Tevatron collider, detectors performance Tevatron collider, detectors performance and future projects at Fermilaband future projects at Fermilab

Feb 28, 2008Sergei Nagaitsev

(thanks to D. Wood, D. Denisov, R. Roser, J. Konigsberg, P. Oddone)

Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryFermi National Accelerator Laboratory

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CDF

DØ

Tevatron

Main Injector\Recycler

Antiprotonsource

Proton source

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Tevatron complex: 9 acceleratorsTevatron complex: 9 accelerators

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120 GeVMain Injector:

rapid cycling high intensity

proton synchrotron2 sec period

8 GeV Recycler Ring:

high quality storage ring

stochastic coolingelectron cooling

12-24 hours cycle

8 GeVDebuncher:large aperture

synchrotron2 seconds cycle

8 GeV Accumulator:

high quality storage ring

stochastic cooling~4 hours cycle

Tevatron ColliderCM energy of 1.96 TeV

36x36 bunchesCollision rate ~ 2MHz

p

p

Target

Li Lens

p

In operation since:Tevatron 1983Pbar Source 1985Main Injector 1999Recycler 2004Electron cooler 2005

8 GeV Booster

proton synchrotron15 Hz

400 MeV Linac

750 keV p source 4.3 MeV

electroncooler

MINOS

MiniBooNE

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

The Luminosity Story…The Luminosity Story…

The Tevatron CM energy is limited to 1.96 TeV. While the Run II energy is greater than Run I’s, Run II is not about energy – its about integrated luminosity.

When science historians write about Run II, they will tell the story of… How the amount of delivered luminosity impacted

the ultimate success of the physics program The total luminosity will set the scale for the legacy

of the Tevatron We make continuous improvements to physics

analysis, thus the physics gain is better than SQRT(∫L).

4S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Total Integrated LuminosityTotal Integrated Luminosity

5S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Tevatron Run 2: 2001 – 2009 (2010)Tevatron Run 2: 2001 – 2009 (2010)

Two multi-purpose and complimentary detectors: CDF and DØ

Integrated Luminosity Delivered 3.7 fb-1 (per

detector) Recorded: about 3.0 fb-1

Goal is 5.5 – 6.5 fb-1 delivered in 2009

2010 Running under discussion (expect 7 – 9 fb-1 delivered)

6S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Doing Physics at 2 TeVDoing Physics at 2 TeV

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Need 1010 collisions to produce 1 event with Top quarks

With 1 fb-1, 10k t-tbar events produced;

Understanding and reducing backgrounds is the key to success

We continue to learn and innovate; developing new tools and techniques as needed

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

8S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Tevatron physics goalsTevatron physics goals

More detailed explorations on new areas we’ve opened Single top, di-bosons, CP in B-physics are all examples Each benefits from having the largest statistical

sample available

Test maximum Ecm What is in the tails…..

Investigating today’s possibilities We already see a number of 2-sigma and 3-sigma

results in our data based on 2 fb-1 analyzed Want x3 - 4 our current dataset to find out whether

any of these discrepancies arise from new physics Higgs potential

SM exclusion should be the benchmark With 7-8 fb-1 of data, we can exclude at the 95% C.L.

the entire interesting mass range (< 200 GeV/c2)

9S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

The DØ CollaborationThe DØ Collaboration

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DØ is an international collaboration of 580

physicists from 19 nations who have designed, built and operate the DØ detector at the Tevatron and perform

data analysis

Institutions: 89 total, 38 US, 51 non-US

Collaborators:~ 50% from non-US institutions~ 100 postdocs, ~140 graduate students

September 2007 DØ Collaboration Meeting

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

DØ : Physics Goals and DetectorDØ : Physics Goals and Detector

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Precision tests of the Standard Model Weak bosons, top quark, QCD, B-physics

Search for particles and forces beyond those known Higgs, supersymmetry, extra dimensions….

protonsantiprotons

3 LayerMuon System

Tracker Solenoid Magnet

20 m

Driven by these goals, the detector emphasizes

Electron, muon and tau identification

Jets and missing transverse energy

Flavor tagging through displaced vertices and leptons

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Integrated LuminosityIntegrated Luminosity

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Run IIa Run IIb

Delivered Recorded

Run IIa 1.6 fb-1 1.3 fb-1

Run IIb (so far) 1.9 fb-1 1.7 fb-1

Total 3.5 fb-1 3.0 fb-1

2006 shutdown:• new Layer 0 silicon installed • trigger upgrades installed

April 02Jan 08

Passed 3fb-1 milestone in recorded luminosity on 16 January 2008

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Selected physics highlights from DSelected physics highlights from DØØ in Run II in Run II

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Top physics Single top production evidence Tour de force of top quark

property measurements Mass = 172.1±2.4 GeV Cross section, electric charge,

W helicity, forward-backward asymmetry, B(t→Wb)/B(t→Wq)

Electroweak First evidence for WZ

production W-gamma radiation zero

evidence Anomalous couplings search in

W-gamma, Z-gamma, WZ, ZZQCD Precise inclusive jet cross

section with 1% calibration of jet

energy scale W+charm production ratio

measurement – probing strange content of proton

Single TopDecember 2006: First evidence for single top and first direct measurement of Vtb

pb4.13.4

CL)%95(

0.1|V|68.0 tb

Inclusive JetsJanuary 2008: most precise measurement of the inclusive jet cross section over the widest kinematic range

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Selected physics highlights from DSelected physics highlights from DØØ in Run II in Run II

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B-physics Bs mixing – world’s first two-

sided limit Ξb

- baryon discovery: CP violating parameter

measurements: unique DØ capability from regular reversal of magnetic fields

World’s best limits on Bs→μμ decay probability

New Phenomena W’, Z’ mass limits > 1 TeV Excited electron mass > 756

GeV: probing electron sub-structure

Best limits on many SUSY processes (tripleptons, stop→l+b+MET, stop→c+MET, diphotons+MET,…)

Searches for squark and gluinos: first Tevatron publication with >2 fb-1 of data

Higgs SM Higgs cross section limits

from nine different channels in 110-200 GeV mass range

Best limits on MSSM higgs production

M(b-) = 5.774±0.019 GeV/c2

b- Discovery: June 2007

Bs Mixing: March 2006 First two-sided limit on Bs oscillations 17ps-1<Δms<21ps-1 most cited HEP paper of 2006

W’ Limit> 1 TeV: October 2007

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

DDØ Ø Physics OutputPhysics Output

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2007 was the best year ever with 34 papers submitted for publication Expect more in 2008

Reducing time from data taking to publication Already published result

with 2.1 fb-1 Winter conference

results with 2.3 fb-1 expected

DØ continues to be a great training ground for students and postdocs 29 Ph.D. theses in 2007

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

The CDF CollaborationThe CDF Collaboration

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North America 34 institutions

Europe 21 institutions

Asia 8 institutions

The CDF Collaboration 15 Countries 63 institutions 635 authors

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Detector Status - SummaryDetector Status - Summary

Stable data collection ~85% recorded and ~80% of delivered used in analysis

Tracking chamber (COT) Aging not a problem, will be ok through 2010

Silicon longevity Expect silicon detector to last beyond 2010

• Radiation not expected to be a problem All other systems are operating well High Luminosity Running

Inst. Lum expectations are now clear < 300-350 x1030cm-2 s-1

• Trigger & DAQ– Recently completed upgrade on tracking and calorimeter– We are collecting high-Pt data with high efficiency up to 3x1032

• Physics– No significant effect up to 3x1032

About 80% of Delivered Luminosity is available for physics analysis

Expected to be in good shape through FY10

17S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

CDF: CDF: Collecting data - happily…

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Sources of inefficiency include: Trigger dead time and readout ~

5%• Intentional - to maximize physics to

tape Start and end of stores ~5% Problems (detector, DAQ) ~5%

~<85>% efficient since 2003

1.7 MHz of crossingsCDF 3-tiered trigger:

L1 accepts ~25 kHzL2 accepts ~800 HzL3 accepts ~150 Hz (event size is ~250 kb)

Accept rate ~1:12,000Reject 99.991% of the events

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

CDF: Physics Highlights from 1-2 fbCDF: Physics Highlights from 1-2 fb-1-1

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Observation of Bs-mixingΔms = 17.77 +- 0.10 (stat) +- 0.07(sys)

Observation of new baryon statesb and b

WZ discovery (6-sigma)Measured cross section 5.0 (1.7) pb

ZZ observation4.4-sigma

Single top evidence (3-sigma) with 1.5 fb-

1 cross section = 2.9 pb|Vtb|= 1.02 ± 0.18 (exp.) ± 0.07 (th.)

Measurement of Sin(2_s)

Most are

world

’s best

resu

lts

Precision W mass measurementMw_cdf = 80.413 GeV (48 MeV)

Precision Top mass measurementMtop_cdf = 172.7 (2.1) GeV

W-width measurement2.032 (.071) GeV

Observation of new charmless B==>hh states

Observation of Do-Dobar mixingConstant improvement in Higgs

Sensitivity

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Run II Luminosity – Where can we go?Run II Luminosity – Where can we go?

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Projected Integrated Luminosity in Run II (fb-1) vs time

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

time since FY04

Inte

gra

ted

Lu

min

osi

ty (

fb-1

)

extrapolatedfrom FY09

Luminosity projection curves for 2008-2010Luminosity projection curves for 2008-2010

FY08 start

Real data up to FY07 (included)

8.6 fb-1

7.2 fb-1

Highest Int. Lum

Lowest Int. Lum

FY10 start

FY09 and FY10 integrated luminosities assumed to be identical

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

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Antiprotons and LuminosityAntiprotons and Luminosity

The strategy for increasing luminosity in the Tevatron is strategy for increasing luminosity in the Tevatron is to increase the number and brightness of antiprotonsto increase the number and brightness of antiprotons

Increase the antiproton production rate Provide a third stage of antiproton cooling with the Recycler Increase the transfer efficiency of antiprotons to low beta in the

Tevatron Provide additional antiproton cooling stages Provide additional antiproton cooling stages

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Beam lifetimes at HEP collisionsBeam lifetimes at HEP collisions

Antiproton lifetime is improved and brightness has increased due to beam cooling in Recycler ring at 8 GeV

Proton lifetime started to suffer from small pbar emittances Pbars 3-4 times smaller than protons Greater fraction of proton bunch sees strongest beam-

beam force Highest head-on tune shifts for protons > 0.024 Using an injection mismatch in Tevatron to blow up

antiproton emittance slightly and improve proton lifetime• Results in slightly lower peak luminosities• Improved integrated luminosities due to better proton lifetimes

22S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

TevatronTevatron

When does the program stop?

The “natural” life without the LHC would be several more years, roughly at the end of “doubling data in three years”

Very difficult to predict when it will be overtaken by LHC. Prudent to plan running in 2010 – depends on funding scenarios.

23S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Fermilab: Neutrino experimentsFermilab: Neutrino experiments

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Minos Far detector

MiniBooNE detector

MINOS: neutrino oscillations in the atmospheric region; coming electron appearance at CHOOZ limit or below

MiniBooNE: neutrino oscillations in the LSND region; exploration of low energy anomaly in neutrino interactions

SciBooNE: neutrino cross sections

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

LHC and FermilabLHC and Fermilab

The LHC is the single most important physics component of the US program

Fermilab supports the US CMS effort. Built major components of CMS supporting the universities.

Now have Tier 1 computing center, LHC Physics Center, Remote Operations Center (ROC), CERN/Fermilab summer schools

Major contribution to the accelerator. We are now helping to commission LHC.

To continue to be welcome, US and Fermilab must contribute to detector and accelerator improvements.

Aim: critical mass at Fermilab, as good as going to CERN (once detectors completed).

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LHC and FermilabLHC and Fermilab

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Compact Muon Spectrometer CMS Remote Operations Center at Fermilab

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

High-energy physics toolsHigh-energy physics tools

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pp-barppe+e-

+-

Telescopes;Undergroundexperiments;

Energy Frontier

Intensity Frontier

Non-accelerator

based

Intense , , K, .. beams; and

B, C factories;

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Need a TeV-scale lepton colliderNeed a TeV-scale lepton collider

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e- e+

p p

ILC

LHC

InternationalLinear Collider (ILC)

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

ILC technology at FermilabILC technology at Fermilab

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Vertical Test Stand

Horizontal Test Stand

First cryomodule

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

ILC and FermilabILC and Fermilab

Strong world-wide collaboration on ILC: by far the easiest machine beyond the LHC; both CLIC and muon colliders are more difficult.

ILC will be it – provided LHC tells us the richness of new physics is there.

Technology is broadly applicable – R&D on the technology is important: electron cloud effects, reliable high gradient cavities, final focus….

Fermilab and US community will continue with ILC and SCRF R&D – probably on stretched timescale.

Reality: the likelihood of building ILC in the US is much reduced after the latest round of Congressional actions on ILC, ITER.

30S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Intensity frontierIntensity frontier

The general rule: If the LHC discovers new particles – precision

experiments tell about the physics behind through rates/couplings to standard particles

If the LHC does not see new particles – precision experiments with negligible rates in the SM are the only avenue to probe higher energies

Additionally, neutrino oscillations coupled with charged lepton number violating processes constrain GUT model building

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Fermilab and the intensity frontierFermilab and the intensity frontier

We have designed a program based on a new injector for the complex. Can exploit the large infrastructure of accelerators:

Main Injector (120 GeV), Recycler (8GeV), Debuncher (8 GeV), Accumulator (8 GeV) – would be very expensive to reproduce today

New source uses ILC technology and helps development of the technology in the US

Provides the best program in neutrinos, and rare decays in the world

Positions the US program for an evolutionary path leading to neutrino factories and muon colliders

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Fermilab and the intensity frontier: Project XFermilab and the intensity frontier: Project X

33S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

Project X: expandabilityProject X: expandability

Initial configuration exploits alignment with ILC But it is expandable (we will make sure the hooks are

there) Three times the rep rate Three times the pulse length Three times the number of klystrons

Would position the program for a multi-megawatt source for intense muon beams at low <8 GeV energies – very difficult with a synchrotron.

Neutrino program at 120 GeV (2.3 MW); 55% Recycler available at 8 GeV (200kW)

We can develop existing 8 GeV rings to deliver and tailor beams, allowing full duty cycle for experiments with the correct time structure: K decays, e conversion, g-2.

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Example: evolutionary path muonsExample: evolutionary path muons

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(Upgradable to 2MW)

PROJECT XMUON COLLIDER

TEST FACILITY

NEUTRINO FACTORY

Far Detectorat Homestake

Rebunch

Target

Decay

Phase Rot.& Bunch

Cool

Muon ColliderR&D Hall

0.2–0.8 GeV

Pre-Accel

4 GeVRing

RLA(1–4 GeV)

Illustrative Vision

Three projects of comparable scope: Project X (upgraded to 2MW) Muon Collider Test Facility 4 GeV Neutrino Factory

S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

1.5-4 TeV Muon Collider at Fermilab1.5-4 TeV Muon Collider at Fermilab

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S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)

SummarySummary

Tevatron collider has a very rich and exciting physics program. Detectors are running well (actually better than ever).

Tevatron is running well There is evidence for reliability improvements

Plan to run Tevatron until overtaken by LHC Our future plan is to construct world premier

“intensity-frontier” machine and to continue R&D on a lepton “energy-frontier” collider

37S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)