A
PHILOSOPHICAl.
INQUIRY CONCERNING
HUMAN
LIB E R T Y. The fieo»" EAitioll eorreflea.
L 0 ~ 2) 0 T{.:
Prim,J, for R. ROB INS 0 N, .1 tbl Golden Lion ill SI. Paul's ChurchYard. M DCC XVIL
PR
EF
AC
E.
o 0
11MH:h
cllT
e can
not b
e ta
kln,
to p
refle
nt b
eing
m
ifrm
derft
ood
and pr~
jaJl
d,
in
hand
ling
.fU.ft
ions
of f
IlCh
nice
[pec
ulat
ion,
lI
S th
.[t o
f L
iber
ty li
nd N
.ecef
fi ...
ty:
and
ther
efor
e,
tho'
1 m
ight
;11
jM
flice
t:z
pe8
to b
e re
ad b
efor
e IJ
n}
judg
men
t be
paf
s'd o
n m
e, I
th
~k it
prop
er to
pre
mife
the fo
l~
lfJ8?
ing o
b[er
flatio
n.f •
••
fir
ft, th
rl 1
den
y lib
erty
in
fI ce
rtain
mea
ning
of
that
'W
ord
5
J,t 1
cOnte
nd fo
r li
bert
y, tU
it
fig-
A ~
nifie
s,
• I V
I o >oj =: m
"1:1 =: .... t"' o rIl o "1:1 =: .... ("
') ;I>
t"
' .... z I:) e .... ~ 0<
PR
.BF
AC
B •
P R
. B
FA
C B
. ••
• ••
lit
Jt
n~6t
$, a
pow
er in
Q'Ja
n, to
do
as
~. S
econ
dly,
f1J
hm 1
a/r
m n
e-he
will
s,
or p
lear
~s;
whid
J u
c:effi
ty ;
I co
nten
d on
b fo
r 'fll
hat U
th
e no
tion
of li
bert
y m
aint
ain'
tJ b
y tfl
ffd m
oral
ne
teff
ity,
mea
ning
ARlSTOiL~
t I.
e I
tlft
0,
ther
eby,
tha
t m
an,
who
is
an
Mr.
L 0
e
KE
, an
d fev
eral
oth
er
inte
llige
nt a
nd f
enfib
le
bein
g,
o-,l
Philr
;fQph
trs,
IRIti
tnt
lind
..tm
,.
is d
eter
min
'd b
y hi
s re
afon
and
=: tJ
j
And
illd
eed
afte
r a
cart
flll
,za.
i-hi
s fe
nfes
i an
d I
den,
man
to b~
"I:j =:
n.Jt;
on o
f the
btjl
.4IIt
hors
,..
[ubj
eEl
to f
och
nece
JJity
, tU
U
in
.... t""
0 tr
eate
d o[
libf
;rty
, I
may
ti/ir
m,
dock
s, w
atch
er,
and
foch
oth
er b
e..,
fIJ 0
thD
l ~er f
ppoJ
ite
they
4pp
t4,r
ings
, w
hich
{or
'fIIa
nt o
f fen
fatio
n "I
:j =: .... in
'A7
~ds
tp (
me tM
Ioth
er,
a~·lXlll'
lind
inte
llige
nce
are
[ubj
ell
to a
n ("
) >
trluc
h foe
'fJer
fl11
lt of
them
foe"
, 10
ab
folu
te,
phyf
ical
, or m
echa
ni ..
t"" ....
mai
ntai
np,.t
her
notiq
n of
li~ty S
ca
l ne
ceffi
ty.
.And
ber
t al
fo I
z t:J
c:: Je
t at
,the
hot
tom
, th,
re U
an
al-
JI
ha'lJ
t th
e co
nCU
"tTlct
of l
limof
t fill
.... ~
t,IIIi
'lJer
jal (
Zgree
TIJe
nt in
tli
e no
t;tJn
th
e gr
eate
Jl .
AfJe
rters
of
liber
ty,
0<
defm
ded
by m
e, a
d a
ll th
at t
hey
who
tit,
,"
t%pr
efly
mai
ntai
n m
o-fa
y, w
hen
ezam
;n'd
, "fi
O b.
e fou
nd
ral n
ecef
fity,
tJr t
he th
ingj
igni
/IeJ
tt
l am
ount
to T
ID m
ort,
~) tb
o{e
'fII()
rd,.
i· T
hird
ly,
I ha
w II
ntler
tak,e
n V
I
,. S
t"
· " /hf.
, thtlt
tbe n
flt;q
ns, I
ad f
ianc
e, -
(I"
· P
RE
FA
CE
. P
ilE
F.A
CE
. V
IV
lir
e 10
fllr
fro
m
hein
g in
conj
iften
t ry
&c;
bee
tsuJe
1 p
ropo
fi on
ly t
o u
. tv
a7ith
., th
at t
hey
are
the
role
foun
da-
prOf
It m
y po
int h
y ex
perie
nce
and
hJ
tions
of m
oral
ity a
nd la
ws,
and
of
,ellf
on,
omitt
ing
aO c
onfid
erat
iDns
r"
"ard
s an
d pu
ni/h
men
ts i
n Jo
cie-
flriE
lly
theo
logi
cal.
By
this
me ..
ry
; .n
d t
hat
the
notio
ns,
I ex
.. tb
od I
ba'D
t re
duc'd
the
",a
tter
to
,lode, a
re fu
bver
jive
of t
hem
. Th
is
II /h
ort
com
pafs
: lin
d bo
pe,
l./h
llil
.-,
l ::r: 1
judg
'd n
ecef
{ary
to
mak
e ou
t, in
gi
fJl! n
o le
ft fa
tisfa
llifm
, th
M i
f 1
t!1
"d
tr~a
ting
a fu
hjel
l th
at h
as r
elat
i-b
.d c
onfid
er'd
it
alfo
The
olog
i-::r: .... t""
.M
to
mor
ality
: he
cau(
e no
thin
g ca
lly ;
for
.0 hu
t Ent
huji"
fts, ru
ft 0 [I.
>
can
/lz
true
'A'hi
ch f
obve
rts
thof
t th
ink
true
T
heol
ogy
conf
lftm
t 0 "d
::r: th
ings
; an
d 111
1 di
fcou
rfe m
uft
he
'A'it
h re
afon
, IZ
nd 'A
'ith
tzper
itl'lC
t. .... n
dife
lli'D
e,
JDhe
rein
tbe
Re"d
er p
er ..
5·
Fift
hly,
if
IZny
/ho
uld
lISle,
>
t""
.... ct
itles
IZ
ny d
ifogr
eem
ent
to m
oral
O
f w
hat
ufe
foch
a
Dift
ourf
o z /:)
tru
th;
'A'hi
ch is
a6
t"l
Jiden
t a6
IZny
is
? 1
mig
ht o
fer
to t
hzir
,t
nji ..
c:: .... .(p
eaJlZ
ti'l1e
tru
th,
IZnd
muc
h m
ore
dera
tion,
fir
ft,
tbe
ufef
ulne
fs
of
~ ><
nece
fJary
to
he r
ende
r'd c
lear t
o th
e tr
uth
in g
ener
al;
IZnd
[«o
ndly
, Re
ader
's m
ind,
tba
n tr
uth
in a
J!
the
ufef
ulne
fs o
f th
e tr
uths
1
othe
r fiie
nces
. m
aint
ain
tow
ards
efta
hli./
hing
llZ'
fI)s
+. Fo
urth
ly, 1
ha'lle
intit
uled
my
a~d
mor
alit.
?,
rew
ards
an
d J'
u-~i
fcou
rft,
a P
hilo
forh
ical
In'l
-ui1
' ni
/hm
ents
In
[o
cief
):
hut
/hal
l
rt co
n ..
yi.
P R.
E F
A C
l!.
cont
mt
myf
elf
with
ob
ftT'lJ
ing,
that
it
may
be
of u
re t
o .0
thof
e
..,bo
difi
re
to ~ow
the
trut
h in
the
quef
tions
1 h
andk
, an
d th
at
thin
k ex
amin
ati(m
the
prop
er m
eans
to a
rri'lJ
e at
tha
t kn
0fl11
edge
. A
s
for t
¥,
who
eith
tT
mak
e no
In
IJui
rid
at 0
0, o
nd co
ncer
n no
t the
m ..
[elv
es
obou
t an
y [p
ecul
atio
ns;
or
",ho
take
up
with
[pec
ulat
ions
with
out a
~y e
xam
inat
ion
; or
who
rea
d
fI1Jly
bOt
Jks
to c
onfir
m th
emfei
'lJes
in
the
[pec
ulat
ions
the
y ha
ve r
ecei
v'd;
I aD
o", m
y bo
ok to
be
of
no u
re
to
them
: bu
t ye
t thi
nk t
hey
may
al ..
low
othe
rs t
o en
joy
a ta
fte d
iffer
ent
from
the
ir o
wn.
CO
N.
C O
NT
E N
T S
•.
TH
E I
rrm
J.ai
M
fhcw
blg
that
men
m
ay c
xprc
fs
thei
r 'T
hOug
hts
and
Opi
nion
s w
ith
equa
l de
arnc
&
upon
all
fubj
etls
. 1"
g. 2
-
The
quc
fiio
n,
",IH
,1H
r ""1
11 J,
/I fr
" ., /
I ""~'"
IIfgl
lll, e
xpla
in'd
. p.
II.
I. F
irft
Arg
umen
t, w
here
in o
ur e
xper
i-en
ce i
s co
nfad
er'd
. p.
1 ".
Und
er t
his
head
are
, Fi
rft,
feve
ral
conf
ider
atio
ns o
n t
he
argu
men
t o
f ':t
pn'im
cI.
1~.
Sec
ondl
y,
an a
CCO
unt
of
our
expe
ri
ence
in
th
e ex
erci
fe o
f th
e P
ower
o
f P
",«w
;"g,
of
1111
1ti"g
. Will
i""
and
D,;
"g .
, ""
",
ill.
p.
; I.
And
laf
tty,
the
Atl
ions
of
men
and
in
feri
or i
ntel
lige
nt
agen
ts a
re
C,,,,, ..
. r,
i.
p. r;
.
II.
Seco
nd
Arg
umen
t, to
pro
ve m
an a
D
ecef
f"ar
y ag
ent,
tak
en f
rom
the
i"'
lOf-
filiI
;,] ,f
li."
'I].
1-57
.
a II
I. T
hird
...j ::t:
tI'1
"C
::t: .... t"' o til o "C
::t: .... ('
) >
t"' .... Z
t:) c:: .... ~ -< u.
w
CO
NT
EN
TS
. D
I. T
hird
Arg
umca
t, ca
ken
(rom
the
.."". .. o
f I.
",
.....
the
tnffIH
IM
o( -Ji
t1.
p. 6
s.
lY.
Four
th A
rpm
cDt,
ta
k~ f
l'OPl
the
cx
mflll
crac
ioa
o(
the:
tik
i;'"
p"fo
""".
,.8
;.
v. fi
fth
Arg
umen
t, ta
Keo
frOI
D di
e: n
atu
re
and
"j,
of
"",.,t
I, an
d ,,,,
,,jb
__
dn
fC'C
:icty
. p.
b7
. V
I. S
ixth
Arg
umen
t, ta
ken
from
the
na-
ture
: of
_,t
li17
. p.
89·
S
cYer
alO
bjea
ions
conf
idcr
'd.
P·9
1•
I. T
hat
;f _
,. .
" fl
tl,jiI
':J .'
''''',I
-;/b
-..
.. , .
" ".
j_l,
lb.
a. T
hat ;
f .",
." .,
effo"
.lnl",
,lI7Ii
lb-."
,,,.
" -fo
l,fs,
p. 9
6 •
;. T
hat
if,.
", ."
fUtfll
iz"
IIg
nlll,
,,
4-
iIIt.
;""'
,.ti
".
",."
,i,i
,1II
. b/
."",
.u
"..(
1."
"fok
fi.
p. 1
00.
4. T
hat
if
,he ",
i,l if
,.11"'
, lifo
b, f
ix'ti
, tb
7/itl
, &,.
;, .f
ol,fi
. p.
lo
a·
s. H
,., e
.. (I
,. ••
• s .
,.;,,/
hi, ,
Drifo
i"""
..J b
nu e
ft hi
, ,,,,
[c;,,,
,, IIc
c.fo
hi,.
. ;f
6,
"""',
he .t
ll -l
I;',i
I" &
e.
p. l
OS'
. 6
. H
.", C
ft
foe"
..
• Ui"
, tI,
Ih
, ",
.,M
r o
f Ju
lius
Ce
far
ill ,h
e [",.
" k
fltC
,jiJ
r.7.
&c.
p.
107
. eA
",bori
,", fo
r w
hat h
as b
een
adva
nc'd
. p
.10
8.
The
: no
tion
of
Liftr
17
mai
atai
n'd
by
the
Aut
hor.
p.
II f.
A
A
PH
ILO
SO
PH
ICA
L
IN
QU
IR
Y
CO
NC
ER
NIN
G
HU
MA
N
LIB
E R
T Y
.
" To
Luc
ius.
H
ere
fend
you
in w
ri
"tin
g
my
thou
ghts
"
conc
erni
ng L
IBE
Il T
Y
., a
nd
NE
CE
SS
ITY
,
" w
hich
you
hav
e fo
ofte
n de
fire
d o
f cc
me;
an
d in
dr
awin
g th
em
up,
c' ha
ve h
ad r
egar
d to
you
r pe
netr
a'"
tion,
by
bein
g as
fh
ort
as i
s co
nee
fift
ent
wit
h be
ing
unde
rfto
od,
and
" to
you
r lo
ve o
f tr
uth,
by
fa
ying
"
noth
ing
but
wha
t I
thin
k tr
ue.
" an
d al
fo a
ll th
e tr
uth
that
I a
p-B
"
preb
end
I
VI
oj:>..
..oj ::t:
rf\
..g
::t: .... I"'" o ~ o ..g
::t: .... (") >
I"'" .... z /:
) c:: .... ~ -<
~ .A
n In
quir
y co
ncer
nillg
" pr
ehen
d re
late
s to
the
fubj
ect,
wit
h
" th
e fm
ceri
ty b
elon
ging
to
the
CO
ll
" ve
rfat
ion
of f
riend
s.
If y
ou t
hink
"
me
eith
er t
oo lh
C)r
t'n a
nr re~,
" o
r to
hav
e om
itte
d tb
e co
nfid
era
" ti
on
of
any
obje
aion
, by
it
s n
ot
" oc
curr
iag
to m
e, o
r, t
hat
you
thi
nk
" o
f im
port
ance
to b
e c0
n6de
r'd;
he
" pl
eas'c
l to
acq
uain
t m
e th
erew
idt,
"
and
I.w
ill
give
you
all
the
fatis
fa
" ai
on
I ca
n.
Inuo
-'T
O
bfc
o.
duft
ion.
IS
a
com
mon
a
ernt
tOn,
ca
R
amon
g th
e le
arne
d,
that
dl
elW
.re
ce
rtai
n m
atte
rs o
f fp
ecul
acio
n, a
bcJJ
t w
hich
it i
s im
poai
ble,
frQ
IR tb
c.aa
ua-e
o
f the
fu
bjeC
h tb
emfe
lves
, to
fp
eak
clea
rly
and
dift
inal
y.
Upo
n w
hic
h
acco
unt,
men
ar~
ver
y in
dulg
ent
to,
and
pard
on
the
unin
tcH
igib
le
dif
cour
fes
of T
heol
oger
s an
d Pb
ilofo
ph
ers,
w
hich
tr
eat
of
the
fub1
imc
poin
ts in
th
eolo
gy
and
pbiIo
foph
y.
And
the
re i$
no
quei
ioo
in th
e w
holo
co
mpa
fs
Ham
lin
Libe
rty.
~
com
pafs
of {
pecu
latio
n, o
f whi
ch m
en
haw
wri
tten
mor
e ob
fcur
ely,
and
of
w
bitm
it
is
th
ough
t m
ore
impe
ffib
le'
to
difc
ourf
t cl
earl
y, a
nd c
on
cern
iJJg
whi
ch
men
mor
e ex
pefi
, an
d pa
rdon
obf
cure
dif
cour
fe,
than
U
pod
the
fubj
eas
of L
iilw
l.J a
nd N
m/f
i-".
But
thi
s co
mm
on o
bfer
ftti
on,
is
botb
! a co
mm
on a
nd a
lea
rntd
err
or.
For
who
ever
em
ploy
s hi
s th
ough
ts e
ith
er a
bout
God
or
the
Tri
nity
in
U
nity
, or
any
oth
er p
rofo
und
(ubj
ect,
ough
t to
hav
e fo
me
Idea
's,
to b
e th
e o
bje
as o
f hi
s th
ough
ts,
in t
he f
ame
man
ner
as h
e ha
s in
thi
nkin
g on
the
m
bil
com
mon
fu
b;ec
ts:
for
whe
re
Idea
's
fail
us
in
any
mat
t-er
, ou
r 1
thou
ghts
mu
ft a
lfo
fail
us.
Ane
it
ispl
ain,
whe
neve
r w
e ha
ve I
dea'
s, w
e ar
e ab
le t
o c
omm
unic
ate
them
to
oth
ers
by w
ords
t:
for
wor
ds b
eing
B
2
a rbi
-t
(". -
., ....
1 .. _
M
" 1t
1t.',
. rfs.
" ,." .
, ;1
-u N
--
....
. V
, ."
li'''I
''. rf
,,,,
ujla
t.
,IN {M
Ill,
,: h
i • .,
. ,.
., 6
.T1I
I .
....
" , .
... ,1
.'11.
-.l
•• _
....
• ,rm
/ .". "f
t,,,il
7 tb
e .. ,
t"g
r .. I
t ,,
__
_ itlf
". 6
7 W
"II,
.
-l =
t!1
"d =
.... t-' o fIl o "d =
.... (") ;..
t-' .... Z
to c: .... ~ -< \.
II
\.II
4 A
n In
quir
y co
ncer
ning
ar
bitr
ary
mar
ks o
f ou
r Id
ea's,
we a
n
3
neve
r w
ant t
hem
to li
gnify
our
Idea
's,
as lo
ng
as
we
have
fo
man
y in
ure
am
ong
us,
and
a po
wer
to
mak
e as
m
any
mor
e as
we
have
occ
afiq
n fo
r. Si
nce
then
we
can
thin
k of
not
hiD
g an
y fa
rthe
r th
an w
e ha
ve I
dea'
~ an
d ca
n fig
nify
all
the
Idea
's w
e ha
ve
by
wor
ds t
o on
e an
othe
r; w
hy f
houl
d w
e no
t be
abl
e to
put
one
Idea
into
a
Prop
ofiti
on a
s w
ell
as a
noth
er?
Why
RO
t to
com
pare
Ide
a's
toge
ther
abo
ut
QIle
fub
je£l
as
wel
l as
anot
her?
And
w
hy n
ot to
ran
ge o
ne f
ort
of P
ropo
lit
ions
int
o or
der
and
met
hod,
as
w
ell a
s an
othe
r? W
hen
we
ufe
the
term
Go
D,
the
Idea
f.g
nif)
r'd
ther
eby
, oug
ht t
o b
e as
dif
tinS:
and
det
er
min
ate
in u
s, a
s th
e Id
ea o
f a
trian
gl
e or
a f
quar
e is
, w
hen
we
difc
ourf
e o
f ei
ther
o
f th
em;
othe
rwif
e.
the
term
G
OD
is
an
em
pty
foun
d.
Wha
t hi
nder
s us
the
n fr
om p
utti
ng
the
Idea
fign
ify'd
by
the
term
G
OD
iato
Hu
mtll
l Li
iert
y.
5 in
to a
Pro
poG
rion.
any
mor
e th
an t
he
Idea
of
a tr
iang
le o
r a
fqua
re?
Ane
l w
hy c
anno
t we
com
pare
tha
t Id
ea
wit
h an
othe
r Id
ea,
as
wel
l as
an
, tw
o ot
her I
dea'
s to
geth
er;
fincc
com
. pa
rifo
o o
f Ide
a's
con6
fts
in o
b'=r
viog
w
here
in I
dea'
s di
ffer
, an
d w
here
in
they
agr
ee;
to w
hich
nod
ling
is
re
quif
ite i
n an
y Id
ea's
, bu
t th
eir
bein
g di
ftin
S: a
nd d
ekrm
inat
e in
our
Min
ds?
And
finc
e w
e ou
ght t
o ha
ve a
d·if
tinS:
an
d de
term
inat
e Id
ea
to
the
term
G
oO
, w
hene
ver
we
ufe
it,
and
as
dift
ina
and
dete
rmin
2te
as
that
of a
tr
iang
le o
r a
(qua
re;
fince
w
e ca
n pu
t it
int
o a
Pro
pofi
tion
; fin
ce
we
can
com
pare
it
wit
h ot
her
Idea
's on
ac
coun
t of i
ts d
ifti
nane
fs a
nd d
eter
m
inat
enef
s; w
hy 1
houl
d w
e no
t he
ab
le
to r
ange
ou
r th
ough
ts
abou
t G
OD
in a
s cl
ear
a m
etho
d, a
nd w
itb
as g
reat
per
fpic
uity
as
abou
t fi
gure
8J
1d q
uant
ity.
I
wou
ld
Dot
her
eby
be
thou
ght
B I
1:0
U.
0'1
o-i ::r: I!:I
"d ::r: .... t'"' o rI.l o "d ::r: .... n >
t'"' .... Z
10 c:: .... :;g -<
6 A
n In
quiry
cOr
lcern
ing
to
furp
ore,
tha
t th
e Id
ea o
f G
OD
is
an
ad
equa
te I
dea,
an
d ex
hauf
ls t
he
4
fubi
ca:
it r
efer
s to
, lik
e th
e Id
ea o
f a
tria
ngle
or
a fq
uare
; o
r th
at i
t is
as
ea fy
to
for
m i
n ou
r M
inds
, IS
th
e Id
ea o
f a
tria
ngle
or
a
(qul
l'e;
or
that
it
does
not
req
uire
a g
reat
com
pr
ehen
lion
of M
ind
to b
ring
tog
ethe
r th
e va
riou
s Id
ea's
tha
t re
late
to
Goo
, an
d fo
com
pare
th
em
toge
ther
; o
r th
at
ther
e ar
e no
t fe
vera
l P
ropo
liti
on
s co
ncer
ning
him
tb
at a
re d
oubt
fu
l, an
d o
f wbi
ch w
e ca
n ar
rive
at
D
O c
erta
inty
; o
r th
at t
here
are
no
t m
any
Prop
arat
ions
co
ncer
ning
hi
m
fubj
cfi
to
very
gl
'Qt
Dif
ficu
lties
or
ob
jeai
ons.
A
ll th
efe
I g
ran
t:
bu
t fa
y,
tbey
are
no
R
eafo
ns
to
julli
fy O
bfcu
rity
. F
or,
firf
t, an
ina
. de
quat
e Id
ea is
no
lefs
dif
tina
, as
fuch
, th
an a
n· a
dequ
ate
Idea
, an
d no
lef
s tr
ue,
as f
ar a
s it
goe
s; a
nd t
here
fOre
m
ay b
e di
fcou
rs'd
of w
ith
equa
l cl
ear.
ne
fs a
nd t
ruth
. Se
cond
ly,
Tho'
-th
o Id
ea
Ham
an
Li!J
erl).
7
I". of G
OD
be
not
(0 e
ary
to fo
rm i
n ou
r Min
ds a
s tb
e Id
ea of
a
tria
ngle
o
r a
(qua
re,
and
it r
equi
res
a gr
eat
com
preh
enfi
on o
f m
ind
to b
ring
to
ge
ther
the
var
ious
Ide
a's
tbat
rel
ate
to h
im, a
nd c
ompa
re.t
hem
tog
ethe
r;
yet
tbef
e ar
e oo
ly r
eafo
ns,
(or
urm
g a
grea
ter
appl
icat
ion,
or
for
not
wri
· ti
ng
at a
ll.
Thi
rdly
, if
a w
rite
r ha
s in
rel
atio
n to
bis
fub
jea
any
dO\lb
ts
or o
bjea
ions
in
his
min
d, w
hich
he
cann
ot r
elO
lve
to h
is o
wn
fati
sfaa
ion,
he
may
ex
pre
i tll
ofc
conc
eptio
ns o
r th
ough
ts
no l
efs
clea
rly,
th
an a
ny
othe
r co
ncep
tions
or
tbou
ghts
. H
e fh
ould
onl
y ta
ke
care
no
t to
exc
eed
the
boun
ds o
f th
ofe
conc
eptio
ns,
nor
ende
avou
r to
mak
e hi
s re
ader
und
er
ftan
d w
hat
he d
oes
not
unde
rlta
nd
bim
felf
: fo
r w
hen
he e
xcee
ds
thof
e bo
unds
, hi
s di
fcou
rfe
mul
t be
dar
k,
and
his p
ains
ule
lers
. T
o e
xpre
fs w
hat
Ii m
an c
once
ivei
is t
he e
nd o
f wri
ting
; an
d ev
ery
read
er o
ught
to
be C
atif.
B
4
fy'd
,
-J :z: !!1
"tI :z: .... t"" o rn
o "tI :z: .... ('
) >
t"" .... Z
10 c:: .. " >< VI
......
• A
n In
quiry
con
cern
ing
fy'd,
whe
n he
fees
an
audl
or f
peak
of
a fu
b;ea
acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e li
ght h
e ha
s ab
out
it,
fo f
ar a
s to
thin
k hi
m a
cle
ar
wri
ter.
W
hen
ther
efor
e an
y w
rite
r fp
eaks
ob
fcur
ely,
eit
her
abou
t G
OD
, or
any
ot
her
Idea
of
his
min
d, t
he d
eiCB
: is
in
him
. F
or w
hy d
id h
e w
rite
bef
ore
lle h
ad a
mea
ning
; or
bef
ore
he w
as
able
to
expr~fs
to o
ther
s w
hat
he
mea
nt?
Is
it n
ot u
npar
dona
ble.
for
a m
an
to
cant
, w
ho p
rete
nds
to
teac
h?
The
fe g
ener
al
refl
ectio
ns
may
be
con6
rm'd
by
m
atte
r o
f fa
a fr
om
the
wri
ting
s o
f th
e m
oll
cele
brat
ed
dogm
atic
al
auth
ors.
W
hen
fuch
gre
at m
en
as
G A
S-5
EN
D U
5,
CA
ll T
E:;
IUS
, C
U D
WO
llT
H,
LO
CK
E,
BA
YL
E,
Sir
ISA
AC
NE
WT
ON
, an
d M
r. D
E F
0 N
TE
N E
LL
E tr
eat o
f tb
e m
oft
prof
ound
qu
elli
ons
in m
etap
hyfi
cks,
m
athe
mat
icks
, an
d ot
her
part
s of
ph
ilo-
Ham
lin
Libe
rty.
,
phil
ofop
hy;
they
by
hand
ling
th
em
as f
ar a
s th
eir c
lear
and
dif
tint
l Ide
a's
reac
h'd,
ha
ve w
ritt
en w
ith
no l
efs
perf
picu
ity t
o th
eir
prop
er
read
ers,
th
an o
ther
aut
hors
ha
ve d
one
abou
t bi
llori
cal
mat
ters
, and
upo
n th
e pl
ain-
eft
and
mol
l co
mm
on f
ubje
as.
On
the
othe
r fid
e, w
hen
auth
ors,
w
ho in
oth
er r
efpe
tls
are
equa
l to
the
fore
goin
g,
trea
t o
f an
y fu
bjet
ls f
ur
ther
tha
n th
ey h
ave
clea
r an
d di
ftin
tl
Idea
's;
they
do
and
cann
ot b
ut w
rite
. to
as
litt
le purpof~ a
nd ta
ke a
s ab
furd
pa
ins,
as
th
e m
oft
igno
rant
aut
hors
do
, w
ho t
reat
of
any
fubj
eB:
unde
r a
tota
l ig
nora
nce,
or
a co
nfus
'd k
now
le
dge
of it
. T
here
are
fo
man
y ex
~m
ples
of
thef
e la
tter
occ
urri
ng
to
ever
y re
ader
; an
d th
ere
are
fuch
fre
qu
ent
com
plai
nts
of
men
s ve
ntur
ing
beyo
nd t
heir
abi
lity
in
feve
ral
que
flio
ns;
that
I n
eed
not
nam
e pa
rti
cula
r A
utho
rs,
and
may
fai
rly
avoi
d ~h
e od
ium
of c
eofu
ring
any
ooe
. B
ut
havi
nl
VI
00
--I
X
l"fl
'"C
X .... r o c:f
.I o '"C
X
.... ()
>
r- .... z I:) c:: .... :;1:1 -<
10
..A
n In
quiry
cDnc
erni
ng
havi
ng m
et w
ith a
pad
"age
con
cern
ing
the
inge
niou
s Fa
ther
MA
LEIit
AN
CHE
in t
he U
tlt,
s of
Mr.
BA
Y L
1,
wbo
w
as a
n ab
le J
udge
, a
frien
d to
him
an
d a
defe
nder
of
him
in
othe
r re
fp
eas,
I h
ope
I m
ay
with
out
bein
g lia
ble
to e
xcep
tion
prod
uce
F. M
ALE
a1
tANC
HE a
s an
exa
mpl
e.
He
has
in
fevc
ral
book
s tre
ated
of a
nd v
indi
ca.
ted
the
opin
ion
of fi
t;""
.o I
hiwg
s ;11
G
oJ;
and
yet
fa a
cute
a p
erro
n as
M
r. B
AY
LIi,
afte
r ha
ving
rea
d th
em
an, d
ecla
res,
that
he
It' ""
"!"ht,
,,ls hi
s _i
o" f
r-
his
1 • .1
book
Ih
." tv,
,. *.
s W
hich
pla
inly
fho
ws
a gr
eat
defe
a:
in F
. M
AL
£ 11
.. A
N C
HE
to
w
rite
up
on a
(ub
jea
he
unde
rAoo
d no
t,
and
ther
efO
re c
ould
not
mak
e ot
hers
un
derf
tand
. Y
ou f
ee,
I be
fpea
k no
fa
vour
in
the
·1-,-_
" _, .. U
'fIr' I.
p",
"."&
, •• ,
,,,
_n M
r • ..
....
.",.
6-b
.t •
• ",
_,..i, P
' i_
.i,.
/.
,.."",I
i .. f"
"' It
lIII
,'1
Ir 'ti
t .. ,,,
--,-
if.
I_In
0IJfI~ Jt
....
Di ...
dI
_ tJ
.i _N
AIM.
II,. ,.
.. ..,
z.""
....
: II
f-.
" •
• [ .. J
II, t
ill
....
.. ',.
,_11
".
Len
craf
thc
.(1'
.,fO
a.
IiCr 1
70S.
co
Mr.
Dca M
up
tp.
JIM
",."
Li
b,rl
y.
I •
the
quetl
ion
befo
re m
e, a
nd t
ake
the
who
le f
ault
to m
yfitl
f, If
I dO
Bo
t
wri
te c
lear
ly t
o yo
u O
ft it
, an
d pr
ove
wha
t I p
ropo
re.
And
tha
t I
may
in
form
you
, in
w
hat
I th
ink
clea
r to
myf
elf,
I w
iD
begi
n w
ith
expl
aiD
iag
the
fenf
e or
th
e Q
uefti
on.
Man
is
a _
I." .
"" i
f aD
his ~Qw
. aa
ions
are
fo d
eter
min
'd h
y th
e caures:'~
I.-
prec
edin
g ea
ch a
aion
, th
at n
ot O
De"
paft
aaio
n co
uld
poff
ibly
not
ha
ve
com
e to
par
s, or
hav
e be
en o
ther
wife
th
an i
t ha
th
bee
n;
no
r ol
le f
utur
e af
rion
can
pof
fibly
Dot
com
e to
pal
i, or
be
othe
rwif
e th
an it
{baD
be.
He
is
a frt
t A
gtlll
, if h
e is
abl
e, a
t all
Y ti
me
unde
r th
e ci
rcum
ftanc
es a
nd c
aufe
s he
th
en i
s, to
do
diff
eren
t th
ings
: or
, in
oth
er w
ords
, if
be is
not
una
void
a-bl
y de
term
ill'd
in
ever
y po
int o
f tim
e by
the
circ
umfta
nces
he
is i
n,
and
caur
es h
e is
unde
r, to
do
that
one
th
ing
he d
ocs,
and
not
pdfli
bly
to d
o an
y ot
her.
L Th
is
-I ::c t'I
l
"Ij ::c .... t"" o r/.
I o "Ij ::c .... ('l >
t"" .... z I:
) c::: .... :;a
0<
VI
\0
I ~
An
Inqu
iry
conc
erni
ng
IJ. A
rgu.
L
Thi
s be
ing
a qu
eftio
n of
faU
,U
helD
e!!'
conc
erni
ng
wh
at w
e ou
rfe!
ves
do·,
,.
rCID
~r E
xp!-
we
will
, 6r
ft,
conf
ider
our
ow
n E
x-.. I
cnee
IS
.
h' h
'f
k co
nlid
cr-
pcne
nce;
w
Ie
I w
e ca
n no
w,
as
d.
fure
we
may
, will
cer
tain
ly d
eter
min
e th
is m
atte
r.
And
bee
aure
exp
erie
nce
is u
rg'd
wit
h gr
eat
triu
mph
, by
the
pa
tron
s o
f Lib
erty
, w
e w
ilt b
egin
wit
h a
few
gen
eral
re
fleB
:ions
con
cern
ing
the
argu
men
t o
f ex
peri
ence
:
and
then
we
wil
l pr
ocee
d to
ou
r ex
peri
. en
ce i
tfel
f. G
enen
I J.
Th
e vu
lgar
, w
ho a
re
bred
up
!::-
to b
elie
ve
Libt
rlJ
or F
mJ.
rnn,
th
ink
• u:;
-them
fell'
cs f
ccur
e o
f fuc
cefs
, co
nfta
nt
;:!rio
Iy
app
eali
ng t
o E
spui
tlle
t fo
r a
proo
f -.
of t
heir
free
dom
, an
d be
ing
perf
uade
d th
at t
hcy
feel
th
emfe
lves
fre
e on
a
thou
fand
oc
cafi
ons.
A
Dd
thc
four
ce
of
thei
r m
ifta
ke,
feem
s to
be
as f
ol
low
s. T
hcy
eith
er a
tten
d no
t to
, or
fe
e no
t th
e ca
ufes
o
f th
eir
aB:io
gs,
cfpe
ciaU
y in
m
atte
rs
of
little
m
o-m
ent,
Hum
fln L
ib"t
y.
I;
men
t, a
nd t
henc
e co
nclu
de,
tbey
are
fre
e, o
r no
t m
ov'd
by
cauf
es,
to· d
o w
hat
they
do-
. T
hey
alfb
fT
cque
ntly
do
aa
ion
s w
here
of t
hey
repe
nt:
and
bc:c
aufc
ill
th
c re
pent
ing
hum
our,
th
ey f
ind
no
.pre
fcnt
mot
ivc·
to
do
tho
fc
aaio
ns,
they
con
clud
e, t
hat
the
y m
ight
no
t lla
ve d
one
them
at
thc
tim
c th
ey d
id
.them
, and
dia
tth
ey w
ere f
ret f
rom
nc>
ce
ffity
(a
s th
ey w
ere
from
out
war
d im
pedi
men
ts)
in t
he d
oing
the
m.
The
y al
fo 6
rid,
th
at th
ey c
an d
o as
th
ey w
itt,
and
forb
ear
as t
hey
wit
t, w
itho
ut a
ny e
xte.
nal
impe
dim
ent
to
hind
er th
em fr
om d
oing
as
they
will
; le
t th
em w
itl
eith
cr d
oing
or f
orbe
ar
ing.
The
y lik
cwif
e fe
e, t
hat
they
oft
en
chan
ge t
heir
m
inds
; th
at t
hey
can,
an
d do
chu
fe d
ift'e
rent
ly e
very
fucc
ef
five
mom
ent;
and
th
at tb
ey fr
ccJ1
!ent
Iy
del
iber
ate,
and
the
reby
are
fom
eti
mes
at a
nca
r ba
llanc
e, a
nd in
a R
ate
of i
ndif
fere
nce
wit
h re
rpe£
l to
judg
ing
they
8l o-i == til
"Ij == .... t'"' o III o "Ij == .... ('l >
t'"' .... z /:) c:: .... ~ -<
I +
An
Inqu
ir:.y
conc
erni
ng
abou
t fo
me
prop
oliti
ons,
and
will
ing
or c
hufi
ng
wit
h re
fpef
l to
fom
e ob
je
cb.
And
exp
erie
ncin
g th
efe
thin
gs,
they
mif
lake
the
m f
or t
he e
xerc
ife o
f F
rn_
, or
Lib
t'fJ
from
Nm
ffoJ.
For
as
k th
em,
whe
tber
die
y th
ink
them
-•
felv
es f
rn?
an
d th
ey w
ill im
med
iate
ly
anf
wer
, re
i: a
nd f
ay f
ome
one
or
othe
r o
f th
efe
fbre
goin
g th
inge
;, :ln
d pa
rtic
ular
ly t
hink
th
ey p
rove
the
m
felv
es fr
re,
whe
n th
ey a
ffir
m,
the1
CA
li
40 A
S th
q w
iN.
Nar
y ce
lebr
ated
Phi
lofo
pher
s an
d T
hco
.rs,
both
anc
ient
and
mod
t'rn,
w
ho h
ave
med
itate
d m
uch
on t
his
mat
ter,
tal
k af
ter
the
fam
e m
lUln
er,
givi
ng d
efin
ition
s of
Lib
t,ty
, th
at a
re
conf
ifte
nt w
ith
f,te
or
Nm
l/it
); t
ho'
at t
he
18m
e tim
e th
ey
wou
ld
be
thou
gllt
to e
x.em
pt f
ome
of th
e af
li
ons
of m
an f
tom
the
pow
er o
f Fllt
e, or
•
Ope
ra t
o ai
Tert
LiW
tt:/
from
N
ml/i
".
if C
I-,.
11)
61.
. Ee
l. G
ran.
CE
llO
de1
ises
LiN
rlJ
to b
e, •
pur
ur ti
l
• , 4
J W
I,,;
i/.
A nd
the
rein
fev
eral
mo-
6
dern
s
&If
MIl
Li
lle,ry
. • ,
de
tns
fOllo
w h
im.
<:>.Ie
1-d
e60c
s IJ
. t P
I..,
. E
dair
cill
: lie
n] t
o b
e, •
1f'W
" to
1111
. p,
IHJI
to .a
. fur
Ia L
i-7 ~ W
I 'IfI
iI/.
AD
othe
r dd
1nes
it
in m
ore;
bcrt
6.,.:
a.
wor
ds th
us if:
•
11IfI
t' to
JtJ
rPbM
~.~
"ilI,
AIM
bu
tHl}
l 'II
If .1
; fo
JIM
t if l
IN! ~~
rl:!.f
t. tU
.1..,
JPJ
IJ ii,
,.,
. jb
o,J
IlfI
6I.
;I; ."
. 3"
· jht
NJJ
t!U
lII.
M ,h
t 'fJ
lllrt
lTj if
_ .
,ilkl
. 8
it.
And
anQ
ther
t, .
""..
til 11
, .. , P
-t
Lock
';
IN.
All .a
_, ~
DtW."" 18
1.1
, MHr"'~:'::
~II "
tJ,
ot«'" ~ , .
. .-,
fIbe,
.. U
nd
d.
L..
• L
__
'
~ '.JL
.
L..
OR
B_
II.
~. ";
I II
IWT
" ". ..
,"'.
'fI". o
lm'.
n
i. S
. ..
aD
whi
,h 4
efin
itioa
s. if
tho
Rea
der
will
be
plca
s'cl
to r
eik
a, b
e w
ill _
'e
m w
be
only
de
fiaiti
()DS
of l
iwlJ
or
fr"-
frOlll
,.,,
,,ul.
-ttt
/illH
.ts
oj
.aill
l, an
d n
ot
a ft~ o
r l..
iIwlJ
fro
. N
4J;
as I
al
fo
will
iho
w
them
to
be
in t
he f
eque
l o
f chi
s ~
COIoI
rfe,
whe
rein
I
fhaU
(U
ltea
d .
..
q~Ry w
ilb &
hem
for
fuc
:b a
pow
er
as th
ey d
efcr
ibe,
tho
' I
affi
rm,
Tha
c th
en::
is Il
l) L
_IJ
foW
l N4
r1li!J
. F.
fItid
t ALBX"'~~&
the
Jlpm
otlifo
u,
(a B
ib). =.
.. of
t ~e l
?bi~
her
of
the
lld:' v
..
C
lI'd
c5.&
. en
tury
, Phi
l. r •
• 1.
., :I:
tTl
'"Il :I: .... ["' o fI> o '"Il :I: .... (') >
["' .... z I:) e .... l;II:I 0<
0\ -
16
.An
Inqu
iry c
Dnce
rning
C
entu
ry,
and
tlte
earl
ieft
com
men
ta
tor
now
ext
ant
upon
A,iJ
otlt
, an
d ef
teem
ed h
is b
eft
D1t
llMr
and
II1'
tr-
• o.
r.U
I.!'tt
tr)
defin
es L
i/Jtr
" to
be,
*.,...
p. !D
. 17.
tr
10
Ih.;
; ",h
M 1
0 AD
.J'" t
ltlilm
M;q
1l
.. 1
0Ilfo
l'MiD
lI,
41ltl
10
Ih.f
t ."
tl A
D ""
., ;s
IIIo
ft tli
gibl
t 10
0fI
r rt
.rOll;
,,"
"t-
.s ol
htm
i{t,
IPt
jbo_
ltl J
oIlO
IfI 0
., J
Ul)
. 9
Now
a c
hoic
e af
ter
delib
erat
ion,
is
a no
lefs
nc:
ceff
ary
choi
ce,
than
a c
hoic
e by
fan
cy.
For
tho
' a c
hoic
e by
fan
cy,
or w
itho
ut d
elib
erat
ion,
may
be
one
w
ay,
and
a ch
oice
w
ith
delib
erat
ion
may
be
anot
her
way
, or
dif
fere
nt;
yet
each
cho
ice
bein
g fo
unde
d on
w
hat
is
judg
ed b
eft,
the
one
for
one
rcaf
on,
and
the
othe
r fo
r an
othe
r, i
s eq
ually
nec
effa
ry;
and
good
or
bad
rc
afon
s, h
afly
or
delib
erat
e th
ough
ts,
fanc
y or
del
iber
atio
n, m
ake
no d
iffe
rene
e.
t • .,-
In t
he f
ame
man
ner,
t
Bilb
op
~,.B
"AMHALL, w
ho h
as w
ritt
en {
even
! 'IS
. bo
oks
fOr
Lik
rty,
and
pre
tend
s to
af-
fert
Hum
Qn
Libe
rty.
I, ter
t the
Lib
erty
tau
ght
by A
R.J
ST
O
TL
E,
defin
es Li
kr"
thus
: H
e fa
ys,
'llM
.n "
"ilh
IIIU
tS
• M
.,,'s
.l1
i01l
1 ID
It
Ir_I
] fm
, is
ele
Ctio
n; "
hkh
is t
he
.liI
Hr.
" Ih
llji"
g (J
I'
refll
Jillg
uf t
his
or
,11., "
"."s
, (J
I'
,he
."tl
'.'i
oll
of
Ollt
""
."s
"t/o
rt
.1Io
lhlr
, .t tl
ivtr
s 4r
t 10
rr
puft
""tl
~ I
hI
.IIM
rjl4
I1tli
llg.
And
th
at t
his
defi
nitio
n pl
aces
L
ilm
" w
holly
ill
,hllJ
illg
the
fcem
ing
beft
.,as,
and
not
in c
hufi
ng t
he (
cem
-" 6"
. io
g w
orft
mea
ns,
equa
lly w
ith
the
beft
; w
ill a
ppea
r fr
om t
he f
ollo
win
g pa
ffag
es.
He
fays
, ~1;qlls
tlOIl'
;11 f
otl.
,. 7:
>30
tIt"
."tlv
;qU
III !
4M"S
, 4"
1I01
Ir,,;
lit-
11
14_f
t Ihe
" is
110 t
ltlilm
41io
ll lIo
r tl,
,;1;o
ll.
-T"
flJ
thl
wiD
is t
It'tr
llli"
,tl h
I 11
10-
tWII
, th
at
is,
"-'
"40"
s 0'
tli
flClll
rftS,
;1
4S
"'1I,h
.,
to f
.."
thM
th,
A
g'lI
l ;s
,· 7°
7·
12
Mttr
llli,,
'tl "-
' hill
lfilf,
or i
s fr
ee.
&W
lft
",ot
;ws
tIt,,
,.,,,i
_ 11
01 "
"11'
411]
, Im
t ",0
-
r."; whi
,h
kiM
of
.t"""
;lI.
titJI
I ;s
""
jijl
,"t
with
"11'
Libt
r" -J
IJII
,i,t
illg
'h
M t
he w
i' /fJD
{;fPS
""'I
.ril]
the
I.p
C
tli,-
0\
N
~
::z:
tTl
'tl ::z: .... t"' o r.n o 'tl ::z: .... n ;l
t"' .... Z
I:) c:: .... ,a ...:
.8
An
Inqu
iry
cqnc
ern;
ng
Jic14
1e o
f th
e III
1Jer
{l411
J.illg
, t/
,i(
;s 1
101
ll11r
ll[/iv
e of
IIJ,
lib
trlJ
of Ib
, w
il; I
bis
;s O
N" A
ll '!
J!ot
hetic
41 "
tCef
lil).
io th
at
13
Libe
rry,
with
bim
, co
ntiL
ls in
chu
ting,
or
ref
utin
g ne
ceLf
arily
af
ter
delib
era
tion
; w
hich
chu
ting
or r
eful
ing
is m
oral
ly a
nd hypothetic~lIy
dete
rmi
ned,
or
nece
lfary
by
virtu
e of
the ~id
delib
erat
ion.
uJ
lI.J, A
grea
~ Ar
mi"
iAII Th
eol~
~,
• Lc
Cle
rc w
ho h
as w
rit
a c(
)urfe
of
Phi1
ofop
'l),
~::::i
r. an
d en
ter'd
int
o fe
vera
l co
ntro
verfu
:.s
To
m.
xii.
on t
he f
ubje
B: o
f Lib
ert]
, mak
es L
i",,
-,.
IO
i. fi
ll.·
..,·
J,I
h
,~.
,.1
J"+
IJ
to C
OD
III
JO
...
All I
nrA
Ip,re
,,'] t
; 11
1"'",
w
hile
" th
illg
iJ l
I"d~r
delib
erAt
ioN
. FO
't fa
ys h
e, n
;hil,
th,
1I,i
n;, d
elib
erAt
es,
it is
1
m li
lJ th
e m
omlll
t of
.[/i
on;
beca
ufe
noth
ing
aete
rmin
es i
t nt
etD
4rilj
to
.a.
Dr
1I0t
to
4C1.
Whe
reas
, w
hen
the;
14
min
d ha
s ,
IlJi l1
g IIn
der
delib
e,at
ioN
, th
at i
s, w
hen
tbe
min
d ba
llanc
cs o
r co
mpa
res
Idea
's or
mot
ives
tog
ethe
r,
it is
then
no
Iefs
lIe"
jJ.r
ilj d
eter
min
'd
to a
flat
e of
Jndi
ffertl
1'.}
by t
he a
ppea
r-an
ces
1lM
IIII
IR Li
btrt
y.
.,.
aDce
s of
th
afe
Id,a
'. ·a
nd
mot
ives
, tb
an i
t is
.,,,g;,
,,i.lJ ~jn~d {
If"
very
.,._1
of a
ilion
. W
ere
a m
all
to b
e at
lillC
:11y
in
thi
s fla
re fi i
ll;J
f/t.
rt,,,)
, ~ oq
gbt
to
have
it·
in h
is po
wer
to b
e 11
01 i1
ldij
"'"I
, a~
the
fam
e tU
nc t
hat
he i
s iIIN
./foI,,,,
. If
,:qe,
it""
~~rcfore p'r~ves
the
Ii.
I •
kro
conc
eqde
d fo
r by
me
£0 ....
ad'er
tcrs
of
1*
'1],
it
,r~~ .
Plca
tp
hav
e,.
likr
t) J
r. fI
fll/l'
l/J.
2.
As
the
fore
goin
g aoert~ o
f'li
beri
jt, g
i" u
s ",f
initi
OJlJ
of
I.A,'I
J,
1M iF
ound
tl!d
oa O
l(pe
ne.,
wh~h af
C
coof
iftcM
wit
b tIt~~ i
fO
fQQ
Je o
f th
e gr
eatA
lt Pa
trons
of
liba
ttyt
do
by
tbc
ir c
p~lI
iODS
in
tbj~
m
ane.
r, f~'"
tlcftr
oy
alI
ar8UtnM~
from
EJ
I~i,
,"'.
B
&A
$WU
I in
his ~~_ f
or
.&u.
. ",
;I, a
gJip
fl~u
TREI
., f
'J§. ~
U'"
~'r.
Ope
n om
. g.,.
-.g
the
tli/Ii
&lIl
till f
fhid
." "",
i$~1
1 111
1.
t. Thtolo
g",s
4IIA
Pbi
lpfo
fl¥r-
lrf t
il ~u,
t. ;s IIIIM
l'ft
ftt"
tit .. l
ite t
-1I;
'(I P
i C
2
fm-
>-l :I:
111 ."
:I:
t"" o rI.I o ."
:I: ... ('
) >
t"" ... Z
I:) c:: .... ~ 0<
0\
Y.I
2,.0
A
n In
quiry
con
cerm
ng
fru-
rrill
. A
nd M
r. L
E
CL
EJl
C,
fpea
k-15
iog
of t
his
Boo
k o
f E&
ASMU
~,
fays
, t
Bib
l. t
th.t
the
fJ.
eftio
n o
f fre
e-JP
iH,
'IfI'S
to
o ~:
:.~ x
ii.}.
"tle
jor
E
IlA
SM
U5
, rv
bo f
r.S
110
P
hi-
,. f
l·
1'./0
,""'
; ",
hi,h
m.k
es h
illl
ofte
n C
Ollt
,.-il,a
hi"
,felf.
16
-I I!
xpof
. T
he la
te B
ilhop
of
SARU
M .1
-, th
o~
,. 1
'7'
he
cont
ends
, E
ve'}
M."
exp
trie
nm
'-,.
27.
li
k'l
J;
yet
owns
, th
at g
re.,
tlil/i
elll
tits
at
tend
the
fub
jea
011
.It
hllIl
4!,
and
that
the
refo
re
he
petm
as I
IOt
to
eX/l.
ill or
.111,
.", th
em.
17
The
fam
ous
BI!R
NA
IlD O
CH
IN,
a gr
eat 1
,.Ii."
Wit
, ha
s w
ritt
en a
mol
l fu
bde
and
inge
niou
s bo
ok,
inti
tule
d,
Pri
nted
at L
.tb}r
illth
s ,o
ll,r
rlli
"l F
ree.
will
•• ;
. P,e
-~.
tl.
ejlil
l,'io
ll,
&c.
w
here
in
he
lhew
s,
that
they
who
alT
ert,
that
Man
alb
fr
eely
, ar
e in
volv
'd in
fou
r gr
eat
dif
ficu
ltieS
; an
d th
at
thof
e w
ho a
O'er
t th
at M
an a
as n
ecdf
aril
y,
ran
into
fo
ur
othe
r di
ffic
ultie
s.
So t
hat
he
fOrm
s ei
ght
Up
intb
!,
four
ag
ainf
t Li
htrl
J, a
nd f
our
agai
nll
Nttt
l/ilJ
. H
e tu
rns
Hum
an L
ibtr
ty.
2' tu
ms
him
felf
aU m
anne
r o
f w
ays
to
get c
lear
of t
hem
; b
ut n
ot b
eing
abl
e to
fin
d an
y {o
lutio
n,
be c
oDft
antly
co
nclu
des
wit
h a
Pra
yer
to G
o D
to
de
liver
him
fro
m t
hefe
Aby
ffes
. In
.t.
Ied,
in
the
prog
rei
of
his
wor
k, b
e en
deav
ours
to
furn
ifh
mea
ns t
o ge
t O
Ut o
f tb
is p
oron
: bu
t be
con
clud
es,
that
the
oD
lJ w
ay,
is t
o fa
y,
wit
h So
CR
.A T
as,
Hoe
till
•• fi
ifl tp
loa.
lIih
il fii
fl.
We
fIIIi!h
t, fa
ys h
e,
lo'e
ft e
OIl
ItR
UJ,
.ti
l;' f
tlIIei.
MM
, lb
. G
OD
,ef
llir
ts
lI,i
t""
Iht .t/
Ji,."
ivt l
Ior
lUf.
"iw
01 ti
s.
Thi
s is
the
tit
le o
f hi
s li
ft c
hapt
er,
R!tJ
viJ
IX .0
""';
"'1
1 fo
p,U
iili
s L.
bJri
ll-th
is ,it
o e~i
r; p
o/lir"
!... JQ
n", ~_."tii
18
'fIill
'flO
",*'
. A
fam
ous
Aut
hor *,
'Wflo
a pp
eals
to'
• K
i '."
'flll
tJtft
r""e
e, f
or a
pro
of o
f lib
t,.-d
e .or
: ("
_IT
. ~LA
,__
.11.
; J
1.:.1. _
_ J\
fab·
'.91,
,}
, co
nlQ
1es,
wat I~ f~ ..
oll
"J
6P
U-
U7.
I,;s
tht
moj
l o"
[&tI
".,,;
' J.ij
fie.J
I f.rJ
iD.
ill .
Il P
bito
foph
y :
that
"" k
.,.,
~ 6T
t I.ll"
of 'Q
IIIr
';'iO
itnl
l 10
rlN
-fol"
llts,
.11
4 tp
OIIt
."0
1",,
011
lh
i, ,
th",
."
IIIIJ
C J
,t
hq
~
...j :z::
ttl
'"C
:z::
.....
r:-< o c:I
> o '"C
:z::
.....
("l > r:-< ... z I:
) c:: ... " -<
~ 2
An
In.q
uir)
ct)f
I(t"
,;ng
P6&
99
-ot
he,
fo"j
ti1:
And
tha
t .be
wri
tts A
P.,. lO
S, g
Ainj
1 tIN
to""
"""
NotiO
ll ({
!wrr
'J,
and
N,.
II j' cn
dca v
ours
to
efia
blifh
Ah
Olht:
r nf
JIio
ll,
whi
ch b
c al
low
s to
be
ifJlr
it.lIr
. B
ut h
oW' c
an a
ll th
is h
appe
n in
II
plai
n m
atte
t of
faa
, fu
ppc;
s'd
to b
e ex
perie
nc'd
by
eve
ry b
()dy
' W
hat
diff
icul
ty c
aD
th
ere
be i
n &
ting
II
plai
n m
atte
r of
faa,
aDd
detC
tibin
g w
hat
eve
ry b
ody
feel
s? W
hat
need
of
fo
muc
h Phil~!hy 1
And
w.h
y fo
m
any
cOR
trad
iaio
DSo
n th
e fu
bjc
a?
An
d h
ow c
an a
ll m
m e
xper
ienc
e L
i.
~trlJ.
whe
n it
is
allo
w'd
, th
at t
he
tOlU
lOll
~tiOIl of
lib
erty
;s
fAIfo
, or
D
ot e
xper
ienc
'd;
and
• nt
tfl I
Iolio
ll of
L
ihr'
J,
DO
t th
ough
t on
.b
efor
e (o
r th
ough
J on
but
by
few
) . is
fet
up
as
mat
ter o
f exp
erie
nce?
Thi
s co
uld
nOl
happ
en,
if m
atte
r of
&tl
w
as
clea
r fo
r li
bert
y.
). O
ther
Aff
erte
rs o
f L
ill",
} fe
em
t')riv
en i
nto
it o
n ac
coun
t of
fupp
os'd
in
conv
enie
ncie
s a~tendiDg
the
doc
trin
c
19
Hum
an
Libe
rty.
~ ~
ttin
e bf
Nm
l/ilJ.
. T
he g
\-eat
El'
ISC
O
PIU
S, m
his r
".tif
t of
Pm
-wil,
ae
bow
ledg
es i
n eW
ea, th
at th
e al
fer
WI
of N
ttt/J
it} h
ave
feem
lng
expe
rie
nce
on
thei
r lid
e,
and
are
ther
e-by
ver
y nu
mer
ous;
1-T
he.J,
as h
e ob
-t o~
rerv
es,
.Jlti
Jge
o),e
thI
Ng
of m
Olll
ell/,
ill ~~~
;~
i!b;,b
Ibt
, tri
M"'p
h,
'Viz.
. "th
at
the
aoo.
"
will
is
det
erm
in'd
by
tbe
unde
r •.
i. f
land
ing:
."tl
.ffer
t, th
at u
nlef
5 ic
it w
ere
fo;
tIle
will
wou
ld
be a
"
-blin
d fa
cult
y, a
nd m
ight
mak
e ev
il,
" as
evi
t, its
obJ
ea;
and
reje
a w
hat
"
is pl
eifa
nt
and
agre
e'ab
te:
And
"
by
conf
eque
nce,
tb
llt
an pe
rfua
-"
lions
, pr
omif
es,
reaf
onin~s
an
d It
th
reat
s,
wou
ld
be a
'S uf
elef
s to
a
" M
an a
s to
a f
lock
or
a f
rone
."
T/fis
, he
al
low
s to
be
very
pls
fljib
l,.
and
to h
.vt
fIR
_,,'''
''11''
of
p,()b
.lbi-
IiI]
; to
be
tIle
tOTJ
lIIIO
II [e
.lim
tlll of
th
e ftl
JiJO
h; t
o be
tlw
,"1: 011
rrhi
dJ t
IN
~bltJl
tlef
tntl
m
of l
ilitr
lJ h
4ve
J}li
l,
",it/J
iJill
Ii
tillg
.l
iIt
10 A
II/rre
r it;
and
to
C ~
be
ooj :z::
m
'1:1
:z:: .... r' o en o '1:1
:z:: .... (') >
r' .... Z
10 c: .... ::c -< '" VI
~f
.An
Inqu
iry
conc
erni
ng
be I
he 1
·e.if~
II, o
r ar
gum
ent
(or
rath
er
the
mat
ter
of
expe
rien
ce)
B,h"
h hA
S 7I
I.sJe
m
ell
ill
"U II
ges,
IIn4
not
li
fe"
in Il
Jis ~t, fl
lU i
nlo
tilt
op
inio
" o
f Ih
e j"
.:t.z
lnm
/lifJ
oJ 118
thi
n!,!.
B
ut b
tt4l1
fo
it 1
II4/:e
s ,,8
Oil'
lIa
io11
S nu
tjJ,,"
}, a
nd
Ibm
".!,
in h
is o
pini
on,fo
b;:f
TlS
.n
r,
ligio
n, 1
4rvs
, r,,,,.,
Js 111
14 p"
llijb
1ll,n
U;
be c
oncl
udes
it t
G b,
lIIoJ
l mll
linl
J f41
ft :
and
rtlig
iOll
",.I
:,s
him
IJl
lit I
bis
'0111
-m
OIl
1111;
' ,1
.lIfib
le O
pillio
ll.
Thu
s al
fo
10
man
y ot
her
ftre
nuou
s A
ffer
ters
of L
ihf
rfJ,
as w
ell
as h
imfe
lf,
are
driv
en
by th
efe
fupp
ofed
.di
ffic
ultie
s,
to d
e-n
y 1I
I411
ifejl
Is"ri,,
,,,.
I fa
y, 1
II411
iftjl
CS!
"i,"
", f
or a
re
we
not
man
ifef
ily
dete
rmin
'd b
y pl
eafu
re o
r pa
in,
anc(
by
wh
at f
cem
s re
afon
able
or
unre
afo
nabl
e to
us,
to
jud
ge o
r w
ill,
or a
a ?
W
here
as c
ould
th
ey
fee
that
the
re
arc
no g
roun
ds fu
r la
ws
and
mor
ali-
ty, r
ewar
ds a
nd p
unif
hmcn
ts,
bu
t by
fu
ppof
ing
the
doE
lrin
e o
f N'tf
flil)
; and
th
at t
here
is n
o fo
unda
tion
fo
r la
ws
and
Hut
nlln
Lib
erty
. t 5
and
mor
alit
y,
rew
ards
and
pI
lnijA
.. m
ents
, up
on t
he f
uppo
fitio
n o
f m
an's
be
ing
a fre
e ag
ent,
(as
than
evi
dent
-ly
, an
d de
mon
ftra
cive
ly a
ppea
r) c
bey
~oul
d re
adil
y al
JQ\v
exp
erie
nce
to b
e ag
ainf
t E
m.w
iD,
and
deny
LiIM
tJ,
wbe
n th
ey l
houl
d fe
e th
ere
was
nQ
ne
ed t
o a
Jfer
t it
, in
qrd
cr to
mai
ntai
n th
afe
necc
ffar
y th
ings
. A
od a
s a f
ar ...
ther
evi
denc
e th
ereo
i;
let
any
man
pe
rufe
the
dif
cour
fes
wri
tten
by
the
.ble
ft a
utho
rs f
or l
iber
ty,
and
he w
iD
fee
(as
they
con
fefs
of
one
anoc
her)
th
at th
ey f
requ
endy
con
trad
ifr
them
fe
lv~
wri
te o
bfcu
rely
, an
d kn
ow n
ot
whe
re t
o pl
ace
Libe
rt};
at
lea
ft,
he
will
fee
that
be
is a
ble
to m
ake
noth
ing
etf t
heir
di
fcou
rfes
; no
m
ore
than
· tet
car.
oJr. M
r. L
oCK
It w
as o
f th
is t
reat
ife
ofI·S
u.
11
Ep
ISC
OP
IUS
, w
ho i
n aD
his
othe
r w
ri ...
ting
s,
file"
"$ h
imfe
lf t
o
be a
dea
r,
llro
ng,
and
argu
men
tati
ve w
rite
r.
i· T
here
are
oth
ers,
an
d th
afe
C:PD
tc:n
dcrs
fo
r Li
ber,
,, as
wel
l q
dc:n
yers
g: -I :x: m
." :x: - I"" o {
IJ
o ." :x: -(') >
I"" - Z 10 c: - ::0 0
(
~6
An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g de
nyer
s o
f it,
w
ho
repo
rt
the
per
I'uaf
lons
of M
en,
as t
o th
e m
atte
r o
f fa
a, v
ery
diff
eren
tly,
and
alfb
jud
ge
very
diff
i:ren
tly t
hemfelve~
a'*m
t th
e fa
a, fr
om
wha
t is
vutg
arly
be
lie\t;
. cd
am
ong
thof
e w
ho
mai
ntai
n It
tt
tpiO.
t
Ale
xan-
An
anci
ent
auth
or f
peab
thu
s +
: Fd
cr
de
Fa"
, fa
ys h
e; i
s fll
//irit
lllJ.
y T"
O'tJe
d frf
J1n
aro·
I·lo
. .
,'''
gtnt
rAI
rmi'l
iiJ o
pini
oll A
nd p
tr/iu
ftotl
of
Me;
, th
muj
'. Fo
r, ii,
md
ih tb
illgs
i rr
htll
Mm
Al
l A
gm,
tXC
f!t
/I fe
ll';
tMo
Jijft
lrt
ftom
th
em
Oil
4C&
Oll'
" if
tlllli
»In
ning
fltm
do
Ell-i
Nti
"ifo
re f
ilEt.
liP,
tbt}
U
N;,o
t hr
tII
iJld
tll.
Wht
refo
re
AR
AX
AG
Olt
AS
, 'h
e C
tazo
men
ian,
tho
" ",
&om
empt
ilJlt
N4I
fIr.li
jI,
o.gh
l No
t td
lit j
ll4gt
d to
Il
tfirv
I II'"
rtg4
rtl,
whm
t7f
poJiw
g th
t to
mm
OIl
p"flU
fOIl
of 41
1 Mel
l iii
IIJ
ferts,
"
Tha
t n'
Oth
ing
is do
ne b
y "
Pat
e;
but
that
it
is
an
empt
y "
nant
e.,1
A
nd a
ccor
ding
to
all
au.
21
thor
s, r
ecot
ding
the
opi
nion
s of
men
in
thi
s m
atte
r, l
he b
elie
f of
Fllt
e, as
to
lftJ"
,.,.
Libt
rtJ.
'1
to
in E
vent
s, h
as c
ontin
ued
t'O'1
je th
o tIIo
J' mm
nrm
ptr!
_lIji
Oll,
both
()f P
hilo
fo
pher
s an
d Pe
ople
; a
s it
is I
t rli
i$
day
tile It
rfoAj
io"
of
muc
h th
e gr
eate
ft
part
of
man
kind
, ac
cord
ing
to t
he'
rela
tions
of
Voy
ager
s.
And
tho
' it
ha
s no
t equ
afty
pre
vllil
'd a
mO
ng e
hri
Ilian
s,
as
it h
as a
nd d
geS
amon
g al
l ot
her
relig
ions
p~rties ,
yet
it
1$ t
er·
rain
, th
e Fa
talif
ts h
ave
been
, an
d ar
e ve
ry n
umer
ous
amon
g C
btilH
ahS
: an
d th
e fr
te-w
HI-
Tm
olog
ets
them
-te
lvts
al
low
, if
Thd
t fo
"" C
hrij
liul
· Ree
Ye.'
1 'If
' .I
ul-
of.
L
Apo
l.Yol
. ""
41
g""
# d
flH
'.J.i
, AS
41
1)
tIN
/II
J-I.,
. IS
O.
23 m
ill P
hilo
fopb
ers "~
t.
:,-=
Th
e llc
ute
and
pene
trat
ing
Mr.,
. If.
.
lh.Y
LP
, te
por-
n th
e fil
a,
liS v
ery
dif:
fere
ntly
und
erftO
Qd
by th
ore
who
hav
e th
orou
ghly
e~a
ntin
·d a
nd c
onfld
er'd
th
e va
rious
aB
:ions
of
Man
, fr
o~
wha
t is v
ulga
rly
fupp
os·d
in
this
mat
. te
r.
Says
he,
t T/
~J
wbo
IJeI
l,.ill
l 1I0
t t D
Utio
. to
the
hollo
m w
hllt
IlIlI'
tS w
ithill
tb
l"',I
IlU
C,
f· !J
' .
1fl'7
. a
• , .. P
ly !"f
ild
e t&
e"tfi
lvis
, t~
4t ,
'''-'
M
uch
r.
frtl
:
.....j ;:c
t!l
"tI ;:c .... t'" o rIl o "tI ;:c .... ('
) ;I>
t'"
.... Z
/:) e .... := -< 0\
-.I
,8
An
lRlju
iry
cDnu
rn;n
,(
frtt
: b
ill;
lhe)
",h
o hA
ve 'D
llpat
rlA-"
,i'/'
'A" I
he J
Dtm
iUtiD
II 41
1d 'i
r"~m
flAl
lctS
of
,hei
r 4i
Ii'O
III,
tioM
bl o
f IIN
ir fr
,edo
m,
411t
1.
• " e
vell
perli
tAJe
d,
,IJAI
thei
r ,,1
I}01l
AliA
11
1I4e
rjlAI
lII.in
gs
Are
Sillv
eJ
Ibllt
'''1
1111
)1
rlJiJ
l th
e ['O
rtl "
,/Ji,1
1 ,,,,,
i,s tll
tm J
'OlIg
. •
Let
ter H
e fa
ys
alfo
, in
a
fam
ilia
r Lct~r,
oh
hc
I) T
h4ll
be b
tjl p
roof
s Al
lldr:
t!. f'
Or L
iber
-o
f 01
_·
h' h
.."
IJ
hr,
169
6, ty
4re
, t
II "
'"
'0111
II
, lr,,
'" '0
Il I
I 11
01
:,:heo!'~.
Jill;
.,,
;, th
AI G
ot!.
JPOI
IIJ. H
the
Alil
llOr o
f .tI.
evil
, A
S fr
Ill A
S g(
)(};'
thol
lgbl
S *.
24
And
the
cel
ebra
ted
Mr.
LE
IBN
IZ,
that
uni
verf
al
geni
us,
on o
ceaf
ion
of
Are
hbil
hop
KIN
G'S
.'1,,1 t
o ,x
ptri
tll"
, (i
n b
ehal
f of
his
noti
on o
f lik
rty,
viz
. =J
i?:'f..A
[Mlll
ty,
whi
,b,
kill
g ill
Jiffi
"III
ID o
f,.
jells
, .lI
a W
IT.,l
Ilillg
OIl'
,,,/Iio
IlS,
Appt
. tit
IS,ft
llfA
liolls
• ."a '
,.[01
1, ,l
ntfo
s ub
ar ...
ril
J Mlq
llg 'O
hjll1
s; .
"t!.
rlll
tim
lbe
rmj,,1
'b
ofi"
~rt
ellb
lt,
'Oil"
bt'.l
Ifo
it h
AS ,
hoft"
it
) de
nies
, th
at w
e ex
p::r
ienc
e fu
eh, o
r 25
any
othe
r Li
l1tr
1y;
bu
t con
tend
s tb
at
we
rath
er e
xper
ienc
e a
dete
rrni
nati
o'l
in aD
oQ
r a!
}ion
s.
Says
Ilc
, W
e IX
·
. rr
im"
Hum
an
Libe
rt).
I, 1"
/,11"
!o.l
lbin
g ;11
III
"hi,"
;II,
li.,s
It
. IIW
'
III 1
0 •
,hoi
,,; _
if
it
IIII,,
,IIS
'''4
1 ""
7.i: •.
Cu.r;
,.,,
1101
gw
t • "4
0" o
f All 0
111
ill,
/i1l
4l_s
, :tf
:: •
litl
lt A
IIlllt
iOIl
",i/J
jbor
P III
, Ih
41
I •
IOllj
litlil
idll
of '01
/1'
IIoJ
ill,
lhe
Wit
s ,I
I-
1tJI
II,./l
illg
us,
tIN p
reftl
ll,
or ,
r",J
iIl(
}4
11 o
f 'Oil
' 11I
inas
, ..
. !t7
JITJ
lill
i, m
.,-
ters
lom
pr,h
tlltl.
tt!. I
IlItI.
er Ih
eft g
r,41
IAllf
t s,
iliA
) ,O
lll,ib
llt,
10 l
II.k
, .s
l/n
tfo
,e
rtM
II
oIIj,
lIs, "
ilhol
lt hA
Vil
lg m
'OlIr
fo 1
0 • ,,
,,,
;IIJ
iffir
lll&
t, or
to
1 kll
()Jp
1101
"".t ,..
,. of
the
SOIII
, ,m
j,b _
I.!'
" oI
Ij,ifl
, "".
tbt,
fly
,DIo
.,s ti
o flf
oll
tbe
CA
III,llO
ll. In
fi
ne,
he is
fo
far
from
th
inki
ng th
at
ther
e is
the
lea
fl fo
unda
tion
fro
m b
pe
rilll
tl, f
or t
he f
aid
noti
on o
f Lib
trty,
th
at h
e tr
eats
it
as
a ,h
illie
r.,
and
,."" .
....
com
pare
s it
to
tIN m
Ag
i,.I
,." o
f ,.
26
FA
iri,s
to I
r."s
forl
ll th
ings
. Lt
.jI", T
he
Jour
nali
fts
of P
llris
are
ye
ry
far
from
th
inki
ng
Arc
hbif
hop
KIN
G'S
not
ion
ofl
iben
y t
o be
mat
ter
of experjen~, w
hen
they
fay
, Th
41
Dr.
Kll'
iG, I
ltll f.fi~fj'J w
ith A
II.J o
f tl#
f~""r
~
~ :c !'ll
"I:l :c - !'" o CI
O o "I:l :c ... (j >
!'" ... z o c:: ... := -<
iQ
An
Inqu
i~,
conc
erni
ng
foTl
lltr
nolio
lls o
j Li
btrt
." l
r%ft
l 4
IItJ1l
notio
n; 4
114
",."
ies
illdi
jfere
lltt fo
fAr,
AS
la "
,,,in
tuII
, th
lll
,leA
j"re
is
no
lill
t ",0
-
~i'(lt
btl'
the
e/fo,
1 of
the
thoi
(e o
f til
l w
i//;
plac
et
res
quia
elig
itur,
non
elig
itul"
qu
ia
plac
et.
This
0lill
ioll,
add
the
y,
• Jo
urna
l ",
.Kes
IJ;
'" fr
etpl
ttl,l]
tO
lllr
AJi
[I lJ
i",fe
lf*.
17
~:!.S:
-f So
tha
t up
on t
he w
hole
, th
e af
fair
ehe
.6 o
f of
expe
rienc
e, w
ith re
latio
n to
lib
m),
~~
fland
s th
us.
Som
e gi
ve th
e na
me
Li-
/urI
} to
aC
tions
, whi~ll w
hen
dcfc
rib
cd;
are
plai
nly
Aai
ons
that
are
ne
cd
fary
; O
ther
s,
UIO'
a"
peal
ing
to
vu1s
ar ~rience,
yet
i~co
nfil
lent
ly
ther
ewith
, cO
Dtra
dia
the
vulg
ar e~
perie
nce,
by
owni
ng i
t to
be li
n in
lr;.
el
lll
",4/
le,;
and
tr
eatin
g it
afD
er a
n in
tric
ate
man
ner;
Oth
ers
are
driv
en
ioto
the
defe
nce
of Li
bert
], b
y di
ffic
ul.
ties
imag
iA'd
to
flo
w
from
the
do.
th
ine
of
Ne,
e/lit
}, co
mba
ting
wha
t th
ey a
llow
to
be m
atte
r of
fee
min
g ex
peri
ence
; O
ther
s,
and
thof
e th
e m
oll
d!fc
erni
ng,
eith
er t
hink
lib
erty
ca
nnot
Hu~ Lwu~.
~1
~Dnot ~
prQ
v'd
by e~PCfionqt,
Oli
dlin
k M
I:I1
qlay
*
\ly .
x~r.i.en~
tbat
~y a
re "e
~tJJ
AT)
4g4W
/; ~D
~ t1W
bu
lk o
f Ma
~kiq
d ba
r9 a
Jw.a
y~ b
c:c"
perf
uade
d tb
at
thc:
y ar
e .q
eoej
flUY
.A
gJ:o
ts.
lk\f
iIlg
thU
$ p3
v'd
the
w.ay
by
0!l
r g
; ~il'lg t
hat
lifle
rty
i5 Q
O~ ,
. pJ
aiQ:
~-:'
1J
1lIm
t" of
e¥l*liienc~
&6' a
rgul
lle'-J
.t5 r"
'cn4.
dr
awn
f~qm
the
alfe
rters
pf
Jibc
ny
them
felv
C$,
aM
by
CQ
Ilfeq
\WnQ
J fu
b-vc
ned
tl\c
argu
men
t fto
m e
xpe .
. i~co
for li
~rty
.;
we
will
now
ovet
th
e v~rious
aaio
ns o
f M
eD w
bidt
ca
n be
con
ceiv
'd t
o con~rn t
his
fub-
jet}
, an
d ex
amin
e, w
heth
er W
I!:
call
know
fr
om e
xper
ienc
e, d~t M
an..1
a fr
~ or
a, n§~Jfary A
gent
. I
tbia
k th
pfe
aflio
ns
nt4y
he
re
duc'd
to
. th
ek f
olJr
: I. Percep~ion
of I
cb \l.
2
. Ju
dgin
g of
Pro
pofr
tions
. J.
W.j
~ in
g.
4. D
oing
u w
e w
ill.
I.
Per
cept
io.
of I
I.e4'
s. O
f th
is !'a
T tu
ere
cal)
be
no
difp
ute
but
it is
fd:'"
a
.., :z::
tT1 "d
:z:: .... t"
" o Vl o "d
:z:: .... (j :>
t"" .... Z
o c:: .... ~ -< $
• ).A
n I
nqui
ry c
once
rnin
g a
nece
ff'ar
y aa
ion
of
man
, fin
ce i
t is
B
ot
even
a
volu
ntar
y ae
Hon
. T
he
Idea
's b
oth
of f
enfa
tion
and
reR
eCtio
n,
offe
r th
emfe
lves
to
us
whe
ther
we
wil
t or
no,
and
we
cann
ot r
eje(
} 'e
m.
We
mui
l be
con
fcio
us t
hat w
e th
ink,
w
hen
we
do t
hin
k;
and
ther
eby
we
nece
ff'ar
ily h
ave
the
Idea
's
of R
eRe
aion
. W
e m
uil
alfo
ufe
our
fen
fes
whe
n aw
ake;
and
ther
eby
nece
ff'ar
ily
rece
ive
the
Idea
's o
f Sen
fatio
n.
And
as
we
ncce
ff'ar
ily r
ecei
ve
Idea
's,
fo
tach
Ide
a is
nec
elfa
rily
wha
t it
is
in
our
min
d:
for
it i
s no
t po
ffib
le
to
mak
e an
y th
ing
diff
eren
t fr
om
itfcl
£ T
his
firf
t nc
ce[a
ry a
frio
n,
the
rea·
de
r w
ill f
ee,
is
the
foun
datio
n an
d ca
ufe
of a
ll th
e ot
her
inte
llig
ent
aai
OD
S of
man
, an
d m
akes
th
em
alfo
m
ec:e
ffary
. F
or,
as a
jud
icio
us a
utho
r an
d ni
ce o
bfer
ver
of
the
inw
ard
aUi.
•
Lock
e',on
s o
f M
an,
fays
tr
uly,
'*
Telll
/ies
Cra:l..
hive
,IN
;, [A
CTea
illlA
ges,
.. tl
",
fie
whA
' p.
1.:
1..
ill
jltu"
" tht
.! hAv
e .1T
l'A}s
h.t
l ,'t
/tT
"gr
e.,
pArt
Hum
an
Libe
rty.
~l
I'"
of
mAI
I/:iIl
J. B
llt
ill
trll
th,
tIN
UtA
'S A
1Ia l
.ug
ts i
ll ",
ells
",in
as,
""
the
INV
ISIB
LE
. P
OW
E.R
S t
hAt
'OIIJ
II11I1
1}
gWIT
II t
hem
" 4I
Ul t
o th
eft,
tht]
Im
ive,
. 28
[A
ll] P
4J A
reM
) fll~lIIif]ioll.
2.
The
fec
on.d
aa
ion
of
man
is]
udtn
, jlU
lgin
g o
j pr
opD
fttiO
lIS.
All
prop
ofi-
fi~ia:
~'"
tions
m
uil
appe
ar t
o m
e ei
ther
fel
f. ev
iden
t, or
ev
iden
t fr
om
proo
f, or
pr
obab
le,
o~ i
mpr
obab
le,
or d
oubt
· fu
l, or
fal
fe.
Now
the
fe, v
ario
us a
ppe
aran
ces
of p
ropo
fitio
ns t
o m
e,
be-
ing
foun
ded
on m
y ca
paci
ty,
and
the
degr
ee o
f li
ght
prop
ofiti
ons
fran
d in
to m
e; I
can
no'
mor
e ch
ange
tho
fe
appe
aran
ces
is m
e, t
han
I ca
n ch
ange
th
e Id
ea o
f re
d ra
is'd
in
me.
No
r can
I
judg
e co
ntra
ry t
o th
ofe
appe
aran
ces:
fo
r w
hat
is j
udgi
ng o
fprp
pofi
tion
s,
but
judg
ing
that
pro
poG
tions
do
ap-
pear
as
they
do
appe
ar?
whi
ch I
can
-no
t av
oid
doin
g,
wit
hout
ly
ing
to
myf
elf:
whi
ch i
s im
poff
iblc
. If
any
m
an
thin
ks h
e ca
n ju
dGe
a pr
opo-
D
fitio
n,
~
o-j ::c t'>I
"tI ::c .... r'" o [f
J o "tI ::c .... ("
) >
r'" .... Z
/:) c: .... :1:1
0(
~+
.An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g fi
tion,
ap
pear
ing
to h
im e
vide
nt,
to
be n
ot e
vide
nt;
or a
pro
babl
e pr
ope
titi
on,
to b
e m
ore
or le
fs p
roba
ble
than
it
appe
ars
by t
he p
roof
s to
be;
lie
kn
ows
not
wha
t he
fay
s,
as h
e rn
a V f
ee,
If h
e w
ill
defi
ne h
is w
ords
. Th~
nece
dity
of
bein
g de
term
in'td
by
appe
aran
ces,
w
as m
airt
tain
'd b
y an
th
e ol
d Ph
ilofo
phen
, ev
en b
y th
e ~,
w"II
,ls
or
Setp
titks
. C
J C E
R 0
A -~
fa
ys,
To.
",.ft
tAke
fr
om "
Miu
l hi
s c .
.. em
. 2bc
ft, fe»
fel, i
f you
t4k
e f,o
m h
i,,!
the
porr
e, o
f Ji
,2
. .f
fint
i»g
; fo
r if
;s .
IS II
mffh
) th
r ",;
l1a
/how
lJ. J
iel.
to
"hAI
n
rlt4
~ M
th
4t
A
".lI
e h4
/!gl11
g ""
• b
Jt41
1",
/hof
llJ
(ink
"ith
fI'
t~h'
It,J
. Oil
it.
For
41 A
ll li
ving
"e
lltllr
ts '4
;;;'0
1 Im
t Mpr
e "h
4t ;s
"zr
ee
.ble
10
t'bcf
t'""t
ftrts
, Iii
tbty
'41
1110
t hi
lt • .J
Jellt
tb
tillA
t ;s
tie.
, W
hert
fore
, if
th
ole
tbiw
gs "
""eD
t,,,
JiJ
itIt
e.."
t'f
le;
;1 is
10
110 1
111'P
Oft t
o /p
tll'
of 4
Jfe1l
t. Fo
r he
,,11
0 Ap
preh
e"JS
or
ttree
irle
s "'"
th
illg,
• .!
font
s ,,,
,,,,,.
,.,el
].
Aga
in?
.!t1J1
1It11
onl]
l,eft/
ies
tbe
1,.o
i" o
f 'Vi
,,; "
" cf
",
i".e
,
Hum
an L
iber
ty.
~;
ftylm
,t, th
e Jle
At!)
perfo
rm""
" "he
reof
, ""t
! Jh
trel
l" to
"h"
h, tl
tpel
la 0
" "h
lil "
mA"
bj
s .!
ellu
a to
.,,1i
A"'O
V'tl.
A
na it
;s
IItttj
fM',
th.1
joln
et1w
ig /
bOllIJ
A"t
Ar
to
liS
IItfd
re f
ie .0
, .i_
IhAl
we
/hol
lia i
f-f*
" (h
it A
lpeu
41I,e
. 'H
'her
ifore
he
",110
ruts
AfII
ll)
A"e
U41
IttS
Ima
".!fo
nt
29 Jr.
"'41
1,
tJeJlr
o)s
All
Al
1iO
" ;"
him
. 't
befb
rte
6f
this
re
afon
ing
man
i-tem
y ex
ttll
ds t
o an
the
vari
ous
judg
-m
ents
m
en M
ake
upon
the
ap
pear
-an
ces
of th
lDgS
. A
nd C
ICE
RO
, as
an
A
cade
Mtc
k or
Sce
ptic
k, m
uft
be f
up-
pos"
d to
ext
end
"eee
/lif]
to
eve
ry k
ind
of j
'lIlg
t1lle
lll o
r .!
felll
of
man
upo
n th
e ./p
tu""
,el
(or
as th
e G
,eek
s ca
ll th
em
• .,,
, ... ,,
, an
d hi
mfe
tf
th-:
Pifo
) o
f th
ings
. S
EX
TU
S E
MP
IltI
CU
S f
ays,
th')
Pyr
rhon
.
who
J4"
the
S,tl
lit/
is tA
ke A
lVA]
App
tllr-~~
~~.1
• ."
fes,
hAVe
not
'OIl'
VtrI
'J flu
h th
em, A
nA
M tI
Ot
• .J
erI.
"tI
,be"
,. Fo
r IF
f Je
jlrO
) IlO
l the
,.ffio
"s, to
"h;
,h o
llr fe
llftS
P"
A '_
filv
es
e:Kp
os'd
whe
ther
""
,,10
fiT
110,
"".
,,/ii,
h Im
e 11
4 to
fob
mJt
to
""el
lT-
D s
11
11"1
.
>-I
:I:
ttl
"d
:I: ... t'" o {
Il o "d
:I: ... ("
) >
t'" ... Z
/:) c:: ... '" ><:
--.l .-
~ 6
An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g A"
'ts. F
OJ'
w/Je
n it
;s
/lilt'
. III,
whe
ther
ob
jetl
s ar
e fu
eh
as t
hey
appe
ar?
"e
J.e1lJ
"ot
Ihr
ir A
fftA
TAne
tS
"OT
tloub
t of
th
em,
but
0119 f
JueJ
Iio1l
. "h
ethe
r th
e t~
-te
r",J
~jt
'1s
Are
li
~e t
be A
fftA
TA
"m.
30
Will
ing.
3·
WiU
illg,
is
the
tbir
d aa
ion
o
f m
an,
whi
ch I
prop
ofe
to
conf
ider
. It
is
mat
ter
of
daily
exp
erie
nce,
tha
t w
e be
gin,
. or
for
bear
, co
ntin
ue,
or
end
feve
ral
atli
ons
bare
ly
by
a th
ough
t or
pre
fere
nce
of
the
min
d,
orde
ring
the
doi
ng o
r no
t do
ing,
the
co
ntin
uing
or
endi
ng.
fuch
01
" fu
eh
atli
ons.
T
hus
befo
re
we
thin
k or
de
liber
ate
on a
ny
fubj
ect,
or
befo
re
we
get
on
horf
e-ba
ck,
we
do
pref
er
thof
e th
ings
to
any
thi
ng e
lfe i
n co
m
peti
tion
wit
h th
em.
In l
ike
man
ner,
if
we
forb
ear
thef
e aa
ions
, w
hen
any
of
them
are
off"
er'd
to o
ur t
houg
hts:
or
if
we
cont
inue
to
proc
eed
in a
ny
one
of th
efe
aaio
ns o
nce
begu
n: o
r if
at
any
tim
e w
e m
ake
an e
nd o
f pr
ofec
utin
g th
em;
we
do f
orbe
ar,
or
cOD
tinue
,
Hum
an
Libe
rty.
~7
cenc
inue
, or
end
the
m o
n ou
r pr
ete
renc
e o
f the
far
bear
ance
to
the
do-
ing
them
, of
the
con
tinu
ing
them
to
the
endi
ng
them
, an
d o
f th
e en
d-iu
g to
the
con
tinu
ing
them
. T
his
pow
er o
f th
e m
aR t
hus
to o
rder
the
be
ginn
ing
or
forb
eara
nce,
th
e co
nti
nuan
ce o
r en
ding
of
any
aaio
n,
is
call'
d ,. .
,ill,
and
the
aau
al
exer
-ei
fe t
here
of,
.,iU
illg.
The
re a
re
two
quef
tions
uf
uaU
y pu
t ab
out
this
mat
ter:
jr
ft.
Whe
th
er w
e ar
e at
libe
rty
to w
ill, o
r n
ot
to w
ill?
;eoI
l41]
, W
heth
er w
e ar
e at
lib
erty
to
will
one
or
the
oth
er o
f tw
o or
mor
e ob
je£l
s?
I. A
s to
th
e fi
rft,
.,lItt
her
R
Ar~
A' lib
erl]
10
.,ilI,
or I
I. to
"il
l?
it i
s m
anif
eft,
we
have
not
tha
t li
bert
y.
For
le
t an
as:
ion
in a
man
', P9
wer
be
pro
pos'd
to
him
as
pref
ently
to
be
done
, as
fo
r ex
ampl
e,
to "
'.l~
; th
e w
ill t
o w
alk,
or
not
to w
alk,
exi
fts
imm
edia
tely
. A
nd w
hen
an a
aio
n
D J
in
-.J
N
..-j ::I:
t!'l
"d
::I: .... l""' o til o "I:l ::I: .... (") >
l""' .... Z
10
C! .... ~ -<:
~~
.All
Ifll/u
iry (O
I'IU,n
;ng
in a
mau~s p
ower
is
prQ
pos'd
to
_ to
be
done
to
mor
r.ow
, as
t, ",
.1" Itl
",or
,o,,;
he
is
no l
efs
oblig
'4 t
o h
ne
fam
e im
med
iate
w
ill.
He
mu
l ci
tJ
lcrJ
uve
a w
ill t
o6le
farw
iUin
gabo
ut
tbe
mat
ter P
l"op
os~d
. or
lUul
will
im
m
c:di
atel
y in
re
latio
n to
the
th
ing
prop
os'd
: an
d O
I\C or
the
Oth
er
oi
thoi
i: w
ills
muf
t exi
ft im
med
iate
ly, n
o le
fs t
han
the
will
to
wal
k, o
r no
t to
wal
k in
the
fur
mer
cat
e.
Whe
refo
re
ill e
\~er
y pr
opof
al o
f fo
met
hing
to
bit
done
w
hich
is
in a
mae
's p
ower
to
do,
be c
anno
t bu
t ha~
fom
e im
IDe-
diat
e w
ill.
31
Hen
c(; O
J ppe
ars.
the
mif
take
of t
hoi:
L
ocke
o
f w
ho I
hi",
k m
en
at I,
,,,,,,
10
"i/I,
or
~::i
\ 2.
1101
10
.. ,II
, ""4
IIP, f
a y th
ey,
,lny
,."
c. 2
1.
fo/it
"J r
ri8i1
rg,
in
rela
tion
to a
aion
s to
be
done
to
mor
row
; w
her
ein
they
pl
ainl
y Cl
ODfo
und
them
fdve
s w
ith
wor
ds.
For
w ba
a. it
is
faid
, m
an is
lIe
ceO
'arily
det
crm
iD'd
to
wil
l; i
t is
D
ot
tber
cby
unde
rfto
od,
tbat
be
is
dete
rmin
'd
JIM
.IIII
Libe
,'J.
it
date
rmin
'd t
o w
iD o
r ch
uR: o
ne o
ut
01 t
wo
objc
as i
mm
edia
tel,
in e
very
c:a
G: p
ropo
s'd t
o k
im (
or t
o ch
ure
at
aD in
fom
e ta
Gs;
as
whe
ther
he
"iU
tr
avel
int
o fi
.."
or H
_.)
, bu
t th
at o
n ev
ery
prop
ofal
he
muf
t De
c:
e8'ar
ily h
ave
Com
e w
iD.
And
be
is
DO
t le
i det
erm
in'd
to
wiD
, be
cauf
e be
doe
s ofte
n fu
fpen
d w
iDin
g or
cbu
-fin
g in
ce
rtai
n ca
fes:
fo
r jll
/ptIl
Jing
10
w
il, i
s id
Clf
an tI
JI o
f .. il
illg
; it
is
wiD
ing
to
defe
r w
iDin
g ab
out
tbe
mat~r p
ropq
s'd.
In f
ine,
tbo
~ gr
eat
ftref
S is
JaU
t OD
the
c.f
e of
fofi
'lItl
i"t
,IN w
iU, t
o pr
ove
liim.J,
yet
ther
e is
no
diffe
reD
ce b
etw
een
that
aDd
the
mol
t co
mm
on c
afes
of
wilt
ing
and
cbuf
ing
upon
the
maB
ifeft
exce
llenc
y o
f one
ob
jea
befo
re a
noth
er.
For
as w
hen
a m
an w
ills
or c
hufe
s liv
ing
in f
Ag_
lua
bef
ore
goin
g ou
t of
it (
in w
hich
w
ill
he i
s m
aoifc
ftly
detc
rmin
'd b
y tb
e fa
tisfa
fHon
he
ha
s in
Jiv
ing
in
fJ,g
I"'J
) he
rej
efls
the
will
to
go o
ut
D
4 o
f
.-j =
r!l "1:1 =
... I:"" o fI.I o "1:1 =
.... n >
I:"" .... z o c::: ;; >
( ......
1M
40
An
Inqu
i,y c
oncm
Jing
o
f En
gl ••
Ii;
fo a
man
, who
fuf
pend
s a
will
abo
ut a
ny m
atte
r,
will
s do
ing
Jlot
hing
in
it a
t pr
elC
nt,
or r
ejef
is
for
a tim
e w
illi
ng a
bout
it;
whi
ch
circ
umft
ancc
s o
f who
lly r
ejef
iing,
and
re
jefi
ing
for
a ti
me,
mak
e no
var
ia
tion
tha
t af
feas
th
e qu
eftio
n.
So
that
w
illi
ng
or
chuf
ing
fufp
enfio
n,
is l
ike
all
othe
r ch
oice
s or
will
s w
e h3
ve.
2. ~ondly, le
t us
now
fee
, "lI
dltr
rre
lITe
.,
likr
fj to
",iO
Of" '''"
ft 0
IIt.
or
the
olhe
r of
tfIHJ
Of"
",or
e o/
;jtl1
s. N
ow a
s to
th
is,
we
wil
l,
prj,
conf
ider
, w
he
ther
we
are
at l
iber
ty t
o w
ill o
ne o
f tw
o or
mor
e ob
jcas
whe
rein
we
dif
cern
any
dif
fere
nce:
th
at is
, w
here
on
e up
on t
he w
hole
fee
ms
mor
e ex
ce
llent
tha
n an
othe
r:
or w
here
one
up
on t
he w
hole
fecm
s le
fs h
urtf
ul th
an
anot
her.
A
nd th
is w
ill n
ot a
dmit
of
muc
h di
fput
c,
if w
e co
nfid
er
wha
t w
illi
ng i
s. W
iDin
g or
pre
ferr
ing,
is
the
fam
e w
ith
rcfp
cfl
to g
ood
and
evil,
Rum
an L
iber
ty.
41
evil,
tha
t ju
dgin
g is
wit
h re
fpei
l to
tr
uth
or f
aUho
od.
It i
s ju
dgin
g, t
hat
one
thin
g is
upon
the
who
le b
ette
r th
an a
noth
er,
or n
ot f
o ba
d as
an
othe
r. W
here
fore
as
we
judg
e o
f tru
th
or &
11ho
od a
ccor
ding
to
appe
aran
ces;
fo
we
mul
l: w
ill o
r pr
efer
as
thin
gs
fcem
to
us,
unle
fs w
e ca
n ly
e to
our
fe
lves
, an
d th
ink
that
to
be w
orft
, w
hich
we
thin
k be
ft.
An
inge
niou
s au
thor
exp
refT
es t
his
Loc
ke'.
mat
ter
wen
, w
hen
he f
ays,
" th
e fl
lt-~~!.:
"fli
Oll
, w
heth
er
a m
an b
e at
tib
er. U
ndo
J. ".
'11
h'
h
f h
h \:.
u.C
cEt.
" ty
to
WI
W
IC
0 t
e tw
o e
:s.
" pl
eafe
s, m
otio
n or
ref
t; ,
.rri
es t
be
" u
fort
lifJ
of i
t fo
11I
U1ift
ftlJ
i. ;
1.
" ftl
J, t
h.,
olle
_ig
hl h
en",
k
ftt/lK
i. "
t.,fJ
,om
1l,e
li,
th.,
lilH
rfj
'01let
r1lS
"
tlO
I th
e .,.i
N.
Fllr
to .
sk,
whe
ther
a
" m
an
be a
t li
beny
to
will
eith
er
" m
otio
n or
rel
l, fp
eaki
ng o
r m
enee
, "
whi
ch
he
plea
fes?
is
;0 u
k, r
Pht-
~ th
er •
?11
411
, •• "
iN ""
'AI h
e wi
Os, o
r r
k Il
wV
. ",
ilb
wb.
, be
is
lIeu
'.
" ",
ith?
~
>-! =: rrl
>tI =: .... t'" o I;
Il
o >tI =: .... (') >
t'" Z
10 c:: .... :;tI
>(
4'
.An
l"f"
;ry
conc
erni
ng
" "i
th 1
A f
lltJi
o. ,
,,.,
""is
1It1
...
" f"
".·
" 31
T
o f
uppo
fe a
fenf
ible
be
ing
capa
· bl
e o
f will
ing
or p
refe
rrin
g, (
caU
it
as y
ou p
leaf
e) m
ifery
, an
d re
fufin
g go
od,
is t
o de
ny i
t to
be
real
ly f
en
fibl
e;
fur
ever
y m
an,
whi
le h
e ha
s IU
s Ce
niCs,
aim
s at
ple
afur
e an
d ha
ppi
nei.
aDd
avoi
ds p
ain
and
mit
ery;
an
d th
is,
in w
illin
g a8
:ions
, w
hich
ar
c fu
ppos
'd
to
be
atte
nded
w
ith
the
mol
l te
rrib
le c
onfC
quen
ces.
And
th
eref
ore.
the
ing
enio
us M
r. N
OIl
IlIS
t ~ t
very
juf
tly o
bfer
ves,
th
at .
, ,,1
10
r:f~
,,.,.;,
P1 tl
Ui i
t •
tM i"
J'" t
f,tIII
I",
iff,.
JJ t
bi""
,,,
,jitk
,'J,
• It
/er
,.
'fIil;
fIIhm
IiJe
it ;s~h IW
, fb
-U
,,,,,,,,it
it: a
Dd
he iD
ftanc
es i
n St
. PE
T
U'S
dcn
jal
of h
is M
afte
r, J
Pho,
he
fays
, jll
ag'll
'luJ ,.
, ",
oft ,Iigi~h
""i,h
1M
,htIf
t; lb
. is
, hi
jlla
,'tl ,
he f .
. tf M
e lI
Ji",
his
M4f
le"
• ,IIi
11 1
''.1''''
jlll
lal
l", to
~"
• It
' wi/
, ,h..
t" .
...
gIl'
of ,,
01 ,"
IIi,
,: h
i-, ..
tl fo
#
it.
a,IR
·
Btl
." L
ibn.
fJ·
4i
Olb
mlif
o; i
f hi
h.ll
, •• III
I"J./ '-
"
i, A
gr
""" w
il, .,
,11f
t .,,, it
,.
,mlt
;. t
he O
Ibtr,
hi
ffD
IIlll
"""
,hD/iI
a gr
ati!"
., ."
tl lO
"P'JII
''''1.J
Nw
,,;/l
ell "
,,;I
33
~.
n':
!, w
hich
is
im
pafli
ble.
Aa
d.t
anot
her
acut
e Ph
ilofo
phcr
obforv~
'if th
at ,
her,
.'c
;11 F
ranc
e IIU
IIJ "
'"
• laI
r. IfI
II'IIu
lS,
_ go
'tl -"
.I w
ith g
r'. "
. !':
-~
l."iI .
. tI.
T
ill,
ItJIIJ
IP ,IN
, .. ,.1
1.J "!
ff_J;
6'r,
YOI. •
• ',7
''Go
J., J
Itt U
I.
,h fI
jfo."
JH
tIltl
loft
,h""
(f
uppo
fe)
,,,,,
,ijlo
I,s, ..
. h
."i"
, ",.
ko
,l. ,
IN ,
h.'g
l, ..
. jU
M.iM
g Ih
., t
his
,fill'
p.ul
.s
oft
,. .
, ,"
'r., ., fo
jlWM
' ..
. [u
Up
, ""
,IIJ
r.lM
uc .. M
Il. 1
M
fom
iliel
'o.
/ng
tMir.
6rt.e
t4 'b
t} ~
34
it b
mtr.
to
offm
J, G
oJ,
IhM
I 1N
g. In
fin
e,
tbo'
the
re is
. ha
rd.,.
aDY
I tb
i.ng
fo
a.b.fu
rd,
but
forn
o. a
.uciea
a:.
philo
foph
er o
r ot
her
may
be ~ iQ
r if
; ye
t ac
cord
ing
to P
LA
TO
t,
-J,O
pen
of tI
N.
wer
' fo
-fo,. ID
lA,
Ih.,
."'S
e::~
J:J
'/
I _
:1
nd h
1
1'.
_ Y
ol
I, ,
.
<U
fO
IVI
'110
"II
IAn
ll;
a e
a ...
n"·3
.. ':,
J .. '.
that
il
;1 'O
IItrA
TJ
10 Ih
I ".t .
.. o
f.", 1
4
follo
lP t'
Uil,
M ",
II,
em' II
1II ,
--ra
g.;
an
d
o-i := t!I
"I;j := ... t"' o II> o "I
;j := ... n >
t"' ... z I:) c:: ... ~ >( VI
44
.An
Inqu
iry c
Dnce
ming
an
d th
at "
hnI
" ""
" ;s
,,.,,l
tJ tfJ
m.1i
iJ,,.,,
, "" ,
."ils
, JD
II "i
ll .
"", ..
jil
t!.
" ",
." "
ho
,h_f
ts
IhI
grtll
ltjl,
if
;t ;
s ;11
bis
,."
. to
,_ji
,iJ, It
!; a
nd
that
IlJi
s ;s
"
',lIl
h ",
.. iftJ
to .
II.
35
A.n
d ev
en t
he g
reat
eR:
mod
ern
advo
-
"."
cate
s fo
r Ii""
" aIJo
w,
that
"""'ru
t, t:
:; lin
,,;tl
,h_{
ttll,
it ,h
_ft,b
IIII
M,.
thl I
I().
=~
tiM
o
j g_
; an
d th
at
tilt
.j
tll
of
the
".iIt
;s
gOM
i"
gtllW
.I,
whi
,h;s
,. ti
lt!.
of .1
1 1m
", ..
.ai8
l1s.
36
Thi
s I
take
to
be
fu
Bic
ient
to
fh
ew,
that
man
is
not
at
libe
rty
to
will
one
or t
he o
ther
of
two
or
mor
e ob
jeas
, be
twee
n w
hich
(a
D
thin
gs
conf
ider
'd)
he p
erce
ives
a d
iffe
renc
e;
and
to a
ccou
nt
trul
y fo
r al
l th
e ch
oice
s o
f th
at k
ind,
whi
ch c
an b
et af
fign
'd.
But
, f«
ondl
y, f
ome
of t
he p
atro
ns
of
libe
rty
cont
end,
tha
t w
e ar
e fr
ee
in o
ur c
hoic
e am
ong
thin
gs i
ndi1
fe
rent
, or
ali
ke,
as i
n ch
ufin
g on
e ou
t of
two
or m
ore
caP
; an
d th
at i
n
futh
Hum
lln L
iint
y.
4 S
loeh
caf
es
the
man
hav
ing
no m
otiv
e fr
om t
he o
bjea
s, is
not
nec
effi
ta
ted
to c
hufe
one
ra
ther
tha
n th
o ot
her,
beca
ufC
th
ere
is n
o pe
teoi
vab
le
diff
eren
ce
betw
een
them
, b
ut
chld
i:s o
ne b
y a
mer
e all
of w
iDin
g w
icbo
ut a
ny c
aure
bu
t hi
s ow
n fr
eo
aEl.
To
whi
ch I
anf
wer
, I. F
irft
_ by
ask
ing
whe
ther
this
and
oth
er in
ft
uc:e
s li
ke t
his
are
the
only
iDfta
n-ce
s w
here
in m
an i
s fr
ee
to w
iD o
r ch
uCe
amon
g ob
je£l
s? I
f the
y ar
e th
e on
ly i
nfta
nces
whe
rein
man
is
free
to
wiD
or
chuf
c am
ong
obje
as, t
hen
we
are
adva
nc'd
a g
reat
way
in th
e qu
eil
ion;
bec
aufc
the
re a
re f
ew (
if an
y)
ob;e
& o
f th
e w
iD t
hat
are
per
feaJ
y al
ike;
and
bec
aufc
JJe
Cel
fity
is h
ere-
by a
llow
'd t
o ta
ke p
lace
in
aU c
afes
w
here
th
ere
is a
per
ceiv
eabl
e di
ffe
renc
e in
thi
ngs,
and
con
fequ
ently
in
al
l m
oral
and
re
ligio
us c
afes
, fo
r th
e ra
ke w
here
of
fuch
en
deav
ours
hav
e be
en u
s'd
to m
aint
ain
fo a
bfur
d an
d in
conl
ifte
nc
~
o-j :I:
til
'tI
:I: .... t"" o fn
o 'tI
:I: .... ('
) >
t"" .... z /:) c:: .... ::a -<
+' .A
n In
qIJir
y aJ
ncer
ning
in
conf
ifte
nt a
thi
ng a
s fi
lm]
01' ff
mlo
m
(tom
IIt,'J
IifJ. S
o th
at l
iber
ty i
s al
mof
t if
not
qui
re, reduc~d
to n
othi
ng,
and
dtft
roy'
d as
to
the
gran
d en
d in
af
{ert
ing
it.
If th
ofe
ate
not
the
on-
ly i
nfta
nces
\V h
erei
n J1
1Q n
is
free
to
w
'ill o
r ch
Ufe
am
ong
obje
fls,
but
man
is
fr
ee
to w
ill
in o
ther
caf
ts,
thef
e ot
her
cafe
s fh
ould
be
af
fign
'd,
and
not
ruch
caf
es
as a
re
of
no c
onfe
qu
ence
, an
d w
hich
by
the
grea
t li
ke
nefs
of
the
obie
Eb
to o
ne a
noth
er,
and
for
othe
r re
afon
s m
ake
the
cauf
e o
f th
e de
term
inat
ion
of
man
's
will
re
fs e
afy
to b
e kn
own,
an
d co
nfe
qucn
tly
rerv
e to
no
othe
r pu
rpof
e b
ut
to d
arke
n th
e qu
efiio
n, w
hich
m
ay
be
bett
er d
eter
min
'd b
y co
nfid
erin
g,
Jlht
thtr
",."
be
fret
to
w
ilt
or
110
in
mO
re i
mpo
rtan
t in
ftan
ces.
2
. Se
cond
-ly
, I
anfw
er,
that
whe
neve
r a
choi
ce
is m
ade,
the
re c
an b
e no
equ
alit
y o
f ci
rcum
ftan
ces
prec
edin
g th
e ch
oice
. 37
Po
r in
the
cafe
of
chuf
mg
one
out
of
two
11ttm
an L
iber
ty.
4' tW
O o
r m
ore
eggs
, betw~1l
whi
ch
ther
e is
no
pe
rcei
veab
te
dltr
eren
ce;
ther
e is
not
nor
can
~te h
e a
tru
e eq
uali
ty o
f ci
rcum
ftan
ces
and
caur
es
prec
edin
g th
e aa
of c
bufi
ng o
ne o
C tb
e &
id e
g&$-
It is
not
en
ough
to
re
nder
th;1
Igs
equa
l to
tlic
: win
, th
at
they
are
equ
al o
r ali
ke i
n tf
iem
felv
es.
All
the
vari
ous
mod
ific
atio
ns o
f th
e m
an,
his
opin
ions
, pr
ejud
ices
, tem
per,
ha
bit,
an
d ci
rcum
ltan
cesa
re t
o b
e ta
ken
in a
nd c
onfi
der~
d· as
cau
fes
of
,letl
lo,.
no te
fs t
han
the
obje
!b w
ith-
oot u
s am
ong
whi
ch w
e ch
ure;
an
d
thet
e \V
iIl e
ver
incl
ine
or d
eter
min
e ou
r w
ins,
an
d m
ake
the
diO
ite
we
do m
ake,
pr
efer
able
fo
us,
th&
the
tX
tem
al o
b;ef
ls o
f ou
r cho
ice
are
ever
fb
muc
h al
ike
to e
actl
othe
r. A
nd,
for
exam
ple,
in
the
caf
e:
or
cbU
Gng
on
e O
Ut
of
two
'egg
s th
at a
re a
liJ{e
, th
ere
is,
6rft
, in
the
per
fbn
(hu
ang
a
wiD
to
eat
ot l
lfe a
n e~.
Th
ere
is,
fcco
ndly
, a
will
to
tak
e b
ut
one,
o
r on
e
-l ::c II
I .,; ::c .... t"" o (
Il o .,; ::c .... n >
t"" .... z /:
) ~ .... ~ -< -.
.I
-..I
48
An
Inqu
iry c
~ncernin
g H
umlln
Li
bert
y 49
-J
oc
one
firft-
. T
hird
ly,
conf
eque
nt
to
othe
r, c
erta
in d
iffe
renc
es u
ndif
cern
a-th
cfe
two
will
s,
follo
w
in t
he
fam
e bJ
e on
acc
ount
of
thci
r m
inut
enef
s.
inft
ant c
buli
ng a
nd t
akin
g ol
le ;
whi
ch
and
alfo
on
acco
unt
of
our
not
ac-
Olle
is
cho
fcn
and
take
n m
oll
com
-cu
ftom
ing
ourf
elve
s to
att
end
to th
em,
mon
ly,
acco
rdin
g as
the
par
ts o
f OU
r w
hich
yct
in
conc
urre
nce
wit
h ot
her
bodi
es h
ave
been
for
m'd
Jon
g fln
ce
cauf
es a
s ne
cetf
arily
pro
duce
the
ir e
f--I
by o
ur
wil
ls o
r by
oth
er c
aufe
s to
fe
a, a
s th
e la
ft f
eath
er la
id o
n br
eaks
::e tT
l
an h
abit
ual p
raB
:ice,
or
as t
hofe
par
ts
the
horf
e's
back
. an
d as
a g
rain
ne-
"Cl ::e
are
dete
rmin
'd
by
fam
e pa
rtic
ular
ce
ffar
ily t
urns
the
bal
lanc
e be
twee
n ... r
circ
umft
ance
s at
tha
t tim
e. A
nd w
e an
y w
eigh
ts,
tM th
e ey
e ca
nnot
diC
-0 fI
l
may
kno
w b
y re
8eC
tion
on
our
atH
-co
vcr
whi
ch
is
the
grea
teft
wei
ght
0 "Cl
OD
S th
at f
evcr
al o
f ou
r ch
oice
s ha
ve
or
bulk
by
fa f
mal
l a d
iffc
renc
e.
And
::e ...
been
det
erm
intd
to
onc
amon
g fe
ve-
I ad
d, t
hat
as w
e kn
ow w
itho
ut f
uell
(') >
nl o
bjeC
ts b
y th
efe
laft
mea
ns,
whe
n di
fcov
ery
by t
he e
ye,
that
if o
ne fc
ale
r ... no
cau
fe h
as
ari{
en
from
thc
mer
e rif
es a
nd t
he o
ther
fa
lls
ther
e is
a
Z
conf
ider
atio
n o
f th
e ob
je8:
s th
em-
grea
tcr
wei
ght
in o
ne f
cale
tha
n tb
e 10
c:: ... {e
lves
. F
or
we
know
by
expe
rien
ce,
othe
r,
and
alfo
kno
w t
hat
the
leaf
t :;ro
:l
that
we
cith
er u
fe a
ll th
e pa
rts
of
our
addi
tiona
l w
eigb
t is
fuf
ficic
Dt
to d
e-0
(
bodi
es
by
habi
t,
or
acco
rdin
g to
tc
rmin
e th
e fc
ales
; fo
lik
ewif
e w
e {o
rne
part
icul
ar
cauf
e de
term
inin
g m
ay k
now
tha
t the
leaa
: cir
cum
fian
ce
thei
r uf
e at
th
at
tim
c.
Fou
rthl
y,
in th
e cx
tenf
ive
chai
n o
f ca
ufes
, th
at
ther
e ar
e in
all
tra
ins
of
cau
is,
that
pr
eced
e cv
ery
effe
fr,
is f
uffi
cien
t to
pr
eced
e th
eir
effe
6s,
and
efpe
cial
1y
prod
uce
an
effe
il;
and
alfo
kno
w t
cffi
:as
whi
ch
near
ly
rcfe
mbl
e ea
ch
that
th
cre
mul
l be
ca
ufes
of
our
othe
r,
Ii
choi
ce
,0 A
n In
quiry
con
cern
ing
choi
ce (
thO
we
do n
ot o
r can
not
dill
ce
rn t
bofe
cau
fes)
by
know
ing,
tb
At
ftI"
l th
ing
tbM
h.
s "
hgill
lliw
g ",
tlft
h
.ve ", .
. ft.
By w
hich
taft
prin
cipl
e ",
e a
re a
9 ne
ced'
arily
Jed
co
CORC
Cive
a
cauf
e of
aft
ion
in m
an,
whe
re w
e fe
e no
t th
l pa
rtic
ular
cau
" it
fdf;
as
we
are
to c
once
ive
that
a g
reat
e.
"Wei
ght
dete
rmin
s a
fcal
e,
tho'
olJ
r ey
es d
ifcov
er
no d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o w
eigh
ts.
Bue
let
us
put
a ca
fe o
f tr
ue e
qua
lity
or la
di4f
eren
ce,
and
wh
at I
hav
e af
rert
ed
will
m
ore
mam
fdU
y ap
pe
ar
true
. L
et
two
eggs
ap
pear
pe
rfet
lly a
like
to a
man
; and
let
him
ha
ve n
o w
in to
eat
or u
fe ~ (
Fo
r to
the
cafe
OU
gh
f to
be
PUt,
t& re
nder
th
ings
per
feal
y in
diff
eren
t to
hi
m;
bcca
ufe,
if
onc
e "
"ill
to
ea
t eg
gs
be fu
ppos
'd, t
hat
."ill
mul
l nec
efl'a
rily
intr
oduc
e a
trai
n of
cauf
es·w
hicb
will
ev
er
dellr
oy a
n eq
ualit
y of
cir
cum
fi
ancf
s in
re
latio
n t9
tb
et
thin
gs
whi
cb
Hu"
,."
Lib
trty
. 5
t w
hich
arc
the
obje
4b o
f ou
r cho
ice.
T
here
win
fOon
i6
Jw
a f
eam
d w
iii
to o
at
oae
lidt.
A
nd t
We
tIN
J",;
1s
muf
t p
ut
tbe
man
upo
n aa
ian
.na
the
ufig
e of
the
pans
of
his
body
to
obta
iJi b
is c
ad;
whi
cb p
arts
are
de
tern
Un'
d in
the
ir m
otio
ns e
ither
by
fom
e ha
bitu
al p
taai
fe o
r by
fom
e pa
rtic
ular
cir
cum
ftan
ce a
t th
at d
ine,
an
d ca
uk th
e m
all
to
chuf
e an
d ta
ke
OD
e of
them
fir
ft ra
ther
tha
n th
e ot
her.
) T
he
cafi:
of
equa
lity
bein
g th
us
righ
tly f
tata
J, J
fay
, it
is m
ani
feft
DO
ch
oice
wou
ld o
r co
uld
be
mad
e; a
nd t
he M
an i
s vi
fibly
pr
eve
nted
in t
he
begi
nnin
g fr
om
mak
in
g a
choi
ce.
For
eve
ry m
an e
xper
ien
ces,
that
be
fore
he
can
m
ake
a ch
eice
am
ong
eggs
, he
muf
t hl
'fe a
w
ill t
oeat
or
ufi:
an e
gg;
othe
rwif
e he
m
uft
let
them
al
one.
A
lld
he
.'" e
xper
ienc
es
in
rela
tion
to
all
thin
gs w
hich
are
the
obj
e6s
of
his
choi
ce, t
hat
he
mul
l hav
e a
prec
eden
t B
:I
will
.-j ::t:
ttl
"d
::t: .... t"' o til o "d
::t: .... n >
t"' .... Z
10
c::: .... ~ 0
( \d
52
.An
1"9U
;') c
once
rnill
g w
ill t
o ch
ufe;
oth
erw
ife h
e w
ill m
ake
DO
cho
ice.
N
o m
an m
arrie
s on
e W
b
man
prc
:fcra
ble
to a
noth
er,
or t
rave
ls
into
Fr"
,' r
athe
r th
an i
nto
anot
her
coun
try,
or
w
rite
s a
book
on
one
fu
bjeC
t ra
ther
tha
n an
othe
r, bu
t he
m
ull
firl
t ha
ve a
pr
eced
ent
wiD
to
mar
ry,
traTe
J, an
d w
rite
. It
is
ther
efor
e co
ntra
ry t
o ex
ptri
cn
ce,
to
fupp
ofe
any
choi~e c
an b
e m
ade
unde
r an
equ
ality
of
circ
um
fianc
es.
And
by
conf
cque
nce
it is
mat
ter
of
expe
rienc
e,
that
m
an
is ev
er d
eter
min
'd i
n hi
s w
iDin
g or
aas
of
vol
ition
and
cho
ice.
D
oinC
II
4-Fo
urth
ly f
I {h
all
now
con
fidc:
r w
e -m
. th
e a6
ioD
s of
men
con
fc:q
uent
to JP
i/lill
g, a
nd fe
e w
heth
c:r h
e be
1m
in a
ny
of th
ofe
a6io
ns.
And
her
e al
fo w
e ex
pe
rienc
e pe
rkfl
: nec
effit
y. I
f w
e w
ill
thin
king
or d
elib
erat
ing
on a
fub
je8-
, or
will
rea
ding
, or
wal
king
, or
ridin
g,
we
find
we
mul
t do
th
ofe
a6io
ns,
unle
fs
fom
e ex
tera
al i
mpe
dim
ent,
as
an
Hum
an
Libe
rty.
,~
an a
popl
exy
or fo
me
fuch
int
erve
ning
ca
uk,
biad
crs
USi
an
d th
en w
e ar
e as
muc
h ne
ceff
itate
d to
Jet
an
a6io
n al
one,
as
we
wer
e to
att
acc
ordi
ng
to o
ur w
iD,
bad
DO
fuch
ext
erna
l im
pe
dim
ent
to a
aion
hap
pen'
d.
If a
J-(0
w
e ch
ange
oa
r w
iDs
afte
r w
e ha
ve b
egun
any
of t
hefe
aai
ons,
we
find
we
JJec
elJ'a
rily
leav
e of
f th
efe
• aio
ns,
and
follo
w t
he "
", "
iO o
r <!
hoiee
. A
nd t
his
was
Alt
IST
OT
U'S
r,ore
of
(ueb
tEl
-iam
of
m
an.
.III
Eth
in.
/. 7.
~.
s. fa
ys b
e, ;
11 u
gtliw
g ",
IItt,
jf61i
l] •
.Ifol
lt .p
. Ope
n.
AI.
_
•• r.
l ./i.J
J U
;I.
,. ...
to.-
'''.J
'''lI
et t
il" ,ti
ll, "lo
" .r
•• 11
r .. V
ol.
II.
l""'
ifo,
fo
if
,b., u
gllil
lg "1
.,, to
1 . 1
1.6-
,.
Jr.il
ift;
JIlt
IItl
tlf.r
ilj .n
"PO"
fo,"
;11.
fin""
gr
1011
&1_10
11•
.As
fllr
toSA
lllpl
t, ...
" ", ug
., thll"
w
hate
ver
is fw
eet
is t
o be
tal
led,
th
is
is fw
eer,
lit
,,1Id
illft
rS, th
eref
ore
this
oug
ht t
o be
ta
lled
, "e'~fJuil.J t
.,es
Ih.,
fo
ut
tIlin
g 38
i/.
til"
, k
110 ~j
lMI,
to
hilld
rr h
i",.
For
a co
nclu
fioD
of
this
arg
umen
t fro
m e
xper
ienc
e, le
t us
com
pare
the
F.
J aa
ioD
5
00
o -I
=: I!I
'1:1 =: .... I"' o fIJ o '1:1
=: .... (") >
I"' .... z I:) c:: .... ~ -<
54
.An
Inqu
iry c
Mct
nlin
g aa
wns
of
infe
rior
inte
llige
nt a
nd f
en
lible
age
nts,
and
thQ
fe o
f m
en c
age.
th
er.
It i
s al
low
'd
that
bea
Rs
are
Jlec
elfa
ry a
gent
5, a
nd y
et t
here
is
nQ
perc
eiva
ble
diffc
rCl\C
C be
twco
n dw
ir ac
\ions
and
tbe
aaw
ns o
f m
en.
fcom
w
henc
e th
ey f
hoQ
ld b
e de
em'tl
w't
j;
J4'.}
an
d m
en /
Jee
agen
ts.
Shte
p, -
fOr
exam
ple,
are
fup
pos'd
to
be
IItU
iN'J
a6
m/s
, w
hen
tbey
fta
nd
frill
, lie
do
wn,
go
flow
or
faft,
tlJ
tn c
o tb
e ri
ght
or l
~ft,
sk
ip.
15
they
are
diif
ere
atly
affc
Cle
d in
thd
r m
inds
; w
hen
they
are
dou
btfu
l or
del
iber
ate
whi
ch
way
to
tak
e;
whe
n th
ey
eat
and
drin
k ou
t o
f hun
gc:r
and
thir
a;
whe
n th
ey e
at o
r dr
ink
mor
e or
lef
s ac
. co
rdin
g to
the
ir b
umou
r, or
as
they
lik
e tlt
e w
ater
or
the
pafr
ure
i w
&en
tb
ey
chuf
e th
e fw
cete
fr
aQd
boa
paau
re;
whe
n tb
ey c
hufc
: am
oQg
pa_
ftur
es t
hat
are
indi
ft'er
ent
or a
like
; w
hen
they
cop
ula.
ce;
wIle
n th
ey a
re
ficId
e or
ft
cdfa
ftin
,b
eir
amou
rs;
whe
n
lIM ..
" Li
ber~
y.
'S w
hen
d)C
f ta
ke m
ore
or
Icfs
car
e of
' th
eir
youa
g;
whe
n th
ey a
a in
vir
-tu
e o
f vai
n fe
ars;
whe
n th
ey a
ppre
Iw
acI
dang
er a
nd 8
y fr
om
it,
and
fom
etU
nes
defe
nd t
hem
klvc
s;
whe
n dl
cy q
uar.:
cl a
mon
g m
emfe
lves
abo
ut
love
or
oche
r m
atte
rs,
and
term
ina
te
thof
c qu
arre
ls
by
figh
ting
; w
heln
th
q f
ollo
w
tbot
e le
ader
s a
mon
g tlJ
c:m
felv
cs m
at ,r
efum
e to
go
firfr
; a
nd w
hen
they
are
eith
er o
be
dien
t to
rbe
fh
cpbe
rd
anti
his
dog,
39
or
ref
ra6l
ory.
A
nd w
hy g
lOul
d m
an
be d
eem
'd fr
" ia
the
perf
orm
ance
of
the
(at8
eot
the
like
illi
ons?
H
e ha
s in
cked
m
ore
know
ledg
e tb
ao
flJee
p.
He
take
s ift
m
ore
thin
gs, a
il ma
tt~r
of
plca
furc
, th
an t
hey
do; b
ein
g fo
met
imes
m
ov'd
wit
h no
tions
o
f hon
our
and
virt
ue, a
s w
ell a
s w
ich
thof
e pk
afur
es
he h
as
iR c
omrn
o.n
wit
h th
em.
He
is al
fo m
ore
mov
'd
by a
hren
t th
ing"
an
d th
ings
fut
ure,
ch
an t
hey
are.
H
e is
.Ifo
fub
jeC
t tq
E
m
ore
>oj :t:
to!
'"d
:t: ... t"
" o til o '"d
:t: ... ('
) >
t"" ... z I:) c:: ... '" >< 00
56
An
Inqu
iry c
O"'t
rnin
g m
ore
vain
fea
rs,
mor
e m
iRak
es
and
wro
ng a
tHon
s,
and
infi
nite
ly
mor
e ab
furd
ities
in
notio
ns.
He
has
alfo
m
orc
pow
er a
nd f
iren
gtb,
as
wel
l as
m
ore
art
and
cunn
ing,
and
is
capa
bl
e o
f do
ing
mor
e go
od
and
mor
e m
ifch
ief
to h
is f
ello
w.m
en t
han
they
ar
e to
one
ano
ther
. B
ut t
here
lar
ger
po
wer
s an
d la
rger
w
eakn
effe
s,
whi
ch a
re o
f th
e fa
me
kind
wit
h th
e po
wer
s an
d w
eakn
effe
s o
f /be
ep,
ean
not
cont
ain
liber
ty
in
thtm
, an
d pl
ainl
y m
ake
no
perc
eiva
ble
diff
ere
nce
betw
een
them
and
men
, as
to
the
gene
ral
cauf
es o
f at
Hon
, in
fin
ite
inte
llig
ent
and
fenl
ibre
be
ings
; no
m
ore
than
the
di
ffer
ent
degr
ees
of
thef
e po
wer
s an
d w
eakn
effe
s, a
mon
g th
e va
riou
s ki
nds
of
beaf
is,
bird
s,
fifhe
s, a
nd r
eptil
es d
o am
ong
them
. W
here
fore
I n
eed
not
run
mro
' dIe
ac
tions
of j
oJU
s or
any
of
the
mor
e fu
btile
an
imal
s,
nor
the
aaio
ns o
f Ih
ildr'I
I, w
hich
are
aJ1
ow'd
by
th
e A
dvoc
ates
llMtlU
ln Li
berty
. 51
A
dvoa
tcs
of
liber
t) to
be
an n
cccf
. ...
... ,.
. fa
ry.
I th
all
only
as
k th
efe qu
efti
-~:~
"t
40
ons
conc
erni
ng
the
laft
.To
w
hat
a~ d
o ch
ildre
n co
ntin
ue n
ecef
fary
a
gent
s, a
nd
whe
n do
th
ey
beco
me
I"'?
wh
at d
iffe
rent
exp
erie
nce
have
th
ey
whe
n th
ey a
re
fupp
os'd
to
be
free
ag
ents
, fr
om
wha
t th
ey
had
whi
le n
ecdf
ary
agen
ts?
And
w
hat
diff
eren
t at
Hon
s do
th
ey d
o, f
rom
w
henc
e it
app
ears
, th
at t
hey
are
11'
ttff'"
age
nts
to a
cer
tain
age
, an
d fm
'age
nts
afte
rwar
ds ?
II.
A f
econ
d n:a
Ion
to p
rove
man
" 2
4 A
rp.
a ne
cdfa
ry a
gent
is,
bec
aufe
aU
his :!
~6:
aaio
ns h
ave
a be
ginn
ing.
For
wha
t-rh
e im
-h
beg,.
..1
1.
h po
t1ib
ility
ev
er
as
a IO
nmg
mu
n
ave
a of
Lib
er_
cauf
e;
and
ever
y ca
ufe
is a
nee
effa
-ry,
41
ry c
aufe
. If
any
thin
g ca
n ha
ve a
beg
inni
ng
whi
ch h
as
no c
aufe
, th
en n
othi
ng
can
prod
uce
fOm
ethi
ng.
And
if
no
tilin
g ca
n pr
oduc
e fo
met
hing
, th
en
the
00
N
.-j :z: l't1
"tI ::c .... t"" o I:
Il o "tI :z: .....
(') >
t""
.....
Z
10 c: ... '" -<
" .A
n ln
q.a
) 'IR
arn;
ng
the
wor
li:l
mig
bt h
ue b
ad a
beg
in
Din
g w
ithou
t a
cauf
e: w
hich
is
not
only
an
abfu
rdity
com
mon
ly c
harg
'd
on A
thei
as,
but
is a
real
abf
urd4
Y
in it
fc1i
: 42
Be6
des,
if a
cau~ h
e no
t a
nece
ffil
ry c
afe,
it
is n
o ca
ufe
at a
U.
For
if c
aufe
s ar
c D
ot
ftCIC
dfar
y ca
uf.
; O
en 'C
ftfes
are
not
fui
ted
to,
or a
re
jndi
iferc
n.t
to e
ffeB
:s;
and
the
Epi
ffl.
re ..
SJf
t,. I)
f cha
noe
is re
ndm
l po
( .. fi
blc;
and
!ib
is or
der:&
, w
orld
mig
ht
have
be
en p
rodu
c'd
by
a di
ford
crly
or
for
tuito
us c
onco
urfc
of a
tom
s; o
r,
wbi
ch .;
saU
one
, :la
y Ito
-ca
ufe
at· a
ll.
For ..
atp
ing
api
aft ·
Jhe
Epic
uroa
lJ
fyfte
m o
f cb
ancc
, db
w
enG
t .y,
. (a
Ddt
bat ju
ily)
dlat
it is
imp
o8ib
~ lO
r cha
uae
wer
to
have
pro
duc'
d an
or
derl
y fy
ftem
of t
hing
s,
as n
ot b
ein
g a
cauf
c fD
ited
&0 t
he e
ffe&
; an
d th
at a
aOld
erly
fy
iCG
l of
thi
ngs,
w
hich
bad
a b
egin
.. ,
mul
l ha
ve
had
an i
ntel
ligen
t A
pt
for
its c
aufe
t as
JII,,
,,.n
Li6t
rt,y.
'f
~. b
Mg
tlIe
oo1
y pr
oper
cau
fe t
o 43
Ib
tt a
ftiat
H A
U w
bids
. im
plie
s, th
at
~u&:s
IfO
fuitc
4 or
hav
e re
latio
n to
lO
me
put.i
cula
r e8
'eOs;
and
not
..
otbe
rs..
.And
if th
ey b
o fa
ited
to fo
me
part
iwla
r ef
Fc8:
ar
id D
ot
tct
otha
n.
thq
cp
. be
no c
aura
at a
l to
· tho
is
~
A.nd
th
eref
pllC
a G
ufe
Dot
· fid_
to th
e ~ _
_ D
O c
ame;
ar
e th
e fa
_ t
hing
. A
nd
.if
a ca_
D
ot
4.aiM
d to
tb
u:6
a,
is 1
,l0 c
aufc
; dM
D II
Clur
e ili
ad
to
abo
e&
a is
..
JJ«e
fary
c:au
fi=:
far
if it
does
DOC
pr
oduc
e th
e d
Fca
,it
iJ D
ot
f.u.
.t 10
it
,." i
ino
q.~ a
t·
aD o
f it~
Lib
aty ~ .
. a·
PO
WC
l"_
as: o
r D
'-to
aB:
, fO
cIo
tbis
or H
o.
ther
thin
g U
Dde
r th
e fa
me caur~ is
aQ
-p
olij
ilily
and
"'i
lk./
. 4n
d· I
II 1
_" h
n.,
and
Cia
0n
ly be
gro
unde
d on
the
ahf
u.rd
pri
nci
ples
06
Epk
.,. ..
.AtlJ
ei/"
; fa
the
E1f
~ (;
111"
411
.Al1
J,ij,
) w
ho w
ere
rite
mbi
t po
puJa
r an
d m
oft
uum
erou
s fe
el e
r th
e
-I
::I:
trl
'"II ::I: .... I"' o rn o '"II ::I: .... n >
I"' .... z t:) c:::: .... :III
0<
00
\.I
.»
60
.An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g th
e A
/hei
ls o
f an
tiqu
ity,
w
cre
the
• Lu
c:re
-gre
at -I
f af
fert
crs
of L
illi,
,);
as o
n th
e ci
us I.
~.
v. o
ther
fide
: th
e t
S'o;
cks
who
wer
e th
e ,.s
o. 6
-,.
f ,
Eur
. Pr
ep. m
oft p
opul
ar a
nd m
oll
num
erou
s fC
Cl
~~.1.6.
amon
g th
e rc
iigio
nari
cs o
f an
tiqu
ity,
C.
wer
e th
e gr
eat a
lfer
ters
of f
ate
and
ne-
t .c
era
.e N.t
. cc
dity
. T
he
cafc
: w
as a
lfo t
he f
ame
44
Dea
r.!. I
. am
ong
the
:1"'s
, as
amon
g th
o H
ea ..
then
: t
be '}
ns, I
fay,
who
bef
idcs
the
ligh
t of n
atll
re b
ad m
any
book
s o
f Re
vela
tion
(fa
me
whe
reof
afC
now
loll
);
and
who
bad
int
imat
e an
d pe
rfon
al
eonv
erfa
tion
wit
h G
od h
imfe
lf.
Th
ey
'Wer
e pr
inci
pall
y di
vidt
d iA
to
thre
e fC
Cls,
the
S"'.
c"s,
the
Phu
ijilS
, an
d Jo
reph
lll t
he E
Jftll
es.
The
S~",s, w
ho w
ere
:::.q;.I.
eQeem~d
an ir
retig
iQus
and
ath
eifi
ical
{
ta,
main
tain
~d
the
l_ty
of
",A
II.
Bu
t th
e P
huif
us, w
ho w
ere
a re
ligi
Q
US
fe
a, .jc
rib'M
.0
,bi
"!.s
10
fM
' o
r D
e be
llo
to G
OIl'
s .p~1I1111eilf, a
pd it
was
the ~r
Jl
!.u~.
I. 2
. u
tkl,
of th
eir
meA
, tbM
f M' A
lltI. G
od J
o A
ll ;
and
conf
eque
ndy
tbey
cou
ld n
ot
aJfc
rt a
t'lI
' lib
t""
whe
n tb
ey a
[ert
ed a
Hum
4n
Libe
rty.
6.
a w
",,, t
oget
her
wit
h th
is rM
Alit
y an
d 45
"",
fIit1
of
all
thin
gs.
And
the
Elfe
-.,
s, w
ho
wer
e th
e ",
oft
Ttlig
i()tts
[ti
l a
mo
ng
thc
J"'s,
and
feU
not
unde
r th
e ce
nflir
e o
f our
Sav
iour
for
the
ir h
ypo-
crify
as
the
Phu
ijll
s di
d, w
ere
alTe
r-te
rs o
f ."
Iolll
t, fM
' an
d II
tctl/
il).
St.
PA
UL
, w
hQ w
as a
Phm
fie
AIIM
the
fOIl
A8s
zj~
tf. P
huifo
" is
fup
pos'd
by
the
lear
ned
6.
Do
DW
IiL
L,
to h
w, "
teiv
ed h
is Jo
nrill
e P
roJc
,.
Df fM
' fr
o",
the
",.J
ers
of tb
M [ti
l, I
S ~
the]
r"e
hl,d
it f
rom
the
Sto
illu.
A
nd ~. 4
0.
he
obfe
rves
fu
rthe
r,
that
th
e St
oit/t
.~
. P
hilo
fOf'"
;s
""elf.'
.} fo
r th
e es
plic
.tiol
l tf
ChriJ
iAII
'theD
IOSJ
; th
at th
er, .",~
""'li
es i
ll th
e ho
i] fo
ri/tl
lrtS
tf,
he
hoI)
Gho
jl's !
;tu
i.g
"to
rM"!
. ttl
the
0/i1
li(l1
ls of
the S
tokk
s ;
and
that
in
part
ic:u
lar,
th
e .A
/Ojil
e St
. PA
UL
;11 _
. he
bu
Jif-
,.tel. tf
JIN
",,;
wg
Prt
Mjil
lAtiO
ll ~ R
e"o
/,M
;OIl.
;s t
o k
'~/t
I'I1
IMA
."or
Jilt
g tt
l
46
th
e St
oith
01;
lIiol
l tO
llttT
lliw
g 'M
,. S
o th
at l
i!m1)
is
both
the
rea
l fo
unda
ti
on o
f po
pula
r A
thei
fm, a
nd h
as b
eea
the
00
~
-I
:I:
r!1
."
:I:
.....
t"' o til o ."
:I:
.....
(j >
t"' ..... z o c:: ..... " -<
'2 .A
n In
9"iry
con
cttn
ing
the
prof
efs'd
p-i
acip
le m
the
Ath
eill
s tb
emfe
lves
; a
s O
Il t
he o
ther
fitle
,IM
' o
r th
e ",,,
/Iit, o
f IV
''''S,
has
been
cf
teem
'd
a re
ligio
us
opin
ion
and
a.een
the
prof
e{s'd
pr
inci
ple
of
tbe
relig
ious
, bot
h am
ong
Hea
dleD
s an
d
Jew
s, an
d al
fo o
f th
at g
re:l
t Con
vert
to
C
brif
tian
ity
and
grea
t co
nver
ter
of
othe
rs,
St.
PA
UL
.
J'
Arp
o
nI. T
hird
ly,
Lik
,,}
is c
onte
nded
=~:; fu
r by
the
pat
rons
the
reof
as
a gr
eat
cbe
Im-
1"ft
{lio
ll.
In o
rder
the
refo
re t
o d
if
:~8f
.i-p
rove
aU
pre
tenc
es f
or i
t, I
wil
l no
w
.. ny
. 1h
ow,
that
acc
ordi
ng t
o a
ll t
he v
a-ri
ous
defc
ript
ions
gi
ven
of
it
by
T
heoI
oger
s at
Id P
hilo
foph
ers,
it w
ould
of
wl
be a
n i"
,pnf
tlliI
J,,;
but
neve
r a
ptrf
lllio
ll, a
s I
have
in
the
laft
art
icle
ih
ow
'd
it
to b
e _
p4
»h
and
Alh
tij
li~J
.
~fI"c~
I. If
Ww
t, be
def
in'd
, •
purm
-'0
Cho
iC •
• p
(j M
fflrll
ll j_
,/ptI
Its
at
the
fam
e in
~J ~I
~ fta
llt o
f tim
e "/'
11 t
ht f
MIH
;';'
;1Ii
J..1
17
0 po-
HM
man
Lib
erty
. ,~
I''/'O
ft';'1
11 tl
Ul III
' IIfJI
"";.1
11 (
we
be
ing,
as
it
is
own'
d,
"'"1
/ilr
il]
tlH".
.. m
i,,';
' to
paf
s bu
t 01
1' jl
l/gm
t'"
tJ.
rvi-
."t
1"op
oftti
rms)
it
wil
l fO
llow
, th
at
men
will
be
fO I
ilr i
mni
oaal
, and
by
c:
onfe
qucn
ce i"
'l"fia
agen
ts,
as t
hey
47
have
th
at f
rllU
m o
j jttJ
gm,,,
,. F
or,
finc
e th
ey w
ould
he
irra
tion
al a
gent
s,
if t
hey
wer
e ca
pabl
e o
f ju
dgin
g ev
ide
nt p
ropo
liti
ons
nOl:
to b
e-ev
iden
t ;
they
muf
t be
tif
o de
em'd
irr
atio
nal
agen
ts,
if th
ey a
re c
apab
le o
f jud
ging
t&
e-fe
lf.fa
me
prob
able
or
impr
obab
le
"rop
ofit
ions
not
to
be p
roba
ble
or
im
prob
able
. Th
e ap
pear
ance
s o
f aU
pro
po
fieio
ns t
o us
, whe
ther
evi
dent
, pr
o.
liab
le,
or i
mpr
obab
le,
are
the
fole
rat~onal
grou
nds
of
our
judg
men
ts
iii r
elat
ion
to t
hem
: at
Id t
he
ap
pear
ance
s o
f pr
obab
le o
r im
prob
able
pr
opof
ition
s,
are
no l
efs
nece
fary
in
us
fr
om
the
refp
eaiv
e re
afon
s b
y
whi
ch
they
app
ear
prob
able
or
im
prob
able
, th
an
are
the
appe
aran
ces of
>oj :t:
til "'d
:t: ... t"" o {Il o "'d
:t: ... ('
) >
t"" ... Z
10 c:: ... ~ -< 00
V
I
6+
.An
Intfu
ir)
conc
erni
llg
of e
vide
nt p
ropo
fitio
ns f
rom
the
rca
· fo
ns b
y w
hich
the
y ap
pear
evi
dent
. W
here
fore
if
it
be r
atio
nal
and
a p
eri:
aio
n t
o
be
dete
rmin
'd b
y an
ev
iden
t app
eara
nce,
it
is no
lef
s fo
to
be d
eter
min
'd
by a
pr
obab
le o
r im
pr
obab
le
appe
aran
ce;
and
conf
equ
entl
y an
im
pcrf
eaio
n no
t to
be
Co
dec
erm
in'd
. It
is
not
only
an
abfu
rdit
y,
and
by
con
fc:q
uenc
e an
;",
ptrf
tmO
Il,
not
to
be e
qual
ly
and
nece
ffar
ily d
eter
m
in'd
in
our
refp
eCl:i
ve
judg
men
ts,
by p
roba
ble
and
impr
obab
le,
as w
ell
as b
y ev
iden
t ap
pear
ance
s,
whi
ch I
ha
ve ju
ft n
ow p
rove
d; b
ut e
ven
not
to b
e ne
ceJf
arily
det
erm
in'd
by
pro
babl
e ap
pear
ance
s, w
ould
be
a g"
'."
_pnf
tOitJ
lI, t
han
not
to
be n
ecef
fa.
riIy
dece
rmin
'd b
y ev
iden
t ap
pear
an
ces:
bec
aufe
alm
oft
all
our
aaio
ns
are
foun
ded
on t
he p
roba
ble
appe
ar.
ance
s o
f th
ings
, an
d fe
w o
n th
e ev
ide
nt
appe
aran
ce
of
thin
gs.
And
th
ere-
Hum
an
Libt
rty.
65
th
eref
ore,
if w
e co
uld
judg
e, th
at w
hat
appe
ars
prob
able
, is
no
t pr
obab
le
but
impr
obab
le
or f
alfe
; w
e fh
ould
be
wit
hout
the
be
ft ru
le o
f aC
l:ion
an
d aJ
fent
, w
e ca
n ha
ve.
2.
Wer
e liM
-I)
defi
n'd,
A
PO
_"
to W
,,.'O
III'
ollr
,.,.[01
1 by
th
e fo
r" o
f ,h
tJi"
, as
a c
eleb
rate
d A
utho
r m
ay b
e fu
ppos
'd
to m
ean
whe
n he
fay
s '* ..
~in,
d~
, ,
orl,
.mal
l.
the
.iN
ft'1
IIS t
o bl
V' f
o gr
eAt
A lo
rPtr
'. 1
)1.
WI,.
the
.1I
Ile,ft
A"t
iillg
, th
At t
he .
lIti
n
Jlat
Ullg
lIt
illt
w"-
,.l'
tl
by
tIM e
le,·
tioll
of
the
.ill
, .o
t 0"
/' t
.dlS
.bA
t ;s
gDOl
. to
/" l'
IIil.
"l
it
is
Al.fo
,01
ll1,U
,d to
48
"1
IIil
.bA
t ;S
fJf
o to
lit
t'll
';
man
w
ould
, w
ith
the
exer
cife
of
fuch
A
po-r
, be
the
mof
t ir
rati
onal
and
in
conf
Ule
nt b
eing
, and
by
conf
eque
nce,
th
e m
oft
;1II
ptrf
'0 u
nder
ftan
ding
be.
in
g,
whi
ch c
an
be C
OD
ceiv
'd.
For
w
hat
can
be
mor
e ir
rati
onal
an
d in
conf
ifle
nt,
than
to
be a
ble
to re
fufe
ou
r af
fent
to
wha
t is
evi
dent
ly t
rue
to
us,
and
to a
R"e
nt
to w
bat
we
F
fee
00
0
\
...j ::I:
t!l
"0
::I: ... t"" o r.
tl o "0
::I: ... ('
) >
t"" ... Z
10 c:: ... := -<
'6
.An
Inft
l;,)
C6"
cmt;l
Ig
fee
to h
e ev
iden
tly f
alfe
, an
ti th
ereh
y in
war
dly
give
the
lye
to
tbe
uac
lu
ftan
ding
? C:=
" J.
Wer
e li
lirl
) de
fin'd
, I
1"""
'tl
Phi
"ria. .
"ill
ftlil
na
-win
g it
to
be "i~
u-"s
. I)
. \ ..
....
_
, .1
g«JJ
; th
at w
ould
he
an I
mpc
r-49
&ai
on i
n m
an
conf
ider
'd ;
n a
. ren
G
ble
bein
g, if
it h
e af
t im
perfe
aton
-in
fuc
b a
bem
g to
be mi
fera
bl~.
Par
,;
iIi"
! rt
-il, i
s cl
iafin
g to
be
mif
erab
fe,
and
brin
ging
kno
win
gly
deft
roai
on
on o
urfe
lves
. M
en a
re z
lread
y fu
ffic
ient
ly u
nhap
py,
by t
heir
fev
erat
jU
dgm
can,
and
&y
the
ir f
ever
al v
o]ir
ions
; fo
unde
d on
the
wro
ng o
fe o
f th
eir
facu
lties
, an
d on
the
mift
aken
ap
pear
ance
s or
thi
ngs.
B
ut
wh
at
mifC
rabl
c be
ings
woo
td t
hey
be,
if
inlle
ad o
f ch
ufin
g ev
il un
der
the
ap
pear
ance
of
good
(w
hiC
ll is'
the
onlY
cafe
whe
rein
men
no
w c
hufe
evi
l)
they
w
ere
indi
ffer
ent
to g
ood
anc!
ev
il,
and
had
t'be
pow
er t
o Ch
ufe ,
."il
~
,."il
, an
d di
d at
luan
y ch
ufe
,."i
l u
Hum
tla L
iber
ty.
'7
b W
il in
9l
rtue
of
that
po
wer
? TI
R:y
wou
ld i
n fu
ch a
aat
o or
with
(u
eb a
lib
erty
be
lik
e In
fant
s th
at
cann
ot w
allt,
l~ft t
o g
o al
one,
wit
h
libe
rty
to
Gin
: O
r lik
e C
hild
ren,
w
ith k
aive
s in
t~t b
ands
: O
r la
ttly
lite
you
ng ro
pe-d
ance
rs,
left
to th
em
telv
es,
on t
h-=i
r 6r
ft d
ays
upon
the
ro
pe,
wit
hout
an
yo
ne
to
catc
h so
the
m
if t
hey
faD.
And
th
is
mi
fera
ble
ftat
e fo
How
ing
from
the
fup
po
litio
n o
r I_
I),
is
fo
\fifib
lc
to
me
of th
e gr
eate
d: a
dvoc
ateS
the
re
of,
that
they
ack
now
ledg
e, t
hat "'.
-It
l ki
NgS
, .1
1 il
l •
1M'
of "
'ppi
lltji
. "A
ft 1
0 6.'
11'
lW"'
J (t
hat i
s,
ceaf
e to
C:~i~
; ...
have
lib
erty
to
chur
e ev
il)
beu.
. hi
-T
om. X
II.
. --.~,.
11"
'DiI
Il~"
.,'M
'IJ.
10
,lN
it Ji
ll] /if
tIN
Br_
""~'
I.
.,
. ,.
f
f._
L.
1.1'
.
Wor
ks
51 "il
l. 'I
I1tIJ
*'"
() I"
," i' W
I).
,.6
u·
4. W
ere
libtr
l) d
e&n'
d, a
s it
is b
y ib
me,
•
pow
tr 1
0 w
i' or
,ln
tft .
, t.
f.,.
ti""
U
J 01
11 t
IIIl
of I
JI'O
or .. , hi
I.i
f",,,,
thi.
gs;
tbat
wou
ld b
e D
O p
er
idio
n. F
or t
hore
thi
ngs
can'
d &
ere
F2
il
l-
ooi =
t!l
"1:1 =
.... t"' o (11 o "1:1 =
.... n >
t"' .... Z
I:) c: .... ~ 0<
00
...
J
68
.An
Inqu
iry "
nctrn
;ng
;"J;
ji""
, o
r al
ike,
m
ay b
e co
nfid
ere
d,
eith
er a
s re
ally
difI
Cre
nt
from
ea
ch
othe
r,
and
that
onl
y ke
m i
ndi
ffer
ent
or
alik
e to
us
thr
07
our
wan
t of
dif
cern
men
t;
or a
s eo
aly
lik
e ea
ch o
ther
. N
ow t
he m
ore
likrt
] w
e ha
ve i
n t
he f
irft
kind
, th
at
is,
the
mor
e in
ftanc
es t
here
are
of
thin
gs
whi
ch f
cem
al
ike
to u
s an
d ar
e no
t al
ike
; th
e m
ore
mift
akes
aD
d w
roog
cho
ices
w
e m
uft
run
into
. F
or
if
we
had
juA:
Dot
ions
, w
e fll
ould
kn
ow tb
ofe
thin
gs w
ere
not
indi
ffer
ent
or
ah"k
e. T
his
1."1
) th
eref
ore
wou
ld
be
foun
ded
OD
a di
rca:
im
perf
e8io
n of
our
fac
ultie
s.
And
as
to "
pt'I
PW o
f 'hllj
iMg
dilfe
reD
tly
at
the
fam
e tim
e am
ong
,hill
gs,
,.,..0
] ;"
Jiff
"''''
; w
hat
beD
efit,
wha
t pc
rfe£
Hon
w
ould
fu
ch a
pow
er
of
chuf
mg
be,
whe
n th
e th
ings
th
at
are
the
fole
obj
c£l:s
of
our
1m ."
are
all
alik
e?
s· La
my,
a c:
elcb
ratc
d A
utho
r fC
ems
Bru
na L
iher
ty.
'9
Cacm
s to
uD
cicr
ftand
by
lib
erty
, •
fMtd
lJ,
",w
, ki
llg i(l
Jij"",,,
, tf) ,. J[
j~1
d •
.;aI,
..". D
Wl'-
rlllil
tg .,.
JtI/I
i-I, .
,,,. :.n
: . ...u.
,;,'S,
fl"/M
.', ..
". ".[
011, t
bliP
s ..,
.~i-
".,;
1, 1
IIrIt»
rg .
jIII
l; .
.".
"11M
'S t
hl
_jill t
-ft-
"t."
'_k,
(I-
I.! kt
'lIft
it
Ius
thof
o-it.
M
y de
6gn
here
is
to c
onfid
er tb
i&
Aief
iDiri
oD,
wit
h th
e fa
me
view
, th
a t
I ha
ve c
oDfid
er'd
the
fev
.cra
l fo
rego
~Dg
defin
ition
s,
'IIiz
;. co
lh
ow,
that
I;
~I),
;"W
I/./I,
,,' "i
t" 1
II~/
litJ
. ho
w
ever
def
crib
'd o
r de
fin'
d, i
s an
j",,,,
.. ti
ll..
Ref
erri
ng t
here
fore
my
rea
der
for
a co
nfut
atio
n of
this
"",
not
ion
of I_
I] to
the.
oche
r pa
rts
of m
y bo
ok, w
hcre
iQ I
hav
e al
read
y pr
ov'd
. ,h
at t
he e
xifte
nce
of fu
eb a
n ·.,
Nir.
']
{M
IIII
) i$
con
trar
y to
exp
erie
nce,
an
d im
poff
ible
; th
at o
ur ,
.g;f)
IIS,
.,..
pt
tilt
S,
jt"r.'
iOllS
, an
d ".
[~,
dete
rm
ine
us i
n ou
r fe
vera
l cJ
loic
cs;
and
that
, w
e cJ
lUfC
obi
efls
belZ
aufe
tbe
y pl
eafe
us,
and
not,
as
the
auth
or
F J
pr
eten
ds,
00
0
0
""I =
t>I
"II =
.... I"" o I'll o "II =
.... (") >
I"" .... z I:) c::: .... := -<
70
.An
1",_
y"",
"",i
ng
r.g.
II] p
rete
nds,
th
at .
jeds
,hl
lft
til,
_
,
/,ItM
lft
R
,/nip
,ht_
: I
proc
eed
to
51
fhew
the
i_J
n}ill
i(lll
of
this
lai
l ki
nd
of Ii"
"".
J.
Fir
ft,
the
pJea
(ule
or
bapp
incf
&
accr
uiog
fro
m t
he Ii""
', here
aft'
ert
cd i
s le
fs t
han
accr
ues
fi'om
the
I1y
pO
lbps
of
",,,.
liIJ-
All
tbe
plca
fure
an
d ha
ppin
cfi
faid
to
atte
nd t
his
pret
ende
d '*
"1
• P6
t.' c
onfU
ls "
* wh
olly
in
t m
llli_
, pl
ea-
1">1
•• ,,
8.
d ba
.
r. _
L
t 1'.
IC7.
{ure
an
pp
inCI
S by
,b
llftll
g _
jtll
s.
53
No
w m
ao, c
onfid
er'd
as
an i
ntel
lige
ne e
ced"
arya
gut,
w
ould
no
lei
""It,
this
plc
afur
e an
d ha
ppin
ciS
to
hiQ
lfclf
by J
,.pg
_jt
lh;
than
a b
e.
ing
judu
'd .it
h th
e ra
id fl
leul
ty:
if it
be
tru
e in
faa,
that
tbill
gs ,
Itll
ft I
II,
• 11
./' ",
t'-.
fo ,
...
But
III
In,
as a
n in
telli
gent
ncc
:ct.
fary
ag
ent,
has
thef
c fu
rthe
r pl
ca
fure
s an
d ad
vant
ages
. H
e, b
y DO
C
bein
g iD
diff
cren
t to
obj
etls
, is
mov
'd
by
Hm
rttm
Lib
erty
. ,«
Ity •
gO
Otla
efs
and
agl'Q
Cab1
enen
efil
of t
be$
, as
t.lt
ey a
ppea
r to
him
, an
d a&
he
know
s th
OlD
by
reB
eaio
a aD
d ex
perie
nce.
It
is n
ot i
n hi
s po
wer
to
be
indi
ffcr
eat t
o w
hat c
aure
s pl
ea
filre
or
paia
. H
e ca
naot
ref
aft
the
pb
fure
arif
ang
from
the
uf
e of
bis
pa
4ioa
s,
• .,.i
a:os
, tim
., aJH
I rc
aiO
n:
and
if h
e fu
fpea
ds &
is cb
oice
of
an
objc
a,
tbat
is
prel
epte
d to
hi
m,
&y
any
of th
eli:
pow
ers
as a
gr
eeab
le;M
: i$
, be
cauf
e he
dou
bts
or
exam
ines
, w
beth
cr
UfOR
th
e w
hole
tbe
ob
jea
wO
llld
mak
e hi
Ol
bapp
y; al
KIbe
~lJf
e he
w
9Q1d
gra
-tif
y a
ll th
ere
pow
ers
in t
he W
m
an-
ocr
he i
s ab
le,
or a
t la
ft .f
i;acb
of
thef
e po
wer
s as
he
con
ceiv
e te
nd
.ott
to h
is h
appi
ncfs
. If
he
mak
es a
ch
oice
whi
ch p
rove
s c1
ifagr
ccab
le, ..
gelS
th
ereb
y an
ex
peri
ence
, w
hich
m
ay q
ualif
y hi
OJ
to c
bufe
the
nex
t tia
ne
wit
b m
ore
fatis
faai
on t
o h
im-
fel£
A
nd
tbu.
wro
ng c
hoic
es m
ay
~ 4
tUfQ
o-i == III
'Ij == ... r"
o fIl o 'Ij == .... (') > r" .... Z
10 c:: ... :;0
>< ~
12
An
Inqu
iry
conc
er"in
g tu
rn t
o hi
s ad
vant
age
for
the
futu
re.
So t
hat,
at
an
tim
es a
nd
unde
r al
l ci
rcum
flan
ces,
he
is p
urfu
ing
and
en
joyi
ng t
he g
reat
elt
happ
inef
s,
whi
ch
his
cond
ition
w
ill a
llow
. It
may
no
t be
im
prop
er
to o
il.
ferv
e,
that
fom
e o
f th
e pl
eafu
res
he
rece
ives
fro
m o
bje8
s, a
re fo
far
fro
m
bein
g th
e et
rea
of
,bo;
u,
that
the
y ar
c no
t th
e ef
fea
of t
he l
ealt
prem
edi
tati
on
or
any
aa o
f hi
s ow
n,
as
in f
indi
ng a
tre
afur
e on
the
roa
d,
or
54
in
rece
ivin
g a
lega
cy f
rom
a
perf
on
unkn
own
to h
im.
2.
Seco
ndly
, th
is "
,bil
l'''''
/M
lIlt]
•
P.
147.
wou
ld f
ubje
tl: a
man
to
mor
e ""
owg
to
• SQ·
,h
oire
s, th
an i
f he
was
det
erm
in'd
in
his
choi
ce.
55
A
man
, de
term
in'd
in
his
choi
ce
by t
he a
ppea
ring
na
ture
of
thin
gs,
and
the
ufag
e o
f his
int
enet
lual
pow
er
s,
neve
r m
akes
a
wro
ng c
hoic
e,
but
by m
ifta
king
the
tru
e re
latio
n of
th
ings
to
him
. B
ut a
bei
ng,
indi
ff'e-
. re
n,
~~n L
j~ny.
1J
56
rent
to
t J
l _j
tils
, an
d fw
ay'd
by
t P
. Ie
&.
no m
otiv
es i
n hi
s ch
oice
o
f ob
;eas
, III.
chuf
es a
t a
vent
ure;
and
onl
y m
akes
57
a
righ
t ch
oice
, w
hen
II ;1
b"p,
,1Is
(as
R P.
10
1,
101.
II
J.
the
auth
or ;l
1ft
Iy ex
preR
"es
his
notio
n) I
J9.
141,
that
he
chuf
es
"" o
bjeO
, w
hich
he
147,
can
by h
is e
reM
;lIg
pow
er r
ende
r fo
ag
reea
ble,
as
that
it
may
be
caU
'd a
ri
ghtly
,bo
jill
oIIje
tl.
Nor
can
thi
s fa
-cu
lty
be i
mpr
ov'd
by
any
expe
rien
ce:
but
mul
t ev
er c
ontin
ue t
o ch
ufe
at
a ve
ntur
e, o
r as
it
;1 h"
p"lIl
. F
or i
f th
is f
",.l
ty,
impr
oves
by
expe
rien
ce,
and
will
hav
e re
gard
to
the
agre
ea-
blen
efs
or d
ifagr
eeab
lene
fS o
f ob
jetl
s in
the
mfe
lves
; it
is
no l
onge
r th
e f"
tult
y co
nten
ded
for,
but
a f"
'lIlt
y m
ov'd
and
aff
etle
d by
the
nat
ure
of
thin
gs.
So t
hat
man
, w
ith
a f.
,.lt
y o
f ch
oice
ind
iffe
rent
to
all
obje
Cls
, m
uLl:
mak
e m
ore
11'1
'0".
( ,h
oice
s, th
an m
an
conf
ider
'd a
s a
nece
ft'ar
y be
ing;
in
~b
e fa
me
prop
orti
on,
as
"iliw
g 4
S it
h"
f!t1
ls,
8 -l =: tT
l
"d =: ~ I:"
o til o "d =: ~ ('
) ;I>
I:"
~
Z
10 c:: ~ := -<
,.
.An
Inqu
iry C
OIIet
rtUng
h~
P'"S
, is
a w
orfe
dir
eaio
n to
cb
uk
ri
gh
t, t
han
the
ufe
of
our
tenf
Cs,
ex
peri
ence
, an
d re
afon
. J.
Thi
rdly
, tb
e ex
ifte
nce
of
fuch
an
"b
it,.
,} ,,
,u/r
y, to
chu
fe w
itho
ut
rega
rd
to
the
qual
itie
s o
f ob
,09:
5,
wou
ld d
eCtro
y th
e uf
e o
f ou
r fe
nks,
ap
peti
tes,
paf
fion
s, a
nd r
eafo
n; w
mch
ha
ve b
een
give
n us
to
dire
B:
us i
n o
ur
iftq
uiri
es a
fter
tru
th,
in o
ur p
urfu
it
afte
r ha
ppi
nefs
, an
d to
pre
ferv
e ou
r be
ings
. F
or,
if w
e ha
d •
f.c.
it;,
w
hich
ch
ofe
wit
hout
reg
ard
to t
be
noti
ces
and
advc
rtif
cmen
ts o
f th
efC
po
wer
s, a
nd b
y it5
cbo
ice
over
-rul
ed
them
; w
e fh
ould
the
n be
indu
'd w
ith
"fA
C"'
f] t
o d
efea
t th
e en
d an
d uf
es
of
ther
e po
wer
s.
l~!C!f
B
ut
the
impt
rJtO
i",
of
libe
rty
in
"ccc
Ifiry
. con
fift
cnt
wit
h
nece
ffity
, w
ill
yet
mor
e ap
pear
by
.c
onfi
deri
ng
the
gre
at
perf
tl/io
n o
f be
ing
nece
ffar
ily
dJ:t
erm
in'd
. C
an
lIM
",1
IIJ
L_,y.
7S
C
an a
OJ'
tbio
g be
per
fea,
th
at i
s no
t ae
c:ef
fari
ly p
eril
a?
For
wha
te
ver
is D
Ot
na:d
fari
ly p
erfe
a m
af b
e impe~. a
Dd
is b
y C
OO
iqU
CD
ce i
m
perfe
Ct.
Is i
t D
ot a
per
feE
lion
in G
od
ne
ceB
'aril
y to
kno
w a
n tr
uth
? Is
it
no
t a
perf
e8io
D i
n hi
m t
o be
nec
eJfa
rily
hap
py?
Is i
t n
ot
aUo
a pe
rfea
ion
in h
im
to w
ill
aDd
do a
lway
s w
hat
is
bell
? F
or
if a
ll
thin
gs
are
illJ
iffm
lll
to ~D'~
bim
, as
fom
e o
f th
e ad
voca
tes
of Ii
-;~~
58 b
erty
aif
ert,
and
beco
me
tfJOa
onl
y b
y h
is f
f1;g
illg t
hem
; he
caD
nQt
hav-
c an
y m
otiv
e fr
om
his
ow
n I
dea'
s, o
r fr
om
the
natu
re o
f th
ings
, to
wil
l on
e th
ing
rath
er t
han
ano
ther
; an
d
conf
eque
atly
he
m
ult
wi/l
w
itho
ut
59
any
rcaf
on
or
cauf
e:
whi
ch c
anno
t be
con
c:ei
v'd
poff
ible
of
any
bei
ng
; an
d is
con
trar
y to
thi
s fe
lf-e
vide
nt
trut
h,
that
whA
lt'Vt
r b.
s "
brgi
""i1
lg
60 .II} Iu
w "
CU
ffl.
But
jf
thin
gs a
rc
Dot
>oj := t!l
"I;j := .... r-' o rIl o "I;j := .... (') >
r-' .... z /:) c::: .... :;=
0<
\0
7'
.An
Inqu
iry,
onct
min
g no
t in
dijW
tlll
to h
im,
he
muf
t be
nc
cea-
arily
de
term
in'd
by
w
hat
is
belL
B
efid
es,
as h
e is
a w
ife b
eing
, 61
he m
ull:
have
fom
e en
d an
d de
6gn:
an
d as
he
is a
goo
d be
ing,
th
ings
ca
nnot
be
ill
diffe
r'lIt
to'
him
, w
hen
the
happ
inef
s o
f in
telli
gent
and
fen
ftb
le b
eing
s,
depe
nd o
n th
e w
ill
he
has,
in
the
form
atio
n o
f th
ings
. W
ith
wh
at c
onfi
ften
cy t
here
fore
can
tho
fc
advo
cate
s of
libe
rty
a(fe
rt G
OD
to
be
• ho
lJ A1
14 g
oo4
lItiw
g, w
ho
mai
ntai
n '-t
. J17
. th
at J
J th
ings
p
, ill
diffe
r,",
to
him
be
fore
he
will
s an
y th
ing
; an
d th
at
he m
ay w
ill,
and
do J
J th
illgs
, w
hich
th
ey
them
fclv
es e
ftee
m w
icke
d an
d un
juft
? 61
I ca
nnot
gi
ve a
bet
ter
conf
irm
ati
on o
f th
is a
rgum
ent
from
the
con
ft
dera
tion
of
the
Att
ribu
tes
of
GO
D,
than
by
tbe
judg
men
t o
f th
e la
te
Bith
op o
f S
UU
M;
whi
ch
has
the
mor
e w
eigh
t, a
s pr
ocee
ding
fro
m a
gr
eat
a(fe
rter
Qf J
i~rty, w
ho
by t
he
forc
e
Hum
an L
iizrt
y.
17
forc
e o
f tr
uth
is d
rive
n to
fay
wha
t he
doe
s. H
e gr
ants
, th
at i
ll}lI
it' I
".
Iqo
£
fea
. ,M
I • .,
s fo
",ffiv
, th
ottg
hts
ill"
all
. a7·
GtN
l; an
d th
ert/o
re t
hat
the
Effi
llu o
f G
tNl
;s .
. /"
'fti1
thol
lght
, ill
""i
,h '
"
",;"
,s .. ",i
/Js "
Illh
ings
. .A
1I4
thol
l,"
hil
Ir""
p,,,,
.a
s fo
,h M
",
,,,iD
II, p
ro
",iU
.'"
""J
",;r
uks,
"" 40
11, ;1
1 "Jil
t-"/l
ion
of Ii,
., ; Jtt
his
;,.,
. .. t
lll .
as,
hi
s b(
Jff1
/ttlg
, ""
4 "''
'11, .
" till
' ",it
" IJ
s tjJ
ill".
A
nd a
s he
gr
ants
thi
s to
be
a tr
ue n
otio
n o
f G
o D
, fo
he
al
low
s th
at "
V,,
) 1i
i1/i,
.It, u
ifts
fro
m
it a
gain
ft t
be l
iber
ty o
f G
OD
. Fo
r, fa
ys h
e, t
he i
mm
anen
t .a
s of
G04
1It-
jllg
fopp
os'J
itt, i
t is
IlO
l ,..u
to .1
1-g;
II, h
orP t
lx] j
botIl
J H
011
' JP
ith ,
'" Ii
i-."
;,,, '
ffi"
"; t
o ",
hi,h
, .tf
lff."
,sift
t."
Jots
111
0) "'
t.i1l
1J H
lrmg.
A
nd i
f ,.
imm
anen
t M
is of
GtN
l "" ""
tjJ.,,,
,h
e" t
he ""
"fi",'
.. 1
lit fo
li/c
mji,
lIS
Hi"
, ,,
,, ,
,,,.
i,, t
JftO
s of
his
.,."
"""
.as:
an
d.
,h.;
" of
""'
ff',
,M' .
. J rf
tll
thTO
IIgh
lilt
,./J"
I, or
JlT
tf lh
i",s
:
".1.
~
-l =
l!1
'1:1 = - t'" o !:I
.I o '1:1 = -() >
t'"
- z o c: -)1:1 ><
11
.An
Inqt
tiry
conc
erni
ng
""~
GoJ
hi
",ft
lf,b
m
;s"o
fm
btiw
g,
"lit Al
Is ~ •
IItc
t/lilJ
Df ,,
41.r
t. A
nd
this
nec
eflit
y, t
o w
hich
GO
D is
thu
s fu
b;ea
, ;s
, ad
ds
he,
II()
.I1
",..il]
to
/"""
GO
D
;S,
acco
rdin
g to
th
em,
*et1
f.ri
l, j"
/, '
rtlt
, .lI
tl g
ool,
b.J .
"
i1ll,
illjie
t 1I
tttl/i
IJ ,b.,
.rift
s fr
om
his
_II
inf
i"itt
ptr
ftElio
ll.
And
frol
ll "'"
et th
ey h
ave
tllD
tlgbt
, th
M j
illet
God
MIs
bJ
infin
itt w
iI-
nJ g
DtN
lm[s
, ,b
illgs
ml
/~ I
ItJI
h.-v
t bt,l
I ot
btrr
.ift
Ih."
IIN
y ."
: fo
r JPh
., ;s
illftn
ittl.J
fIIifo
or
gooJ
e6
1lll(
)t bt
.I
ttr'
tl,
or m
•• t
tithe
r bt
tttr
or
rPO
rft.
And
-he
conc
lude
s,
that
he
"'tl
fllt
.-vt
lhi
s Ji
f/iet
llty
.",it
hotlt
!'tl
tlla
. ilt
g t
o t~
';11
it,
or
41
Ifi"
, th
t _j
tO;
Oil
S th
M .
ift
.gul
Ifl.
H t
ilt /t't
I"., w~
s
".J _h
IHvilln
h.-v
t tn
MlI'
lIoflr
'tl
to
,t/oI
vt i
t.
63
lIr-
r..t
. A
gain
, ar
e D
ot
Ang
els
and
othe
r W
orks
·,.he
aven
ly
beiD
gs
efte
m'd
mor
e pe
r-Is
6,lt
S.
fc~o
..
ba
#:.
~~
t D
men
; be
caul
e,
havl
Dg
a de
ar
infi
ght
into
th
e D
atur
e or
thi.o
gs,
they
ar
c ne
cclfa
rify
dete
r-m
iD'd
Ham
lin L
iber
ty.
" m
in'd
to
ju
dge'
righ
t iD
tel
lltio
kl f:
ti er
ath
and
falfb
ood,
at
td
to
chuf
o rIg
ftt i
ll re
latio
n-to
gee
d an
d ev
il,
pfta
fare
a1l
d pa
in;
aM a
lfo t
o a
li
rigf
tt in
pur
fuam
:e o
f th
eir
jacJ
gmen
i 64
an
d ch
oice
? A
nd ~h
ettb
-e
wou
M
not m
an b
e m
ore
perf
i:tl t
han
he i
s,
if, b
y fra
ving
a c
lear
in~ in
to t
he
Ilat
ure
of
tlrin
gs;
he w
as n
c:c:
dltri
ly
dcte
rmin
'd
to a
fl'en
t to
' tn
tth
Ortl
y,
to-c
hafe
ODI
y fIl
Ch o
&;e
as a
s w
oUld
' m
alfc
hi
m
happ
y,
and
to a
ff a
cco
rdin
gly?
P
urth
er,
is no
t m
an' m
ore
petr
ea,
tlie
mor
e ca
pa61
e he
is o
f con
viai
on ?
A
nd w
ill h
e D
ot
fie m
ore-
capa
ble
of
COD
'Vifi
ion,
if
he b
e D
ecelT
ariIy
der
cr
min
'd i
n hi
s af
t'ent
by
whi
tt te
ems
II
teat
On
to h
im,
and
nece
tt'ar
ity d
efe
rmin
'd
in
IUs
fhte
ral
-oof
i'rio
nS' b
y w
'hat
fi:e
ms
good
to
him
; th
'an i
fhc
was
ind
iffer
ent
to p
ropo
tit'lb
nS D
ot.
witl
lfta
ndin
g an
y IU
fon
lot
them
, or
was
ind
iffer
ent'
to a
ny ob
'ltfts
lIor·
w
ithft
andi
ng
>-l =: t!l
"Ii =: .... t"" o 1;1.1 o "Ii =: .... n >
t"" .... Z
10
c::: .... ::c 0
(
I.Q
w
80
.An
In9u
;ry
conc
erni
ng
wit
hRan
ding
tb
ey
feem
'd
good
to
h
im?
For
oth
crw
ife,
be
coul
d be
con
vi
nc'd
upo
n no
pri
ncip
les,
and
wou
ld
be t
he
moR
: un
difc
iplin
able
and
un
traC
labl
e o
f al
l A
nim
als.
A
ll ad
vice
an
d al
l re
afon
ings
wou
ld b
e o
f no
ufe
to h
im.
You
mig
ht o
ffer
arg
umeu
ts
to h
im,
and
lay
befo
re h
im p
leaf
ure
and
pain
; an
d he
m
ight
Han
d u
n
mov
'd l
ike
a ro
ck.
He
mig
ht r
ejea
6S
wh
at a
ppea
n tr
ue t
o hi
m,
afTe
nt t
o w
hat
fee
ms
abfu
rd
to
him
, av
oid
wh
at h
e fe
es t
o be
goo
d,
and
chuf
e w
hat
he
fees
to
be e
vil.
Indi
ffer
ence
th
eref
ore
to
rece
ive
trut
h,
that
is,
li
lnrt
y to
den
y i~ w
hen
we
fce
it;
and
Indi
ffer
ence
to p
leaf
ure
and
pain
, tha
t is
, li
btrt
y to
ref
ure
the
firft
and
chuf
e th
e la
ft,
are
dir
ea o
bRad
es t
o kn
ow
ledg
e an
d ha
ppin
efs.
On
the
cont
ra.
ry,
to b
e nc
ccJf
arily
de
term
in'd
by
wh
at f
cem
s re
afon
able
, an
d by
wha
t (c
ems
good
, ha
s a
dirc
8: t
ende
ncy
to p
rom
ote
trut
h aD
d ha
ppin
eu,
and is
Ham
lin
Libe
rt).
8.
is th
e pr
oper
pe
rfea
ioJi
of
an
un
derf
tand
inga
nd ' f
enfib
le b
eing
; A
nd
inde
ccl
it
feem
s ft
rang
e th
at
men
-1
houl
dall
ow t
hat
GO
D an
d A
ngel
s aC
l m
ore
perf
eClly
beC
aufe
th
ey' a
re
dete
rmin
'd
by
reaf
on;
and
alfo
al
low
, th
at c
lock
s, w
atch
es,
mill
s, a
nd
othe
r ar
tific
ial
unin
telli
gent
be
ings
ar
c th
e be
tter
, th
e m
ore
they
are
de
term
in'd
to
go
righ
t by
w
eigh
t an
d m
eafu
re;
and
yet
that
th
ey
1bou
ld d
eem
it
a pe
rfeC
lion
in m
an
not
to b
e de
term
in'd
by
his
reaf
on,
but
to h
ave
libe
rty
to' g
o ag
ainf
t it
. W
ould
it
not
be
as
rear
onab
le
to
fay,
it
wou
ld
be
a pe
rfea
ion
in a
cl
ock
not
to b
e ne
ceff
arily
det
erm
in'd
to
go
righ
t, bu
t 'to
hav
e its
mot
ions
de
pend
upo
n ch
ance
?
Aga
in,
tho'
man
doe
s th
ro'
wea
kne
fs a
nd
impe
rfeC
l:ion
fa
U in
to f
eve
rat
'mifr
akes
bo
th
in
judg
ing
and
will
ing
in
rela
tion
to w
hat
is t
rue
and
good
; y
et h
e is
fril
l le
fs i
gnor
ant
G
and
\0 "'" ...
j := t'r1
"CI := - t"" o til o "CI := -(') >
t"" - Z /:
) c::: - := ...:
82
An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g an
d le
fs
unha
ppy
by b
eing
nec
dl"a
ri
ly d
eter
min
'd
in j
udgi
ng
by w
hat
{eem
s re
afon
ablc
, an
d in
wil
ling
by
wh
at f
eem
s be
ft,
than
if
he w
as c
apa
ble
of ju
dgin
g co
ntra
ry t
o h
is r
ea
fon
and
wiD
ing
agai
nft
his
fcaf
es.
Fo
r, w
ere
it n
ot f
o, w
hat
lem
lS f.l
ft,
wou
ld
be a
s ju
ft "
Till
e o
f lTt
"h,
as
wh
at
[e,.s
tr
ll';
an
d w
hat
{mill
t'I
Iil,
as j
uft
" Ti
ll, (
)f go
od,
as w
hat
fu.s
go
od.
Whi
ch
are
abfu
rdit
ics
too
grea
t fo
r an
y to
af
firm
; ef
pe
cial
ly i
f w
e co
nfId
er, t
hat
the
re i
s a
perf
ealy
wif
e an
d go
od B
eing
, w
ho
has
give
n m
en
fenf
es
and
reaf
on t
o co
nd
ua
them
. L
aftly
, it
is
a pe
rfea
ion
to b
e ne
ce
ffar
ily
dete
rmin
'd
in o
ur c
hoic
es,
even
in
the
mof
\: in
diff
eren
t th
ings
: be
cauf
c, i
f in
fue
h C
afes
the
re w
as
no
t a
cauf
e o
f ch
oice
, b
ut
a ch
oice
co
uld
be m
ade
wit
hout
a c
aufe
; th
en
all
chO
ICes
mig
ht
be
mad
e w
itho
ut
a ca
ufe,
and
w
e fh
ould
ao
t be
ne-
ceff
arily
HuI
lltUl
Libe
rty.
8 ~
.c:
elTa
rily
dete
rmin
'd
by
the
grea
teR
: cy
iden
ce
to a
ffen
t to
tru
th,
nor
by
the
ftro
ngef
t in
clin
atio
n fo
r ha
ppi
ne
U t
o c
hufe
pka
fure
and
avo
id p
ain
; to
aU
whi
ch i
t is
a p
ctiC
aion
to
be
JlCCd
fariJ
y dc
term
in'd
. F
or if a
ny a
etic
a w
batf
oeve
r ca
n be
don
e w
itho
ut
a ca
ure;
the
n ef
feCl
s an
d ca
ufcs
hav
e D
O n
ec:cJ
l'ary
rel
atio
n, a
nd b
y co
nfe
qucn
ce w
e fh
oold
n
ot
.be
nece
ffar
ily
detc
rmin
'd i
n a
ny c
afe
at a
ll.
IV.
A .
aun
h a
rgum
ent
to
prov
e Fo
urth
-
__
tI'.
I\..
)1
be
.rgu
mcn
c m
an a
JJQ
;Qla
ry
ageo
t,
"la
ta-t
oken
ken
from
tbe
con
fide
ruio
n o
f th
e di
-!~~f
.d:!'-
66
vioe
pre
fcie
nce.
T
he
divi
ne P
refc
i-ra
tion
o
f r.
ha
L
!_.
Ii th
e di
--e
nce
IUpp
ofcs
, t
t aU
tllW
gs
DEu
re v
ine pr~
wiD
ce
rtain
ty
exill
in
fa
ch t
ime,
fc:ie
nce.
filch
or
der,
an
d w
ith
{ach
cir
cum
-ft
ancc
s ; ·
Ind
no
t ot
hcrw
ife.
F
or i
f an
y th
iogs
fu
ture
w
ere
cont
inge
nt,
or
unce
rtai
n, o
r de
pend
ed o
n th
e li
-be
rty
of
man
, th
at i
s,
mig
ht o
r lD
igbt
not
h~; t
heir
cert
ain
cx-
G
2 if
ienc
c
>oj ::c ttl
'Ii ::c .... t'"" o r.n o 'Ii ::c .... (") >
t'"" .... Z o ~ .... := -< \0
VI
84
.An
Inqu
iry c
omer
ning
if
lenc
e co
uld
not
be t
he o
b;ca
: o
f th
e di
vine
pre
fcie
nce:
it
bein
g a
cont
rai.
diE
hon
to k
now
tha
t to
be
cel't
ain,
w
hich
is
not
cer
tain
: an
d G
od h
im
{elf
cou
ld o
nly
guef
s at
the
exi
ften
ce
of
fuch
th
ings
. A
nd i
f th
e di
vine
pr
efci
ence
fu
ppof
es t
he t
trtA
i" e
xift
en
ce o
f al
l th
iDgs
fut
ure,
it
fupp
ofes
al
fo th
e IIt
ttJfA
TJ e
xiite
Dce
of a
ll t
hing
s fu
ture
; be
cauf
c G
OD
ca
n fo
re·k
Dow
th
eir
cert
ain
exif
tene
e on
ly,
eith
er a
s th
at e
xift
enee
is
the
enea
: o
f hi
s de
cr
ee,
or a
s it
de
pend
s on
its
ow
n ca
ufes
. If
he
fore
-kno
ws
that
ex
ifie
nce,
as
it i
s th
e ef
fe8:
of
his
de
cree
; hi
s de
cree
m
akes
tb
at
exif
ten
ee n
ecef
fary
: fo
r it
im
plie
s a
eoo
trad
iEH
on f
or
an
aU-p
ower
ful
bein
g to
dec
ree
any
thin
g w
hich
fha
ll no
t ne
cefl
'ari
ly c
ome
to p
afs.
If
he
fore
kn
ows
that
exi
ften
ee,
as i
t de
pend
s on
its
ow
n ca
ures
; th
at e
xift
ence
is
lI
O
lefs
nec
:eJf
ary:
fo
r it
no
lefs
im
pl
ies
a co
ntra
dict
ion,
th
at
cauf
es
1bou
ld
Hu
.a1
l Li
bnly
. Jh
ould
no
t pr
oduc
e th
eir
effe
8s
(cau
fes
and
efte
8:s
havi
ng a
nec
ef-
(ary
rel
atio
n to
and
de
pend
ence
on
ea
ch
othe
r)
than
th
at
aD
even
t 1b
ould
no
t co
me
to
pafs
, w
hich
is
decr
eed
by G
od.
BS
ele
no
has
fom
e pa
JTag
es t
o t
he
De
Di
purp
ofe
of
this
arg
umen
t.
Say5
he,
yin
. I.
~.
iJ!t1 p
otll
"w
id";
flliA
fIlA1
ll !"
t",r
ll'"
!fJ
i flio
A ''
'f"t
tAi
lfAIII
,,"
"" U
UA""
li
t-
flit
lIo
/AIII
, til'
flll
ll'lI
", fi
t ? -
~i4
tj ;
gitl
l',
'lllo
A t4
{tl J
ieri
Alit
foT
te f
o,-
I(lIIa,
l"t
elll
lll?
--
Nib
il
ejl
ellim
, .. t
OIlI
r.,il
llll
,61;
011;
&
t01l
}Allt
i. 'lf
lAIII
fO
TtIiT
lA;
lit "
,ihi
lit
;11 D
ell",
, ..
. dl
Te '
IIid
e6l1
l',
III
[&;6
1, '1
"id
,,{I
I &
/o
rtll
it. /
lItll
rllll
l Jit.
Si
e"j
lll f
oil,
mIl
ill
lld w
ellie
t. Si
ll t"
,e w
llli
et,
1Iu
ll ..
ejI fo
rtlil
lA.
Eft
•• tm
l fo
rllll
l..
ReTI
I",
67 i
t,itll
r fo
rt.i
l.T
.",
1111
11..
tjI !
Tefo
lJlio
. A
lro
thll
t i1
1uftr
ious
R
efor
mer
L
u-
TH
ER
. fa
ys,
in
his
lreA
ti[e
.tg4i
ItJ
Cap
.• 4
'.
!m-n
,iII
: CO
IJ,t{
sl D
ei p
r"fo
it"t
i~
6-_"
i/ot
ellt
il,
ftfll;
11IT
IIN
ItTAl
iter
i"t-
G J
fr
Ag~i
li
~
-J =
tTl
." = - t"" o rn
o ." = -('l >
t""
- Z 10 c:: ... := -<
16
.An
1nfJu
iry c
onct
rnin
g fr
.g~b
il;
eonf
elJt
ltllti
a, I
IOS
1'r
1101
ipf
ol
1101
1 tIf
o f"
nos,
li
te vi
v"e,
"" "
''',
'1
t1ill
Jtl""
', ftt
l pr
r ;8
i",
tmlll
fote
"IiM
II.
CtI
", A
llie
",
tilits
IItJ
S iU
e ""
tt p
r6ft
i"it
fll
l.ros
, ,"li
fq., .
. Ill f"
eillt
, lII
IJ'tIe
llt, 0
-gt
lbt,,
,,, ;
lJu;
J lo
ItjI
J"!.i
,,,4
jO, 1J
.04
ill
nobi
s lim
"111
fil,
.Ii
t" 6
-M
it"
jf,
i, 1
J1t""
ille
,,4i
iwit
, II"
t 1I
"lIe
",A
t'
Pll
g".'
it",
,,e e
s Ji
"",e
tro
prlft
iell'
;11
6-O
",,,if
HJI
'lItil
l lk
i e.
'"
1I0J
l,0
Libe
rti
",bi
lrio
. .A
.t e
ni",
De"
s f"I
Ie'lI
r ,r
6-
jeie
llJo,
m""
i, 0-
"gen
tlo (
lJ"o
tl ,p
;",.
po/fib
ile)
IIlIt
IIOS
"ge"
,., 6
-"I.
''''.' ft
lll
n ... i
lfi.
s ""
ftie
.ti.
",
6-"l
Jio
,,,,,,
. A
nd o
ur l
earn
ed
Dr.
SO
UT
H
68
~ .. i
'. fa
ys,
the
for,-
!tnor
pl,l.
g, o
f "'"
lVel
lt JO
II
01.
If.
. I
. .J .1
t'."
/~..
I".
II
,. .....
""III"
~ "".
""'JI
""'.}
InJ",
tll
"t t
lJe"
",.
p ",
foeh
""
,.",
IIt;
for
III
"'lIe
h 4
S
the
ltrt
unl)
of I
llflJP
lttlg
, M
I'"tls
"/0"
fIJ
e ~er'';.1J
of I
hI t
hillf
. !tn
0lfl1l
. .A
lltl
;n th
is {
tllfe
it
is,
thAt
G~s t
leer
e, ""
II
Irtm
lift g
;v,
4 lIe
lef{"
'J ,s
i}e"
" to
tlie
th
i"!.
Mm
etl
or p
rtm
liftJ
, th
At ;
s to
/":1.
lbe]
ill/
IT i
t 9
iw/d
ibl,
tfJl
lftf
.'''''
; fo
Ib
.,
&.(
In L
iber
ty.
81
,641
il "
U II
I ;"
".g;
M, ,. C
hrijl
llOl
to
rift f
iw-,
he M
U,
4S
it ,,
111 fo
r G
otl "
f,.
folf
lhl)
'0
.11 ..
l,fJIIIi
/e "
,hi"
!.,
""II
1" ,
he '
hill
t IID
I ef
JIIII
'0 14
fi.
• Sec
..
I co
uld
alfo
bri
ng i
n th
e g
reat
e&:1
0-D
ivin
es a
nd .
". Ph
ilofo
pher
s w
ho a
re ~.::"
69 af
l'erte
rs
of
liber
ty,
as
conf
irmin
g I.
Arr~4'.
this
arg
umen
t;
for"
" th
ey a
ckno
w-t
:!~:.
ledg
e, t
hat
they
are
una
ble
to rec
on-'
·Ti~
iot_
ci
le th
e Ji
ville
,,'.f
oiel
lee
and
the
"""fJ (o
n'.
Ser.
"
mO
nl.
of
man
tog
ethe
r: w
hich
IS
all
I in
-Vol
. V
I.
tend
ed to
prov
e by
thi
s ~r
gume
nt,
t~-'
s;lJ
in,.
ke
n fr
om t
he c
onfid
erat
lon
of th
e tIi
-~~W
. ",
i",
P'if
cil"
".
fatis
fi&i,.
on
.'·lS
S·
V.
A fi
fth a
rgum
ent t
o pr
ove
man
Faf
da •
•
a ne
ced'
ary
agen
t, is
as
follo
ws:
If=
:m
an w
as n
ot
a ne
cefi'
ary
agen
t, de
-hm
the
term
in'd
by
plea
fure
and
pai
n, t
here
::::..0£
w
ould
be
no f
ound
atio
n fo
r re
war
ds :i1
.::;,
and
punH
hmen
ts,
whi
cb
are
the
1· 'IJ
ellli
,,' f
o!lf
Wtl
of
foci
ety.
t
Solo
n re
mpa
blic
lm c
onti
ncri
die
cbn
.0.&0
. re
ba ••
pnr
mio
~ ~n~. C
icer
o £p
ift.
IS •• dB
....
-.
G 4
-Fo
r
-I :r: t!:J
oog :r: .... t"" o rn o oo
g :r: .... n >
t"" .... Z
10 c:: .... ~ 0<
\0
-..J
88
An
Inqu
iry c
once
r"in
g F
or
if m
en w
ere
not
nccd
fari
ly
dete
rmin
'd b
y pl
cafu
re a
nd
pain
, or
if p
leaf
ure
and
pain
wer
e no
cau
fes
to d
eter
min
e m
ens
wil
ls;
of w
hat
ufe
wou
ld b
e th
e pr
ofpe
U o
f re
war
ds
to f
ram
e a
man
's w
ill
to t
he o
hfer
va
tion
o
f th
e Ja
w,
or p
unif
hmen
ts
to h
inde
r hi
s tr
anfg
reff
ion
ther
eof?
W
ere
pain
, as
fu
ch,
elig
ible
, an
d pl
eafu
re, a
s fu
ch,
avoi
dabl
e; r
ewar
ds
and
puni
fhm
ents
cou
ld
he
no
mo
tives
to
a m
an,
to m
ake
him
do
or
forb
ear
any
aaio
n.
But
if
plea
fure
an
d pa
in h
ave
a ne
celf
ary
efre
a on
m
en,
and
if i
t be
impo
ffih
le f
or m
en
not
to c
hufe
w
hat
fecm
s go
od
to
them
, an
d no
t to
avo
id
wha
t fe
cms
evil
; th
e ne
ceff
ity
of
rew
ards
and
pu
nifh
men
ts i
s th
en e
vide
nt,
and
re
war
ds w
ill b
e o
f uf
e to
all
thof
e w
ho
conc
eive
th
ofe
rew
ards
to
be
ple
afu
re,
and
puni
fhm
ents
will
be
of u
fe
to a
ll th
ofe
who
con
ceiv
e th
em t
o be
pa
in:
and
rew
ards
and
pun
ifhm
ents
w
iD
Hum
an L
iber
ty.
89
wil
l fr
ame
thof
e m
ens
will
s to
ob
ferv
e, a
nd n
ot
tran
fgre
fs
the
laW
s. B
etid
es,
fince
th
ere
are
fo m
any
robb
ers,
m
urde
rers
, w
hore
maf
ters
, an
d ot
her
crim
inal
s,
who
no
twit
hft
andi
ng
the
puni
lbm
ents
th
reat
n'd,
an
d re
war
ds p
rom
is'd
, hy
law
s; p
re
fer
brea
king
the
law
s as
the
gre
ater
go
od o
r le
lfer
evil,
an
d re
ject
con
for
mit
y to
the
m a
s th
e gr
eate
r ev
il o~
le
lfer
good
: ho
w m
any
mor
e w
ould
th
ere
be,
and
wit
h w
hat
difo
rder
s w
ould
not
all
foci
etie
s be
fill
'd,
if re
w
ards
and
pun
i1hm
ents
, con
tider
'd a
s pl
eafu
re a
nd p
ain,
di
d no
t de
term
ine
fom
e m
ens
will
s,
but
that
, in
ftea
d th
ereo
f, al
l m
en c
ould
pre
fer
or w
ill
puni
lllm
ent
conf
ider
'd a
s pa
in,
and
reje
a re
war
ds c
onfi
der'd
as
p1ea
fure
?
men
w
ould
th
en
be
unde
r no
re
o ft
rain
ts.
VI.
My
tix
th a
nd
laft
arg
umen
t S
ixth
ar
to p
rove
m
an a
nec
elfa
ry a
gent
is:
r..-:c
if
'D
00
...,) :z::
t!1
"tI
:z:: .... t"" o (1
'.1 o "tI :z:: .... ("
') ;l>
t"" .... z I:) r::: .... ~ -<
90
.An
In9u
;ry c
onct
rn;n
g r,o
m d
ie if
man
w
as n
ot a
ne
celfa
ry a
gent
=:
lirr
~ det
crm
in'd
by
plea
fure
and
pai
n, h
e w
ould
hav
e no
not
ion
of m
or.J
il], o
r m
otiv
e to
pra
tlife
it:
th
e di
ffin
S:io
n be
twee
n m
oral
ity
and
imm
oral
ity,
virt
ue a
nd v
ice
wou
ld b
e lo
ft;
and
man
wou
ld n
ot b
e a
mor
al a
gent
. L
ocke
', M
oral
ity o
r V
irtu
e, c
onfif
li in
fuc
h ~t
rab'
: as
:ions
as
are
in t
heir
ow
n na
ture
, ui
. e. 2~.
and
upo
n th
e w
hole
,pl'.
f"';
and
im-
Ser
iean
t',
1· .
fid.
.· fi
h tl
· So
Ilcl.P
hj..m
ora
lty o
r V
ICe,
con
llGi
10
uc
a
1-
~ .f
lCrt
. ons
as
are
in t
heir
ow
n na
ture
, an
d -".
21S·
h
.J.
h fa
up
on t
e w
hole
'.'''
JIII
. W
ere
re a
70
man
mul
l be
affe
Cted
w
ith p
leaf
ure
and
pain
, in
ord
er t
o kn
ow
wha
t m
oral
ity is
, and
to
diR
:ingu
ifh i
t fro
m
imm
oral
ity.
He
mul
l al
fo b
e aW
eB:-
cd w
ith p
leaf
ure
and
pain
, to
hav
e a
reaf
on t
o pr
atlif
e m
oral
ity;
for
ther
e ca
n be
no
mot
ives
, bu
t pl
eafu
re a
nd
pain
, to
mak
e a
Man
do
or f
orbe
ar
any
aEH
on.
And
a m
an
mul
l be
th
e m
ore
mor
al,
the
mor
e he
und
er.
fla~
ds o
r is
dul
y iC
nfib
le, w
hat
aai·
O
IlS
HM
tII"n
Lib
my.
91
O
DS
give
plc
afur
e an
d w
bat p
ain;
and
m
ull b
e pe
rfel
Hy
mor
al, if
nec
eJfa
ri'
Iy c
lete
rmin
'd b
y pl
eafu
re a
nd p
ain,
rig
htly
und
erfto
od a
nd a
ppre
hend
ed.
But
if
man
be
i"q
".,.
, to
ple
afur
e an
d pa
in,
or
is no
t du
ly a
fFef
ted
with
the
m;
he c
anno
t kn
ow w
hat
mor
ality
is,
no
r di
fting
uifh
it
from
im
mor
ality
, no
r ha
ve
any
mot
ive
to
praS
:ife
mor
alit
y,
and
abfta
in
from
im
mor
ality
; an
d w
iD b
e eq
ual.
Iy i
ndiff
eren
t to
m
oral
ity a
nd i
m
mor
ality
, or
vir
tue
and
vice
. M
an
in h
is pr
efen
t con
ditio
n is
fuB
icie
ntly
im
mor
al b
y m
iflak
ing
pain
for
ple
a.
fure
, an
d th
ereb
y ju
dgin
g, w
illio
g,
and
praS
:ifin
g am
ifs:
but
if
he w
as
indi
ffer
ent
to
plea
fure
and
pa
in,
he
wou
ld h
ave
no r
ule:
to g
o by
, an
d m
ight
nev
er j
udge
, w
ill, a
nd p
raai
te
righ
t. T
ho' I
con
ceiv
e I
have
fo
prop
o-0I
Iiea
i.
fed
my
argu
men
ts,
as t
o h
ave
obvi
-rw:sa~
,~~ m
oll o
f th
e .,l
aufib
Je o
bje&
ions
uf
uaU
y
o-i =: til
"1:1 =: .... t'"' o rn o "1:
1 =: .... n >
t'"' .... Z
10 c:: .... ~ -< ~
92
.An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g uf
ual1
y ur
g'd
agai
nfl:
the
doC
l:rin
c o
f ne
ceff
ity;
ye
t it
m
ay
not
be i
m
prop
er t
o g
ive
a pa
rtic
ular
fol
utio
n to
the
pri
ncip
al o
f th
em.
Pir
lt 01
1-I.
Fir
ft t
hen
it i
s ob
jeae
d, t
hat
~A~1
i *
if m
ell
Me
lIetej
J4'.J
"ltl
ltS
.114
Jo
~~
UiAi
Do.t
OII
I",i
, IIm
ff4';/
.J J
J b"
",he
s oJ
the
I.",
....
. tt
. ;0
. 1
6. c
.:
it .. /4
be
IIIIil
ljl
to I
IIII~"
the"
, fo
, Jo
i1lg
fIIh
., th
e] '
SliM
Il'l
IO;4
Joi
llg.
71
AII
t"cr
. T
o w
hich
I
anfw
er, t
hat
the
folc
en
d o
f pu
nifh
men
t in
foc
icty
is
to
prev
ent,
as
far
as m
ay b
e, t
he c
om
mil
lion
of
,"1'
;11
crim
es:
and
that
71
puni
fhm
cnts
hav
e th
cir
defi
gned
ef
fe
B: t
wo
way
s;
lirf
t, by
ren
rain
ing
or
cutt
ing
off
from
fa
ciet
y th
c '1/
;,;(J
IIS m
embe
rs;
and
fcco
ndly
, by
co
rrea
ing
m
en
or
terr
ifyi
ng
them
fr
om t
he c
omm
iffi
on o
f tb
ofe
crim
es.
No
w l
et
puni
fhm
cnts
be
in
8ia
cd
wit
h e
ithe
r o
f th
cfc
view
s,
it w
ill
be m
anif
eft,
that
no
reg
ard
is h
ad
to a
ny f,
.,t-4
gt1l
&J
in m
an,
in o
rder
to
re
nder
th
ofe
puni
fhm
ents
ju
ft;
but
Hum
an L
iber
ty.
9J
but
that
on
th
e co
ntra
ry
puD
ilb
mcn
u m
ay b
e j".
/llJ in
fliflc
d on
maD
th
o' a
nec
cd"a
ry
agen
t. F
or,
firit,
if
", • .
-Ju"
1 fa
r ex
ampl
c,
or
any
fucl
a "'"I
IJIIS
mcm
bers
ar
c cu
t of
f fr
om
(oci
cty,
mcr
ely
as t
hey
are
publ
ick
Duf
ance
s,
and
unfi
t to
liv
e am
ong
men
; it
is p
lain
,thc
y ar
c ill t
hat c
afe
ro fa
r fr
om
bein
g co
n6dc
r'd'
as p
w«'
lItl,
that
the
y ar
c cu
t of
f fr
om f
aci
c:ty
as
a C
lokc
r'd b
ranc
h is
from
a
tree
, or
as a
mad
dog
is k
iD'd
in
dip
ftr
ccts
. A
nd t
he
puni
fhm
cDt
of fu
ch
men
is
j.JI,
as i
t ta
kes
mif
chic
vous
7
l m
embe
rs o
ut o
f foc
iety
. A
lfo
for
tbe
fam
c re
afon
, f"
';'1
"'''
",el
l, w
hom
al
l al
low
to
be n
cccd
"ary
age
nts,
an:
in
man
y pl
aces
of
the
wor
ld,
eith
er
the
obje
as o
f jud
icia
l pu
nifh
mco
ts, o
r ar
e al
low
'd
to b
e di
fpat
ch'd
by
pri
vate
men
. N
ay,
cvcn
,.
,,,
i.foi
le/.
"ith t
he ,1
.,,,,,
who
arc
oot
vol
uota
ry
age
nts
and
arc
guil
ty o
f DO
cri
me,
ar
e fo
met
imes
th
ough
t to
be
juf
tly
cut
- 8 o-j =: t'II
'"d =: .... t"" o ~ o '"d =: .... ("
) >
t"" .... z /:
) ~ .... \11
::1 0<
94
.An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g cu
t of
f fr
om f
ocie
ty,
(0
pre
vent
con
ta
gion
fr
om
them
. Se
cond
ly ~
let
puni
finD
eDts
be
infl
itled
on
fo
me
crim
inal
s w
ith a
vi
ew
to t
erri
fy,
it
will
app
ear
that
in
iafli
Cl:i
ng p
uni1
h.
me
nts
w
ith
tbat
vie
w,
DO
re
gard
is
had
to
any
['''.A
gtn&
) in
m
an,
in o
rder
to
mak
e th
ofe
puni
1hm
cnts
jil
l.
To
ren
der
the
puni
ihm
eDt
of
foch
m
en j
ill,
it
is
fuB
icie
nt t
hat
they
w
ere
'fJo
l.fl
tAry
age
nts,
or
had
th
e w
ill t
o do
the
crim
e fO
r whi
ch
they
fuf
fer
for
the
law
ver
y ju
ftly
and
righ
tly r
egar
deth
onl
y tb
e w
ill,
and
no o
ther
pr
eced
ing
cauf
es
of
.aio
n.
For
exam
ple,
fu
ppof
e th
e 74
law
on
pain
of
deat
h fo
rbid
s th
eft,
and
ther
e be
a
man
w
ho
by
the
ftre
ngth
of
tem
ptat
ion
is ne
ceff
ita
ted
to
fteaI
, an
d is
ther
eupo
n pu
t to
dea
th f
or i
t; d
oth
Dot
his
pun
Hh.
m
ent
Mttr
oth
ers
from
the
ft?
Is i
t no
t a
cauf
e,
that
oth
ers
fieal
not
? D
oth
it n
ot
fram
e th
eir
will
s to
iufti
c:e?
Hztm
an L
ihm
y.
95
;ufti
ce I
Wbc
rcas
, a
crim
inal
who
is
an
invo
lunt
ary
agen
t, <a
s fu
r in
. fta
nce,
a
man
w
bo h
as k
ill~
d aJ
lO..
tiler
in
a dl
ance
med
lyor
whi
le i
n a
feve
r, or
the
like)
c:a
nJlO
t fe
rve
for
an e
umpt
e to
~"auy o
tbcr
s fr
om
doin
g th
e fa
me;
be _I D
O m
on:
an i
ote
Up
t .cn
t in
doiD
g ch
c cr
ime,
tha
n a
bouf
e is
, w
hidl
kill
s 4
man
by
its f
all:
and ~ c
onfe
quen
oe
the
puni
1hm
ent
of f
ucb
an i
nvol
un-
tary
age
nt w
ould
be
oniu
ft.
Whe
n th
eref
ore
a m
an d
ocs
a cr
ime
'IID
1I11
1-
t.i",
and
his
puni
fhm
eat w
ill f
ervc
to
det
er o
ther
s fr
om d
oiog
the
fam
e.
he
is
jllJlI.J
toi
/b'.
ftw
JDiIl
g ...
(thr
o' f
tren
gth
of
tem
ptat
ion,
ill
ha.
bits
, or
oth
crca
ufcs
) IN
,,,.1. 11
01
IWO
id Jo
i'l.
It m
ay n
ot b
e im
prop
er
to a
dd
this
far
ther
c:o
afK
lera
cion
. fro
m
the
law
of O
Ur
coun
try.
Th
en:
is O
AC
cafe
, whe
rein
our
la
w i
s fO
far
(ro
m
rcqu
irillg
, th
at th
e pe
riODS
ptm
ifh'd
fh
ould
'"'" :x: m
'1:1 :x: .... t"" o fA o '"C :x: .... ("
) >
t"" .... z I:
) e - := >0( - o -
96
An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g fh
ould
be
frlt
-Agl
nts,
tba
t it
doe
s no
t co
nfid
er t
hem
as
volu
ntar
y ag
ents
, o
r ev
en a
s gu
ilty
o
f th
e cr
ime
fOr
whi
ch t
hey
(ulf
er:
(0 l
ittl
e is
Im-
6[,I
lIlJ
re
quif
ite
to m
ake
punH
hmen
ts
juil
. T
he c
hild
ren
of
rebe
l-pa
rent
s {u
ffer
in
the
ir f
ortu
nes
for
the
guil
t of
thei
r p
aren
ts;
and
thei
r pu
nifh
m
ent
is d
eem
'd
;uil
, be
cauf
e it
is
iUpp
os'd
to
be
a m
eans
to
pre
vent
n:
helli
on i
n pa
t'CD
tS.
75
Seco
ncI
II.
Seco
ndly
; it
is
obie
lled
, th
AI
it
.hjc
&io
a. is
ttf
thfi
,tf}
l/w,.,,,
, 'IIni
fbm
lll1
OT
injl
ifl
it fJ
II ",
,11
10
!'t
WII
I ";
,,"1,
",
htn
thtJ
." n
tttjJ
"-ilJ
M
,,,,,,
i,,'J
i"
.0
l",
iT
.o;(
IIIS
. 76
Fd
Il1o
I.
T
o w
hich
I a
nfw
er,
liri
l, th
at
e.er.
.f..
. •
of
;0.
• fc
I",.,
.,"lII
g '11
"'1""
,,111
1 IS
a
ca u
e
whi
ch
nece
ffar
ily
dete
rmin
es
fom
e m
ens
will
s to
a c
onfo
rmit
y to
law
an
d ag
ainf
t co
mm
itti
ng t
he
crim
es
to w
hich
pun
ifhm
ents
are
ann
ex'd
; an
d th
eref
ore
is
ufef
ul
to a
n t
hofC
w
hofC
Hu1
/ltJn
Li
bttty
97
w
hofe
wiD
s m
uil
be d
eter
min
'd b
y it
. It
is
as u
fefu
l to
fu
ch
men
, as
the
fu
n is
to t
he r
ipen
ing
the
frui
ts
of
the
eart
h, o
r ~ a
ny o
ther
cau
fes
are
to p
rodu
ce t
heir
pro
per
efFc
as i
and
a. m
an m
ay a
s we
D fa
y th
e fu
n is
ure
le
rs, if
the
ripe
ning
th
e fr
uits
of t
he
eart
h be
nec
eJfa
ry,a
s fa
y, t
here
is
no n
eed
of t
hrea
rnin
g pl
Jnif
hmen
t fo
r th
e uf
c o
f tb
ofe
to w
hom
thr
eat
ning
pun
ilhm
ent
is a
nece
trar
y ca
ufe
of
forb
eari
ng
to d
o a
crim
e.
It i
s al
fo o
f ur
e to
ro
cier
y to
li
fjli
ll
pu
nifh
men
ts
on m
en
fw
Joiw
g ""1
It th
tJ
t."n
Dl
no
iJ J
oing
, to
the
~Jl
d th
at n
ecel
fary
ca
ures
may
exi
il,
to
form
the
wiD
s o
f th
ofe
who
in
virt
ue
of t
hem
nec
etra
rily
obf
erve
the
law
s;
aDd
alfo
of u
fe t
o cu
t the
m o
ff as
nos
i-(J
ill ""
"'rs
of f
Oci
ety.
lI
. B
ut (
econ
dly,
(0
far
is
th
reat
-~(
CIn.
fl
ing
and
inB
iain
g pu
niO
imen
ts f
rom
anr
•• r.
bein
g uf
cler
s,
if m
en
arc
nece
LTar
y ag
ents
, th
at
it
wou
ld
be
ufeI
ers
H
to
..- S -!
1:1:
rol
"d
1:1: ... t"'" o fIl o "d
1:1: ... (') >
t"'" ... Z
t:> c:: ... ::a 0<
~8
.An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g to
"",d
l and
.,1
" (w
hich
are
th
e pr
iaci
pal
effe
lb d
eC,g
D'd
to
be
ob-
1:~jned
by t
hrea
toin
g an
d in
8iai
nr;
puni
fhlll
CD
tS)
uDlc:
fs m
en
wer
e ne
· ce
Jfar
y ag
ents
, an
d w
ere
dete
rmin
'd
by p
lcaf
urc
and
pain
.; be
capf
e,
if
men
wer
e fr
ee o
r in
diff
eren
t to
ple
afu
re
and
pain
, pa
io c
ould
be
no
m
otiv
e to
ca
ufc
men
to
ob
fcrv
e th
e la
w.
77
Th
ird
.n.
~. T
hird
ly,
men
hav
e ev
ery
day
Cwcr
. ex
amp1
es b
efor
e th
em D
f th
e ur
eful
. H
efs o
f pun
ilhm
ents
-upo
n fo
me
inte
lli
gent
or
fenf
ible
bei
ngs,
whi
ch t
hey
all
cQnt
end
. are
ne
ceLT
ary
agen
ts.
Th
ey p
unif
h do
gs,
horf
es,
and
oth~
r an
imal
s ev
ery
day
wit
h gr
eat
fucc
elS,
an
d m
ake
them
leav
e of
f the
ir v
icio
us
habi
ts,
and
form
th
em t
here
by a
cco
rdin
g to
th
eir
will
s.
The
fe
are
plai
n faa:s~ a
nd m
atte
rs o
f co
nRan
t ex
peri
ence
, an
d ev
en
conf
irm
fd
by
the
evaf
ions
of
the
adv
ocat
es o
f li-
Br_
6"l"
i ber
ty,
who
. cal
l1he
,tW
qJs •• d !u
ni/b
-W
ork
s".
..h
"s.
",~I
JIS
Hum
dn
Lib
"t].
99
78
",
elJl
s us
'd .'0
brut
e be
alls
"".ro
gi,.r;
an
a fa
y, t
hat
btM
iII:
Ibn
. an
d gr
villg
I .. lI
iil.4
r, h
MIf
ooly
thl
jb.J
od o
f"
".,J,
""J
,."ijb
iilftd
l. N
or ar
~ ca
pi.
tal
puni
lbm
ent5
wit
bout
the
ir li
fe a
-m
ong
bcaf
is a
nd b
irds
. R
Oll
,UIU
S
Qo
"
te1J
s us
, th
at "t"
.'iI'..1
1111
.' ill A
fric
a b~u
r •••
.'J
J -,
,-.-
. RI
m. &
e.
I, .,iw
-iJ '01
l.J
4.s /,
0. th
eir
,ilils
L 2
. "lo
g.
""J t
(lll1
nl;
and.
chat
t,I
-WIi
"l Ib
r,; ti
lt ""
"Iry
of J
uJie
rs, h
e ~J
ffll
d, tI
N) h
4ng-
79
,1. I
I, '
Il101
1ltS
to
Je'.
" tIM
, ","
s. A
nd
in l
ike mann~r w
ith
U$.
, m
en h
ang
up "
o"s
and
roo
ls t
o k
eep
bird
s fr
om
thei
r co
rn,
as t
hey
hang
up
mur
de
rers
in
chai
ns t
o de
ter
othe
r m
ur
dere
rs.
But
I ne
ed n
ot g
o to
bru
tes
for
exam
ples
of
the
ufef
ulne
fs o
f pu
li
ifhm
ents
on
ncc
e8'a
ry a
gent
s. P
uni
fhm
eots
are
nO
t w
itho
ut e
Kea
on
J01I
I1 id
iots
and
","
",1
11
, by
reR
rain
in
g th
em t
o a
ce
rtai
n de
gree
; an
d th
ey a
re t
he
very
mea
ns b
y w
hich
th
e m
inds
of
,Iii
lJrt
" ,
are
form
'd
by t
beir
par
ents
. N
ay,
puni
(hm
ents
H
:I
ha
ve
>-l ::c rTl
"Ii ::c ... r o !;I.I o "Ii ::c ... (') >
r ... Z
to c: ... ~ >
( -o UJ
10
0
.An
Inqu
iry c
DTlce
rn;n
g
Thi
rd
~J,8j, •.
AD
fwcr
.
have
pl
ainl
y a
bett
er e
ffen
on
thi/
. ","
, th
an o
n gr
own
perf
ons;
an
d m
ore
eafi
ly f
orm
the
m t
o vi
rtue
and
di
fcip
line,
th
an t
hey
chan
ge t
he v
ici
ous
habi
ts o
f gr
own
perf
ons,
or
pl
ant
new
ha
bits
in
them
. W
here
. fo
re t
he
Obj
e£lo
rs
ough
t to
th
ink
puni
lhm
ents
may
be
thr
eatn
ed
and
infl
iaed
on
men
ure
fully
, th
e,
they
ar
e ne
ceff
ary agen~
J. T
hird
ly,
it i
s ob
jeae
d,
if m
en
4"
IItC
eJf4
r.J
Ag
tlll
S,
;t;s
of
110
up 1
0
repr
t{tll'
r,.;
o"s
to
Ibem
, 0'
to
tI
Itre
M
111I
m,
or to
.a1
l101Ii
jb tl
em,
0' t
o bl
ame
them
, 0
' to
p,4
ifo t
hem
. 80
To
whi
ch I
anfw
er, t
hat
all
ther
e,
acco
rdin
g to
me,
are
nec
eIT
ary
cauf
es
to d
eter
min
e te
rtai
ll m
ens
wil
ls t
o do
w
hat
w
e de
fire
o
f th
em;
and
are
ther
efor
e uf
efu~
as
aa
ing
on
fu
eh n
ecel
Tar
y ag
ents
to
who
m t
hey
are
nece
ITar
y ca
ures
of
aaio
n;
but
wou
ld b
e o
f no
ufe
, if
men
Ila
d fm
-.ri
U,
Hum
an
Libe
rty.
1
01
"i8,
or
thei
r w
ills
wer
e no
t m
ov'd
by
th
em.
So t
hat
the
y w
ho m
ake
this
obj
eaio
n m
uft
rua
int
o th
e ab
fu
miti
es
of
fayi
ng,
that
th
u t
uft
;1
tift/I
II,
"hit
h is
110
t411
ft o
f 4l
1i0l
l, 41
1~
flw
es 1
101
to
thAl
lte t
hl J
lliO;
and
that
th
u t
uft
;s
tlf
el",
",
hi,h
_tt
/lil.,,,
'hi
tff,,1.
L
et m
e ad
d fo
met
hing
fur
ther
in
rcfp
ea o
f pr
aife
. M
en h
ave
at a
ll
tim
es
been
pra
is'd
fo
r aa
ions
jud
ged
by
al
l th
e w
orld
to
be
ne
cef.
fary
. It
ha
s be
en
a ft
andi
ng
me
thod
of
com
men
dati
on
amon
g th
e E
pick
Poe
ts,
who
arc
the
gr
cate
fi:
Pan
egyr
ifts
o
f gl
orio
us a
Uio
ns,
to
attr
ibut
e th
eir
Her
o's
valo
ur a
nd h
is
grea
t ad
ions
, to
fom
e D
eity
prc
fent
81
w
ith
hi
m
and
a8if
ting
hi
m.
Ho
M
E R.
gi
ves
man
y o
f hi
s H
ero'
s a
God
o
r a
Gad
defs
to a
tten
d th
em i
n ba
ttl
e, o
r to
be
rea
dy t
o h
elp
them
in
dift
refs
. V
lltG
IL de
feri
bes
.Ai.
NE
AS
as a
lway
s un
der
the
divi
ne d
irec
tion
H
J
and
- ~ ., l:
tTl
'"CI l: .... t"
' o {Il
o '"CI l: .... ()
>
t"' .... z /:) c:: ...... := 0(
10
l .A
n In
quiry
con
cem
ing
and
aO'if
tanc
e. A
nd T
AS
!O gi
ves
tbe
Chr
ifti
ans
in t
heir
ho
ly
war
di
vine
af
fift
ance
. O
rate
rs a
lfo
and
Hif
iori
ans,
thi
nk
nece
ffar
y a£
lions
the
pro
per
fubj
e£ls
o
f pr
aife
. C
lcn
o,
whe
n he
m
ain
Or~t
io ta
in'd
, th
at t
he G
ods
infp
ir'd
MIL~
~ M
ilo-
wit
h th
e de
lign
and
cour
age
to k
ilt
CL
OD
IUS
, di
d no
t in
tend
to le
ffen
the
fa
tisf
aaio
n or
glo
ry o
f M
ILO
, 1;>
ut on
th
e co
ntra
ry to
aug
men
t it
. B
ut c
an 8
1
ther
e be
a
finer
com
men
datio
n th
an
that
giv
en b
y V
EL
LE
IUS
P
AT
F.'l
lCU
LU
S t
o C
A T
O,
that
he
WA
S go
od",
IIA
-
11
m,
""A
llje
he ,
0tJJ
. (l
ot
he O
Iher
",ifo
? 8
3
For
, tha
t alo
ne is
tru
e go
odne
fs w
hich
fl
ows
from
dif
pofi
tion,
w
heth
er t
hat
difp
ofiti
on
1»c
natu
ral
or a
cqui
r'd.
Suc
h go
odne
fs m
ay b
e de
pend
ed
on
; an
d w
ill
fcld
om o
r eve
e fa
il.
Whe
re-
as g
oodn
cfS
foun
ded
on a
ny r
cafo
nin
gs w
batf
oeve
r, i
s a
very
pre
cari
ous
thin
g;
as m
ay b
e fee
D by
the
liv
es
of
the
grca
tefh
~claimers
agai
nft
vice
,
Hum
an
Libi
rty.
10
~ '9
ke,
who
th6
they
are
con
ftan
dy a
cqu
aint
ing
them
fclv
es w
ith
all
the
ro
-piC
ks t
hat c
an b
e dm
wn
from
the
ex
cclle
ncy
of g
oodn
efS
or ¥
irru
e. a
lld tb
e m
ifchi
efS
of v
ile;
the
rew
ards
tha
t at-
tend
the
on~
, ad
d th
e pu
nHhm
cnts
tb
at a
ucnd
the
Oth
er ~
yet
a·re
Dot
be
tter
, th
an t
hefe
, w
ho
arc
neve
r co
nver
fant
in
(uch
'topi
cks.
L
aftJ
y,
the
com
mon
pr
o~er
b,
gAlla
e.",
be
llt
".,i,
is
a gC
Ael'3
1 co
mm
enda
tion
of
men
fo
r w
hat
plai
nly
iA
no f
cnfc
: de~nds o
n· t
hem
. 4.
Fou
rthl
y, i
t is
.obj
etle
d, t
hat
if L
ro~n
la
_D
.11".
h 1_
_ '
0.,
",,.
,, •
."
t'll
tl"s
IU
't II
IUJ) tI
r],
t ti
l Im
Y'
,S •
,pm
M j~1
. "
"'"]
"'A"~S li
!,: A
"I.
if
,Ih
w, is
A p
triB4
j~J 1
0 I'
V"]
• .
,,'s
lift,
tl
ltll
it
&
."ot
bt
f/#l
lIta
"]
.. A
"t l
Ij e4
r'D
r 'r/
iDk"
" 0f
f"'d, o
r J.i
fiAfis
; I
IfW
,. i
t be
,r,ll
I_g'
d h]
'p"t
fW p
bJJi'
k : A
.I.
if it
t41
1110
t he
jbo
Tl/u
a or
po
lng
'l.
'"
I,.,., tiN
" it
is
,,[e/
tjf to
"'P
oid
fW -/
i 84
-} o
f thi
fi t
hi"t
.s•
»4
III
o-j
::t:
l'Tl
"C
::t: ... r< o til o "C
::t: ... n >
r< ... Z
to c:: ... ~ -< o VI
104-
An
Inqu
ir)
conc
erni
ng
Anl
wcr
. In
anf
wer
to
whi
ch,
I gr
ant,
tha
t if
the
pe
riod
of
hum
an l
ife
be n
x'd
(as
I co
nten
d it
is)
it ca
nnot
but
hap
pe
n at
the
tim
e fi
x'd,
and
not
hing
can
fa
ll ou
t to
pro
long
or
fho
rten
tha
t pe
riod
. N
eith
er f
uch
wan
t of
car
e,
nor
fucb
vi
olen
ce o
/fer
'd,
nor
fuch
di
feaf
es c
an h
appe
n as
can
cau
fe t
he
peri
od o
f hu
man
life
to
fall
fhor
t of
th
at t
ime;
no
r fu
ch c
are,
nor
pby
fic
k be
us'd
, as
to
prol
ong
it b
eyon
d th
at t
ime.
B
ut t
ho'
thef
e ca
nnot
fo
fa II
out
, as
to
fhor
ten
or p
rolo
ng t
he
peri
od o
f hu
man
lif
e; y
et b
eing
ne
ceif
ary
cauf
es i
n th
e ch
ain
of
cauf
es
to b
ring
hum
an li
fe to
the
peri
od f
ix'd
, or
to c
aufe
it
not
to e
xcee
d th
at ti
me,
th
ey m
ufi:
as n
ecef
fari
ly p
rece
de t
hat
effe
fr,
as o
ther
cau
fes
do t
heir
pro
pe
r ef
feC
ts;
and
conf
eque
ntly
whe
n us
'd o
r ne
glea
ed,
ferv
e an
the
end
s an
d pu
rpof
es,
that
ca
n be
ho
p'd
for
or
fear
'd
from
th
e uf
e Q
f jlo
y Pl
eans
, or
the
neg
leE
! o
f an
y m~s
wha
f-
HIl11
lIJn
Lib
trf)
..IO
S
wha
tfoe
ver,
F
or e
xam
ple,
let
it
be
fiK'd
and
nece
ffar
y fo
r th
e ri
ver
Nil
e an
nual
ly t
o ov
erfl
ow;
the
mea
ns t
o
cauf
e it
to
over
flow
, m
ufi:
00
lef
s ne
ce
ffar
ily
prec
ede.
A
nd a
s it
wou
ld
be a
bfur
d to
arg
ue,
that
if the
ow,
flo/p
ing
of th
e N
ile
JIIM
.,,"I
IJIJ
p",'d
••
"ett
jJU
), i
t JI
Ioul
d O
'lIw
jlow
, th
l lit
e lIe
-ti
ff."
",
e."s
10
IlIa
e il
O'lI
ufo-
Jid
_
pr'''
M;
fa i
t is
no
lefs
abf
urd
to a
r-gl
ie
from
th
e fix
'd p
erio
d o
f hu
man
lif
e, a
gain
ft t
he n
ecef
fary
m
eans
to
br
ing
it t
o it
s fi
x'd
peri
od,
or t
o
~ufe i
t no
t to
exc
ee4
chat
per
iod.
s. F
ifth
ly,
it i
s as
k'd,
IJ()
JJI •
m
ll1
l F
ifth
c."
~1
.g.iIl
Jl hi
s tt1
1lfii
e"",
."d
how
• O
Ij,l
Ii,.
.
",.,
,' S
t01l
foit"
te
c."
«
tllp
hi
""
if lie
bO
fPS
he .
Os
IImJf.
riIJ,
.lId
.lJ
o Jo
es
Jf/h
., h
t Ih
inks
"ef
t JIl
IN"
he c
om
mit
s.",
fi
ll?
I re
ply,
tha
t co
nfci
ence
bei
ng a
A
af'w
cr.
man
's
own
opin
ion
of
his
ail:i
ons
wit
h re
latio
n to
fom
e l1
Jle,
he m
ay
.t fbe
tim
e o
f do
UJg
an a
aiOD
con
-era
ay
- ~ -! ::c ~ "d ::c - t"" o Vl o "d ::c - Ii >
t"" - z o c - ::tI -<
·06
.A
n In
quiry
con
cttn
ing
trar
y to
tha
t ru
te,
know
th
at
he
brea
ks t
hat
rute
; an
d co
nfeq
uent
ly
afr
wit
h re
tuE
bnce
, th
O n
ot f
uffic
ien
t to
hin
der
the
acH
on.
13m
aft
er
the
aaio
n is
ove
r, h
e m
ay
not
only
ju
dge
his
aaio
n
to
be c
ontr
ary
to
that
rul
e; b
ut b
y th
e ab
fenc
e o
f th
e pl
eafu
re
of
the
fin,
an
d by
fi
ndin
g hi
mfe
lf o
bnox
ious
to
{har
ne, o
r by
be
lievi
ng h
imfe
lf l
iabl
e to
pun
i{hm
ent,
he m
ay
mi"
""u
fe h
imJe
IJ;
t hat
is,
he
may
con
dem
n hi
mfe
lf f
or h
avm
g do
ne i
t, b
e fo
rry
he h
as d
one
it,
ani:!
w
illi
it
undo
ne,
becl
ufe
of
the
con
fequ
ence
s th
at a
tten
d it.
Slxt
h 6.
Six
thly
, it
is o
bjeS
:ed,
thA
i if
40
OI1
j,lIi,
.. W
tlll
s 4,
e lIe
et.ff4
1},
il "
,.1
.s im
pol/i
bll
(for
exa
mpl
e) f
or J
UL
IUS
ClE
SA
Il
1101
1o
h4
'tle
diet
l in
the
SIII
Ale,
41
it i
l il
ll
pog;
!Jle
for
tJf10
utl
''''0
1o
m"k
e fi
x.
Btl'
. fl
'bo "
iO f
iJ t
he f
or"
," "
41
41
i"'p
o/lib
l, A
S t
he 1
.11"
. is,
tllh
e" J
IIe ,
." ,0
lletl'
Ve "
po
//i!Jlt
fflf
JUL
IUS
CJESA~
tD h
A'l/t
Jie
tl M
IJ
Hum
an L
iber
ty.
10
7
411)
"he
r .. ti
ft .
1 "
,n .1
ill t
he S
lIIAl
I"
."tl
im
/Ofli
bl, ·
to c
OII
"j'l/
l tfI
IP u
tl t
'RlO
85 w
lr t
o 11
1"'
fix
1 T
o w
hich
I a
nCw
er, tb
a~ I
do
a1.;
AoC
wcr
. lo
w,
Ihllt
if
cO. t
!VtII
l! .r
, lI
,e,ff
"",
it
1111
41 l
IS i,
."o/
lihle
for
JI,l
LIU
S C
asA
R. ,
,01
10 b
4'tle
tli,
tl ill
the
Se"
,It,
AS;
' is
iPf.
lof/i
blt /(
If' tJ
llO 4
11tl
'",0
Ip.
mllk
e fi~
: an
d w
iJl
add,
th
at i
t is
llP
mor
e po.mb~e
to c
once
ive
the
deat
h o
f J UL
IIlS
C,4
i-S
Ail
to
have
hap
pen'
d an
y w
here
e~
but
in t
he S
enat
e, t
han
that
tw
o an
d
two
ihou
ld
wak
e fix
. F
or w
hoev
er
does
con
ceiv
e hi
s de
ath
poff
ible
any
w
here
el
fe,
fupp
ofes
oth
er c
ircu
m
fianc
e5
prec
edin
g hi
s de
ath
than
did
pr
eced
e hi
s de
ath.
W
here
as l
ec t
bem
fu
ppof
e al
l th
e fa
me
circ
umft
ance
s JO
('''m
e to
paf
s th
at d
id p
rece
de h
is
deat
h; a
nd
then
it
will
be
im
poff
i-bl
e to
con
ceiv
e (i
f th
ey t
hink
ju
ft·
Jy)
his
deat
h co
uld
have
CO
Ole
to
pa
rs a
ny
whe
re e
lfe,
as t
hey
con-
ceiv
e it
im
poff
ible
for
tw
o an
d tw
o
to
0-1
:I:
tfj
'"Cj
:I: .... t"" o "" o '"Cj
:I: .... ('
) >
t"" .... Z
/:) c:: .... :;c
0( - S
108
An
Inqu
iry c
Dnce
rnin
g to
m
ake
fix.
I ob
ferv
e al
ro,
that
to
fu
ppof
c ot
her
circ
umA
:anc
es
of
any
aaio
n p
ombl
e,
than
tbo
re t
hat
do p
rece
de i
t,
is t
o fu
ppof
e a
con·
tr
adit
lion
or
impo
ffib
ilit
y:
for,
as
al1 a
aion
s ha
ve t
heir
par
ticu
lar
cir.
cu
mA
:anc
cs,
fo
ever
y ci
rcum
A:a
nce
prec
edin
g an
aai
on,
is a
s im
poff
ible
D
Ot
to h
ave
com
e to
paf
s, by
vir
tue
of
the
cauf
es p
recc
ding
tba
t ci
rcum
· aa
nee,
as
th
at t
wo
and
two
1110
uld
mak
e fix
.
The
Opi
. H
avin
g,
as I
ho
pe,
prov
'd
the
:--.:
. tru
th o
f w
hat
I ha
ve a
dvan
c'd,
and
..
~
anfw
er'd
th
e m
ofr
mat
eria
l ob
je8i
;.
a,;~
on
s th
at c
an
be u
rg'd
aga
inft
me;
ch
. it
wil1
, pe
rhap
s, n
ot b
e im
prop
er t
o gi
ve f
ome
acco
unt
of
the
fent
imen
ts
of
the
lear
ned
in r
elat
ion
to m
y fu
bje
a, a
nd c
onfi
rm
by .
tho
rit]
w
hat
I ha
ve
faid
, fo
r th
e fa
ke
of t
hofC
w
ith
who
m
•• ,h
or#J
has
wei
ght
in
mat
ters
of
fpec
ulat
ion.
Th
e
Hum
:jn L
iber
ty.
• Of
The
queA
:ions
o
f lib
t,'J,
-,,
/lit],
and
,h.1
Jtt,
have
be
en
fubj
e8s
of
difp
ute
amon
g Ph
ilofo
phcr
s at
aD
ti
mes
; an
d m
oA:
of
thof
c P
hiJo
fo.
p.hc
rs
have
cl
earl
y al
fert
ed
IIttt8
itJ,
and
deny
'd l
i""f
J an
d fh
.IIU
.
Th
e qu
eftio
ns o
f Ii""
" and
-aF
fif
J,
have
al
fo
been
deb
ated
am
oag
Div
ines
in
th
e fe
venl
ag
es o
f th
e C
hrif
tian
Chu
rch,
un
der
the
term
s o
f [r
et-w
iD
and
!,tt
ltjli1
l4liD
II:
and
the
Div
ines
who
hav
e de
ny'd
fiw
w
i' a
nd
afTe
rred
Imu
jlillA
liIJI
I,
have
in
forc
'd
tile
argu
men
ts o
f th
e Ph
ilo
fopb
ers,
by
th
e co
nfid
erat
ion
of
fom
e de
Xlri
nes
pecu
liar
to t
he C
hri
fria
n R
elig
ion.
And
as
to ,
h .. "
, •
url
l,
or !
ort
lillt
, I
thin
k,
Div
ioa
unan
imou
Oy
agre
e, t
hat
thof
e w
ords
ha
ve n
o m
eani
ng.
Som
c C
hrif
tian
com
mun
ions
hav
e ev
en
proc
eede
d fa
fa
r in
re
lati
oa
to t
hefe
m
atte
rs,
as t
o co
ndem
n in
C
ounc
ils a
nd
Syno
ds
the
doEt
rinc fI
-o 00
.-j :I:
r!I
"Ij :I: - t"' o {
Il o "I
j :I: -(') >
t"' - Z 10 c: -:;.:I -<
11
0
An
Inqu
iry c
once
rnin
g o
f fm
-",iU
as
here
tica
l;
and
the
de
nial
the
reof
is b
ecom
e a
part
or
the
Con
ffflio
ns o
f FAi
th, a
nd .
Art
ides
of R
e-lig
ion
of
feve
ral
Chu
rche
s.
86
Fro
m
this
fta
te o
f th
e fa
El,
it i
s m
anif
eft,
th
at
who
ever
em
brac
es
the
opin
ion
I ha
ve m
aint
ain'
d, c
an
no
t w
ant
the
AIIlh
oriJ
) o
f as
m
any
lear
ned
and
piou
s m
en,
as i
n em
br
acin
g th
e co
ntra
ry.
But
co
nfid
erin
g ho
w
litt
le
men
ar
e m
ov'd
by
th
e At
llhor
ilJ o
f th
ofe
wll
o p(
ofet
TedI
y m
aint
ain
opin
ions
co
ntra
ry t
o th
eirs
, tM
at
the
fam
e ti
me
they
th
emfe
lves
.em
brac
e no
op
inio
n bu
t on
th
e 4N
lbor
a) o
f fom
ebo
d}';
I fh
all
wav
e aD
the
adv
anta
ges
that
I
mig
ht d
raw
fro
m
the
Aflth
o,.
;" o
f w
ch P
hilo
foph
ers
and
Div
ines
as
are
und
oubt
edly
on
my
fide
: an
d lo
r th
at
reaf
on {
hall
not
ente
r in
to
a m
ore
part
icul
ar
deta
il of
th
em;
but
1hal
l of
fer
the
ANlh
ority
of
fuch
m
en,
who
pro
fers
to
mai
ntai
n lib
er".
T
here
Hum
an
Libe
rty.
J
11
T
here
are
ind
eed
very
few
rea
l ad
ve
rfar
iel
so t
he o
pini
on I
de
fend
a
mon
g th
ofe
who
pre
tend
to
be f
o;
and
upon
due
inqu
iry
it w
ill b
e (O
UQ
d"
that
mof
t o
f th
ok
wllO
aff
ert
li""
'l
in w
ords
. de
ny t
he t
hing
, w
hen
the
quel
liQJl
is t
ight
ly f
tate
d.
For
pro
of
whe
reof
; le
t an
y m
an e
xanU
o th
e de
areL
l an
d ac
ute(
l au
thor
s w
ho
bave
wri
tten
for
lib
erlJ
, o
r cl
ifco
uri:
with
thof
e w
ho t
hink
-lik
rl]
a m
at-
ter
of e~
peri
eocc
, aJ
ld
he
wil
l fe
e,
that
the
y an
ow,
that
the
"iO
, I'&
"'s
,he
j.Jgl
lmll
of t
he .
1Idt
rjlA
1IJi
llg;
and
#IA
I, "'.
"
''''0
ob
jel1s
Art
I'tf
tllt
t4 1
0
" 1
IIA
II'S
cho
ice,
0111
",
here
of A
!!tA
rs b
tl-le
r tb
AII
tht
orht
r, IJt
C41
1110
1 ch
ooft
the
'II1Dr
jl ;
that
is,
cann
ot c
hoof
e t1
lil a
s ru
il.
And
{iD
ee
they
ac
know
ledg
e th
efe
thin
gs t
o be
tru
e,
they
y:e
ld
up
the
qucf
tion
of
JjblJr
lJ to
th
eir
advc
rfar
ies,
who
onl
y co
nte
nd
,tb
at
the
will
or
choi
ce
is a
lway
s de
ter
mio
'd b
y w
hat
feem
s be
ft.
I w
ill
givo
.., :I:
ttl
"d
:I: .... t"' o '" o "d
:I: .... ("
) >
t"' .... Z
t:) c: .... ::=
-< ~
II 2
.A
n In
quir
y cD
ncer
ning
gi
ve
my
read
er o
ne e
xam
ple
ther
eo
f in
th
e m
oll
acut
e an
d in
geni
ous
Dr.
CU
.IlK
E,
who
fe a
utho
rity
is
e
qual
to
th
at
of
man
y ot
hers
pu
t to
geth
er,
and
mak
es
it n
eedl
efs
to
o-aa
a. c
ite
othe
rs a
fter
hi
m.
He
afi'e
rts,
87
i!.c:.JI
e,. tha
t th
t ";
0 is
de
term
in'd
by
",o
~ ~J::--
rJ "
,otW
tS,
and
caU
s th
e ",
u/lit
" by
,. 1
0f·
;" w
hich
a
man
cho
ofes
in
vi
rtue
o
f . , .. U
iJ.
thof
e m
otiv
es,
1II(1I
'AI 1
Iml/i
t,_
And
he
·71 f
. ex
plai
ns h
imfe
lf w
ith
his
ufua
l ca
ndor
an
d pe
rfpi
cuity
by
the
foU
owin
g in
~ fta
nce.
.A
",
1111
, fa
ys h
e, i
ntir
tly
fm
from
MJ
p.;
. o
f bo
J,
Alld
. Ji
fort
ltr
of
",i1
l', j
llag
tl i
t lI"
,.tA[
o1lA
b't f
or h
i",
to
hll,
t or
tie
jl,O
} hi
mfi
lf;
A1Ia
, be
ing
111I~
tie,
110
t''
''lt.
,i01
l or
ezt
"lIA
I 'V
iolt1
Jet,
he
CA
NN
OT
P
OS
SIB
LY
",
1 eO
llt'A
'} to
thi
s jtl
tlg11
ltnt;
1101
b"4
l1ft
he J
IIAnt
s "
.Atl
l,AI 0
' p~
fteA
l ~ /0
to J
o, b
itl
_ufo
it
is
Abj
it,J
An
J
mift
hiw
Olls
, a
J 1
11(1
1' Al
l] i"
'po/
/Wlt
for
hi",
10
ehD
tft
to d
o it
. W
hieh
Alfo
is
Iht v",
I";'
e "'';
-DII,
11111
] th
e mo
Jl pw
flll r
A(io
IlJ l
rt'A
.
'IIrts,
Hum
an L
ibe,
tJ.
I r i
fl
ll"i
or
to .
tll,
e4
111lo
t do
w
il; ..
1M, .. fo
thtJ
",A
nt A
1IAt
llrAl
pow
er It
l JI
n'''
for.
tbl
",
A,"
i.1
.Oio
1l,
b.t
lM
,uft
;t
;s
",0,.1
!J ;"'
po/li
b/t,
tbllt
",;
t" .
. JW
" fiO
l"o
",le
age
of IV
!,.'
;s b
rJ,
uJ.
",;n
,..
OIIt
A")
It
'''f'l
Itio
. to
w
il,
thei
r ",
;u.
/hol
ll;'
tiete
,,,,il
le
it/e
lf t
o eb
ooji
, • .
a
ftlO
/ifbl
.! .n
;' 1
I",e
aJol
l.bl]
. In
thi
s he
pl
ainl
y al
low
s th
e lle
ul
fit]
, fo
r w
hich
I h
ave
cont
ende
d. F
or
he a
ffig
ns t
he
fam
e eM
lfis
of
hum
an
a8:io
ns t
hat
I ha
ve d
on
e;
and
ex
tend
s th
e 1I
fCt/l
ity o
f hum
an a
aioo
s as
fa
r, w
hen
he a
{fer
ts,
that
a m
ane .
..
1I0t
und
er t
hofe
cau
res,
fof
/ibl.!
Jo
,I.
e01l
',A'/
to "
,hAt
he
4oeS
; an
d pa
rtic
o.
larl
y, t
hat
A m
an u
nder
the
cir
cum
. fi
ance
s,
of
juag
ing
it "
nru[
o1lA
lAe
to
hu,t
0'
dejJ
,o}
J)im
fi:Lf
, .. "
d h
ei1lg
11
11
,,"
liD te
mpt
lltio
1l 0
' eZ
lern
at v
iole
.",
eAII·
1I
ot p
oflib
lj ,,
0 ,a
nt, A
T}
to t
hAI
jllag
mel
Jl.
And
as
to a
1I
,uIlT
al or
fhJf
i,.1
/0"'
" ill
man
liJ
.aeo
RI,
.,}
to I
hal j
ildg1
1ltll
f. I
and
o o-l :I:
f'1
'tI
:I: .... t"' o Vol o 'tI :I: .... ('
) >
t"' .... z ,0 c: .... :;.:
I -<:
II +
.A
n In
quiry
con
ctTni
ng
and
to
!ntr
t o
r Je
jl,tIJ
hi
mfe
lf,
whi
ch i
s at
fert
ed
in
the
fore
goin
g pa
tfag
e;
that
is
fo
far
fr
om
bein
g jn
conf
ifi:(
nt w
ith
the
do£l
rine
of
"e
,eff
i",
that
dle
(ai
d "u
,,,.1
/OJI'
fr to
Jo
tht
,o
"t,.
", o
r to
!n
trt
or
JtjI
,oJ
him
felf
, is
a
conf
eque
nce
of t
he d
ofi
rine
of
"eee
ffity
. F
or,
if m
an
is
"ece
jJ"r
i!y
dete
rmin
'd
by
part
icul
ar
",or
.l u
ufes
, an
d ,."
"ot
the"
pof
fibI.J
.n
,ollt
rary
to
wha
t he
do
es;
he
mul
l: un
der
oppo
tite
mor
al '''
*.fis
, ha
ve
" pO
Jf1er
to J
o til
t ,o
nlr"
,,_
Man
, as
de
term
in'd
by
mor
.l ca
ufes
, ,a
""ot
po
ffibl
J ch
oofe
ev
il as
ev
il an
d by
co
nfeq
uenc
e ch
oofe
s li
ft b
efor
e d
wh
, w
hile
he
appr
ehen
ds l
ife
to b
e a
good
, an
d de
ath
to b
e an
tV
il;
as,
on t
he
cont
rary
, he
cho
ofes
de.
th b
efor
e li
ft,
whi
le h
e ap
preh
ends
de
lltb
to
be "
go
od,
and
life
to b
e 41
1 ",
i/.
And
thu
s ",
or.l
Wlf
eS
, by
be
ing
diff
eren
t fr
om
one
anot
her
or d
iffe
rent
ly u
nder
ftoo
d,
do
Hz,,
,,,,n
Li
btTt
y.
11 5
do
det
erm
ine
men
di
ffer
entl
y; a
nd
by
conf
eque
nce
fupp
ofe
" II
I11I
1,1I
l
potH
r to
cho
ofe
and
afi
as d
iffe
rent
.. ly
, as
th
ofe
cauf
es d
iffe
rent
ly d
eter
-m
ine
them
. If
ther
efor
e m
en w
ill b
e go
vern
'd
by .
tho
rit]
in
th
e qu
eftio
ns b
efor
e us
, le
t th
em f
um u
p th
e re
al
aife
rte
rs o
f th
e Ii/
JerI]
of
man
, an
d th
ey
wilJ
fin
d th
em n
ot t
o be
ver
y nu
me
rous
; bu
t on
the
con
trar
y, tb
ey w
iD
find
far
the
gre
ater
pa
rt o
f th
e pr
ete
nded
aif
erte
rs o
f lil
lerl
],
to b
e re
al
aife
rter
s o
f II
t,e.
/PJJ
~
I Jh
all
conc
lude
th
is D
ifco
urfe
The
A ..
.
.,it
h
obfe
lvin
g; t
hat
tho'
I
have
~~.:
"::r
co
nteD
ded,
tha
t U
itrt
) frO
lll N
"t/l
il}
Lihn
z.
is c
ontr
ary
to e
xper
ienc
e; t
hat
it is
im
pofl
ible
; an
d if
pom
ble,
th
at i
t ~
aa
impe
ri£l
ioo;
th
at i
c is
in
conf
ifte
nt w
ith
the
divi
ne
perf
elli
-O
DS;
and
tha
t it
is fu
bver
five
of l
aws
I 2
aad
>-l :z::
trj
"d
:z:: .... t'" o til o "d
:z:: .... ("
) >
t'" .... z I:) c:: .... ,a
0< - -
II'
.An
lnf/u
iry
cDnc
erni
ng
and
mor
alit
y:
yet,
to
pr
even
t al
l obje~Hons
to
me,
fo
unde
d on
th
e eq
uivo
cal
ufe
of
the
wor
d Li
{,er
lj,
whi
ch li
ke a
ll w
ords
em
ploy
'd i
n de
ba
tes
of
conf
eque
ncc
has
vari
ous
mea
niD
g$ a
ffix
'd t
o it
, I
thin
k m
yfel
f ob
lig'
d to
dec
lare
my
opin
ion,
tha
t I
take
11'
1'" t
o h
ave
a tr
uly
valu
able
Ii
_I]
of
anot
her
kind
. H
e ha
s •
,.,..
t(}
J(}
.1
In
.. il
ls,
or
pleA.
fes.
TIl
9§, if
he
will
s: o
rp'e
afes
to
fpea
k o
r be
Gle
nt;
to f
it o
r fr
and
; to
rid
e or
wal
k; to
go
this
way
or
that
way
; to
mov
e fa
ft or
flo
w;
or,
in f
ine,
if
his
wil
l ch
ange
s lik
e a
wea
ther
-coc
k,
he
is
able
to
do
as
he
wiD
s o
r pl
cafe
s:
unle
fs
prev
ente
d by
fo
me
rcft
rain
t or
com
puU
ion,
as
by b
eing
g
agg
'd;
bein
& un
der
an a
cute
pai
o;
bein
g fo
rc'd
out
of h
is. p
lace
; be
ing
c:on
fin'
d; h
avin
g co
nvul
tive
mot
ions
; ba
ving
lof
t th
e uf
e o
f hi
s lim
bs;
or
fucb
-lik
e ta
ufes
. H
e
Hum
"n L
iber
t).
II 7
H
e ha
s al
fo t
he fa
me
pow
er in
re
lati
on
to t
he
aaiO
DS
of
bis
min
d,
IS
to
thor
e o
f hi
s bo
dy.
If b
e w
iDs
or
plea
fes,
he
can
thin
k o
f th
is o
r th
at
fubj
ea;
ftop
lh
ort
or
purf
ue
his
thou
ghts
; de
liber
ate
or
defe
r de
liber
atio
n o
r re
fum
e de
libe
rati
on a
s he
pl
eafe
s; r
efol
ve o
r fu
fp
end
his
refo
lutio
n as
he
ple
afes
;
and,
in
fin
e,
caa
ever
y lD
GID
ent
chan
ge h
is o
bjea
whe
n he
ple
afes
: un
lefS
prev~nted
by
pain
, o
r a
fit
of
an
apop
lexy
; or
fom
e fu
ch
inte
rven
ing
reft
rain
t an
d co
mpu
lo
fion.
And
is
it
.. a
pea
t pe
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NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
1. There is no indication in Collins' life or letters that this name was intended to refer to any particular person.
2. Cf. Locke, Essay, IV, 3, n. 1 and Introduction, n. 8, Fraser's edtition, II, p. 190, I, p. 32, for what Locke meant by the term "idea." Cf. also R. I. Aaron, John Locke, (Oxford, 1955), pp. 99-107 and F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy, (London, 1968), V, pp. 70, 71, for the ambiguity in his use of the term.
3. Cf. Locke, Essay, III, 2, n. 1 sq. Collins' note was added in the second edition of the Inquiry.
4. Cf. Locke, Essay, II, 31, n. 1 sq. for what Locke meant by "adequate" and "inadequate" ideas and II, 23, n. 33 sq. for his description of our idea of God.
5. Bayle, Oeuvres, IV, p. 862. Malebranche held that the ideas ofthings cannot come from the things themselves, but that God, who is intimately present to our souls, reveals to us the Divine Essence insofar as it is imitable in created beings. For a brief critique of the theory cf. Copleston, A History, (London, 1969), IV, p. 193 sq.
6. Cicero, De OfficiiS, I, 20, 70. Cf. Introduction p. 27. 7. J. de la Placette, Eclaircissements sur quelques Difficultes qui naissent de la
Consideration de la Liberte, (Amsterdam, 1709), p. 2. Jean de la Placette (1639-1718), who left France for Holland before the repeal of the Edict of Nantes, was placed in charge of the French church at Copenhagen by the Danish Queen Charlotte Amelia in 1686. He returned to Holland in 1712 and died there in 1718. He was regarded as one of the most outstanding protestant theologians of his time.
8. I. Jaquelot, Dissertations sur l' Existence de Dieu, (The Hague, 1697), p. 381. On p. 385 Jaquelot made it clear that he considered self-determination to be the essence of freewill. Bayle referred to Jaquelot and to this particular definition of freewill, Oeuvres, III, p. 798, Reponse, c. 145. Isaac Jaquelot (1647-1708) was in exile from France after the repeal ofthe Edict of Nantes. He was a preacher at The Hague, 1686-1691. He left The Hague after a quarrel with the extreme Calvinist Pierre Jurieu. In 1702 he became chaplain
116 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
to Frederick I of Prussia and declared himself openly as an Arminian. His Dissertations gave occasion to a protracted controversy with Bayle on freewill, the problem of evil and Pyrrhonism.
9. Alexander of Aphrodisias, De Fato, (London, 1658), p. 57. The De Fato was a defence of freewill against the determinism of the Stoics. Alexander lectured at Athens, A.D. 198-211. He was the most famous commentator on Aristotle but did not adhere rigidly to his doctrines. Cf. Copleston, History, (London, 1966), I, pp. 426, 427. The references to Alexander are in J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, (Hamburg, 1711), IV, c. XXV, p. 62 sq. and J. G. Vossius, De Philosophia et Philosophorum Sectis, (The Hague, 1658), Vol. I, c. XVIII, sect. 8, p. 147.
10. The controversy can perhaps best be followed in the Molesworth edition of Hobbes' English Works, (London, 1839- ). For this definition, cf. Vol. V, p. 361.
11. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 253. 12. Ibid., p. 279 13. Ibid., p. 73 sq. 14. Bibliotheque Choisie, (Amsterdam, 1703-1718), Vol. XII, (1707), p. 102 sq.
Jean Leclerc (1657-1736) was professor of Philosophy and Church History at the Remonstrant College at Amsterdam. His greatest influence was exercised through the literary journals of which he was editor, the Bibliotheque Universelle et Historique (Amsterdam, 1686-1693), the Bibliotheque Choisie (1703-1718) and the Bibliotheque Ancienne et Moderne, (1714-1730). For his connection with England, cf. R. Colie, Light and Enlightenment, (Cambridge, 1657), passim, for that with Collins, cf. J. O'Higgins, Anthony Collins, pp. 41, 77, 207, 214, 215. For his life, cf. Annie Barnes, Jean Leclerc et la Republique des Lettres (Paris, 1938).
15. Desiderius Erasmus, Opera Omnia (Leyden, 1706), tom. IX, col. 1215; De Libero Arbitrio Diatribe sive Collatio.
16. Bibliotheque Choisie, Vol. XII, p. 51. 17. Gilbert Burnet (1634-1715), Bishop of Salisbury after the Revolution of
1688. The citations are taken from An Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, (London, 1699), pp. 117 and 27. In the latter passage he writes: "Thus there are such great difficulties on all hands in this matter, that it is much the wisest and safest course to adore what is above our apprehensions, rather than to enquire too curiously or determine too boldly in it." Page 27 is in the section dealing with Article I, on God and the Holy Trinity; page 117 in that on Article X, on man's freewill and the state of man after Adam's fall.
18. Bernadino Ochino (1487-1564), was successively General of the Observantine Franciscans and Vicar General of the Capuchins. However a series of sermons preached at Venice in 1539, which showed Lutheran tendencies, led ultimately to his flight from Italy. He became a Lutheran. From 1547 till 1553 he was in England, where he was made a prebendary of Canterbury. The Labyrinth, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth, was an attack on the
NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 117
Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Collins' reference to Ochino is taken entirely from Bayle's Dictionary, article "Ochinus," Dictionary, IV, pp. 390--391, note P.
19. King, De Origine Mali, (London, 1702). The page references in Law's translation are respectively 228-229, 324,245-249,266-267 and 284-286. Collins' references are not always the best chosen for making his point.
20. M. S. Episcopius, Opera Theologica, (Amsterdam, 1650), part II, pp. 198-200. For the accuracy of Collins' interpretation of Episcopius cf. Introduction, p. 29. Simon Episcopius (1583-1643), was the systematiser of Arminianism. He studied under Arminius at Leyden, where he became professor of theology in 1612. He was the leader of the Arminian (or Remonstrant) representatives at the synod of Dort (1618-1619). After the victory of the Calvinist Counter-Remonstrants at the synod, he was exiled. He returned to Holland in 1626, when he became preacher at the Remonstrant College in Amsterdam.
21. J. Locke, Some Familiar Letters between Mr. Locke and several of his Friends, (London, 1708), p. 521, in a letter to the Arminian Philip van Limborch, of November 19th 1701. Collins' comment is rather more extreme than Locke's letters would seem to justify. Locke was asking Limborch for clarification on Episcopius' work and on Limborch's remarks on freewill in his last letter to him. Both had plainly left him with unanswered problems.
22. Again cf. Introduction p. 29 for the accuracy of the quotation. Anaxagoras (500°-428 B.C.), born at Clazomenae, had Pericles as one his of pupils. He is notable for being the first Greek philosopher to introduce the idea of mind as being the original cause of motion in the world, though he does not seem to have had a clear idea of the distinction between spiritual and material, and did not hold that mind is responsible for the order in the world.
23. William Reeves, The Apologies of Justin Martyr, Tertullian and Minutius Felix, (London, 1709), Vol. I, p. 159 (not p. 150. The 1709 edition was that in Collins' library - cf. Manuscript catalogue of the library of Anthony Collins, King's College, Cambridge, Keynes MS. 217, p. 379. This was the only edition printed in time to be used in the Inquiry). Reeves (1667-1726), fellow of King's College, Cambridge, chaplain to Queen Anne and Rector of Craneford in Middlesex, was attacking a sermon ofthe Calvinist divine, John Edwards (1637-1716), in which Edwards had revived the doctrine of predestination "in the rigid sense," which, said Reeves, "is not one jot better than fate in the sense of the Stoics." William Sherlock, in A Discourse concerning the Divine Providence, (London, 1694), p. 66, was also criticising predestination, which, he said, was a worse fate than any dreamed of by the ancient philosophers. Sherlock (1641°-1707), Dean of St. Paul's and Master of the Temple, 1685-1704, was a considerable controversialist. He aroused a good deal of criticism because, after defending passive obedience and opposing the succession of William and Mary, he took the oath of
118 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
allegiance in 1690. His High Anglicanism, therefore, did not lead him to become a non-Juror.
24. Bayle, Dictionary, III, p. 374, article "Helen," note Y. Oeuvres, IV, p. 726. 25. This is the gist of the whole chapter. 26. Leibniz, Theodicy, pp. 432, 434, in Observations on the Book Concerning
the Origin of Evil. 27. Journal des Savants, (Amsterdam, 1705), tom. 33, p. 279. 28. In the edition in Collins' library that of 1706, (London), this passage occurs
on pp. 3 and 4. 29. Cicero, Academicorum Priorum, II, 12, 38. The impression given by Col
lins is a little misleading. The passage in the dialogue was put in the mouth of Lucullus (110-57 B.C.), the conqueror of Mithridates. Actually it expressed the opinions, not of the Sceptics, but of Cicero's old master, Antiochus of Ascalon (135-68 B.C.), whose philosophy was eclectic and who was responsible for the end of Scepticism in the Academy. In the dialogues Lucullus was attacking the Sceptic position and, for the sake of the dialogue, Cicero (sect. 64 sq.) was defending it. The passage, therefore, can hardly be taken as an expression of the Sceptic point of view.
30. Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum Hypotyposes, bk. I, c. 10, n. 19. There is a misprint in the text. Scepticism and Pyrrhonism (the holding of one's judgement in a state of suspense) became of considerable importance in the 16th and 17th centuries. The frequent combination of fideism and Pyrrhonism is exemplified in Pierre Bayle. The early history of the movement is discussed in Professor Popkin's, The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes, (Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1968). Pyrrhonism received its name from Pyrrho of Elis (360°-275° B.C.). The philosophers know as the Middle Academics - who came after Plato - and the New Academics were Sceptics. Cicero (106--43 B.C.) was an eclectic, inclined to Scepticism in natural philosophy but basing moral judgements on innate notions. Sextus Empiricus, in the late second century A.D., in his Hypotyposes and Adversus Mathematicos gives the fullest account of the doctrines of the Sceptics. Collins gives little sign of Scepticism, but in his Essay on the Use of Reason he wrote (p. 13): "I deny not the distinctions of real and seeming appearances ... yet notwithstanding that we can only govern ourselves by seeming relations and appearances, because real relations and appearances can but seem to be relations and appearances."
31. For this argument, cf. Introduction p. 30 sq. 32. Locke in this passage is not concerned with the question whether we can
will what our judgement tells us is less attractive. What he is saying is that the will is not free - in the libertarian sense - because in the actual moment of choice one cannot be at the same moment willing something else. His argument is based on the idea that freedom in the will, in the libertarian sense, would demand that every volition be preceded by a previous volition and would therefore lead to a progressus in infinitum. A. C. Fraser's comment on the argument is that the assumption is unwarranted and an act
NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 119
of will itself a first cause: Essay, Vol. I, p. 328, n. 3. In these passages of his Essay Locke defines freewill as freedom from external obstruction; cf. II, 21, n. 27.
33. John Norris, The Theory and Regulation of Love, (Oxford, 1688), in Letters philosophical and moral between the Author and Dr. Henry More, appended tOTheTheory ... , p. 199. Norris (1659-1711), fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, was the youngest and the only Oxford member of the group known as the Cambridge Platonists. Henry More (1614-1687), fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, was one of the leading members of the group. The Cambridge Platonists were very concerned with the question of freewill and took Thomas Hobbes as their particular opponent. In the passage referred to by Collins, Norris, in a reply to More, in his 4th letter, was defending his theory that the seat of freedom does not lie immediately in the soul as "volent" but "in the soul as intelligent" and in the power "to attend or not attend or to attend more or less" to the possible objects of choice. The "true and ultimate ground of all sin," he said, lies in the fact that "moral corruptions may divert the soul from sufficiently attending to the beauty of holiness," (pp. 201-204). Cf. also Introduction, p. 31.
34. Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 784; Reponse, c. 139. 35. The passage is taken from Plato, Protagoras 345, D and 358, C and D. In
the Protagoras Plato can be interpreted as arguing for a form of hedonistic calculus, the identification of the pleasant and the good. However, it is not certain that this is his own view and it is not consistent with the view expressed in almost every other dialogue in e.g. the Gorgias, 497, A and D, in which he argues that there is a distinction between good and evil pleasures; cf. J. and A. Adams, Protagoras, (Cambridge, 1928), Introduction, p. XXX. Plato's own opinion on freewill is not completely clear. T. Gomperz, Greek Thinkers, (London, 1905), III, p. 258, says that "there are isolated phrases which seem to stamp Plato as an indeterminist." However, he says "this impression ... will not bear scrutiny." He holds that Plato held to the intellectual determinisn of Socrates. On the other hand B. Zeller, Plato and the Older Academy, (London, 1888), p. 421, says that we are not justified in disregarding the enunciations on freewill that we find in Plato. He says, (p. 420), that Plato maintains with Socrates that no-one is voluntarily bad, but he adds that, in Plato's opinion, ignorance of what is truly good is still the man's own fault. He questions Plato's consistency in declaring all ignorance and wickedness involuntary and at the same time saying that man's will is free and man morally responsible. It may be best, with Zeller, to say that Plato was probably unconscious of the dilemma in which he was involved. In more recent works contrast J. M. Robinson, Plato's Psychology, (University of Toronto Press, 1970), p. 107 sq. and R. Demos, The Philosophy of Plato, (London, 1939), p. 333 sq.
36. Hobbes, English Works, V. pp. 67,73. Cf. Introduction, p. 32. 37. For a comparison with Leibniz, cf. Introduction, pp. 23 sq., 32. 38. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VII, 3, 1147a• Collins was using an older and
120 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
alternative notation that gives the reference as VII, 5. In the passage quoted, Aristotle was dealing with the actions of the incontinent man and asking how it is that he can act contrary to what "right reason," i.e. ethically right reason, demands. In general he rejected the Socratic position that sin is ignorance and he did hold that moral action demands freedom e.g. Eudemian Ethics, II, 7, 1223a• At the same time he did not completely escape from the influence of Socrates and in the Nicomachean Ethics, bk. VII, in dealing with continence and incontinence he inclined, on one interpretation, to the idea that the incontinent man, doing a wrong act, does not know, when he is acting, that the act is wrong. The question is a controversial one. For a recent discussion, cf. R. D. Milo, Aristotle on Practical Knowledge and Weakness of Will, (The Hague, Paris, 1966).
39. Cf. Bayle. Dictionary, IV, p. 908, article "Rorarius," note F; Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 244.
40. Hobbes, English Works, V, pp. 40, 66. 41. For Hobbes' argument on causality, cf. English Works, IV, p. 276. 42. Cf. Locke, Essay, IV, 10, n. 3, in Locke's argument for the existence of God. 43. Bayle, Dictionary, II, p. 790 sq., article "Epicurus," note U. 44. Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, II, line 250 sq.; Eusebius, Preparatio Evange
lica, (Cologne, 1688), lib. VI, c. VII, especially p. 261; Cicero, De Natura Deorum, I, 23. 65 sq. especially 69, 70. Titus Lucretius Carus (94C-55 B.C.) was the best-known member of the Epicurean School. He expounded the physical theory of Epicurus in his De Rerum Natura, aiming at freeing men from fear of the Gods and of the punishment of the soul after death. For the Stoic rejection of freewill, cf. E. Zeller, The Stoics, Epicureans and SceptiCS, (London, 1880), p. 173 sq. For the Epicurean position, cf. Ibid., p. 445 sq. and 459 sq. More recent works are J. Rist, Stoic Philosophy, (Cambridge, 1969), and D. J. FurIey, Two Studies in the Greek Atomists, (Princeton, 1967).
45. Collins' references are taken according to the numeration given in Sir Roger L'Estrange's translation of Josephus' works, (London, 1702). In Whiston's translation the references are Antiquities, XVIII, c. 1 and De Bello Judaico, II, c. 8. Cf. Introduction, p. 34.
46. J. Stearne, De Obstinatione, or concerning Firmness and not sinking under Adversities, (Dublin, 1672). Sects. 40, 41 of Dodwell's Prolegomena to the work to deal with Paul, say he had a Pharisaic tendency, even as a Christian and that the Pharisees derived many of their ideas from the Stoics, but, with regard to fate, Dodwell says that both Stoics and Pharisees saved freewill; "Sicut enim Stoici, ita etiam Pharisaei, fatum ita explicabant ut salvum tamen esset liberum arbitrium humanum. Unde etiam de iis non semel testatus est Josephus ex eorum sententia, mixtionem quamdam esse ex consilio divino et arbitrio humano, quaedam etiam ex fato proficisci, quaedam ex libero solo hominum arbitrio." Op. cit., p. 148. John Stearne (1624-1669), a doctor, was the founder of the Irish College of Physicians. His works were mainly theological. He left his De Obstinatione to be
NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 121
published posthumously by his pupil Henry Dodwell, (1641-1711), fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, Camden professor of History at Oxford from 1688 till 1691, when he was deprived for refusing to take the oath of allegiance.
47. Cf. Introduction, p. 35. 48. In Law's translation, p. 333. 49. G. Cheyne, Philosophical Principles of Religion, Natural and Revealed,
(London, 1715), Part I, c. III, sect. 13. Cf. Introduction, p. 35. Cheyne (1671-1743), like Stearne, was a physician. He studied at Edinburgh, lived in London and finally, for his health's sake, at Bath.
50. The example is given by Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 662; Reponse, c. 81. 51. Hobbes, English Works, V, pp. 59,60. 52. In Law's translation, pp. 279, 280. 53. Ibid., pp. 268-272. 54. Cf. Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 661; Reponse, c. 80. 55. In Law's translation, pp. 375-379. 56. Ibid., pp. 267-268, 275-276. 57. Ibid., pp. 267-268, 279-280, 349-350, 355-362, 373-374. 58. Ibid., p. 286. 177 in the note in the text is a misprint for 117. 59. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy etc., p. 431. 60. Note the enunciation of the principle of causality. Cf. Locke, Essay, IV,
10, n. 3. 61. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy etc., p. 431. 62. In Law's translation, p. 286. 63. Burnet is guilty of theological unorthodoxy, verbally at least, in saying that
the transient acts of God are done in a succession of time. The acts, as Divine acts, cannot be subject to time or succession. It is their external effects that occur in a succession of time. If God is a simple perfect being, his act of creation, for example, is one with his Essence and therefore necessary. It is, however, not subject to necessity, as God freely creates. The word "necessary" is not being used in the same sense in the two cases. His act, as being one with his Essence, is necessary, in that its existence is necessary; it is not subject to necessity in that neither external causes nor the internal constitution of the Divine Essence compel him to create. There remains, however, a mystery, as Burnet says, - how an act, which is not necessitated, should necessarily, de facto, exist from all eternity.
64. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 247; cf. also Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 662; Reponse, c. 81.
65. This passage is taken verbatim from Bayle, Oeuvres, II, p. 679; Reponse, c.90.
66. Hobbes, English Works, IV, pp. 270, 271, V, p. 328 sq. 67. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. II, 6, 17 and 7, 18. In book II of De Divinatione
Cicero is ridiculing the idea of divination. The passage as quoted by Collins is not easy to understand, as Collins omits Quintus, Cicero's brother's definition of divination - "The foreknowledge and foretelling of things that happen by chance" - which Cicero is using to reply, in the dialogue,
122 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
to one of Quintus' arguments, based on Stoic principles, that, although omniscience only belongs to God, a man, gifted with the power of divination, can sometimes perceive the future in its causes. Chance is opposed to fate, Cicero says. One can either accept chance and surrender the Stoic doctrine of fate, or reject chance and scrap Quintus' definition of divination. Cicero's own ideas, being those of an eclectic, are not easy to perceive, but it would seem from his very late work, De Fato, XI, 25, that he accepted the idea of freewill - or, at any rate, rejected the idea of choice enforced necessarily by external causes or circumstances. He did not discuss the question of psychic determinism.
68. M. Luther, On the Bondage of the Will, translation by J. I. Packer and O. R. Johnston (London, 1957), pp. 216, 217. Luther's work was not originally divided into chapters. In it he was not concerned primarily with freewill as such but with the theological question of merit. This section, in which he argues from reason, can be taken to have a wider application, and it supports Collins' point of view. Earlier Luther wrote: "The will, be it God's, or man's does what it does, good or bad, under no compulsion, but just as it wants or pleases, as if it were free. Yet the will of God ... is changeless and sure ... and our will, principally because of its corruption, can do not good of itself" (p. 81). He went on (p. 82), "Our original proposition still stands and remains unshaken: all things happen by necessity." Man's will, therefore, has spontaneity. In this sense it is free from compulsion. But it is necessitated, by its corruption, to act of itself according to its corrupt nature. As the translators say (p. 48), Luther's denial of freewill had nothing to do with the psychology of action. In spite of this, the passage quoted by Collins could have a general application.
69. R. South, Twelve Sermons upon several Subjects, (London, 1698), Vol. III, p. 487, 488. Robert South (1634-1716), was a notable and salty preacher, public orator at Oxford, 1660-1667, and then Rector ofIslip. He declined the see of Rochester in 1713. In the passage quoted by Collins, taken in its full context, he distinguished between physical and causal necessity, which, he said, certainly caused an event, and what he called "logical" necessity, by which an event is with certainty inferred but by which it is not efficiently caused. (This is not the present day sense of the term "logical necessity.") This latter type of necessity, he considered, does not take away freewill and it is to this type, he thought, that God's foreknowledge belongs. Descartes, Principia Philosophiae, I, 41, said that by our self-consciousness we are quite sure that we are free, that we cannot see how this can be reconciled with God's foreknowledge, but that it would be absurd to doubt something of which we are so sure, because of a difficulty arising from something else - i.e. God's foreknowledge - which is incomprehensible to us. Tillotson, Sermons, (London, 1700-1706), 2nd. ed., Vol. VI, p. 157, said the problem is "contradictious and impossible to us," but that we have "sufficient assurance" of the thing and would need infinite understanding to unravel it. Stillingfieet, A Discourse concerning the Doctrine of Christ's
NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 123
Satisfaction, (London, 1697), p. 355 sq., said that there is something above our comprehension in the connection between the certainty of Divine prescience and the liberty of human actions. John Tillotson (1630-1694), Archbishop of Canterbury, 1691-1694, and Edward Stillingfleet (1635-1699), Bishop of Worcester, 1688-1699, were two of the leading Latitudinarian Divines, raised to the Episcopacy after the Revolution of 1688. For Locke's opinion, cf. Introduction, p. 11. The quotation is taken from J. Locke, Some Familiar Letters between Mr. Locke and several of his Friends, (London, 1708), p. 27.
70. For Locke's view, cf. Introduction, p. 12. J. Sergeant's Solid Philosophy asserted against the Fancie of the /deists, (London, 1697), was a criticism of Locke, but in this passage (p. 215 sq.), he considered he agreed with him. However, as he said that true morality depends on our choosing wisely, his morality was not subjective. What is truly good, he held, should be and was intended by God to be truly pleasurable. Sergeant (1622-1707), was a noted and rather controversial Catholic priest and controversialist.
71. The Noctes Atticae of the Roman grammarian, Aulus Gellius (A.D. 130-180), were a compilation of notes on a great variety of subjects and are of great use in providing excerpts from the lost texts of earlier writers. In this passage he was giving an objection raised against Chrysippus the Stoic by the defenders offreewill. The passage is in book VII, 2, 5, not book VI.
72. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 253. 73. Ibid. 74. Ibid. The following passage in Collins is taken almost verbatim from
Hobbes. 75. Till the Forfeiture Act of 1870 (33 and 34 Vict. c. 23) a person convicted
of High Treason was held in law to have his blood corrupted. There could be no inheritance claimed through corrupted blood and the Crown became absolutely entitled to the convict's land. Sect. 10 of the Inheritance Act of 1833 (3 and 4 Will. IV, c. 106) provided that, after the death of an attainted person, his descendants might trace their descent through him as though he had not been attainted. It is, therefore, a moot point whether, in Collins' time, the children were regarded, in law, as being punished directly, even though they suffered because of their parents' treason.
76. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 255. Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 160. 77. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 347. 78. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 172. 79. In the common, Paris, edition of 1648, pp. 145-146. Hieronymus Rorarius
(1485-1556), Nuncio of Pope Clement VII at the court of Hungary, published his work in 1548. He argued that beasts are more intelligent than men. The theory had some favour in his own day. It was taken up by Bayle, who considered it absurd, but who used the examples Rorarius gave of animal intelligence, to the embarrassment of the Cartesians, who considered beasts to be machines. Cf. Bayle, Dictionary, III, p. 900 sq., article "Rorarius." The quotation used by Collins is given in note F, p. 908. a. also Leibniz, Theodicy. p. 160.
124 NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
80. a. Hobbes, English Works, IV, pp. 248, 252, 254-256. 81. Cf. Leibniz, Theodicy, pp. 317, 318, referring to Bayle, Oeuvres, III, p. 658
sq.; Reponse, c. 80. 82. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 53. Cicero, Pro Milone, 30, 83 sq. 83. Velleius Paterculus, Historia Romana, Lib. II, c. 35. This was a common
example, given by Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 256 and Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 318. Velleius Paterculus (19c B.C. - 31 c A.D.), the Roman historian, wrote ofCato, called "of Utica," (95-46 B.C.), a leading opponent ofJulius Caesar, who committed suicide at Utica, after Caesar's victory at the battle ofThapsus, that he never acted with rectitude in order to appearrighteous, but because he could not do otherwise. The statement seems to justify Bramhall's comment, (Hobbes, English Works, V, p. 172), that "the true meaning is that he was naturally of a good temper, not so prone to some kinds of vice as others were." It does not seem to justify the extreme interpretation put on it by Hobbes, Leibniz and Collins.
84. Cf. Hobbes, English Works, IV, p. 256. It is worth noting how Priestley compared Collins and Hobbes. "The great merit of this piece," - the Inquiry - he wrote, "consists in its conciseness, its clearness, and its being the first regular treatise on the subject. Mr. Hobbes, I am still of opinion, was the first who, in this, or any other country, rightly understood, and clearly stated, the argument; but he wrote nothing systematical, and consequently nothing that could be of much use to a student." He added that there were "few topics in the whole compass of the argument, which he" - Collins - "has not touched upon." J. Priestley's edition of the Inquiry, (Birmingham, 1790), Preface, pp. III, IV.
85. For this significant objection, cf. Introduction, p. 41 sq. 86. The Reformed Churches considered that man's will had been corrupted
since the fall of Adam, but they were less concerned with the philosophical question of freewill than with the theological question concerning meritorious acts. It is hard to see what evidence Collins could have produced for their going so far as to declare the philosophical belief in freewill to be heretical. For an outline of the official protestant declarations that touched on freewill cf. W. A. Curtis, A History of Creeds and ConfeSSions of Faith, (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 146, 159, 174, 186, 210, 216, 245, 271 and 368. Luther's opinion on freewill has already been dealt with, (sup. note 68). For Calvin, cf. F. Wendel, Calvin, (Fontana Library, London, 1965), pp. 188-193. Wendel says Calvin follows Luther in his De Servo Arbitrio. He quotes Calvin as saying that, since the fall, man "has not been deprived of will, but of healthy will" (p. 189), but he also says that "he prefers to follow Luther in denying freewill altogether; and like Luther in De Servo Arbitrio he defends the distinction between necessity and restraint" (p. 190). This doctrine could well fit in with Collins' psychic determinism. But it must be repeated that Luther was dealing with a theological and not a psychological problem.
87. a. Introduction, p. 42 sq.
COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
The edition of the Philosophical Inquiry here reproduced is the second edition, (London, 1717), which is described as "The second edition corrected." However, there are a number of textual variations. These are:
In the "Contents" in the first edition the words "The Introduction . . . all subjects" are omitted.
Under "I First Argument," 1.8: "Perceiving" is, in the first edition, "perception."
The word "consider'd" is appended, in the first edition, to each of the first four of "Several objections consider'd," and the word "answer'd" to objections 5 and 6.
p. 1 The title "A Philosophical Inquiry etc." is omitted, in the first edition, before the dedication "To Lucius."
p.2 1.10: All the satisfaction I can. -1st ed. A second Discourse on this subject.
p. 3 The footnote "I do not mean unknown simple ideas ... " is omitted in the first edition. Collins' intention in adding the footnote may have been to distinguish between mysteries and truths of which we are not aware because we have never experienced or heard of them, but which we can fully understand when we experience or are told of them.
p. 11 1.14: hath been - 1st ed., was p. 11 1.20: not unavoidably - ist ed., not ever unavoidably p. 14 1.9: these -lst ed., those p. 18 1.19: Whereas when the mind ... moment of action -lst ed., "Whereas
this indifference is a necessary state of mind, to which the mind is no less determin'd during its deliberation, than it is when it acts, or not acts, after it comes out of that state by the means of deliberation; and not the less necessary, because the mind is not under an actual determination to act, or not to act; which actual determination must ever be subsequent to a stateofindifferency."The version in the second edition gives Collins' opinion in a simpler and, therefore, clearer way, and brings out the fact that he considered the mind to act as a sort of balance, with ideas and
126 COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY
"motives" as the weights. For Bayle's comparing the act of choice to weighing in a balance, and for Leibniz's and Clarke's opinions on the meaning of the word "motive," cf. Introduction, pp. 31,23.
p. 20 1.11: and that therefore he pretends - 1st ed., and therefore pretends p.25 1.15: write obscurely - 1st ed., talk obscurely p.25 1.16: at least, he will see that - 1st ed., at least, that p. 26 1.8: speaks thus: Fate, says he, - 1st ed., tells us, That Fate p. 28 1.8: That the best proofs aI/edged for liberty are, that without it, - 1st ed.,
That liberty cannot be proved from experience: And that the best proofs thereof are, that without liberty,
p. 28 1.11: evil, as well as good thoughts. - 1st ed., evil thoughts, as well as , good
p.29 1.20: The Journalists ... they say, - 1st ed., The Journalists of Paris pass this censure on the aforesaid notion of Liberty. Mr. King say they,
p. 30 1.15: the vulgar experience - 1 st ed., that vulgar experience p. 32 1.17: is the foundation - 1st ed., to be the foundation p. 32 1.19: makes them - 1st ed., to make them p. 35 1.2: adherence to which, - 1st ed., adherence to, p.42 1.4: capable of willing or preferring, -1st ed., capable of willing or pre
ferring, or chusing p. 45 1.22: for the sake whereof ... absurd - 1st ed., for the sake whereofthere
is so much contest for so absurd p. 52 1.3: preferable - 1 st ed., preferably p. 53 1.3: an action - 1st ed., the action p. 60 1.9: the Jews, I say, who besides - 1st ed., who besides p. 69 1.21: and reason, determine - 1st ed., reason do determine p. 77 1.10: his knowledge and decrees, - 1st ed., his knowledge and his decrees p. 87 1.4: the thing - 1st ed., that thing p. 90 1.8: "Morality ... painful." In the first edition the words "and upon
the whole" are omitted, with regard to both pleasant and painful actions. The inclusion, - perhaps a qualification - in the second edition, in no way alters the hedonism of Collins' theory of morality.
p. 97 1.21: So far is - 1st ed., So far are p. 97 1.23: if men are - 1st ed., if men were p. 97 1.24: that it would be useless - 1st ed., that they would be useless
The passage "to correct ... inflicting punishments)" is omitted in the first edition. Its inclusion in the second emphasises the fact that Collins regarded correction and deterrence as the principal purposes of punishment. Elsewhere he said that prevention of certain crimes is its sole purpose (p. 92 and Introduction, p. 38 sq.). "Correction," therefore, seems to be meant to carry the sense of deterring the criminal for the future, if Collins is to be taken as being consistent.
p. 107 1.20: be impossible to conceive - 1st ed., be as impossible to conceive p. 108 1.17: it will, perhaps, not be improper -1st ed., it may be proper p. 109 1.5: clearly -1st ed., "ly", corrected in the errata to "openly"
COLLATION OF THE TEXT OF THE INQUIRY 127
p. 115 1.20: "that it is inconsistent with the divine perfections" is omitted in the first edition.
p. 117 1.4: of this -1st ed., on this
VARIATIONS IN THE MARGINAL NOTES GIVEN BY COLLINS
p. 17 1.3: 1st ed. adds 715. p. 21 King de Orig. Mali p. 91, 127. - 1st ed., King de Orig. Mali 127, 91 p. 27 Dictionnaire etc - 1st edition omits "2d edit." p.29 Remarques etc. p. 76. - 1st ed. Remarques etc., 79 p. 30 Journal des Savans etc. - 1st edition simply has "Mois de Mars, 1705." p. 31 1st edition omits "Perception ofIdeas." p. 33 1st edition omits "Judging of Propositions." p. 36 1st edition omits "Willing." p. 38 1st edition adds to "Locke of Hum. Undo 1.2. c21." "King de Orig.
Mali. 101." p. 42 Theory of Love etc. - 1st edition omits p. 199. p. 43 The first edition, in the reference to Plato, omits "Edit. Serran." and has,
instead of "345, 346," "345, 358." p. 44 Bramhall's works, p. 656 and 658. - 1st ed., Bramhall's works 65,658 p. 52 1st edition omits "Doing as we will" p. 76 pag. 117 - 1st ed., 117 p. 112 of the 4th Edition 1716. - 1st ed., of the Edition 1716
The text of the Philosophical Inquiry is reproduced by the kind permission of the President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
De licentia Superiorum Ordinis.