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Tetrapo ds Chapter 9
Tetrapods
Chapter 9
Tetrapod origin
Lobefin fish
Early tetrapod
Tetrapods
Bufo marinus
No True Marine Amphibians
Class Reptilia
Reptiles --- many, major extinct lineages
Many extinct marine reptiles
airbreathing
coldblooded
Sea turtles
Archelon ischyros (Cretaceous, North Dakota)
Fossil Sea Turtle
Sea turtlesStill tied to land
Sea turtles
Conservation and study
Sea turtles
Sea Snakes
Sea Snakes
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Marine iguana
Marine iguana
Galapagos Islands
Crocodylus porosus
Saltwater crocodile
Tetrapods
“Class” Aves
Birds
“Class” Aves
Birds are part of reptile radiation
Flight
Penguins
Tubenoses
Tubenoses
Albatrosses
Tubenoses
Shearwater
petrel
Pelicans
Cormorants
Frigate birds
A seabird gift
Gulls and related birds
Terns
Sterna paradisaea
Shorebirds
Shorebirds
plover
avocet
Shorebirds
sandpiper
killdeer
Body form and beaks adapted to niche and function
Birds and Islands
Dodo bird
Hawaiian honeycreepers
Island Birds
Gallirallus wakensis
Wake Island Rail
Wake Island7 December 1941
Feral Animals
The Far Side by Gary Larson
Unbeknownst to most ornithologists, the dodo was actually a very advanced species, living along quite peacefully until, in the 17th century, it was annihilated by men, rats, and dogs. As usual
Bird Extinctions
Class Mammalia
Five Marine Mammal Lineages
Order PinnipediaSeals, sea lions, walrus
Sea lion skull
California Sea lions – ‘sunning’
Mouth of Ventura Harbor
California Sea lions – sunning
Leopard seal -- Antarctic
Conserving heat
California Sea lions – sunning with fin
Pinnipeds give birth on land (or ice)
Pinniped birth
Seals
Seals are highly adapted for aquatic life
Crabeater seal
An Antarctic seal that filter feeds on krill
Elephant Seal (Mirounga)
Ano Nuevo State Park, California
Harbor seal pup
Phoca vitulina
Hawaiian monk seal
(Monachus schauinslandi)
Mediterranean monk seal
(Monachus monachus)
Harp seal
Seals hunted for blubber and fur
Phoca groenlandica
Too many of my babies became coats, so I decided to increase security
Seal lions
Zalophus californianus
California sea lion
California sea lion
Zalophus californianus
California sea lion
Zalophus californianus
Walrus
Odobenus rosmarus
Walrus
Walrus
Order Carnivora
Enhydra lutris
Sea otter
Sea otter
Polar bear
Ursus maritimus
Polar bear
Polar bear
Polar bear
Order Sirenia
Trichechus manatus
West Indian Manatee
Trichechus inunguis
Amazon Manatee
West African River Manatee
Trichechus senegalensis
Dugong dugon
Dugong
Steller’s Sea Cow
up to 7.5 m long
(Hydrodamalis gigas)
Convergence in body form among marine vertebrates
Order Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises
Perceptions of whales
Humpback whale
Megaptera novaeangliae
A bit of anatomy….
Cetacean swimming
Vestiges of terrestrial ancestry
Vestigial pelvic girdle
Dolphin embryo
Ambulocetus natans
49 myo
Some links in the whale lineage
Baleen whales Toothed whales
Baleen whales
Suborder Mysticeti
Baleen whales
Feeding
Baleen whales
Feeding in baleen whales
Baleen
Whale bone corset, ca. 1890 Whale bone
corset stays
Krill (a euphasid shrimp)
Blue whale
(Balaenoptera musculus)
Rorquals
Family Balaenopteridae
Some other RorqualsMinke whaleBalaenoptera acutorostrata
Bryde's whaleBalaenoptera edeni
Humpback whaleMegaptera novaeangliae
Humpback whaleMegaptera novaeangliae
Feeding
Right whales
Balaena mysticetus (bowhead)
Eubalaena australis (southern right whale)
Eubalaena glacialis (northern right whale)
Bowhead whale Eskimo fishery
Bowhead whale
Grey Whale
Eschrichtiidae
Eschrichtius robustus
Such close contact is not allowed in US waters
Whale barnacles
Toothed whales
Suborder Odontoceti
Toothed whales
Suborder Odontoceti
Toothed whales
Suborder Odontoceti
Cetacean blowholes
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Family Physeteridae
Sperm Whales
3 species in 2 genera
Physeter catodon
Sperm whale
spermaceti
Sperm whale
ambergris
Sperm whale
Genus Kogia
pygmy sperm whales
Kogia skull
Family Delphinidae
killer whale
dolphins
Orcinus orca
killer whale
Family Delphinidae
Killer whale
Killer whale
Dolphins Family Delphinidae
Dolphin skull
Trained dolphins
a bit about Whaling
Harpoon gun
Factory ship
Now abandoned Antarctic Island Whaling stations
Whales vs. scrap metal
Economics -
Bycatch
Dophins and tuna
Bycatch Phocoena sinus
Vaquita
Mexican shrimp boat bycatch
Biology of Marine Mammals
Cetaceans are hard to study
Shotgun fired whale tag
Cetaceans underwater
Radio tags
Movements of a tagged sei whale
Swimming and Diving
Whale spouts
Diving
Diving
Senses Oflaction
Vision
Echolocation
Beluga whale
Delphinapterus leucas
Melon or spermaceti organ (outgoing sound)
Incoming sound – through the lower jaw, into the inner ear
Cold water feeding
Grey whale vocalization
Sei whale vocalization
Has the ocean gotten too noisy?
Sea lions
Elephant seals
Sea lions
Humpback whale and calf
Killer whale and calf
Bowhead and calf
Dolphin and calf
Right whale and calf
Cetaceans nursing
“Although humans make sounds with their mouths and occasionally look at each other, there is no solid evidence that they actually communicate with each other”
“Matthews…we’re getting another one of those strange ‘aw blah es pan yol’ sounds”
Good morning, Dr. Sullivan. We were just going through some of your files & couldn’t help noticing you could use some help on your research regarding dolphin intelligence
