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Universidad Autnoma de QuertaroFacultad de Lenguas y Letras
Curso de Ingls para Propsitos Especificos
Informtica
Prof. Alberto Ramrez Lujano
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Table of Contents
Lesson 1 5
1. Introduccin 52. Categoras Gramaticales 5
3. Verb be 8
4. Numbers 11
5. E-mail, SMS, and On-line chat 11
6. WH Questions 12
7. Adjectives 14
Lesson 2 16
8. The, a, an, and some 16
9. There + be constructions 17
10. Prepositions of Place at, in, on 20
11. Prepositions of Time at, in , on 25
12. Expressing Possession 31
Lesson 3 33
13. Present Continuous 33
14. Be going to 36
15. Object Pronouns. 43
16. Be used to construction 45
Lesson 4 49
17. Comparatives 49
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18. Present Simple 58
19. Past Simple 62
Lesson 5 68
20. Superlatives 68
21. Future Simple Modal Will 73
22. Conditional Zero and One 77
Lesson 6 80
23. Demonstratives, this, that, these, those 80
24. Quantifiers much and many 81
25. Modal Can 83
26. Modal Could 88
27. Modal Would 91
Lesson 7 94
28. Past of be 94
29. Past Continuous 97
30. Be going to (past) 100
31. Used to (past routines) 102
Lesson 8 107
32. Present Perfect 107
33. Present Perfect Continuous 110
34. Past Perfect 113
35. Past Perfect Continuous 116
36. Passive Voice 119
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37. More Modals 122
Lesson 9 123
38. Writing an e-mail 123
39. Rsum (Curriculum Vitae) 126
Lesson 10 127
40. Letter 127
41. Memos 131
42. Reports 132
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Lesson 1
1. IntroduccinEste cuadernillo est diseado para ayudarte en tu estudio de la lengua inglesa y contiene
todo el material presentado en las diapositivas as como ejercicios. Por favor no te adelantesen su lectura y sigue las instrucciones de tu profesor. En el caso de los ejercicios, realzalosde forma individual. Se responsable de tu propio aprendizaje. No copies y concntrate.
2. Categoras GramaticalesAprender una nueva lengua puede ser ms fcil si se entiende a mayor detalle la propia. Eneste capitulo entenders las categoras gramaticales bsicas de la lengua espaola.
2.1 Sustantivo / Noun
Es la clase de palabra que seemplea para designar todos losseres y entidades:
personas / people animales / animals cosas / things
2.2 Artculo / Article
Es la clase de palabra que precede al sustantivo para determinarlo y concuerda con l engnero y nmero.
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Espaol Ingls
la computadora the computer
las computadoras the computersuna computadora a computer
unas computadoras
algunas computadoras
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2.3 Pronombre / Pronoun
Es la clase de palabra que se emplea para suistituir a un sustantivo.
Espaol Ingls
Pnfilo es programador. Panfilo is a programmer.l es programador. He is a progrmammer.
2.4 Verbo / VerbEs la clase de palabra que expresa acciones,actitudes, cambios, movimientos de seres o cosas.
Beber!
2.5 Adjetivo / Adjective
Es la clase de palabra que acompaa al sustantivo o nombre para determinarlo o calificarlo.
super hombre super hombre
super man super-man
azul computadora computadora azul
blue computer blue computer
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2.6. Adverbio / Adverb
Es la clase de palabra que modifica al verbo, al adjetivo o a otro adverbio.
Espaol Ingls
Yo programo lentamente I program slowly
Yo programo muy lentamente I program very slowly
La tecnologa es muy cara Technology is very expensive
2.7 Preposicin / Preposition
Las preposiciones nos sirven para relacionar cosas en tiempo o espacio.
Espaol Ingls
Mi vuelo llega a las 5 de la tarde. My flight arrives at 5 in the afternnon.
Las revistas para adulto estn bajo la cama. The adult magazines are under the bed.
2.8 EjercicioEscribe la categora gramatical de la palabra subrayada.
En la facultad soy muy feliz. _____________ En la facultad soy muy feliz. _____________
En la facultad soy muy feliz. _____________
En la facultad soy muy feliz. _____________
En la facultad soy muy feliz. _____________
En la facultad soy muy feliz. _____________
Fin de la seccin de espaol!
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3. Verb be
3.1 Verb be (+)
3.2 Verb be ()
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3.3 Verb be (?)
3.4 Exercise Pronouns I and youFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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3.5 Exercise Pronouns he, she and itFill the blanks with the correct translation.
3.6 Exercise Pronouns we and theyFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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4. Numbers
Number English Number English Number English Number English
0 zero, o 8 eight 16 sixteen 40 forty1 one 9 nine 17 seventeen 50 fifty
2 two 10 ten 18 eighteen 60 sixty
3 three 11 eleven 19 nineteen 70 seventy
4 four 12 twelve 20 twenty 80 eighty
5 five 13 thirteen 21 twenty-one 90 ninety
6 six 14 fourteen 22 twenty-two 100 hundred
7 seven 15 fifteen 30 thirty 1,000 thousand
5. E-mail, SMS, and On-line chat
Symbol English Acronym English Spanish
@ at XOXO hugs and kisses abrazos y besos
dash PLS please por favor
_ low-dash LOL laughing out loud riendose a carcajadas
/ slash ASAP As Soon As Possible tan pronto como sea posible
\ back-slash PCM Please Call Me por favor llamame
. dot CU See You nos vemos
[email protected] teacherbeto(at)gmail(dot)com
For more information, emoticons, smileys and acronyms visit the Oxford dictionary web-site:
http://www.askoxford.com:80/betterwriting/emoticons/?view=uk
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6. WH Questions
English Spanish
What Qu / Cul
How Cmo
When Cundo
Where Dnde
Why Por qu
Who Quin
Which Cul
6.1 Exercise Personal InformationFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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6.2 Conversation Introducing yourself
6.3 Conversation Giving personal information.
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6.4 Video Viruses
Watch the video.
What is the video about? Tell your partner.
7. Adjectives
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7.1 Exercise AdjectivesFill the blanks with the correct translation.
7.2 Conversation My Job!
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Lesson 2
8. The, a,an, and some
8.1 Exercise the, a, an, and someFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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9. There+ beconstructions
9.1 There+ beconstructions, singular (+)
English Spa ish
Thereiss
a/anone
Hay un/una
There is n apple on the table. Hay una manzana sobre la mesa.
Theres ne table in the room. Hay una mesa en el saln.
9.2 There+ beconstructions, singular ()
En lish Spanish
Thereis nos no
No hayun/una
There is no ap le on the table. No hay una manz na sobre la mesa.
There is no ta le in the room. No hay mes en el saln.
9.3 There+ beconstructions, singular (?)
English Spa ish
Is therea/an?one?
Hay un/una?
Is there an apple on the table? Hay una manza a sobre la mesa?
Is there a table in the room? Hay una me a en el saln?
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9.4 There+ beconstructions, plural (+)
English Spa ish
There are somea couple of Hay
unos(a)
algunos(a)un par de
There are ome apples o the table. Hay unas manzanas sobre la mesa.
There are a ouple of table in the room. Hay un par de mesas en el saln.
9.5 There+ beconstructions, plural ()
English Spanish
There are no No hay
There are no ap les on the table. No hay manzanas sobre la mesa.
There are no ta les in the room. No hay mesas en el saln.
9.6 There+ beconstructions, plural (?)
English Sp nish
Are there any? Hay ?
Are there ny apples o the table? Hay manzan s sobre la mesa?
Are there ny tables in the room? Hay mesas en el saln?
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9.7 Exercise There+ beconstructionsFill the blanks with the correct translation.
Spanish English
Hay una nueva versin de Windows.
Is there available a Microsoft Office versionfor Linux?
Yes, there is. / No, there isnt.
No hay Microsoft Office para Linux.
Hay muchas marcas de computadoras.
No hay marcas mexicanas de computadoras.
Are there any free apps for Linux?
Yes, there are. / No there arent.
9.8 Conversation Office 2007?
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10. Prepositions of Place at, in, on1
10.1 atfor a POINT
at or a POINT
English Spanish
at the corner en la esquina
at the bus stop en la parada del camin
at the door en la puerta
at the top of the page en el encabezado de la pgina
at the end of the road al final del camino
at the entrance en la entrada
at the crossroads en el entronque
at the desk en el escritorio
10.2 Exercise atfor a POINTFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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10.3 atStandard Expressions
atStandar Expressions
English Spanish
at home en la casa
at work en el trabajo
at school en la escuela
at university en la universidad
at the top en la parte superior
at the bottom en la parte inferior
at the side a un costado
at reception en recepcin
10.4 Exercise atStandard ExpressionsFill the blanks with the correct translation.
10.5 infor an ENCLOSED SPACE
infor an EN LOSED SPACE
English Spanish
in the garden en el jardnin Mexico City en el D.F.
in Mexico en Mxico
in a box en una caja
in my pocket en mi bolsillo
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infor an EN LOSED SPACE
English Spanish
in my wallet en mi cartera
in a building en un edificio
in my documents en mis documentos
10.6 Exercise infor an ENCLOSED SPACEFill the blanks with the correct translation.
10.7 inStandard Expressions
inStandard Expressions
English Spanish
in a car en un auto
in a taxi en un taxi
in a helicopter en un helicptero
in a boat en un bote
in a lift (elevator) en un elevador
in the newspaper en el peridico
in the sky en el cielo
in a row seguidos
in Constituyentes en Constituyentes
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Constituyentes is an avenue inQueretaro city.
I won the lottery two times in a row.
Gan la lotera dos veces seguidas.
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10.8 Exercise inStandard ExpressionsFill the blanks with the correct translation.
10.9 onfor a SURFACE
onfor a SURFACE
English Spanish
on the wall en la pared
on the ceiling en el techo
on the door en la puerta
on the cover en la portada
on the floor en el suelo
on the menu en el menu
on a page en la pgina
Note: Compare with table 10.7 instandard expressions
10.10 Exercise onfor a SURFACEFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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10.11 onStandard Expressions
onStan ard Expressions
English Spanish
on a bus en el camin
on a train en el tren
on a plane en un avin
on a ship en un barco
on a bicycle en una bicileta
on a horse en un caballo
on the radio en la radio
on television en la television
on the right/left a la derecha/izquierda
on the way en el camino / de camino a
10.12 Exercise onStandard ExpressionsFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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Play on the way with your Nintendo DS!
Juenga en el camino con tu Nintendo DS!
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10.13 Conversation My Office
11. Prepositions of Time at, in , on2
11.1 atfor a PRECISE TIME
atfor a PRECISE TIME
English Spanish
at 3 oclock a las 3 en punto
at 10:30 am a las 10:30 am
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atfor a PRECISE TIME
English Spanish
at noon a medio da
at dinnertime a la hora de cenar
at bedtime a la hora de irse a la cama
at sunrise al amacer
at sunset al anochecer
at the moment en este momento
11.2 Exercise atfor a PRECISE TIMEFill the blanks with the correct translation.
11.3 atStandard Expressions
English Spanish
at night en la noche
at the weekend el fin de semana
at Christmas/Easter en Navidad/Pascua
at the same time al mismo tiempo
at present en este momento
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11.4 Exercise atStandard ExpressionsFill the blanks with the correct translation.
11.5 infor MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
infor MONTHS, YEARS, C NTURIES and LONG PERIODS
English Spanish
in May en mayo
in summer en verano
in the summer en el verano
in 1990 en 1990
in the 1990s en los noventas
in the next century en el prximo siglo
in the Ice Age en la Era de Hielo
in the past/future en el pasado/futuro
11.6 Exercise infor MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODSFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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11.7 inStandard Expressions
inStandard Expressions
English Spanish
in the morning en la maana
in the mornings en las maanas
in the afternoon en la tarde
in the afternoons en las tardes
in the evening en las tardes
in the evenings en las tardes
11.8 Exercise inStandard ExpressionsFill the blanks with the correct translation.
11.9 onfor DAYS and DATES
onfor D YS and DATES
English Spanish
on Sunday el domingoon 6 March el 6 de marzo
on 25 Dec. 2010 el 25 de dic. del 2010
on Christmas day en Navidad
on Independence Day el Da de la Independencia
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In Mexico:
afternoon: 12:01 pm6:00 pmevening: 6:01 8:00pm (before dark)
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onfor D YS and DATES
English Spanish
on my birthday en mi cumpleaos
on New Years Eve en la vspera de ao nuevo
11.10 Exercise onfor DAYS and DATESFill the blanks with the correct translation.
11.11 onStandard Expressions
onStandard Expressions
English Spanish
on Tuesday morning la maana del martes
on Saturday mornings los domingos por la maana
on Sunday afternoons los domingos por la tarde
on Monday evening el lunes en la tarde
11.12 Exercise onStandard Expressions
Fill the blanks with the correct translation.
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11.13 Conversation Updates
11.14 Video Touche
Whats the video about? Tell your partner Whats the preposition used with operative systems and computers?
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12. Expressing Possession
12.1 Possessive Adjectives
12.2 Exercise Possessive AdjectivesFill the blanks with the correct translation.
12.3 Possessive ofands, s
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12. 4 Exercise Possessive ofands, sFill the blanks with the correct translation.
12.5 Conversation Where is?
11.3 Convers tion Where is?
Spkr. English Spanish
Boss:Fulana! Where is Panfilos reportof activities?
Fulana: Its in your mail box sir.
Boss: And my coffee?
Fulana: Its on your desk sir.
Excellent, you can leave now.
Fulana wait!
Fulana: Yes sir?
Boss:One more thing. Where isMengano? Hes not at his workstation.
Fulana: Hes at the sales department rightnow. Anything else?
Boss: No, thats all. Thank you.
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Lesson 3
13. Present Continuous
13.1 Application Present Continuous
13.2 Present Continuous (+)
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13.3 Present Continuous ()
13.4 Present Continuous (?)
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13.5 Exercise Present ContinuousFill the blanks with the correct translation.
13.6 Conversation At Work
Spkr. English Spanish
Boss: What are you doing?
Fulana: Im debugging our new program.
Boss:Good, and what about your
trimestral report?
Fulana: Im working on it too.
Boss:And your Power Point Presentationfor the meeting were having in two
hours?
Fulana: Im finishing it right now.
Boss:Excellent Fulana, you are the best atmultitasking.
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14. Be going to
14.1 Application Be going to
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14.2 Be going to (+)
14.3 Be going to ()
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14.4 Be going to (?)
14.5 Exercise Be going toFill the blanks with the right form of be going toand translate each sentence to Spanish.
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14.6 Gonna
going to = gonna
Note: Gonna is informal and it is mainly used in spoken conversations.
English Spanish
Bart, I am going to kill you! Bart, voy a matarte!
Bart, Im gonna kill you! Bart, voy a matarte!
14.7 Exercise GonnaRewrite sentences in exercise 14.5 replacing going towith gonna.
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14.8 Conversation Expansion Plans
Spkr. English Spanish
Mengano:
Fulana, you work at Google,
right?
Fulana: Yeah, why?
Mengano: What are Googles plans for thefuture?
Fulana:Well, we are going to release ourown mobile phone and our own
OS soon.
Mengano: Wow, thats impressive.
Fulana:Theres more, we are going tobecome an internet service
provider company next year.
Mengano:Mmmm, I guess Im gonna workat Google too.
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14.9 Video Broken Promises
Fill the blanks in the conversation and then translate the conversation.
Spkr. English Spanish
Mac Hello, Im a Mac.
PC
And Im a PC.Hey Mac did you hear the good news?_____________ is out and its not____________ have any of the problemsmy last operative systems had.Trust me.
Hey Mac oiste las buenas nuevas?
Mac I feel like Ive heard this before ______. Siento que ya he oido eso antes ________.
PC
_________!
_________________ is here and its ______________ have any of the problemsWindows XP had.
Its _____ __________ have any of the
problems Windows ME had.
Its not gonna have any of theproblems _________ _______ had.
Its not gonna have any of theproblems __________ ______ had.
Its not gonna have any of theproblems ________ _____ had.
Trust Me!
This time ______ ________ be __________.
Trust me!
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14.10 At the phone
English Spanish
ring sonar (telfono)
answer the phone contestar el telfono
hang up colgar
Who is this? Quin es?
This is Mengano Habla Mengano
14.11 Conversation A credit card
Spkr. English Spanish
Mengano: Hello, Mengano.
Seller:
Good afternoon, this is SutanoPerez from American Express.Today Im offering you our newcredit card, La Gastalona.
Mengano: Im sorry but Im not interested.
Seller: Its the best credit card ever.
Mengano: No thank you.
Seller: Are you planning to buy a carsoon?
Mengano: Ok, Im gonna hang up. Bye.
Seller: Thanks for your time.
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15. Object Pronouns.
Used to replace the object that receives the action of the verb.
English SpanishMengano is going to kiss Fulana Mengano va a besar a Fulana.
Mengano is going to kiss her. Mengano la va a besar.
Im going to hack the UAQs web page. Voy a hackear la pgina web de la UAQ.
Im going to hack it. Voy a hackearla.
English Spanish
me me
you te
him lo
her la
it lo / la
you los
us nosthem los
English Spanish
My mom is gonna kill me! Mi mam me va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill you! Mi mam te va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill him! Mi mam lo va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill her! Mi mam la va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill it! Mi mam lo va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill you! Mi mam los va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill us! Mi mam nos va a matar!
My mom is gonna kill them! Mi mam los va a matar!
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15.1 Exercise Object PronounsReplace the object with the correct object pronoun and translate each sentence.
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15.2 Conversation Formatting my PC
Spkr. English Spanish
Mengano:
Hey Fulana, what are you gonna
do this weekend?
Fulana:Im gonna format my PC and getrid of Windows.
Mengano: Why are you going to get rid ofit?
Fulana: I hate viruses, they make my PCcrash constantly.
Mengano: What are you going to use now?
Fulana: Im migrating to Linux.
Mengano: Is it better?
Fulana: Absolutely, there are no viruseswith Linux.
16. Be used toconstruction
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16.1 Be used to (+)
16.2 Be used to ()
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16.3 Be used to (?)
16.4 Exercise Be used to
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16.5 Conversation A New JobFill the blanks with the correct translation.
Spkr. English Spanish
Mengano: Hi Fulana, its good to see youagain. Hows your new job going?
Fulana:Not bad, but Im still not used to
working on Saturdays. Its reallytiring.
Mengano: I agree.
Fulana:And, Im not used to the version ofLinux they use. I get confused all
the time.
Mengano:Ok. Well, have fun on Saturdayat work. Bye.
Fulana: Bye.
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Lesson 4
17. Comparatives
17.1 Comparatives with more, singular (+) and ()
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17.2 more+ LONG ADJECTIVES
17.3 Comparatives with more, singular (?)
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17.4 Comparatives with more, plural (+) and ()
17.5 Comparatives with more, plural (?)
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17.6 Comparatives with -er, singular (+) and ()
17.7 SHORT ADJECTIVES
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17.8 Exceptions
17.9 Comparatives with -er, singular (?)
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17.10 Comparatives with -er, plural, (+) and ()
17.11 Comparatives with -er, plural (?)
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17.12 Comparatives Summary
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17.13 Exercise ComparativesFill the blanks with the correct translation.
17. 14 Conversation Mac vs PC
Spkr. English Spanish
Mengano:Fulana Im going to buy a newlap, any suggestions?
Fulana: What about a Mac?
Mengano: Mmm, they are more difficult touse.
Fulana:Thats not true. They are moreuser friendly than PCs.
Mengano: Are you sure?
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Spkr. English Spanish
Fulana:
Of course and keep in mind, PCsget more viruses than Macs. In
fact there is only one virus withMac and billions with PC.
Mengano: Fair enough, Im getting a Mac.
17.15 Video Referee
Watch the video. What is the video about? Tell your partner. What objects are compared in the video? Fill the blanks and do the translation.
English Spanish
Leopard ____ _______ and _______ _____ Vista.
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18. Present Simple
18.1 Present simple (+)
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18.2 Present Simple ()
18.3 Present Simple (?)
Note: Doy doesno tienen traduccin al espaol, slo marcan el tiempo (presente) e indican que se trata deuna pregunta.
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18.4 Exercise Simple PresentFill the blanks with the correct form of the verb in English and the correct translation.
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18.5 Conversation Piracy!
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19. Past Simple
19.1 Past Simple (+)
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19.2 Past Simple Regular Verbs
The rest of the verbs follow the following model:
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19.3 Exercise Regular verbsComplete the chart.
19.4 Past Simple Irregular Verbs
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19.5 Past Simple ()
19.6 Past Simple (?)
Note:Didno tiene traduccin al espaol, slo marca el tiempo (pasado) e indica que se trata de una pregunta.
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19.7 Exercise Past SimpleFill the blanks with the correct form of the verb and complete the translation.
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19.8 Conversation The Conspiracy
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Lesson 5
20. Superlatives
20.1 Superlatives with the most, (+) and ()
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20.2 Superlatives with the most, (?)
20.5 The most+ LONG ADJECTIVES
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20.3 SHORT ADJECTIVES
20.4 Superlatives with -est, (+) and ()
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20.5 Superlatives with -est, (?)
20.6 Adjectives Exceptions
e.g. Im the best programmer.
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20.7 Exercise SuperlativesFill the blanks with the correct form of the verb in English and the correct translation.
20.8 Conversation Windows sucks!
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21. Future Simple Modal Will
Note:When we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use othertenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.
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21.1 Modal will, (+)
21.2 Modal will, ()
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21.3 Modal will, (?)
21.4 Exercise Future simpleFill the blanks with the correct form of the verb in English and the correct translation.
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21.5 Conversation The HTML workshop
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22. Conditional Zero and One
22.1 Conditional Zero and One Structure
Note: you can invert the conditionals order.
If I have free time, I check my e-mail. > I check my e-mail if I have free time.
22.2 Exercise Conditionals
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22.3 Conversation The blackmail!
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22.4 Video Surgery
Watch the video then underline the conditionals used in the conversation. Do the translationto Spanish.
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Lesson 6
23. Demonstratives, this, that, these, those
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23.1 Exercise this, that, these, those
English Spanish
Este es mi amigo Mengano.
Those are old files.
That app is awesome!
Estas son las mejores applicaciones del 2010
24. Quantifiers muchand many
English Spanish
much mucho(a)
many muchos(a)
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24.1 How muchand how many
24.2 Exercise how muchand how many
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25. Modal Can
Modal verb: an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbsinclude must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.
25.1 Modal can (+)
25.2 Modal can ()
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25.3 Modal can (?)
25.4 Exercise modal can
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25.5 Conversation Buying stuff!
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25.6 Video I can do anything
Spker: English Spanish
Mac: Hello, Im a Mac.
PC:And Im a PC.Mac, do you know why I love this time ofyear?
Mac: Because its the season for PCs on earth
PC:
No, its because we get to be animated.That means we _____ ______ anything.For instance, I can fly up in the air, Ican do things in fast motion.
Mac: Wow.
PC:I can even _______ ____ ________. Heyhappy holidays little bunny. Where areyou heading?
Bunny:Im going to the apple store for some lastminute gifts.
PC:Ups, oh Im sorry how did that happen?
Clumsy me.
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26. Modal Could
Application Aplicacin
Past of can Politeness Subjuntive
Pasado de can Ser educado Subjuntivo
26.1 Modal could (+)
26.2 Modal could ()
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26.3 Modal could (?) Past of can
26.4 Modal could (?) Politeness
26.5 Exercise modal could
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26.6 Conversation The Website.
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27. Modal Would
Application Aplicacin
Politeness Subjunctive
Ser educado Subjuntivo, -ria
27.1 Modal would (+)
27.2 Modal could ()
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27.3 Modal would (?)
27.4 Modal would (?) Politeness
27.5 Exercise modal would
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27.6 Conversation The Conference
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Lesson 7
28. Past of be
28.1 Verb be (+)
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28.2 Verb be ()
28.3 Verb be (?)
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28.4 Exercise Past of beFill the blanks with the correct translation.
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29. Past Continuous
29.1 Past Continuous (+)
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29.2 Past Continuous ()
29.3 Past Continuous (?)
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29.3 Exercise Past Continuous
29.4 Conversation Police!
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30. Be going to (past)
30.1 Be going to past (+)
30.2 Be going to ()
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14.4 Be going to (?)
30.3 Exercise Past Continuous
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30.4 Conversation Day Off!
31. Used to (past routines)
Application Aplicacin
Express routines we had in the past butnot anymore in the present.
Expresar rutinas que teniamos en elpasado pero ya no en el presente.
I used to work on Windows, now I use Linux. Solia trabajar en Windows, ahora uso Linux.
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31.1 Used to (+)
31.2 Used to ()
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31.3 Used to (?)
Note:Didno tiene traduccin al espaol, slo marca el tiempo (pasado) e indica que se trata de una pregunta.
31.4 Exercise Used to
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31.5 Conversation Nostalgia!
31.6 Video Mac vs PC vs Linux
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Lesson 8
32. Present Perfect
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32.1 Present Perfect (+)
32.2 Present Perfect ()
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32.3 Present Perfect (?)
32.3 Exercise Present Perfect
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33. Present Perfect Continuous
33.1 Present Perfect Continuous (+)
32.2 Present Perfect Continuous ()
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32.3 Present Perfect Continuous (?)
32.3 Exercise Present Perfect Continuous
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32.4 Conversation What have you done at work?
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34. Past Perfect
34.1 Past Perfect (+)
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34.2 Past Perfect ()
34.3 Past Perfect (?)
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34.3 Exercise Past Perfect
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35. Past Perfect Continuous
35.1 Past Perfect Continuous(+)
35.2 Past Perfect Continuous ()
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35.3 Past Perfect Continuos (?)
35.4 Exercise Past Perfect Continuous
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35.5 Conversation Giving Excuses
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36. Passive Voice
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36.1 Passive voice (+) and ()
36.2 Passive voice (?)
36.3 Passive Voice in Many Tenses
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36.4 Exercise Passive Voice
36.5 Conversation The New OS.
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37. More Modals
English Spanish
I will buy a new computer. Comprar una compu nueva.
This time next week I shall be in Europe. Estar en Europa la prxima semana a estahora.
I can program in C++. Puedo programar en C++.
I couldnt solve the problem at work. No pude resolver el probelma en el trabajo.
Would you like some coffee? Te gustara un poco de caf?
I should be at work right now. Debera estar en el trabajo ahora.They ought to respect the law. Ellos deben respetar al ley.
You must show your ID card. (obligation) Debes de mostrar tu identificacin.
That may be true. (possibility) Eso podra se verdad.
You might have told me! (possibility) Podras habermelo dicho!
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Lesson 9
38. Writing an e-mail38.1 What structure?
MADE approach. Message Action Details (apply the 5W2H principle: What, Where, When, Why, Who, How, How much?) Evidence (optional enclosures and attachments)
The MADE approach is direct: it begins with the core of the message, creating a context andrationale for action and problem solving. Following this approach will help the writer avoid thecommon pitfalls of many e-mails, as characterised by:
rambling, not getting to the point inadequate exposition of background circumstances inadequate definition of a problem inadequate definition of the actual and expected roles of receiver inadequate provision of supporting material.
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38.2 Editing e-mail
Word processor (Word, Open Office, Pages) Print Proofread
38.2 Layout, Appearance and Fonts
Limit the use of fonts to the basic three: Courier, Times New Roman or Arial. Bear in mind that your readers may not able to open and read your e-mail as you sent it
depending on their own software functionality.
38.3 Layout and appearance + Attention/subject lines
Try to include the most important information in the subject line. Dozens of incoming messages vs your message.
Remember limitations of most e-mail package inbox displays. Reduce your subject line to 5or 6 words Bear in mind spam-hunting software. Subject lines with sexual matters, some financial
matters, and use of exclamation marks may be targeted by the software.
38.4 Choosing the best subject line
Uninformative Informative
Meeting Team 4 Special meeting, Thursday 6 June
Get together? Thursday Social Tut group meal to plan assginemnt
Client report Tremec complaint urgent draft response
Old faces Secundaria 1 reunion 11 Nov 2009
38.5 Paragraphing, white spaces, numbering, and bulleting
Avoid squeezing content into one screen. Readers are more likely to scroll down a message that is clearly laid out than to read and
absorb information that is cramped and uninviting. Use paragraphing to separate key concepts, leaving a line space between them. Point list can also help.
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38.6 Attachments
Avoid very long messages Attachments allow you to send additional information Avoid sending attachments heavier than 2 MB
38.7 Identity details
Ensure that your readers know who you are and who you work for. Signature: full name title or position organisation name other contact details (postal address, phone number, fax, mobile, company URL)
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38.8 E-mail: problems and opportunities
E-mails helps to break down barriers in communication based on position. Its fast Many people are more likely to ignore an e-mail than they would a letter or a paper memo.
Some e-mail users will write things that they would never say in a face-to-face conversation. Dont write anything that you would not want to appear in a newspaper or to be quoted in acourt law.
38.9 Your career as an e-mail guru
Try to spend a few minutes a day simply familiarising yourself with the features of your e-mail program.
Even if you only know 20 % of what your program can do, you are way ahead of most users,you will be able to achieve much more in your use of e-mail, your productivity will increase,and you will become known as a software guru and that can be bad for your career!
38.10 E-mail jargon
bcc (blind carbon copy): copy of an e-mail sent to someone else without the knowledge ofthe primary recipient.
cc (carbon copy): copy on an e-mail (carbon copy is a legacy from the days of thetypewriters).
38.11 E-mail writing exercise
Open the last three e-mails you sent. Do they follow the MADE (Message, Action, Details,
Evidence) formula? How effective/ineffective are they because of that? Rewrite one of the e-mails you just opened using the MADE formula.
39. Rsum (Curriculum Vitae)
The documents you write are not and end in themselves, but a means to an end. They comprise a request from you to give a performance in an interview. Such documents are also examples of your work.
39.1 Functional Format Rsum
Contact info Profile Experience Education and training Key skills References
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Lesson 10
40. Letter
40.1 Elements of a letter
Essential
Senders address
Date
Recipients name and address
Salutation
Body of letter
Close
Signature block
40.2 Date
System Countries using 04-05-09 means
year-month-day C h i n a , J a p a n , K o r e a ,Hungary, Sweden
The ninth day of May, 2004
month-day-year United States The fifth day of April, 2009
day-month-year United Kingdom, Australia,New Zealand, France
The fourth day of May, 2009
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40.3 Recipients name
Abbreviated courtesy tittle Use
Mr.
a tittle used before a surname or full name
to address or refer to a man without a higheror honorific or professional title.
Ms.a title used before the surname or full nameof any woman regardless of her maritalstatus (a neutral alternative to Mrs. or Miss).
Mrs.
a title used before a surname or full name toaddress or refer to a married woman, or awoman who has been married, without ahigher or honorific or professional title.
40.4 Salutations
Informal
Cheers
Regards
Best regards
As ever
Kindest wishes
Yours
Cordially
Cordially yours
Sincerely
Yours faithfully
Yours sincerely
Yours truly
Respectfully yours
Most respectfully
I remain
Formal
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40.5 Good news letter: When they want to read what you write
The ideal structure for good news letter is as follow:
Give the good news right away
Background the good news; if possible use the letter to promote other products or servicesof the organisation Close in an optimistic way.
40.6 Bad news letter: When they dont want to read what you write
We break bad news to people in an indirect way for a number of reasons:
Common courtesy and empathy Tact and taking it personally Maybe there is some good news
40.7 Kisses, kicks, buffers, sandwiches
The bad ne s sandwich
Buffer Kiss
Bad news Kick
Buffer Kiss
Kisses and buffers
A buffer of more positive words and ideas will help soften the blow of bad news
Common courtesy and empathy Tact and taking it personally Maybe there is some good news
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40.8 Bad news Hot buttons
Hot button word Soft word
Crisis Problem, situation
Refuse Decline
Abandon Relinquish
Cancel, quit Forgo
Prevent Preclude
Delayed Are not yet available
Bad risk Do not satisfy all of our current criteria
Not good enough, inferior Do not match our immediate requirements
Abused, wreckedWhen tested, showed an extraordinarily high
degree of wear and tear
Desperate Concerned
Terrible, pathetic, outrageous, disgusting Unacceptable
40.9 Bad news Voice
Active voice Passive voice
I found that It was discovered that
You have not maintained the
equipment correctlyThe equipment has not been
maintained correctly
We cannot refund theamount
A refund cannot be made
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40.10 Kisses and buffers again
If you cannot give a person credit facilities, can you give details of alternatives, such as
discounts for cash purchases? If you cannot give a refund on an item, can you offer another item or a discount on a further
purchase? If you have to dismiss someone, can you offer them retraining or at least facilities (desk,phone) so they can hunt for another job?
41. Memos
Most letters are sent to recipients outside the writers organisation. Memos, ormemorandums, are usually transmitted within an organisation. Memos may be created onpaper or sent as emails.
41.1 Memos: what are they for?
Dont send memos when face-to-face or telephone interaction will solve your communicationproblem more quickly and directly.
Many types of memos are used in organisations. Some of the most common ones deal with: Request Announcements Instruction.
41.2 Request Memos
A document sent within an organisation, asking for solutions and action.
41.3 Announcement Memos
A message sent within an organisation to a wide readership or audience.
41.4 Instruction Memos
A document, sent within an organisation, setting out information about procedures oroperating routines.
41.5 Exercise Memos
You are the new IT technician at a Cablecom office.Write a memo addressed to all the office staff explaining how to use the new scanner.
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42. Reports
42.1 Information and Persuasion: Getting the Mix Right
The purpose of some report types is to provide specific information to their audience justfacts, and nothing else.
Others are intended to be persuasive: their object is to convince decision-makers.
42.2 What are reports for?
to record routine events to record non-routine events as the basis for making decisions as a basis for avoiding decisions
42.3 Who are reports for?
Know your audience!!!
42.4 Computer or Data Report
Function Audience Format and features
G i v e s q u i c koverview of data
Mainly internal Decision-makers andprocess monitors
Mainly graphic renditions of tabular datafrom databases and spreadsheetsMinimal amount of descriptive and analyticaltextOften created with specialised software (e.g.
Crystal Reports)Rarely involves conclusions orrecommendations
42.5 Research or Analytical Report
Function Audience Format and features
Gives detailedanalysis of a
situation
Mainly internal Decision-makers
May be long (1000+ words)May involve considerable research
Involves analysis as well as descriptionFormat and structure are created by thewriter, usually in accordance withconventionsWill give conclusions ans (usually)recommendations
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42.6 Report Features
Genre/attributes Report
Approach Tends to be problem focused and action oriented
Topic/focus Usually set by others as a brief or with terms of reference
Table of contents Common in longer documents
ContextWorld of work: submitted to aid decision making and problemsolving, but will attract compliments, criticism or both
SummaryUsually given, often mentioning key conclusions andrecommendations
Layout techniquesParagraphs tend to be shorterSections and subsections often numbered, giving clear signpost tostructureBullet points sometimes used
Tables, graphics Often used to show data
Expression ofopinion
Opinions tend to be reserved for conclusions and recommendations
Style Tends to be impersonal and objective
Referencing Usually light; primary data may be used as much as secondary data
