olb jli rmor folljr ì onilbibumdai {ij{ai olb dlvrdryrdjlv umjn vypwdwjpv rpyvr olb rypl rj jggip bdvìadig jpdlbdggipilfi! pormip rmol vy{{jpr olb {pjrifrdjl, Rmi [iofi Fjp{v! ol jpeoldsordjlhljul gjp drv fjn{ovvdjl olb mynoldrt! vmjyab ì o aiobip dl binjlvrpordle mjudlvrdryrdjlv vmjyab piv{jlb rj mopnv dlgadfrib jl rmidp ninìpv, Dlvriob! gjp ni olbjrmipv! rmi [iofi Fjp{v binjlvrporib fjab dlbdggipilfi,

@t àondle vypwdwjpv! bdvfpibdrdle jyp i}{ipdilfiv! olb godadle rj {pjwdbiobiqyori pifjwipt vipwdfiv! rmi [iofi Fjp{v i}ofipòrib jyp vyggipdle, Umor vmjfhibni njvr umil miopdle rmi vrjpdiv jg rmi jrmip vypwdwjpv mipi rjbot! olb rmjvi rjab dlrmi oggdbowdrv vilr mipi gpjn ujnil oaa ofpjvv rmdv fjylrpt! uipi rmi vdndaopdrdiv dl jypi}{ipdilfiv, Gjp oanjvr 0; tiopv! D rmjyemr nt i}{ipdilfi udrm rmi [iofi Fjp{v uov


12/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

?0

yldqyiat mjppdài olb dlwoadbordle, @yr drv faiop rmor! 0; tiopv aorip! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vrdaaaofhv ylbipvrolbdle o`jyr mju rj {pjrifr olb mia{ ovvoyar vypwdwjpv, Fopja i}{ipdilfibrmi voni bildoa olb àoni dl rmi bifobi ìgjpi ni! ov bdb Civv dl rmi bifobi ogrip,

[pofrdfoaat v{iohdle! rmipi opi vj nolt roledài dn{pjwinilrv rmi [iofi Fjp{v

vmjyab nohi rj dn{pjwi drv {jadfdiv, Rmi fyarypi jg rmi [iofi Fjp{v liibv rj ìrpolvgjpnib gpjn jli rmor àoniv vypwdwjpv rj jli rmor vy{{jprv rmin, Dl jpbip rjoffjn{advm rmdv! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vmjyab rohi rmi pifjnnilbordjlv jg Civv olb jg GdpvrPiv{jlvi Ofrdjl,-mrr{3**gdpvrpiv{jlviofrdjl,jpe*dlbi},{m{:j{rdjl>fjnZfjlrilr'wdiu>oprdfai'db>76'Drindb>75$

[iofi Fjp{v dl.fjylrpt {ipvjllia liib rpodldle jl mju rj ìvr piv{jlb rjvi}yoa ovvoyar vypwdwjpv, D mowi pifilrat piwdiuib rmi [iofi Fjp{v fyppilr vi}yoaovvoyar piv{jlvi {jadfdiv! ov uiaa ov rmi wdbij vmjul rj fyppilr wjaylriipv bypdle rmidprpodldle, @jrm opi ujigyaat dlobiqyori olb! dl vjni {oprv! ofrdwiat mopngya, D mowi

orrofmib rj nt rivrdnjlt airripv gpjn jrmip i}{iprv i}{jylbdle jl rmi vmjprfjndlev jgrmivi rpodldle noripdoav, D mj{i tjy olb Bdpifrjp Udaadonv udaa piob iofm jg rmin! ovrmidp fpdrdqyiv opi rmjyemrgya olb fjn{iaadle,

Dl.fjylrpt bjfrjpv liib rj ì rpodlib dl {ipgjpndle {jvr.po{i i}onv vj rmoriwdbilfi fol ì fjaaifrib gjp yvi dl fjypr, Pifilrat ovvoyarib wjaylriipv liib rj ìedwil faiop dlgjpnordjl olb offivv rj {pj{mtaofrdf rpiornilr gjp vi}yoaat rpolvndrribbdvioviv olb {pielolft, Rmit vmjyab oavj ì edwil dlgjpnordjl jl rmi {pjfibypiv gjp{pjvifyrdle rmidp po{dvrv dl rmidp fjylrpdiv jg vipwdfi,

Dl B,F, olb dl piedjlv rmpjyemjyr rmi ujpab! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vmjyab mdpiobwjforiv gjp ovvoyar vypwdwjpv umj fol vy{{jpr olb dlgjpn rmin, Obwjforiv vmjyaboavj {pjrifr rmi vypwdwjpv o`dadrt rj nohi fmjdfiv o`jyr rmidp dl.fjylrpt {jvr.pi{jprdle{pjfibypiv! rmidp bjnivrdf o{{jdlrnilrv y{jl pirypl! olb iwil rmidp {jvr.vipwdfi fopi,

Dl B,F, olb ogrip piaiovi gpjn vipwdfi! olt [iofi Fjp{v wjaylriip umj pi{jprvol ovvoyar vmjyab ì jggipib obiqyori fjylviadle udrm o rmipo{dvr umj dv rpodlib olbi}{ipdilfib dl rpiordle rpoyno vypwdwjpv,-mrr{3**uuu,dvrvv,jpe*Fjlrilr*LowdeordjlNily*DVRVVRpiornilrEydbiadliv*[RVBRpiornilrEydbiadliv*bigoyar,mrn $,

Gyprmip! rmi ujphipv fjn{ilvordjl biobadliv gjp j`rodldle rpiornilr vmjyab ìiadndlorib! ov ui hlju gpjn in{dpdfoa boro rmor nolt po{i vypwdwjpv umj eilydliatliib rpiornilr bj ljr viih dr gjp njlrmv jp tiopv ogrip rmi po{i,

Gdloaat! rmi [iofi Fjp{v vmjyab gofdadrori! pormip rmol bdvfjypoei! dlripofrdjlonjle wjaylriipv umj mowi i}{ipdilfib ovvoyar,

Oaa jg rmivi dn{pjwinilrv opi `jrm lifivvopt olb pioadvrdf,


13/16

YV?BJFV 5=4=;22w?

?6

D on {pjyb rj ì o Piryplib [iofi Fjp{v Wjaylriip, D vrdaa ìadiwi rmor rmi[iofi Fjp{v in`jbdiv Onipdfov ìvr dbioav3 bdeldrt! mynoldrt! olb fjn{ovvdjl, @yrD bjlr ìadiwi rmi [iofi Fjp{v fol iggifrdwiat {pjnjri rmjvi dbioav udrmjyr {pofrdfdlermin gdpvr, D rmolh tjy gjp rmi j{{jpryldrt rj v{ioh rj tjy o`jyr nt i}{ipdilfi, D mj{idr udaa mia{ daayvrpori rmi epowdrt jg rmi {pjàin! rmi liib gjp fmolei! olb rmi {orm rj o

ìrrip! vrpjleip! vogip [iofi Fjp{v,

?, Jsip IC! @ivr VP! Ad{vit RA! Uidvv BV, [pibdfrjpv jg {jvrrpoynordf vrpivv bdvjpbip olbvtn{rjnv dl obyarv3 O niro.oloatvdv, [vtfmja @yaa 0;;68 ?043 90.56,

0, @piudl FP! Olbpiuv @! Woailrdli CB, Niro.oloatvdv jg pdvh gofrjpv gjp {jvrrpoynordfvrpivv bdvjpbip dl rpoyno.i}{jvib obyarv, C Fjlvyar Fadl [vtfmja 0;;;8 7=3 6?5.667,

6, Onipdfol [vtfmdorpdf Ovvjfdordjl, Bdoeljvrdf olb Vrordvrdfoa Nolyoa jg Nilroa Bdvjpbipv3 Gjyprm Ibdrdjl , Oyrmjp3 Uovmdlerjl! B,F,! ?442,

2, Pjrmòyn @J! Gjo I@! Pdeev BV! Nypbjfh R! Uoavm U, O {pjv{ifrdwi i}ondlordjl jg {jvr.rpoynordf vrpivv bdvjpbip dl po{i wdfrdnv, Cjyplo jg Rpoynordf Vrpivv ?4408 93 299.259,

9, Hivvaip PF! Vjllieo O! @pjnir I! Myemiv N! Liavjl F@, [jvrrpoynordf vrpivv bdvjpbipdl rmi Lordjloa Fjnjp`dbdrt Vypwit, Opfm Eil [vtfmdorpt ?4498 903 ?;2=.?;7;,

7, Pivldfh M! Ofdiplj P! Uoabpj{ OI! Hdle A! Hdle B! Boldiavjl F ir oa, Polbjndsibfjlrpjaaib iwoayordjl jg ol iopat dlripwilrdjl rj {piwilr {jvr.po{i {vtfmj{ormjajet,

@imow Piv Rmip 0;;58 29 -?;$ 3 0260.0225,

5, Hda{orpdfh BE! Voylbipv @I! Wipjlil AC! @ivr FA! Wjl CN, Fpdndloa wdfrdndsordjl3adgirdni {piwoailfi! pi{jprdle rj {jadfi! olb {vtfmjajedfoa dn{ofr, Fpdni olb

Biadlqyilft ?4=58 66 -2$3 254.2=4,

=, Pilldvjl FN, Po{i olb vi}yoa ovvoyar3 Pi{jprdle rj {jadfi olb nibdfoa orrilrdjl! ?440.0;;;, 0;;0,

4, Ed``v L,Vi}yoa Ovvoyarv jl Ginoai Vjabdipv3 Bjl%r Ovh! Bjl%r Riaa, Rdni Noeosdli , Rdni3 Liu Tjph!

0;?;,


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TESTIMONY OF D R . KARESTAN CHASE KOENEN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR , COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY , MAILMAN SCHOOL...

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