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AP BiologyTests back Chapter 11
Cell Communication
No Distance
Short Distance
Long Distance
Signal Transduction Pathway
1. Messenger
2. Receptor
3. Transduction
4. Secondary Messengers
5. Cell Targets
AP Biology- take out notes and Study guides
Signal Transduction Pathway
Effects of Changes in Pathways
Signal Disruption Pathways
Disruptions
Poison Diabetes
Cell Division Ch. 12
• Cell division- reproduction of cells• Cell cycle- life of cell• Chromosomes- DNA in packed structures• Chromatin- DNA and proteins• Somatic cells- # of chromosomes per body
cell (all except reproductive) • Gametes- reproductive cells (half of the
somatic #)• Sister Chromatids- duplicated chromosome
joined by centromere
• Mitosis- division of genetic material• Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm• Animals – cleavage furrow• Plants – Cell plate
Phases of Cell Cycle
Cleavage VS Plate
Binary Fission
• Binary Fission- Division in half (prokaryotes)
•Origin of Replication
Cell Cycle Control System
• Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals
• Checkpoint- control point where stop and go signals occur• G1
• S• G2
• G0
Cyclin and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
• Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them
• To be activated the kinase must be attached to a cyclin
• Because these kinases are dependent upon attachment of cyclin they are known as cyclin-dependent kinases or Cdks.
• Cells respond to • “maturation-promoting factors” this is what triggers the cell’s passage past each checkpoint•Growth hormone•Density-dependent inhibition-
Uncontrolled cell growth-