Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics - Springer Link978-3-642-02202-9/1.pdf · Preface to the Second...

Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics

Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki

Harb A. Harfi, Hisham M. Nazer, F. Bruder Stapleton, William Oh and

Richard J. Whitley (Editors)

Textbook ofClinical Pediatrics

Second Edition

With 990 Figures and 812 Tables

EditorsAbdelaziz Y. Elzouki
Professor of PediatricsFaculty of MedicineUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
Harb A. HarfiDirectorNational Center of Allergy,Asthma & Immunology (NCAAI)RiyadhSaudi Arabia

Hisham M. NazerConsultant Pediatric Gastroenterology & HepatologyIslamic HospitalAmmanJordan

F. Bruder StapletonProfessor and Chair Department of PediatricsSeattle Children’s Hospital University of WashingtonSchool of MedicineSeattle, WAUSA

William OhProfessor of PediatricsAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityWoman and Infants HospitalProvidence, RIUSA

Richard J. WhitleyProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of AlabamaBirmingham, ALUSA

ISBN 978-3-642-02201-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02202-9ISBN (print þ eReference) 978-3-642-02203-6DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02201-2Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931523

First Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2001

This Edition © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage indata banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the GermanCopyright Lawof September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution underthe German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specificstatement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. Inevery individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)

http://www.springer.com

Preface to the Second Edition

I am pleased to present the second edition of the Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics. The first edition of this textbook

(published in 2001) proved to be both a scientific and a clinical success. Scholarly reviews recommended the book as a

primary textbook for residents andmedical students and an excellent resource for practicing pediatricians as well as other

pediatric health care providers.

The primary goal of the editor of any clinically oriented textbook is to make sure that the text is comprehensive, with

updated knowledge, and draws together best practices in practical clinical management. This can be achieved only by

utilizing the expertise of those colleagues who have special knowledge and talent in the discipline of pediatrics as a whole

and in its various sub-specialties. It is with great pleasure that I welcome along with Harb Harfi and Hisham Nazer, the

new co-editors—Dr. Bruder Stapleton (University of Washington School of Medicine), Dr. William Oh (Brown

University School of Medicine) and Dr. RichardWhitley (University of Alabama School of Medicine) who have brought

in their deep knowledge and practical expertise to harness the best available knowledge in pediatrics. All of us together are

also delighted to welcome our very eminent panel of outstanding leaders who performed the role of editing various

topical sections on pediatric sub-specialties strengthening them with their specialized knowledge, authority, and

experience. The second edition includes an expanded team of 17 new section editors who contribute to a wider coverage

and scope of this new edition. We are pleased to welcome our 389 expert contributors from leading medical schools and

medical centers around the world who contributed chapters.

This second edition constitutes a major revision, update, and reorganization of the textbook based on systematic

reviews of advances in pediatric science and clinical application while retaining the reader- and practitioner-friendly

features of the first edition. It is designed to cover contemporary pediatrics totally in logical sequence and withmaximum

authority. All pediatric sub-specialties are covered and discussed. The textbook’s size and number of illustrations have

been increased significantly. The scope of this text is wider thanmost other textbooks of pediatrics—this is deliberate and

reflects the growth of knowledge in the field as well as the changing trends in medical practice and education. The

contents have therefore been redeveloped to serve as a substantial and comprehensive pediatric text, balanced scientif-

ically and clinically to be a problem- and evidence-based global reference for clinicians.

To this end, many fields have been extensively rewritten, including—genetic disorders, neonatology, infectious

diseases, blood diseases, endocrine disorders, cardiology, pediatric oncology, developmental, learning and behavioral

disorders, allergic disorders, primary immunodeficiency disorders, respiratory disorders, neurology, kidney and urinary

tract disorders, disturbances in acid-base and electrolyte disorders, critical care, rheumatology, pediatric orthopedics,

and disorders of the skin. Three new sections have been added on pediatric surgery (intended to help practitioners to

benefit from the knowledge and clinical management experience of medically important pediatric surgery problems

through the eyes of expert pediatric surgeons), on adolescent medicine (an important new area of knowledge related to

the practice of pediatrics), and on drug dosing in pediatrics (providing important reference information to busy

practitioners on dosage and value).

A total of 155 new chapters have been added including—principles of genetic testing, treatment of genetic disorders,

surfactant replacement therapy, ECMO, neonatal neurology, common procedures in neonatology, ethics and decision

making in neonatology, autism spectrum disorders, children in disaster, nutritional modulation of intestinal gene

expression, animal and human bites, infection associated with medical devices, Chlamydial infections, Listeria

monocytoenes, Mycoplasma infection, Actinomycosis, influenza, 2009 H1N1, rotaviruses and noro-and caliciviruses,

innate immune defect, immune dysregulation, cutaneous disorders of neonate, pediatric surgical dermatology,

skin barrier management and topical treatment in pediatric dermatology, pain amplification syndromes,

autoinflammatory diseases, post-infectious arthritis and related conditions, probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders,

capsule endoscopy in childhood, intestinal transplantation in children, mitochondrial hepatopathies and Reye’s

syndrome, pulmonary complications of the immunocompromised patients, cardiovascular genetics, sudden cardiac

vi Preface to the Second Edition

death and pre-participation sports screening, secondary cardiac morbidities, noninvasive cardiovascular imaging,

interventional cardiology, cardiomyopathies and heart transplantation, acute respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation,

and infections in PICU.

In addition there are chapters on the management of snake bites and spider bites, clinical disorders associated with

altered potassium metabolism, care of the child refusing blood products, thrombosis, sleep and its disorders in

childhood, stroke in children, headache and head pain, pediatric neurorehabilitation and many others.

The textbook places special emphasis on the clinical aspects of various practical pediatric problems. Actual prototype

case histories, intended to reinforce the basic principles in clinical management, are presented in sections where it

contributes to an enhanced understanding of the subject, such as genetic disorders, inborn errors of metabolism and

immunology.

Sections also have been enriched with chapters on clinical scenarios that form the basis for discussion of the relevant

clinical problem and are commonly encountered by practitioners and residents, such as anemia, child with recurrent

infections, failure to thrive, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal masses, limping child,

heart murmur, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, proteinuria, hematuria, and enlarged lymph nodes. These

chapters provide an overview of the background for these clinical problems as well as an approach for managing the

problem.

Wherever possible, the textbook has based its contents on the best available evidence. The level of evidence preferred

is the systematic review of randomized control trials. It is the editors’ earnest hope that these efforts provide for

a significant enhancement of the management and care for sick children around the world.

On a personal note, I would also like to add for those interested, a short history of the development of this work. It

was several years ago in Benghazi (Libya), my home town, where I thought to edit a textbook that would cover new

ground clinically and yet be of global relevance. Dr. Hassan Majeed was the first person who accepted the idea and gave

his guidance and support. Dr. Ahmad Teebi contributed to the first edition as section editor for genetic disorders. Both

were inspiring teachers with unique clinical competence (Majeed syndrome, Teebi syndrome). It is sad that both these

giants of clinical pediatrics passed away in 2010.Majeed and Teebi will not be forgotten and will bemissed by all whowere

inspired by them to work with children.

The editors and I also thank the staff at Springer who did a great job to ensure the best major reference work possible.

Particularly, Sandra Fabiani, Anil Chandy, and Sunali Mull from Springer’s major reference work division as well as

Marion Kraemer and Sverre Klempe from the Clinical Medicine editorial division.

For this new edition, I also appreciate and acknowledge the support of the Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura

University.

The editors and I like to dedicate this textbook to our contributors and section editors. It is their book and it is their

work that has given our textbook its strength and authority.

September 2011 Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki

Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Preface to the First Edition

It is with great pleasure, that we launch the first edition of the Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics. The textbook went through

several stages of ideas, development, design, writing, revision, editing and extensive critical review by authorities in their

field before it was submitted for publication. All the above stages demanded a great amount of effort. The aim was to

produce a textbook that has both a global appeal and interest and would help practicing pediatricians, pediatric residents

and family practitioners to manage sick children in a practical way, but on a sound scientific basis. The textbook is also

intended to help pediatricians in training who are preparing for board or membership examinations and to function as

a desk reference with updated information for practicing physicians and pediatricians. Our aim was also to develop

a textbook that covers in some detail prevalent childhood diseases. In doing so, we are privileged to acknowledge the

contribution of over 100 distinguished pediatricians and scientists from 34 well-knownmedical schools, major hospitals

and health centers from five continents. Therefore, this textbook is enriched with international experience in childhood

health care.

Almost all pediatric subspecialties are well covered in this textbook, including blood diseases, neoplastic disorders,

infectious diseases, respiratory disorders, allergic disorders, immunodeficiency disorders, inborn metabolic disorders,

rheumatic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, diseases of the kidney and urinary tract, nutritional disorders, neonatol-

ogy, endocrinology, oral and craniofacial disorders, gastrointestinal and liver disorders, neurological disorders, skin

diseases, orthopedic, otolaryngology, ophthalmological disorders, pediatric poisoning, critical care, burns, acid base and

electrolytes disturbance. The textbook puts special emphasis on the clinical aspects of various practical pediatric

problems. Prototype actual case histories, to enforce the basic principles in clinical management, are presented in

sections where we think it will make the subject more understandable, such as in inborn errors of metabolism and

immunology. Some sections also have been enriched with a chapter on a clinical scenario that forms the basis for

discussion of relevant clinical problems. For example, in the hematology section, there is a chapter on approach to a child

with anemia; in the kidney and urinary tract disorders section there is a chapter on clinical approach to a child with

urinary tract obstruction; in the section on malignant and neoplastic disorders, there is a chapter on clinical approach to

a child with abdominal mass, and lymph node enlargement; in the immunology section, there is a chapter on approach to

a child with recurrent infection; and in the genetic section, there is a chapter on approach to the child with dyamorphic

features.

We would like to dedicate this textbook to all those who contributed to it either directly, such as our contributors,

section leaders and supportive staff, or indirectly by being supportive and patient during the preparation, writing and

editing of this text, including our families and colleagues. Special appreciation is due to the staff of LippincottWilliams &

Wilkins who took a keen interest and labored to ensure the best book possible. We particularly thank Ellen DiFrancesco

and James D. Ryan, Vice President of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

We wish to give a special mention and acknowledgment to King Khalid Foundation, Saudi Arabia for their generous

contribution and support.


Harb A. Harfi

Hisham M. Nazer

Editor


Professor of Pediatrics

Faculty of Medicine

Umm Al-Qura University

Makkah

Saudi Arabia

Co-Editors

Harb A. Harfi

Director

National Center of Allergy,

Asthma & Immunology (NCAAI)

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Hisham M. Nazer

Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Islamic Hospital

Amman

Jordan

F. Bruder Stapleton

Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics

Seattle Children’s Hospital University of Washington

School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

USA

William Oh


Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Woman and Infants Hospital

Providence, RI

USA

Richard J. Whitley


University of Alabama

Birmingham, AL

USA

Section Editors

Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb

Department of Pediatrics

King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences –

National Guard Health Affairs

Western Region

Jeddah

Saudi Arabia

Section: Critical Care

Mohamed O. Abuzeid

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery

King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Section: Pediatric Otolaryngology

Khaled Al Haidari

Scientific Board of Pharmacy

Saudi Commission for Health Specialties

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Section: Pediatric Poisoning

Selwa A. F. Al-Hazzaa

Department of Ophthalmology


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Section: Pediatric Ophthalmology

Nada S. Al-Qadheeb

Division of Pharmacy Services


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Section: Pediatric Poisoning

Peter N. Cox

Department of Critical Care Medicine

Hospital for Sick Children

Toronto, ON

Canada

Section: Critical Care

J. Burton Douglass

Cumberland Gap Orthodontics, Inc.

Harrogate, TN

USA

Section: Oral and Craniofacial Disorders

Craig P. Eberson

Division of Pediatric Orthopedics


Providence, RI

USA

Section: Pediatric Orthopedics

Generoso G. Gascon

RHCI for Children

Forestdale, MA

USA

Section: Neurology

Gabriel G. Haddad

Divisions of Respiratory Medicine and Neurosciences


University of California San Diego

Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego

San Diego, CA

USA

Section: Respiratory Disorders

Harb A. Harfi

Director

National Center of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology

(NCAAI)

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Sections: Allergic Disorders

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders

Fuad K. Hashem

Department of Surgery

King Faisel Specialist Hospital and Research Center

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Section: Pediatric Burns

xiv Section Editors

Pamela High

Developmental, Learning and Behavioral Disorders

The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Section: Developmental, Learning and Behavioral

Disorders

Khalid Hussain

The London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology

and Metabolism

Hospital for Children NHS Trust

London

UK

Section: Endocrine Disorders

Martin Keszler


Women and Infants Hospital,

Warren Alpert Medical School

Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Section: Neonatology

Bruce R. Korf

Department of Genetics


Birmingham, AL

USA

Section: Genetic Disorders

Mark B. Lewin

Heart Center

Seattle Children’s Hospital

Seattle, WA

USA

Section: Cardiology

Alberto Martini


University of Genoa

Pediatria II e Reumatologia Istituto G. Gaslini

Genoa

Italy

Section: Rheumatology

Hisham M. Nazer

Consultant Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Islamic Hospital

Amman

Jordon

Sections: Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders

Pediatric Nutrition

Stacy Nicholson


Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Oregon Health & Science University

Portland, OR

USA

Section: Pediatric Oncology

Pinar T. Ozand

Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biological

and Medical Research


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Section: Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Kristine A. Parbuoni

Department of Pharmacy Services

University of Maryland Medical Center

Baltimore, MD

USA

Section: Drug Dosing in Pediatrics

Michael Recht

Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology

Oregon Health and Science University

Portland, OR

USA

Section: Blood Diseases

Zbigniew Ruszczak

Division of Dermatology

Department of Medicine

Institute of Medicine

Sheikh Khalifa Medical City

Abu Dhabi

UAE

Section: Disorders of the Skin

Section Editors xv

F. Bruder Stapleton


Seattle Children’s Hospital University of

Washington School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

USA

Sections: Disturbances in Acid - base and Electrolytes

Disorders

Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders

Thomas F. Tracy


Alpert Medical School Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Section: Pediatric Surgery

Leslie R. Walker

Division of Adolescent Medicine


Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center

University of Washington

Seattle, WA

USA

Section: Adolescent Medicine

Richard J. Whitley



Birmingham, AL

USA

Section: Infectious Diseases

Yvette E. Yatchmink

Pediatric Developmental Behavioral Health

Providence, RI

USA

Section: Developmental, Learning and Behavioral

Disorders

List of Contributors

Shaden Abdel Hadi




Abu Dhabi

UAE

Ruba A. Abdelhadi

Department of Pediatrics and Communicable

Diseases, Pediatric Gastroenterology

University of Michigan Medical School

C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital

Ann Arbor, MI

USA

Asaad M. A. Abdullah Assiri

Head Division, Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology

& Nutrition

King Khalid University Hospital

King Saud University

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Anisha Abraham

Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine

Georgetown University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

USA

Kabir M. Abubakar

Division of Neonatology

Georgetown University Children’s Medical Center

Washington, DC

USA



King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences –

National Guard Health Affairs

Western Region

Jeddah

Saudi Arabia

Mohamed O. Abuzeid

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

William P. Adelman

Walter Reed Army Medical Center and National

Naval Medical Center

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda, MD

USA

Adetunji Adeyokunnu


King Fahad National Guard Hospital

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

H. Hesham A-Kader

Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

College of Medicine

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ

USA

and


College of Medicine


Tucson, AZ

USA

Kathryn Akong

University of California, San Diego

Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego

San Diego, CA

USA

Tekin Akpolat

Department of Nephrology

Ondokuz Mayis University

School of Medicine

Samsun

Turkey

xviii List of Contributors

Sulaiman Al Alola



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Roaa Al Gain

Pharmacy Division

King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

M. M. Al Qattan



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Manal Alasnag

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit/King Fahd Armed

Forces Hospital

Jeddah, KSA

Saudi Arabia

Zaina H. Albalawi

Department of Internal Medicine

University of Alberta

Edmonton, AB

Canada

Assunta Albanese

Paediatric Endocrine Unit

St George’s Hospital

London

UK

J. Elaine-Marie Albert

Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine


University of Washington School of Medicine

(J.E.A. and H.E.J.)

Seattle, WA

USA

Youssef A. Al-Eissa


College of Medicine

King Saud bin Abdulaziz

University for Health Sciences

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Al-Essa

Department of Biological and Medical Research


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Khaled M. Al-Haidari

Scientific Board of Pharmacy

Saudi Commission for Health Specialties

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Sami Al-Hajjar



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

and

Department of Pathology and Laboratories

King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia


Department of Ophthalmology


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Rana AlMaghrabi



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Fadheela Al-Mahroos

College of Medicine and Medical Sciences

Arabian Gulf University

Manama

Bahrain

Saleh Al-Muhsen

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

List of Contributors xix

Mohammad Almutawa

Medical School Division of Internal Medicine

Kuwait University

Aljabria

Kuwait

Abdallah Al-Nasser

King Fahad National Centre for Children’s Cancer


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Nada S. Al-Qadheeb

Division of Pharmacy Services


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Soud A. Al-Rasheed

Pediatrics

King Saud bin Abdulaziz


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Mohammad Al-Shaalan


King Soud bin Abdulaziz


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Jeffrey Alten

Division of Pediatric Critical Care

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, AL

USA

Asa’d Al-Toonsi



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

and

Saudi Board Program

Maternity Children Hospital

Makkah

Saudi Arabia

Mercedes C. Amado

Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology

The Children’s Mercy Hospitals & Clinics

University of Missouri-Kansas

City School of Medicine

Kansas City, MO

USA

Kyle Anderson

Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, OH

USA

Kathleen Angkustsiri


UC Davis Children’s Hospital and UC Davis MIND

Institute

Sacramento, CA

USA

Ronen Arnon


Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

New York, NY

USA

Stephen Ashwal


Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Loma Linda, CA

USA

Farahnak Assadi

Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Section of Nephrology

Rush Children’s Hospital

Rush University Medical Center

Chicago, Illinois

USA

Tadej Avcin

Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical

Immunology

University Children’s Hospital Ljubljana

University Medical Center

Ljubljana

Slovenia

xx List of Contributors

Yasser Awaad

King Fahad Medical City

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Kenneth S. Azarow

Children’s Hospital Omaha

University of Nebraska

Omaha, NE

USA

Sakra S. Balhareth

Pharmacy Services Division

King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Mark Ballow

Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology


Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo

Buffalo, NY

USA

Robert S. Baltimore


Yale University School of Medicine

Associate Hospital Epidemiologist

For Pediatrics Yale-New Haven Hospital

New Haven, CT

USA

Hany Banoub

Queen Mary’s Hospital for Children

Epsom & St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust

Carshalton, Surrey

UK

Dinesh Banur

Queen Mary’s Hospital for Children,

Epsom St Helier University NHS Trust

Carshalton, Surrey

UK

Keith J. Barrington


University of Montreal

Sainte-Justine Hospital

Montreal, Quebec

Canada

Cristina Basso

Cardiovascular Pathology

Department of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences

University of Padua

Padua

Italy

Asim Belgaumi



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Alexandre Belot

Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology

Femme Mere Enfant Hospital, Lyon 1 University

Lyon

France

Fabrizio de Benedetti

Direzione Scientifica

IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu

Rome

Italy

Henry Berman

Adolescent Medicine

Seattle Children’s Hospital, M/S: W-7831

Seattle, WA

USA

Jorge A. Bezerra

Pediatric Liver Care Center and Division of Pediatric

Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition of

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the


University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OH

USA

Ibrahim Bin-Hussain



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Michael S. Blaiss

College of Medicine

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Germantown, TN

USA

List of Contributors xxi

Gregory Blaschke



Portland, OR

USA

Joseph M. Bliss


Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island


Providence, RI

USA

Suresh B. Boppana


University of Alabama School of Medicine

Birmingham, AL

USA

Lynn Boshkov

Medicine & Pediatrics


Portland, OR

USA

Mahmoud Bozo

Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Damascus Hospital

Damascus

Syria

Heather Bradeen


University of Vermont

Burlington, VT

USA

Brian R. Branchford

The Children’s Hospital Denver

Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders

Aurora, CO

USA

David J. Breland

Adolescent Medicine

Seattle Children’s Hospital M/S: W-7831


Seattle, WA

USA

Cora Collette Breuner



Orthopedics and Sports Medicine


Seattle, WA

USA

Nicola A. Bridges

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital

NHS Foundation Trust

London

UK

Vivian Brown

Walgreens

Sequim, WA

USA

William D. Brown

Department of Clinical Neuroscience

Brown University

Seekonk, MA

USA

Khalid K. Bshesh

Cardiovascular Department

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit/King Faisal Specialist

Hospital and Research Center

Jeddah, KSA

Saudi Arabia

Ruben Burgos-Vargas

Department of Rheumatology

Hospital General de Mexico Universidad Nacional

Autonoma de Mexico

Mexico, DF

Mexico

Tyler Burpee



Seattle, WA

USA

xxii List of Contributors

Gale R. Burstein



State University of New York at Buffalo School of

Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Buffalo, NY

USA

Karen Buysse

Center for Medical Genetics

Ghent University Hospital

Ghent

Belgium

William J. Cashore


Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island

Providence, RI

USA

Bill H. Chang

Pediatric Hematology & Oncology

Doernbecher Children’s Hospital


Portland, OR

USA

Eugenia Chang

St. Luke’s Mountain States Tumor and Medical

Research Institute

Boise, ID

USA

and


University of Utah

SLC, UT

USA

Margaret A. Chen

PreventionGenetics

Marshfield, WI

USA

Ravi Chetan

Endocrinology & Diabetes

Southend University Hospital

London

UK

Robert L. Chevalier


School of Medicine

University of Virginia Health System

Charlottesville, VA

USA

Edward Chien

Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Women and Infants’ Hospital of Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Tanuja Chitnis

Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center

Department of Pediatric Neurology

Massachusetts General Hospital for Children

Boston, MA

USA

Sonny K. F. Chong

Queen Mary’s Hospital for Children

Epsom & St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust

Carshalton, Surrey

UK

and

St. George’s Hospital Medical School

London

UK

Nadine F. Choueiter

Division of Pediatrics


Seattle, WA

USA

Thomas H. Chun

Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics

Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine

The Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Terrence U. H. Chun

Heart Center



Seattle, WA

USA

List of Contributors xxiii

Christina E. Ciaccio



University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine

Kansas City, MO

USA

Rachel Clingenpeel

Child Protection Program


Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Pierre Cochat

Centre de reference des maladies renales rares &

Inserm U820

Hospices Civils de Lyon & Universite de Lyon

Lyon

France

and

Service de pediatrie

Hopital Femme Mere Enfant

Bron cedex

France

Gordon Cohen

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Jeffrey A. Conwell

Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center



Seattle, WA

USA

Rosanna Coppo

Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit

Regina Margherita University Children’s Hospital

Turin

Italy

Domenico Corrado

Division of Cardiology

Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences

University of Padua Medical School

Padova

Italy

Paula Costanzo

Division of Respiratory Medicine


San Diego, CA

USA

Robert A. Cowles

Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of

NewYork-Presbyterian

Columbia University Medical Center

New York, NY

USA

Peter N. Cox



Toronto, ON

Canada

Mara G. Coyle



Providence, RI

USA

and


Brown Medical School Women & Infants Hospital

Providence, RI

USA

T. Coyne-Beasley

Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC

USA

Amanda W. Dale-Shall


Division of Nephrology and Hypertension

Levine Children’s Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center

Charlotte, NC

USA

xxiv List of Contributors

Peter Davis

The Royal Women’s Hospital

Melborne, VIC

Australia

Meghan Delaney

Puget Sound Blood Center

Seattle, WA

USA

Thomas G. DeLoughery

Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology

Department of Medicine and Division of

Laboratory Medicine

Department of Pathology, Hematology L586

Oregon Health Sciences University

Portland, OR

USA

Penelope H. Dennehy

Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases


Hasbro Children’s Hospital

The Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Meena P. Desai

Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital &

Research Centre

Mumbai

India

Maria Descartes



Birmingham, AL

USA

Shireesha Dhanireddy

Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases


Seattle, WA

USA

Alicia Dixon Docter

Department of Family and Child Nursing



Seattle, WA

USA

William K. Dolen


Division of Allergy-Immunology and Rheumatology

Medical College of Georgia at the Georgia Health

Sciences University

Augusta, GA

USA

Tavey Dorofaeff

Royal Children’s Hospital

Herston, Brisbane

Australia

Ami Doshi

Division of Hospital Medicine



Rady Children’s Hospital

San Diego, CA

USA

J. Burton Douglass

Cumberland Gap Orthodontics, Inc.

Harrogate, TN

USA

Craig P. Eberson

Department of Orthopaedics

Warren Alpert School of Medicine Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Burhan Edrees


Makkah

Saudi Arabia

Jochen H. H. Ehrich

Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and

Metabolic Diseases

Children’s Hospital

Hannover Medical School

Hannover

Germany

Mohammad El Baba

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology

Wayne State University School of Medicine

Children’s Hospital of Michigan

Detroit, MI

USA

List of Contributors xxv

Mohamed A. El Guindi

Hepatology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute

Menoufiya University

Cairo

Egypt

Mohammad I. El Mouzan

Department of Pediatrics (gastroenterology)

College of Medicine & King Khaled University Hospital


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Hassan El Solh



Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Mohammed El-Bali

Department of Medical Parasitology


Makkah

Saudi Arabia

Afif El-Khuffash

Department of Neonatology


Toronto, ON

Canada

Mortada El-Shabrawi


Cairo University

Mohandesseen, Cairo

Egypt


Faculty of Medicine


Makkah

Saudi Arabia

Ilgi O. Ertem


Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Unit

Ankara University School of Medicine

Ankara

Turkey

Yolanda Evans

Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics


Seattle, WA

USA

Melanie D. Everitt

Division of Pediatric Cardiology

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT

USA

Paul D. Fadale

Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/

Rhode Island Hospital

Providence, RI

USA

Leonard G. Feld


Levine Children’s Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center

Charlotte, NC

USA

Heidi M. Feldman


Stanford University School of Medicine

Palo Alto, CA

USA

and



Stanford, CA

USA

Philip R. Fischer

Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN

USA

Peter G. Fitzgibbons

Department of Orthopedics


Providence, RI

USA

xxvi List of Contributors

Thomas A. Fleisher

Department of Laboratory Medicine

NIH Clinical Center

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda, MD

USA

Veronica H. Flood


Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

USA

Joseph T. Flynn

Division of Nephrology


Seattle, Washington, DC

USA

John W. Foreman


Duke University Medical Center

Durham, NC

USA

John R. Fowler


Temple University Hospital

Philadelphia, PA

USA

Doris Franke

Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and

Metabolic Diseases



Hannover

Germany

Aaron Friedman

Medical School Dean’s Office

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, MN

USA

John N. Gaitanis

Division of Biology and Medicine

The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at

Brown University


Providence, RI

USA

Christopher Gasbarre

Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute,

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, OH

USA

Generoso G. Gascon

RHCI for Children

Forestdale, MA

USA

Marco Gattorno

UO Pediatria II (2nd Division of Pediatrics)

G. Gaslini Scientific Institute for Children

Genoa

Italy

Nicole Gebran


Tawam Hospital

Al Ain, Abu Dhabi

UAE

Fayez K. Ghishan


Steele Children’s Research Center


Tucson, AZ

USA

and


College of Medicine University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ

USA

Ann Giesel

Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine


Seattle, WA

USA

List of Contributors xxvii

Mark A. Gilger

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition,

Baylor College of Medicine

Texas Children’s Hospital

Houston, TX

USA

Mary Margaret Gleason

Tulane University School of Medicine

New Orleans, LA

USA

Jason Glover

Pediatric Hematology & Oncology

Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health &

Science University

Portland, OR

USA

Neil A. Goldenberg

Department of Hematology

The Children’s Hospital-Denver and University of

Colorado Hemophila and Thrombosis Center

Aurora, CO

USA

Allan M. Goldstein

Department of Pediatric Surgery

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

USA

Harald P. M. Gollnick

Department of Dermatology & Venereology

Otto-von-Guericke University

Magdeburg

Germany

Marah Gotcsik



Seattle, WA

USA

Phillip W. Graham

Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division

RTI International

NC

USA

Daniel Greenberg

Oregon Health Sciences University

Portland, OR

USA

Elke Griesmaier

Department of Pediatrics IV, Neonatology,

Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Diseases

Medical University Innsbruck

Innsbruck

Austria

Erica R. Gross

Division of Pediatric Surgery

Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital

New York-Presbyterian

Columbia University

New York, NY

USA

Linda S. Grossman

Baltimore County Department of Health

Baltimore, MD

USA

James T. Guille

Division of Pediatrics Orthopaedics

Brandywine Orthopaedics

Pottstown, PA

USA

Michelle Gurvitz

Department of Cardiology/BACH

Children’s Hospital Boston

Boston, MA

USA

Robin H. Gurwitch

National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement

Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

Cincinnati, OH

USA

Generoso Gutierrez-Gascon

Pediatric Neurology Unit

Department of Neurology


Boston, MA

USA

xxviii List of Contributors

Raul Gutierrez-Suarez

Department of Rheumatology

Hospital General de Mexico

Mexico DF

Mexico

Gabriel G. Haddad

Divisions of Respiratory Medicine and Neurosciences




San Diego, CA

USA

Issam M. Halabi


University of Illinois

College of Medicine

Peoria, IL

USA

Kristina M. Haley

Pediatric Hematology/Oncology


Portland, OR

USA

Margaret R. Hammerschlag

Division of Infectious Diseases


State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Brooklyn, NY

USA

Abdel-Hai Hammo


Tufts University Brockton Hospital

Brockton, MA

USA

Eckart Haneke

Dermatology Practice

Dermaticum

Freiburg

Germany

and

Department of Dermatology

University of Berne

Inselspital

Switzerland

and

Centro de Dermatologıa

Inst CUF

Porto

Portugal

and


Acad Hosp, University of Ghent

Belgium

Coral D. Hanevold

Division of Pediatric Nephrology

University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle


Seattle, WA

USA

Robin L. Hansen


UC Davis Children’s Hospital and UC Davis MIND

Institute

Sacramento, CA

USA

Bruce G. Hardy



Seattle, WA

USA

Harb A. Harfi

National Center of Allergy, Asthma

and Immunology (NCAAI)

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Fuad Hashem


King Faisel Specialist Hospital and Research Center

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Fetouh Hassanin

Misr International University

Cairo

Egypt

Kirsten Hawkins

Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine

Georgetown University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

USA

List of Contributors xxix

Elise M. Herro


University of California

San Diego - Rady Children’s Hospital

San Diego, CA

USA

Geoffrey Heyer

Division of Child Neurology

Ohio State College of Medicine

Columbus, OH

USA

Rosemary D. Higgins

Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Center for

Developmental Biology and Perinatal Medicine

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child

Health and Human Development, National Institutes of

Health

Bethesda, MD

USA

Pamela High

Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics


Providence, RI

USA

Omar M. Hijazi

Division of Pediatric Cardiac ICU

Department of Cardiac Sciences

King Abdul Aziz Cardiac Center

King Abdul Aziz Medical City


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Yamini Jagannath Howe

Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics


Providence, RI

USA

Peter F. Hoyer

Department of Pediatric Nephrology

University Children’s Hospital

Essen

Germany

Taosheng Huang



Irvine, CA

USA

Michael J. Hulstyn



Providence, RI

USA

Khalid Hussain

The London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and

Metabolism

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust

London

UK

and

Developmental Endocrinology Research Group

Molecular Genetics Unit

Institute of Child Health

University College London

London

UK

Jeffrey W. Hutchinson

Department of Adolescent Medicine

National Naval Medical Center and Walter Reed Army

Medical Center

Uniformed Services University

Bethesda, MD

USA

Donna Huynh

University of Maryland School of Pharmacy

Baltimore, MD

USA

Lisa F. Imundo



New York, NY

USA

Natascia Di Iorgi

Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS

Giannina Gaslini - University of Genova

Genova

Italy

xxx List of Contributors

Michael B. Ishitani


Mayo Clinic and Foundation

Rochester, MN

USA

Sharon E. Jacob

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery


San Diego - Rady Children’s Hospital

San Diego, CA

USA

Richard F. Jacobs


University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of

Medicine

Little Rock, AR

USA

Chela James


Metabolism


WC1N 3JH and the Institute of Child Health University

College

London

UK

Annie Janvier

Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Ethics

Sainte-Justine Hospital

University of Montreal

Montreal, Quebec

Canada

Howard E. Jeffries

Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine



(J.E.A. and H.E.J.)

Seattle, WA

USA

Troy A. Johnston

Heart Center

University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital

Seattle, WA

USA

Deborah P. Jones

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Children’s Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur

Children’s Medical Center

Memphis, TN

USA

Suliman Al Jumaah

Department of Pediatrics, MBC 58


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Tara Karamlou

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Clifford E. Kashtan


Division of Pediatric Nephrology

University of Minnesota Medical School

Minneapolis, MN

USA

Laura Kastner

Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences

School of Medicine


Seattle, WA

USA

Julia A. Katarincic

Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Jeremy Katcher

Kirkwood, MO

USA

Elizabeth M. Keating

Mayo Medical School

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN

USA

List of Contributors xxxi

Steven Keiles

Ambry Genetics

Aliso Viejo, CA

USA

Matthias Keller

Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Pediatric

Neurology

University Hospital Essen

Essen

Germany

Mariska S. Kemna





Seattle, WA

USA

Sean E. Kennedy


Sydney Children’s Hospital & School of Women’s &

Children’s Health University of New South Wales

Sydney, NSW

Australia

Martin Keszler


Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island


Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Melissa Ketunuti



The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA

USA

Najwa Khuri-Bulos

Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Jordan University Hospital

Amman

Jordan

David W. Kimberlin

Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Sergio Stagno Endowed Chair in Pediatric

Infectious Diseases

The University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, AL

USA

Shyla Kishore

Paediatric Gastroenterology

St. George’s Hospital NHS Health Care Trust

London

UK

Aziz Koleilat


Makassed University General Hospital

Beirut

Lebanon

Isabelle Kone-Paut

Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology

National Reference Center for

Auto-Inflammatory Disorders

Bicetre University Hospital

Le Kremlin Bicetre

France

Bruce R. Korf



Birmingham, AL

USA

Michael P. Koster



Providence, RI

USA

Sanjeev Kothare

Division of Sleep Medicine


Boston, MA

USA

Martin A. Koyle

Division of Pediatric Urology

The Hospital for Sick Children

Toronto, ON

USA

xxxii List of Contributors

James Krebs

Experiential Education

University of New England

College of Pharmacy

Portland, ME

USA

Douglas W. Kress

Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh

University of Pittsburgh 11279 Perry Highway

Wexford, PA

USA

Vibha Krishnamurthy

Ummeed Child Development Center

Mumbai, Maharashtra

India

Karthik Krishnan


Division of Allergy-Immunology and Rheumatology

Medical College of Georgia at the Georgia Health

Sciences University

Augusta, GA

USA

Matthew P. Kronman





Seattle, WA

USA

Arlet G. Kurkchubasche



Providence, RI

USA

and


Providence, RI

USA

Peter Kurre



Portland, OR

USA

John D. Lantos

Children’s Mercy Bioethics Center

Children’s Mercy Hospital

Kansas City, MO

USA

Bianca Lattanzi

Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche G. De Toni

Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico

G. Gaslini

Genoa

Italy

Yuk M. Law





Seattle, WA

USA

Mark C. Lee

Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery

University of Connecticut

Connecticut Children’s Medical Center

Hartford, CT

USA

Ting-Wen An Lee

Division of Pediatric Endocrinology

Children’s Hospital at Montefiore

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Bronx, NY

USA

Mark B. Lewin

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Meerana Lim


University of California, San Diego


San Diego, CA

USA

List of Contributors xxxiii

Susan J. Lindemulder



Portland, OR

USA

Jonathan Lipton


Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders


Boston, MA

USA

Warren Lo



Columbus, OH

USA

Sara A. Lohser


Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery

Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Cleveland, OH

USA

Rebecca Loret de Mola


Division of Hematology/Oncology


Portland, OR

USA

Edward J. Lose



Birmingham, AL

USA

Michael Loubser

Infinity Health Clinic

Dubai

UAE

Francois I. Luks



Providence, RI

USA

and


Alpert Medical School of Brown University and


Providence, RI

USA

John B. Lynch


Seattle, WA

USA

Andrew James Lyon

Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health

Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh

Edinburgh, Midlothian

UK

Michelle M. Macias

Medical University of South Carolina

Charleston, SC

USA

Benjamin Mackowiak

University of Washington Medical Center

Seattle, WA

USA

Kenneth J. Mack

Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN

USA

Mohamad Maghnie


IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Gaslini

University of Genova

Genova

Italy

Anthony E. Magit


San Diego, CA

USA

Pierre Quartier dit Maire

Hematology and Rheumatology Unit

Universite Paris-Descartes and Pediatric Immunology

Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital

Paris

France

xxxiv List of Contributors

Suman Malempati




Portland, OR

USA

Daniel P. Mallon


University Washington School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

USA

Ahmad A. Mallouh

Jordan Hospital

Amman

Jordan

Trond Markestad


Institute of Clinical Medicine

Haukeland University Hospital

University of Bergen

Bergen

Norway

Carol Marquez

Department of Radiation Medicine


Portland, OR

USA

Alberto Martini


University of Genoa

Pediatria II e Reumatologia

Istituto G. Gaslini

Genoa

Italy

Michael J. Mason

Department of Education and Human Services

366 Villanova University

Villanova, PA

USA

Christine A. Matarese

Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN

USA

Abdulrahman M. Al Mazrou

Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases


King Saud University and King Fahad Medical City

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Evelina Mazzolari


University of Brescia

Brescia

Italy

Elizabeth McCauley

Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences

Division of Child Psychiatry

University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital

Seattle, WA

USA

Kenneth L. McClain


Texas Children’s Cancer Center and Hematology Service

Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, TX

USA

Jonathan A. McCullers

Department of Infectious Diseases

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

Memphis, TN

USA

Patrick J. McNamara



Toronto, ON

Canada

Robyn Mehlenbeck

Department of Psychology

George Mason University

Fairfax, VA

USA

Hector Mendez-Figueroa

Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine


Women and Infants’ Hospital of Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

List of Contributors xxxv

David J. Michelson

LLU Division of Child Neurology

Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Loma Linda, CA

USA

Giorgina Mieli-Vergani

Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre

King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s

College Hospital

London

UK

Federico Migliore




Padova

Italy

Michelle A. Miller

Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

The Ohio State University Medical School/Nationwide


Columbus, OH

USA

Tamir Miloh


Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York University

New York, NY

USA

Mohamad Miqdady

Pediatric Institute

Sheikh Khalifa Medical City/Managed by

Cleveland Clinic

Abu Dhabi

UAE

Neena Modi

Section of Neonatal Medicine


Imperial College London

Chelsea & Westminster campus

London

UK

Hadi Mohseni-Bod


University of Toronto


Toronto

Canada

Keith O. Monchik




Providence, RI

USA

John Moore

Section of Cardiology


University of California San Diego School of Medicine


San Diego, CA

USA

Jill A. Morgan

University of Maryland School of Pharmacy

Baltimore, MD

USA

Colin J. Morley

Department of Neonatal Medicines

Royal Women’s Hospital

Carlton, VIC

Australia

Amir Mostofi

Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery

Risser Orthopaedic Group

Pasadena, CA

USA

Manuel Moya

Pediatric Department

University M. Hernandez/Hospital Universitario S.Juan

San Juan, Alicante

Spain

Maka Mshvildadze

Chachava Scientific-Research Institute of Perinatal

Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology

Tbilisi, GA

USA

xxxvi List of Contributors

Mary K. Mulcahey




Providence, RI

USA

Christopher S. Muratore



Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children’s Hospital

Providence, RI

USA

Mahmoud M. Mustafa

Jimmy Everest Cancer Center

Children’s Hospital of Oklahoma

Oklahoma City, OK

USA

Radhika Muzumdar




Bronx, NY

USA

Arti Nanda

Pediatric Dermatology

As’ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center

Salmiya

Kuwait

Jack H. Nassau

Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry


Providence, RI

USA

David Nathalang



Tucson, AZ

USA

Simona Nativ



Children’s Hospital of New York

New York, NY

USA

Kellie J. Nazemi


Division of Hematology/Oncology


Portland, OR

USA

Dena Nazer


Wayne State University

Children’s Hospital of Michigan

Detroit, MI

USA

Lama H. Nazer

Department of Pharmacy

King Hussein Cancer Center

Amman

Jordan

Hisham M. Nazer

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical

Nutrition

University of Jordan

Islamic Hospital

Amman

Jordan

Deepika Nehra




Boston, MA

USA

Eneida R. Nemecek



Portland, OR

USA

Josef Neu


University of Florida

Gainesville, FL

USA

List of Contributors xxxvii

Patrick Niaudet

Service de Nephrologie Pediatrique

Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades

Universite Paris-Descartes

Paris

France

H. Stacy Nicholson




Portland, OR

USA

Cory Noel


Seattle, WA

USA

Luigi D. Notarangelo

Division of Immunology

Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

USA

Cyrus Nozad

Cordova, TN

USA

William Oh



Women and Infants Hospital

Providence, RI

USA

Aaron K. Olson

Heart Center



Seattle, WA

USA

Jordan S. Orange


The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of

Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

USA

Fatih Ozaltin

Department of Pediatric Nephrology and

Rheumatology

Hacettepe University

Ankara

Turkey

Pinar T. Ozand


King Faisal Specialist Hospital

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

and

Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biological

and Medical Research


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Seza Ozen

Department of Pediatric Nephrology and

Rheumatology

Hacettepe University

Ankara

Turkey

M. Jason Palmer

The Hand Center

Greenville, SC

USA

Vincent J. Palusci

Frances L. Loeb Child Protection and Development

Center Bellevue Hospital Center

New York University School of Medicine

New York, NY

USA

Lars Pape

Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic

Diseases



Hannover

Germany

Kristine A. Parbuoni


University of Maryland Medical Center

Baltimore, MD

USA

xxxviii List of Contributors

Sung Min Park



San Diego, CA

USA

Bradley Peterson



San Diego, CA

USA

Juan Piantino


University of Chicago Medical Center

Chicago, IL

USA

Richard Plavka



Charles University

Prague

Czech Republic

Nina Poliak


The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of

Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

USA

Jennifer K. Poon


Charleston, SC

USA

Jay M. Portnoy



University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine

Kansas City, MO

USA

Priya Prabhakaran


University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, AL

USA

Rowena C. Punzalan


Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

USA

and

Blood Center of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

USA

Jose Bernardo Quintos



Providence, RI

USA

Tonse N. K. Raju

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child

Health and Human Development

Bethesda, MD

USA

Jayashree Ramasethu


Georgetown University Hospital

Washington, DC

USA

Soud Al Rasheed

King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Angelo Ravelli

Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico

G. Gaslini

Genoa

Italy

and

Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche G. De Toni

Universita degli Studi di Genova

Genoa

Italy

Mohamed Rawashdeh

Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition,

The Medical School

Jordan University of Science & Technology

Irbid

Jordan

List of Contributors xxxix

Jamal Raza

National Institute of Child Health

Karachi

Pakistan

Michael Recht

Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology


Portland, OR

USA

Lesley Rees



London

UK

Gabriela M. Repetto

Centro de Genetica Humana

Department of Pediatrics and Unidad de Gestion

Clınica del Nino

Facultad de Medicina

Clınica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo

Clınica Alemana and Hospital Padre Hurtado

Lo Barnechea, Santiago

Chile

Jorge D. Reyes



Seattle, WA

USA

Nameeta P. Richard



Portland, OR

USA

Steve E. Roach



Columbus, OH

USA

Stephen S. Roberts


Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda, MD

USA

C. Anita Robinson

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

Albert Einstein Medical Center

Philadelphia, PA

USA

Andrew R. Rosenberg


Sydney Children’s Hospital & School of Women’s &

Children’s Health University of New South Wales

Sydney, NSW

Australia

Carlos D. Rose

Pediatric Rheumatology

DuPont Children’s Hospital and Thomas Jefferson

University

Wilmington, DE

USA

Shannon A. Ross



Birmingham, AL

USA

Nicolino Ruperto

IRCCS G. Gaslini

Universita di Genova

Pediatria II – Reumatologia – PRINTO

EULAR Centre of Excellence in Rheumatology

2008-2013

Genoa

Italy

Zbigniew Ruszczak





Abu Dhabi

UAE

Julie Ryu



University of California San Diego and


La Jolla, CA

USA

xl List of Contributors

Camille Sabella

Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases



Cleveland, OH

USA

Paul Saenger




Bronx, NY

USA

Brian Safier

Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology,


Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo

Buffalo, NY

USA

Mustafa A. M. Salih

Division of Pediatric Neurology


College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital


Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Maria A. Salinas



Stanford, CA

USA

Hugh A. Sampson


Jaffe Food Allergy Institute

The Mount Sinai Medical Center

New York

USA

Ian R. Sanderson

Centre for Digestive Diseases

Blizard Institute

Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

Queen Mary

University of London

London

UK

Sami A. Sanjad

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

American University of Beirut

Beirut

Lebanon

Fernando Santos

Facultad de Medicinia

Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias

University of Oviedo

Oviedo, Asturias

Spain

Jonathan R. Schiller


Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

David J. Schonfeld

National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement

Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

Cincinnati, OH

USA

Amy H. Schultz

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Andrea Secco

Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS

Giannina Gaslini - University of Genova

Genova

Italy

Senthil Senniappan


Metabolism


WC1N 3JH and the Institute of Child Health

University College London

London

UK

List of Contributors xli

Stephen P. Seslar

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Taraneh Shafii




Seattle, WA

USA

and

Public Health-Seattle & King County

Seattle, WA

USA

Nalini S. Shah

Seth G. S. Medical College

K. E. M. Hospital

Parel, Mumbai

India

Jumana Shammout

Franklin Lakes, NJ

USA

Stephanya Shear

Pediatric Urology


Seattle, WA

USA

Samir Shehab


Doernbecher Children’s Hospital


Portland, OR

USA

Masako Shimamura



Birmingham, AL

USA

Salah Shohieb

Faculty of Medicine

Tanta University

Tanta

Egypt

Janelle Shumate

Wake Teen Medical Services

Raleigh, NC

USA

Namita Singh



Seattle, WA

USA

Justin Skripak


The Mount Sinai Medical Center

New York

USA

Rania Slika


Tawam Hospital

Al Ain, Abu Dhabi

UAE

Brian D. Soriano

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Mark A. Sperling


Division of Endocrinology

University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PA

USA

F. Bruder Stapleton


Seattle Children’s Hospital University of Washington

School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

USA

Laurel Steinmetz



Seattle, WA

USA

xlii List of Contributors

Bonnie E. Stephens


Providence, RI

USA

and



Providence, RI

USA

Karen Stout

Heart Center



Seattle, WA

USA

Stephanie H. Stovall


University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of

Medicine

Little Rock, AR

USA

Erin R. Stucky

Division of Hospital Medicine




San Diego, CA

USA

S. H. Subramony


McKnight Brain Institute


College of Medicine

Gainesville, FL

USA

Fredrick J. Suchy

The Children’s Hospital Research Institute

The Children’s Hospital


Child Health Research University of Colorado School of

Medicine

Aurora, CO

USA

and


Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York University

New York, NY

USA

Gaafar I. Suliman

Dr. Gaafar Ibnauf Children’s Specialized Hospital

Khartoum

Sudan

Andrea P. Summer



Charleston

USA

Manika Suryadevara

Department of Peidatrics

Upstate Medical University

Syracuse, NY

USA

Jordan M. Symons



Seattle, WA

USA

Brian G. Tang



Stanford, CA

USA

Lloyd Y. Tani


University of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT

USA

J. Channing Tassone

Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

USA

List of Contributors xliii

James S. Taylor



Cleveland, OH

USA

AbdulWahab M. A. Telmesani


College of Medicine


Makkah

Saudi Arabia

Rajan K. Thakkar


Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode

Island Hospital

Providence, RI

USA

Gaetano Thiene

Cardiovascular Pathology

Department of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences

University of Padua

Padua

Italy

Kenneth J. Tomecki




Cleveland, OH

USA

Jeffrey A. Towbin


Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Genetics

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and

University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Cincinnati, OH

USA

Thomas F. Tracy


Alpert Medical School Brown University

Providence, RI

USA

Tu-Anh Tran

Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology

National Reference Center for Auto-Inflammatory

Disorders

Bicetre University Hospital

Le Kremlin Bicetre

France

Richard S. Trompeter


London

UK

Daniel S. Tsze


Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

New York, NY

USA

Christer Ullbro

Department of Dentistry

King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Anton H. van Kaam


Emma Children’s Hospital

Academic Medical Center

Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Marcia Wenner VanVleet



Providence, RI

USA

and


Providence, RI

USA

Roshni Vara

Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease

Evelina Children’s Hospital

St Thomas’ Hospital

London

UK

xliv List of Contributors

Louise Elaine Vaz


Virgina Mason Medical Center

Sand Point Pediatrics

Seattle, WA

USA

Maximo Vento

Neonatal Research Unit


University Hospital Materno-Infantil La Fe

Valencia

Spain

Joris Robert Vermeesch

Center for Human Genetics

Catholic University of Leuven

Leuven

Belgium

Margaret MacMillan Vernon

Heart Center


Seattle, WA

USA

Bernadette Vitola

Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

USA

Betty R. Vohr


Providence, RI

USA

and



Providence, RI

USA

Leslie R. Walker



Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center


Seattle, WA

USA

John A. Walker-Smith

University Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology

Royal Free Hospital

London

UK

Bradley A. Warady

Pediatric Nephrology

Children’s Mercy Hospital

Kansas City, MO

USA

Garry L. Warne

Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes

Royal Children’s Hospital

Melbourne

Australia

Sandra L. Watkins


University of Washington Seattle Children’s Hospital

Seattle, WA

USA

Elizabeth W. Weber

Orthopedic Surgery

Connecticut Children’s Medical Center

Hartford, CT

USA

Lucy R. Wedderburn

Rheumatology Unit

Institute of Child Health

University College London (UCL)

London

UK

and

Great Ormond Street Hospital

London

UK

Lynn M. Wegner

Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC

USA

List of Contributors xlv

Leonard Weiner

5410 University Hospital

Upstate Medical University

Syracuse, NY

USA

Eric Werner


Children’s Specialty Group

Eastern Virginia School of Medicine

Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters

Norfolk, VA

USA

Richard J. Whitley


The University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, AL

USA

Matthew S. Wilder




San Diego


San Diego, CA

USA

Joseph I. Wolfsdorf

Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology)


Boston, MA

USA

Trisha E. Wong

Puget Sound Blood Center

Seattle, WA

USA

and



Seattle, WA

USA

Carine H. Wouters

Pediatric Rheumatology

Leuven University Hospital

Leuven

Belgium

Hassan M. Yaish


Primary Children Hospital

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT

USA

Hui-Kim Yap


Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine

National University of Singapore

Singapore

Ilya Yemets

Cardiac Surgery

The Children’s Cardiac Center

Kyiv

Ukraine

Rae S. M. Yeung

Department of Pediatrics, Immunology and

Medical Science

University of Toronto

The Hospital for Sick Children

Toronto, ON

Canada

Karyn Yonekawa

Nephrology A-7931


Seattle, WA

USA

Christopher Young



Gainesville, FL

USA

Delphine Yung



School of Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital

Seattle, WA

USA

xlvi List of Contributors

Alessandro Zorzi




Padova

Italy

Francesco Zulian

Pediatric Rheumatology Unit


University of Padova

Padua

Italy

Table of Contents

Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Co-Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Section Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Volume 1

Section 1 Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Bruce R. Korf

1 Genetics in Pediatric Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Bruce R. Korf

2 Approach to Single-Gene Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Taosheng Huang . Steven Keiles

3 Congenital Malformation Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Gabriela M. Repetto

4 Cytogenetic Testing and Chromosomal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Joris Robert Vermeesch . Karen Buysse

5 Principles of Genetic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Margaret A. Chen

6 Principles of Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Maria Descartes . Edward J. Lose

Section 2 Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Martin Keszler

7 The Field of Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

William Oh

8 Intrauterine Development/Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Hector Mendez-Figueroa . Edward Chien

9 Transition to Extrauterine Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Anton H. van Kaam

10 Delivery Room Management of the Newly Born Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Maximo Vento

xlviii Table of Contents

11 General Care of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137


12 Birth-Related Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159


13 The High-Risk Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Tonse N. K. Raju

14 Thermoregulation/Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Andrew James Lyon

15 Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Martin Keszler . Kabir M. Abubakar

16 Oxygen Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Maximo Vento

17 Noninvasive Respiratory Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Peter Davis

18 Surfactant Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Richard Plavka

19 Conventional Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Martin Keszler . Colin J. Morley

20 Mechanical Ventilation: HFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Anton H. van Kaam . Martin Keszler

21 Complications of Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Kabir M. Abubakar

22 ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Martin Keszler

23 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Afif El-Khuffash . Patrick J. McNamara

24 Fluids, Electrolytes, Renal Function and Acid-Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Neena Modi

25 Gastrointestinal System and Neonatal Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Christopher Young . Maka Mshvildadze . Josef Neu

26 Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

William J. Cashore

27 Infections of the Fetus and Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Joseph M. Bliss

Table of Contents xlix

28 Common Endocrine Problems in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Jose Bernardo Quintos

29 Disorders of Glucose Homeostasis in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

William Oh

30 Infant of Diabetic Mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

William Oh

31 Neonatal Hematology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Eric Werner

32 Neonatal Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Matthias Keller . Elke Griesmaier

33 Eye Disorders of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Rosemary D. Higgins

34 Miscellaneous Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Mara G. Coyle

35 Common Procedures in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Jayashree Ramasethu

36 Neurodevelopmental Follow-up and Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Betty R. Vohr . Bonnie E. Stephens

37 Ethics and Decision Making in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Annie Janvier . Keith J. Barrington . John D. Lantos

Section 3 Inborn Errors of Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Pinar T. Ozand

38 Disorders of Organic Acid and Amino Acid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Pinar T. Ozand . Mohammed Al-Essa

39 Lysosomal Storage Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Pinar T. Ozand . Mohammed Al-Essa

40 Osteopetrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Soud A. Al-Rasheed

41 The Porphyrias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Hisham M. Nazer

Section 4 Developmental, Learning and Behavioral Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Pamela High and Yvette Yatchmink

42 Normal Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Linda S. Grossman

l Table of Contents

43 Behavior Management of Medical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Yamini Jagannath Howe . Robyn Mehlenbeck . Jack H. Nassau . Pamela High

44 Sensory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Heidi M. Feldman . Maria A. Salinas . Brian G. Tang

45 Disorders of Cognition, Attention, Language, and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Lynn M. Wegner . Jennifer K. Poon . Michelle M. Macias

46 Behavioral Disorders of Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Mary Margaret Gleason

47 Autism Spectrum Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Kathleen Angkustsiri . Robin L. Hansen

48 Child Abuse and Neglect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

Fadheela Al-Mahroos . Dena Nazer . Vincent J. Palusci . Rachel Clingenpeel

49 Global Perspectives on Child Development and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Ilgi O. Ertem . Vibha Krishnamurthy

50 Children in Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

David J. Schonfeld . Robin H. Gurwitch

Volume 2

Section 5 Pediatric Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699Hisham M. Nazer

51 Breast Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Salah Shohieb . Hisham M. Nazer

52 Formula Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

Aziz Koleilat . Hisham M. Nazer

53 Malnutrition in Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Manuel Moya . Mahmoud Bozo . Hisham M. Nazer

54 Nutritional Modulation of Intestinal Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

Ian R. Sanderson

55 Enteral Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

Mahmoud Bozo . Hisham M. Nazer

56 Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Mohamad Miqdady . Ruba A. Abdelhadi . Hisham M. Nazer

57 Vitamin Deficiencies and Excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Gaafar I. Suliman . Hisham M. Nazer

Table of Contents li

58 Rickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

Trond Markestad

59 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769

Mohammad El Baba

Section 6 Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779Richard J. Whitley

60 Animal and Human Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

Richard J. Whitley

61 Bacterial Sepsis and Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Jeffrey Alten . Priya Prabhakaran

62 Bone and Joint Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

63 Congenital Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Sami Al-Hajjar

64 Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Aaron K. Olson

65 Fever of Unknown Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Asa’d Al-Toonsi

66 Healthcare-Associated Infections in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Robert S. Baltimore

67 Infection Associated with Medical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

J. Elaine-Marie Albert . Howard E. Jeffries

68 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

Ibrahim Bin-Hussain

69 Meningitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

Melissa Ketunuti . Matthew P. Kronman

70 Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863

Marah Gotcsik

71 Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873


72 Viral Exanthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

73 Antibacterial Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

lii Table of Contents

74 Antiviral Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

David W. Kimberlin

75 Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923

Sami Al-Hajjar

76 Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929

Abdulrahman M. Al Mazrou

77 Brucellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

Youssef A. Al-Eissa

78 Chlamydial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967


79 Cholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

Louise Elaine Vaz

80 Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

81 Haemophilus influenzae Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

82 Infant Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

83 Listeria Monocytogenes (Including Listeriosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997

Benjamin Mackowiak

84 Lyme Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001

Michael P. Koster

85 Mycoplasma Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

Manika Suryadevara . Leonard Weiner

86 Neisseria Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011

Melissa Ketunuti . Matthew P. Kronman

87 Pertussis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

88 Pneumococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021

Mahmoud M. Mustafa

89 Rickettsial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

Stephanie H. Stovall . Richard F. Jacobs

90 Salmonella Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

Table of Contents liii

91 Shigellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

92 Staphylococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

93 Streptococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045

Mahmoud M. Mustafa

94 Tetanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

Sulaiman Al Alola

95 Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053

Suliman Al Jumaah

96 Fungal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061

Ibrahim Bin-Hussain

97 Intestinal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

98 Actinomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087

Rana AlMaghrabi . Ibrahim Bin-Hussain

99 Hydatid Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091

Mohammed El-Bali . Adetunji Adeyokunnu

100 Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097

Mohammed El-Bali . Adetunji Adeyokunnu

101 Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103

Shireesha Dhanireddy . John B. Lynch

102 Nocardiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115

Rana AlMaghrabi . Ibrahim Bin-Hussain

103 Schistosomiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117

Elizabeth M. Keating . Andrea P. Summer . Philip R. Fischer

104 Hemorrhagic Fevers Including Dengue Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129

Richard J. Whitley

105 Hepatitis Viruses A Through G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133

Daniel P. Mallon

106 CMV Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145

Shannon A. Ross . Masako Shimamura . Suresh B. Boppana

107 Epstein-Barr Virus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

Sami Al-Hajjar

liv Table of Contents

108 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167

David W. Kimberlin

109 Human Herpes Viruses Type 6 and 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181

David W. Kimberlin

110 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185

Penelope H. Dennehy

111 Human Immunodeficiency Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195

Sami Al-Hajjar

112 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199

Jonathan A. McCullers

113 2009-H1N1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209

Sami Al-Hajjar

114 Measles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221

Najwa Khuri-Bulos

115 Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229

Richard J. Whitley

116 Non-Polio Enterovirus: Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231

Sami Al-Hajjar

117 Parvovirus B 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235

Mahmoud M. Mustafa . Kenneth L. McClain

118 Poliomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243

Mohammad Al-Shaalan

119 Respiratory Syncytial Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245

Suliman Al Jumaah

120 Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249

Namita Singh . Tyler Burpee

121 Rubella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259

Richard J. Whitley

Section 7 Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263Harb A. Harfi

122 The Immune System: Development and the Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265

Michael Loubser

123 Innate Immune Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275

Jordan S. Orange . Nina Poliak

Table of Contents lv

124 Humoral Immune Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285

Mark Ballow . Brian Safier

125 T-Cell Immune Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297

Evelina Mazzolari . Luigi D. Notarangelo

126 Immune Dysregulation Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307

Thomas A. Fleisher

127 Miscellaneous Immunodeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315

Harb A. Harfi

128 Approach to the Child with Recurrent Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321

Mohammad Almutawa . Zaina H. Albalawi

129 Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329

Harb A. Harfi

Section 8 Allergic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345Harb A. Harfi

130 Allergy and the Allergic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347

Karthik Krishnan . William K. Dolen

131 Allergic Rhinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1361

Michael S. Blaiss . Cyrus Nozad . Jeremy Katcher

132 Pediatric Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371

Christina E. Ciaccio . Mercedes C. Amado . Jay M. Portnoy

133 Atopic Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391

Harb A. Harfi

134 Food Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397

Justin Skripak . Hugh A. Sampson

135 Urticaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405

Harb A. Harfi

136 Anaphylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409

Harb A. Harfi

137 Drug Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413

Harb A. Harfi

138 Insect Allergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415

Harb A. Harfi

139 Miscellaneous Allergies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417

Harb A. Harfi

lvi Table of Contents

Volume 3

Section 9 Disorders of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419Zbigniew Ruszczak

140 Pediatric Dermatology: Scope and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421

Zbigniew Ruszczak

141 Cutaneous Disorders of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425

Shaden Abdel Hadi

142 Eczematous Skin Disorders and Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441

Douglas W. Kress

143 Acne and Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447

Harald P. M. Gollnick

144 Contact Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1467

Sharon E. Jacob . Elise M. Herro . James S. Taylor

145 Papulosquamous and Related Disorders Including Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477

Eckart Haneke

146 Hair Disorders and Alopecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489

Zbigniew Ruszczak

147 Nail Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509

Eckart Haneke

148 Pigmentary Disorders and Vitiligo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517

Arti Nanda

149 Infectious Diseases of the Childhood, Including Fungal and Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527

Sara A. Lohser . Camille Sabella . Kenneth J. Tomecki

150 Vascular Malformations and Neoplasms in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555

Arti Nanda

151 Pediatric Surgical Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565

Kyle Anderson . Christopher Gasbarre

152 Pediatric Skin Care: Skin Barrier Management and Topical Treatment in Pediatric Dermatology . . . 1573

Zbigniew Ruszczak

Section 10 Rheumatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581Alberto Martini

153 Clinical Approach to a Child with Suspected Rheumatic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583

Alberto Martini

Table of Contents lvii

154 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587

Alberto Martini

155 Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1601

Ruben Burgos-Vargas . Raul Gutierrez-Suarez

156 Post-infectious Arthritis and Related Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611

Alberto Martini

157 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615

Alexandre Belot . Pierre Quartier dit Maire

158 Pain Amplification Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623

Lisa F. Imundo . Simona Nativ

159 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629

Bianca Lattanzi . Angelo Ravelli

160 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641

Tadej Avcin

161 Juvenile Dermatomyositis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649

Lucy R. Wedderburn

162 Juvenile Scleroderma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657

Francesco Zulian

163 Sjogren Syndrome, Raynaud’s Phenomenon, Overlap Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1667

Fabrizio de Benedetti

164 Henoch–Schoenlein Purpura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671

Nicolino Ruperto

165 Kawasaki Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1675

Rae S. M. Yeung

166 Childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685

Fatih Ozaltin . Seza Ozen

167 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitides . . . . . . . . . 1689


168 Takayasu Arteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695


169 Other Forms of Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697


170 The Autoinflammatory Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701

Marco Gattorno

lviii Table of Contents

171 Behcet’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713

Isabelle Kone-Paut . Tu-Anh Tran

172 Sarcoidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717

Carlos D. Rose . Carine H. Wouters

173 Amyloidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721

Tekin Akpolat . Seza Ozen

Section 11 Oral and Craniofacial Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725J. Burton Douglass

174 The Oral Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727

J. Burton Douglass . Christer Ullbro

Section 12 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747Hisham M. Nazer

175 Major Symptoms and Signs of Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749

Abdel-Hai Hammo . AbdulWahab M. A. Telmesani . Hisham M. Nazer

176 Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769

Sonny K. F. Chong . Dinesh Banur

177 The Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775

Mark A. Gilger . Hisham M. Nazer

178 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787

Mohammad I. El Mouzan

179 The Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1791

Jumana Shammout . Hisham M. Nazer

180 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1799

Dena Nazer . Hisham M. Nazer

181 Peptic Ulcer Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1803

Mohamed A. El-Guindi . Hisham M. Nazer

182 Intestine: Normal Development, Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811

Shyla Kishore . Sonny K. F. Chong

183 Approach to a Child with Failure to Thrive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817

Ruba A. Abdelhadi

184 Approach to a Child with Malabsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823

Mohammad El Baba

185 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829

Hany Banoub . Hisham M. Nazer . Sonny K. F. Chong

Table of Contents lix

186 Gut Motility Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1839

Abdel-Hai Hammo . Hisham M. Nazer

187 Acute Gastroenteritis in Infants and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847

Asaad M. A. Abdullah Assiri

188 Intractable Diarrhea of Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1861

Ian R. Sanderson . John A. Walker-Smith

189 Congenital Chloride Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1865

Hisham M. Nazer

190 Chronic Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869


191 Gastrointestinal Food Allergy in Infancy and Early Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883

Ian R. Sanderson . John A. Walker-Smith

192 Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1887

Aziz Koleilat

193 Protein-Losing Enteropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891

Hisham M. Nazer

194 Celiac Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895

Hisham M. Nazer . Mohamed Rawashdeh

195 Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901

Fayez K. Ghishan

196 Short Bowel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913

Ruba A. Abdelhadi . Hisham M. Nazer

197 Intestine Transplantation in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919

Jorge D. Reyes

198 The Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925

H. Hesham A-Kader . Fayez K. Ghishan

199 Gastrointestinal Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937

Mark A. Gilger . Hisham M. Nazer

200 Gastrointestinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951

Issam M. Halabi

201 Capsule Endoscopy in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955

Issam M. Halabi

lx Table of Contents

202 The Liver and Biliary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959

Bernadette Vitola . Jorge A. Bezerra

203 Practical Approach to a Child with Hepatobiliary Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971

H. Hesham A-Kader

204 Disorders of the Gallbladder and the Biliary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979

Mortada El-Shabrawi . Fetouh Hassanin

205 Neonatal Cholestasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987

Ronen Arnon . Fredrick J. Suchy

206 Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003


207 Inherited Deficient Conjugation of Bilirubin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007


208 Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013


209 Metabolic Liver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017

Fayez K. Ghishan

210 Wilson Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2033

Hisham M. Nazer

211 Noninvasive Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2043


212 Cirrhosis and Ascites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049


213 Budd–Chiari Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061

Hisham M. Nazer

214 Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2065

Mohamed A. El Guindi . Hisham M. Nazer

215 Chronic Hepatitis in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2075


216 Fulminant Hepatic Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2095

Tamir Miloh . Frederick J. Suchy

217 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies and Reye’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101

Roshni Vara . Giorgina Mieli-Vergani

218 Pyogenic Liver Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2109


Table of Contents lxi

219 Drug-Induced Liver Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113

Lama H. Nazer . Hisham M. Nazer

220 Pediatric Liver Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119

Michael B. Ishitani

Volume 4

Section 13 Respiratory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2123Gabriel G. Haddad

221 Development of the Lung and Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2125

Gabriel G. Haddad

222 History and Physical Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2129

Anthony E. Magit

223 Pulmonary Function Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133

Gabriel G. Haddad

224 Diagnostic Imaging and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137

Julie Ryu

225 Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2141

Gabriel G. Haddad . Erin R. Stucky

226 The Pathophysiology of Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149

Gabriel G. Haddad

227 Chest Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153

John Moore

228 Hemoptysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2159

Julie Ryu

229 Pulmonary Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163

David Nathalang . Bradley Peterson

230 Pulmonary Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2171

Julie Ryu

231 Congenital Anomalies of the Respiratory Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2175

Anthony E. Magit

232 Acute Bronchiolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2181

Erin R. Stucky

233 Management of the Wheezing Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189

Erin R. Stucky

lxii Table of Contents

234 Acute Upper Airway Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195

Anthony E. Magit

235 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199

Julie Ryu

236 Pneumonias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203

Erin R. Stucky . Meerana Lim

237 Cystic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209

Kathryn Akong . Meerana Lim

238 ALTE and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2215

Ami Doshi . Erin R. Stucky

239 Upper Airway Obstruction and Hypoventilation During Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2221

Gabriel G. Haddad

240 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2225

Gabriel G. Haddad

241 Inhalation Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2229

Erin R. Stucky

242 Pulmonary Complications of Bone Marrow Transplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235

Julie Ryu

243 Near Drowning and Drowning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239

Matthew S. Wilder . Erin R. Stucky

244 Neuromuscular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2245

Paula Costanzo . Sung Min Park

Section 14 Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2249Mark B. Lewin

245 Fetal Cardiology and Neonatal Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2251

Margaret MacMillan Vernon

246 Cardiovascular Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2261

Aaron K. Olson . Jeffrey A. Towbin

247 Murmur Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2275

Jeffrey A. Conwell

248 Left to Right Shunt Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2295

Cory Noel . Mark B. Lewin

Table of Contents lxiii

249 Cyanotic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2309

Stephen P. Seslar

250 Obstructive Cardiac Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331

Amy H. Schultz

251 The Single Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2347

Nadine F. Choueiter . Mark B. Lewin

252 Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2355

Brian D. Soriano

253 Interventional Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2367

Troy A. Johnston

254 Cardiovascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373

Tara Karamlou . Ilya Yemets . Gordon Cohen

255 Abnormalities of Cardiac Rhythm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2383

Terrence U. H. Chun

256 Sudden Cardiac Death and Preparticipation Sports Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399

Domenico Corrado . Federico Migliore . Alessandro Zorzi . Cristina Basso . Gaetano Thiene

257 Pulmonary Hypertension/Eisenmenger Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2413

Delphine Yung

258 Rheumatic Heart Disease/Acute Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425

Bruce G. Hardy

259 Secondary Cardiac Morbidities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433

Melanie D. Everitt . Lloyd Y. Tani

260 Adult Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2443

Michelle Gurvitz . Karen Stout

261 Cardiomyopathies and Heart Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2459

Mariska S. Kemna . Yuk M. Law

Section 15 Critical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2477Abdul-Rahman M. Abu-Taleb and Peter N. Cox

262 Pediatric Intensive Care Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2479


263 Pediatric Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2485


264 Shock Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2497


lxiv Table of Contents

265 Fluid Management in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2511


266 Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2519

Khalid K. Bshesh . Manal Alasnag

267 Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2525

Omar M. Hijazi

268 Infections in the PICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2537

Tavey Dorofaeff . Hadi Mohseni-Bod . Peter N. Cox

269 Diabetic Ketoacidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2565

Omar M. Hijazi

Section 16 Pediatric Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2573Fuad Hashem

270 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575

Fuad Hashem . M. M. Al Qattan

Section 17 Pediatric Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2583Khaled M. Al-Haidari and Nada S. Al-Qadheeb

271 General Management of Poisoned Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2585

Khaled M. Al-Haidari

272 Acetaminophen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2593

Rania Slika

273 Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2597

Sakra S. Balhareth

274 Antidepressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2601

Rania Slika

275 Digoxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2605

Nicole Gebran

276 Household Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609

Vivian Brown

277 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2621

Nicole Gebran

278 Salicylates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2625

Nada S. Al-Qadheeb

279 Self-Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2627

James Krebs

Table of Contents lxv

280 Snakebites and Spider Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2631

Roaa Al Gain

281 Theophylline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2643

Nada S. Al-Qadheeb

Section 18 Disturbances in Acid-base and Electrolytes Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 2647F. Bruder Stapleton

282 Maintenance Fluid Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649

Jordan M. Symons

283 Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2653

Aaron Friedman

284 Clinical Disorders Associated with Altered Potassium Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2663

Farahnak Assadi

285 A Practical Approach to Metabolic Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2671

Farahnak Assadi

286 A Practical Approach to Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2677

Farahnak Assadi

287 Idiopathic Hypercalciuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2683

Fernando Santos

Section 19 Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2687F. Bruder Stapleton

288 Overview of Renal Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2689

Sami A. Sanjad

289 Approach to Renal Disease in the Neonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2697

Robert L. Chevalier

290 Approach to the Child with Hematuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2705

Coral D. Hanevold . F. Bruder Stapleton

291 Approach to the Child with Proteinuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2711

Amanda W. Dale-Shall . Leonard G. Feld

292 Systemic Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2723

Joseph T. Flynn

293 Poststreptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2743


294 IgA Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2749

Rosanna Coppo

lxvi Table of Contents

295 Alport Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2757

Clifford E. Kashtan

296 Henoch Schonlein Purpura Nephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2763

Richard S. Trompeter

297 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2769

Sandra L. Watkins

298 Lupus Nephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2773

Jochen H. H. Ehrich . Lars Pape . Doris Franke

299 Goodpasture Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2789

Karyn Yonekawa

Volume 5

300 Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2793

Patrick Niaudet

301 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2799

Patrick Niaudet

302 Juvenile Nephronophthisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2809

Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki . Laurel Steinmetz

303 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease/Autosomal Recessive Polycystic

Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2815

Abdelaziz Y. Elzouki . Laurel Steinmetz

304 Proximal Renal Tubular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2821

Sami A. Sanjad

305 Disorders of Distal Tubular Transport of Sodium and Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2835

Sami A. Sanjad . John W. Foreman

306 Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (TYPE I, DRTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2843

Sami A. Sanjad

307 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2853

Deborah P. Jones

308 Urinary Stone Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2857

Burhan Edrees . Soud Al Rasheed

309 Interstitial Nephritis and Primary Hyperoxaluria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2879

Pierre Cochat

310 Urinary Tract Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2883

Sean E. Kennedy . Andrew R. Rosenberg

Table of Contents lxvii

311 Obstructive Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2897

Stephanya Shear . Martin A. Koyle

312 Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2907

Hui-Kim Yap

313 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2921

Lesley Rees

314 Dialysis in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2929

Bradley A. Warady

315 Pediatric Kidney Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2935

Peter F. Hoyer

Section 20 Blood Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2947Michael Recht

316 Practical Approach to Anemia in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2949

Ahmad A. Mallouh

317 Immune Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2957

Jason Glover . Bill H. Chang

318 Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2963

Heather Bradeen . Samir Shehab . Michael Recht

319 Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2969

Veronica H. Flood . Michael Recht

320 Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2975

Hassan M. Yaish

321 Other Red Cell Enzymopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2981

Ahmad A. Mallouh

322 Red Blood Cell Membrane Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2985

Ahmad A. Mallouh

323 Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2995

Ahmad A. Mallouh

324 Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3005

Ahmad A. Mallouh

325 Hemoglobinopathies-Non-Sickle Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3023

Ahmad A. Mallouh

326 Thalassemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3029

Nameeta P. Richard . Kristina M. Haley . Michael Recht

lxviii Table of Contents

327 Polycythemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3037

Hassan M. Yaish

328 Transfusion of Blood and Blood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3041

Trisha E. Wong . Meghan Delaney

329 Care of the Child Refusing Blood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3055

Lynn Boshkov

330 Disorders of Heme Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3061

Thomas G. DeLoughery

331 Platelet Structure, Function, and Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3067

Daniel Greenberg

332 The Phagocytic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3079

Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Saleh Al-Muhsen

333 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3091

Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Peter Kurre

334 Developmental Hemostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3101

Rowena C. Punzalan . Veronica H. Flood

335 Bleeding Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3115

Hassan M. Yaish . Eugenia Chang

336 Introduction to Hemostasis and Bleeding Disorders Other Than Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3131

Hassan M. Yaish . Eugenia Chang

337 Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3145

Brian R. Branchford . Neil A. Goldenberg

Section 21 Pediatric Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3159H. Stacy Nicholson

338 Incidence, Epidemiology and Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3161

H. Stacy Nicholson

339 Evaluation of Abdominal Masses and Enlarged Lymph Nodes in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3165

Gregory Blaschke . H. Stacy Nicholson

340 Principles of Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3167

Gregory Blaschke . H. Stacy Nicholson

341 Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3169

H. Stacy Nicholson

342 Pediatric Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173

Carol Marquez

Table of Contents lxix

343 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3179

Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Eneida R. Nemecek

344 Supportive Care of the Child with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3187

H. Stacy Nicholson

345 Childhood Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3193

Hassan El Solh . Abdallah Al-Nasser . Asim Belgaumi

346 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3203

H. Stacy Nicholson

347 Hodgkin Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3207

H. Stacy Nicholson

348 The Histiocytoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3211

Suman Malempati . H. Stacy Nicholson

349 Central Nervous System Tumors in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3217

Rebecca Loret de Mola . Kellie J. Nazemi

350 Neuroblastoma and Other Sympathetic Nervous System Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3227

Stephen S. Roberts

351 Wilms’ Tumor and Other Primary Renal Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3233


352 Hepatic Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3239

H. Stacy Nicholson . Suman Malempati

353 Soft Tissue Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3241


354 Primary Malignant Tumors of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3245

Suman Malempati

355 Retinoblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3251

H. Stacy Nicholson

356 Germ Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3255


357 Late Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3257


Section 22 Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3265Generoso G. Gascon

358 Clinical Approach to Infants, Children, and Adolescents with Neurologic Problems . . . . . . . . . . 3267

Generoso G. Gascon

lxx Table of Contents

359 Congenital Brain Malformations and Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3281

John N. Gaitanis

360 Neonatal Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291

William D. Brown . Mara G. Coyle

361 Neonatal Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3315

Juan Piantino . John N. Gaitanis

362 Epilepsy in Infancy and Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3325

John N. Gaitanis

363 Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3339

Yasser Awaad

364 Sleep and Its Disorders in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3363

Jonathan Lipton . Sanjeev Kothare

365 Coma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3379

David J. Michelson . Stephen Ashwal

366 Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Progressive Encephalopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3399

Generoso Gutierrez-Gascon

367 Ataxias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3421

S. H. Subramony

368 Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of a Child with Motor Unit Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3445

Mustafa A. M. Salih

369 Cranial Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3457

Mustafa A. M. Salih

370 Anterior Horn Cell Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3463

Mustafa A. M. Salih

371 Plexopathies and Radiculopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3471

Mustafa A. M. Salih

372 Peripheral Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3475

Mustafa A. M. Salih

Volume 6

373 Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3493

Mustafa A. M. Salih

374 Hereditary and Acquired Myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3503

Mustafa A. M. Salih

Table of Contents lxxi

375 Parainfectious and Autoimmune Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3543

Tanuja Chitnis

376 Cerebrovascular Disorders in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3555

Warren Lo . Geoffrey Heyer . Steve E. Roach

377 Head Injury in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3567

Daniel S. Tsze . Thomas H. Chun

378 Headache and Head Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3581

Christine A. Matarese . Kenneth J. Mack

379 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3595

Michelle A. Miller

Section 23 Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3607Khalid Hussain

380 Introduction to Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3609

Khalid Hussain

381 Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3611

Ravi Chetan . Assunta Albanese

382 Disorders of Puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3631

Nicola A. Bridges

383 Disorders of Sexual Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3649

Jamal Raza . Garry L. Warne

384 Disorders of the Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3675

Meena P. Desai . Nalini S. Shah

385 Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3717

Mohamad Maghnie . Andrea Secco . Natascia Di Iorgi

386 Growth Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3739

Ting-Wen An Lee . Radhika Muzumdar . Paul Saenger

387 Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3759

Joseph I. Wolfsdorf . Mark A. Sperling

388 Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3791

Senthil Senniappan . Khalid Hussain

389 Hypoglycemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3803

Chela James . Khalid Hussain

lxxii Table of Contents

Section 24 Adolescent Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3819Leslie R. Walker

390 Normal Adolescent Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3821

Laura Kastner . Elizabeth McCauley

391 Adolescent Nutrition and Weight Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3829

Alicia Dixon Docter . Cora Collette Breuner

392 Adolescent Gynecology: Approach to the Female Adolescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3839

Taraneh Shafii . Gale R. Burstein

393 Adolescent Gynecology: Birth Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3843

Yolanda Evans

394 Adolescent Gynecology: Menstrual Irregularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3847

Ann Giesel

395 Adolescent Gynecology: Sexually Transmitted Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3851

Taraneh Shafii . Gale R. Burstein

396 Approach to the Adolescent Male and Reproductive

Health Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3855

David J. Breland

397 Behavioral and Mental Health Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3865

Henry Berman

398 Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3871

Michael J. Mason . Leslie R. Walker

399 Community Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3877

T. Coyne-Beasley . Phillip W. Graham . Janelle Shumate

400 Delivery of Adolescent Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3885

Anisha Abraham . Kirsten Hawkins

401 Special Adolescent Concerns: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Adolescents . . . . . . 3891

Cora Collette Breuner

402 Special Adolescent Concerns: Military Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3897

C. Anita Robinson . Jeffrey W. Hutchinson . William P. Adelman

403 Special Adolescent Concerns: Transition to Adult Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3901

Anisha Abraham . Kirsten Hawkins

Section 25 Pediatric Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3903Craig P. Eberson

404 About Children Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3905

Elizabeth W. Weber

Table of Contents lxxiii

405 Limping Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3909

John R. Fowler . James T. Guille

406 Orthopedic Management of Systemic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3917

J. Channing Tassone

407 The Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3921

Craig P. Eberson

408 Pediatric Upper Extremity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3927

Julia A. Katarincic . M. Jason Palmer . Amir Mostofi

409 Hip Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3933

Mark C. Lee

410 Foot Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3937

Jonathan R. Schiller

411 Pediatric Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3945

Mary K. Mulcahey . Keith O. Monchik . Michael J. Hulstyn . Paul D. Fadale

412 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3953

Peter G. Fitzgibbons . Craig P. Eberson

Section 26 Pediatric Otolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3957Mohamed O. Abuzeid

413 Nasal Obstruction and Rhinorrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3959

Mohamed O. Abuzeid

414 Pediatric Epistaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3965

Mohamed O. Abuzeid

Section 27 Pediatric Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3971Selwa A. F. Al-Hazzaa

415 Ophthalmologic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3973


Section 28 Pediatric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3987Thomas F. Tracy

416 Surgical Conditions Presenting During Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3989

Rajan K. Thakkar . Francois I. Luks

417 Chest and Abdominal Wall Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4003

Kenneth S. Azarow

418 Congenital Intestinal Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4011

Deepika Nehra . Allan M. Goldstein

lxxiv Table of Contents

419 Acquired Abdominal Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4027

Arlet G. Kurkchubasche . Francois I. Luks . Thomas F. Tracy

420 Thoracic Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4037

Erica R. Gross . Robert A. Cowles

421 Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4045

Christopher S. Muratore

422 Vascular and Lymphatic malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4059

Arlet G. Kurkchubasche

Section 29 Drug Dosing in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4069Kristine A. Parbuoni

423 Drug Dosages: Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4071

Donna Huynh . Kristine A. Parbuoni

424 Drug Dosages: Administration of Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4073

Jill A. Morgan . Kristine Parbuoni

425 Drug Dosages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4077

Donna Huynh . Jill A. Morgan . Kristine A. Parbuoni

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4109

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