TESTING THE APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF COMMON POOL RESOURCES: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Andrea Torvinen and Grant Snitker

PRESENTATION GOALS

PRESENTATION GOALS

�  Introduce the concept of adaptive governance

PRESENTATION GOALS

�  Introduce the concept of adaptive governance

�  Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework

PRESENTATION GOALS

�  Introduce the concept of adaptive governance

�  Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework

�  How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases

PRESENTATION GOALS

�  Introduce the concept of adaptive governance

�  Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework

�  How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases

�  Discuss the current state and future directions of this research

PRESENTATION GOALS

�  Introduce the concept of adaptive governance

�  Explain Ostrom’s Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework

�  How to apply SES Framework to archaeological cases

�  Discuss the current state and future directions of this research

�  Breakout session to discuss and prepare for AAA presentation

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE

�  Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE

�  Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)

�  Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE

�  Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)

�  Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs

�  Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE

�  Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)

�  Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs

�  Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances

�  Framework that evolves over time and is used to analyze multi-level governance strategies

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE

�  Elinor Ostrom – Governing the Commons (1990)

�  Institutional analysis focuses on documenting social-ecological systems involving the management of common pool resources CPRs

�  Management systems must be localized to SES conditions and have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances

�  Framework that evolves over time and is used to analyze multi-level governance strategies

�  Eight “design principles” have been identified

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

�  Collective-choice arrangements

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

�  Collective-choice arrangements

�  Effective monitoring

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

�  Collective-choice arrangements

�  Effective monitoring

�  Graduated sanctions

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

�  Collective-choice arrangements

�  Effective monitoring

�  Graduated sanctions

�  Conflict-resolution mechanisms

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

�  Collective-choice arrangements

�  Effective monitoring

�  Graduated sanctions

�  Conflict-resolution mechanisms

�  Minimal right to organize

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

�  Clearly defined boundaries

�  Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

�  Collective-choice arrangements

�  Effective monitoring

�  Graduated sanctions

�  Conflict-resolution mechanisms

�  Minimal right to organize

�  Nested enterprises

SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM (SES) FRAMEWORK

Ostrom (2007:15182, Figure 1)

Ostrom (2007:15183, Table 1)

DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION

Resource  Units  (RU)   Variable  descrip-on   Proxy  data   Reference  RU1   Resource  unit  mobility   sta-onary  trees  in  sta-onary  forests          

RU2   Growth  or  replacement  rate   years  to  decades  depending  on  size  of  trees  sought          

RU3   Interac-on  among  resource  units  

cross-­‐pollina-on  and  natural  re-­‐seeding  if  recovery  -me  is  allowed          

RU4   Economic  value  cut  trees  can  be  used  for  charcoal  produc-on,  fuel  and  building  and  boat  construc-on;  woodlands  were  highly  valued  property  

archaeobotanical  remains;  geomorphology;  historic  records  

Vésteinsson  &  Simpson  2004;  Byock  2001;  Church  et  al.  2007  

RU5   Size   individual  trees  to  several  hectares/km  in  area          

RU6   Dis-nc-ve  markings   none  known;  ownership  was  documented  by  government  officials   historic  records   Vésteinsson  &  Simpson  

2004  

RU7   Spa-al  &  temporal  distribu-on  

transi-on  from  15-­‐40%  of  landscape  covered  by  woodlands  (most  concentrated  in  coastal  lowlands)  to  <  1%  today;  Land  Register  of  17th  c.  shows  that  ~50%  of  households  had  access  to  woodlands  

archaeobotanical  remains;  pollen  record;  historic  records  

Church  et  al.  2007;  Vésteinsson  &  Simpson  2004:184;  Arnalds  1987  

APPLYING THE SES FRAMEWORK TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASES

�  Methodology involves three stages: �  Identify the second-tier variables supported by archaeological data

�  Describe each case using Ostrom’s (1990) narrative format

�  Determine which design principles are present in each case

APPLYING THE SES FRAMEWORK TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASES First- Tier SES Variables   Archaeological Data   Historical Data   Environmental Data  

Social, Economic and Political Settings  

Settlement patterns, archaeofauna  

Trade documents, political organization, records of social

hierarchy  

Resource distribution on landscape  

Resource System  Archaeofauna, settlement patterns, archaeobotanical

remains  Descriptions of landscape   Geomorphology, ecology,

pollen record  

Resource Units   Archaeofauna, settlement patterns  

Resource documents, inventories   Geomorphology, ecology  

Governance System   Settlement patterns, archaeobotanical remains   Written laws, treaties, etc   --  

Users  Settlement patterns,

archaeobotanical remains, archaeofauna  

--   Pollen record  

Interactions  Archaeofauna, settlement patterns, archaeobotanical

remains  

Descriptions of trade and commerce   --  

Outcomes   Archaeobotanical remains   --   Geomorphology, ecology  

Related Ecosystems   Settlement patterns   --   Climate proxies  

NORTH ATLANTIC CASE STUDIES

Dugmore et al. (2009:98, Figure 7.1)

GRAZING SYSTEM OF THE FAROE ISLANDS

Thomson et al. (2007:740, Figure 1)

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT IN EYJAFJALLAHREPPUR, SOUTH ICELAND

EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the

Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle

Woodland Management in South Iceland

Degree Present? Present? Degree

Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low

Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --

Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate

-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --

-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --

Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low

Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low

Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate

EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the

Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle

Woodland Management in South Iceland

Degree Present? Present? Degree

Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low

Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --

Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate

-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --

-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --

Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low

Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low

Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate

EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the

Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle

Woodland Management in South Iceland

Degree Present? Present? Degree

Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low

Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --

Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate

-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --

-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --

Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low

Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low

Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate

EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES Grazing System of the

Faroe Islands Adaptive Governance Design Principle

Woodland Management in South Iceland

Degree Present? Present? Degree

Low Yes Clearly defined boundaries Yes Low

Moderate Yes Proportional equivalence No --

Low Yes Collective-choice arrangements No Moderate

-- Possible Effective monitoring Possible --

-- Possible Graduated sanctions Possible --

Low Yes Conflict-resolution mechanisms Yes Low

Low Yes Minimal right to organize No Low

Moderate Yes Nested enterprises Yes Moderate

CONCLUSIONS

�  SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases

CONCLUSIONS

�  SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases

�  Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée

CONCLUSIONS

�  SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases

�  Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée

�  Interdisciplinary approach is necessary

CONCLUSIONS

�  SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases

�  Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée

�  Interdisciplinary approach is necessary

�  Design principles are essential for successful CPR management in North Atlantic cases

CONCLUSIONS

�  SES Framework can be applied to archaeological cases

�  Archaeological cases provide insights into implementation of design principles and the costs/benefits associated with maintenance over longue durée

�  Interdisciplinary approach is necessary

�  Design principles are essential for successful CPR management in North Atlantic cases

�  Archaeological data and analysis have a demonstrated utility in creating long-term sustainable CPR systems for the present and future

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

�  Improve on data collected and our interpretations

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

�  Improve on data collected and our interpretations

�  What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

�  Improve on data collected and our interpretations

�  What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?

�  What activities did farmers/communities participate in annually? Do these activities involve CPRs and are they interrelated?

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

�  Improve on data collected and our interpretations

�  What influence do CPRs that are geographically and ecologically related have on each other?

�  What activities did farmers/communities participate in annually? Do these activities involve CPRs and are they interrelated?

�  What is the cost of resilience when CPRs are involved?

THANK YOU