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Zero Waste Communities
Richard AnthonyRichard Anthony Associates
Zero Waste
Thomas Malthus the consequences of the increasing gap between rich and poor
Karl Marx the ultimate result of the gap is revolution and the redistribution of wealth.
Club of Rome Study, Meadows
Mend our ways or nature will force us
Close the Loop
Black Hole
Efficiency in Managing Resources
Matter and energy are constants E=MC2 There is no “away” No such thing as a free lunch
Zero Waste
Zero Waste goals (efficiency) Create Jobs from Discards End Welfare for Wasting (level the playing field)
New Millennium Rules
6 “R’s”Reduce (source reduction)
RedesignRepair (fix)
Reuse (durable vs. single use i.e., cameras,
napkins)
Recycle (everything else)
Regulate
Job Creation: Reuse and Recycling vs. Landfill and Incineration
Type of Operation Jobs per 10,000 TPY
Product Reuse
Computer reuse 296
Textile Reclamation 85
Misc. Durable Reuse 62
Wooden Pallet Repair 28
Recycling-Based Manufacturers 25
Paper Mills 18
Glass Product Manufacturers 26
Plastic Product Manufacturers 93
Conventional Materials Recovery Facilities 10
Composting 4
Landfill and Incineration 1
Source: Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Washington DC, 1997; “Wasting and Recycling in the United States 2000”; GrassRoots Recycling Network, Prepared by Brenda Platt and Neil Seldman
Recycling the Twelve Master Categories
Plant Debris25%
Reusable Goods
5%
Chemicals2%
Plastics7%
Glass5%
Metals5%
Paper25%
Soils3%
Wood10%
Putrescibles5%
Ceramics5%
Textiles3%
This version of the chart ©1998 Daniel Knapp and Mary Lou Van Deventer. Excerpted from Total Recycling: Realistic Ways to Approach Ideal, in progress; to be published by the University of California Press.
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic PlanMISSION
Divert 75% of discarded materials from landfills or incinerators by 2010 and achieve Zero Waste, or close to it, by 2020.
SUPPORTING OBJECTIVES
1. Design and manage products and processes to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Ask product designers and marketers to consider Zero Waste to be a critical design criterion.
2. Increase incentives for waste generators and service providers to design out waste and separate materials for their highest and best uses.
3. Develop programs and policies to address specific needs of each major sector in Palo Alto: manufacturers; retailers; restaurants; medical services; offices; and single-family and multi-family residential dwellings.
4. Increase reuse, recycling and composting collection and processing options and develop new markets that add value to materials recovered and minimize residues requiring disposal. Zero Waste systems should be particularly encouraged that provide the greatest economic development benefit for the region (e.g., jobs, increased tax base).
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic PlanSUPPORTING OBJECTIVES Continued
5. Engage community-wide support to achieve Zero Waste through more interactive community participation, outreach and education programs. Encourage people to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are resources for others to use. Coordinate outreach programs for sustainability and pollution prevention with Zero Waste, waste prevention and recycling programs, and use Zero Waste Business Principles as basis for their evaluation of business performance. (Obtain input and include recommendations from City staff and Zero Waste Task Force on other opportunities for local, countywide and regional education and outreach programs that would support Zero Waste messages.)
6. Minimize environmental impacts and City liabilities from wasting and ensure that the burdens and benefits of zero waste systems are equitably distributed. Eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that may be a threat to planetary, human,
animal or plant health. 7. City lead by example to achieve Zero Waste goals for all facilities
owned or leased by the City.
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic PlanKEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10
STRATEGY 1:
Determine how and where materials are discarded, and establish a monitoring and tracking database system to evaluate performance of diversion and source reduction programs by material type and sector. Identify the value of materials that are currently being landfilled, and the potential for additional recovery through expanded reuse, recycling and composting.
STRATEGY 2:
Ask local businesses to adopt Zero Waste goals, to develop Zero Waste plans, to adhere to Zero Waste Business principles, (1) to meet waste diversion targets, and to source separate designated materials that can be reused, recycled or composted.
STRATEGY 3:
Adopt policies and economic incentives to restructure the marketplace to encourage waste prevention, reuse, recycling & composting. Change Ordinances, contracts, franchises, permits, zoning, General Plans and garbage rate structures so that it is cheapest to stop discarding materials, and reusing, recycling or composting discarded materials is cheaper than landfilling or incineration.
(1) http://www.grrn.org/zerowaste/business/
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic PlanKEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 Continued
STRATEGY 4:
Develop programs and policies to address specific needsa) Residential discarded food (2) collection and compostingb) Expanded institutional and commercial recycling;
particularly for paper recycling and other services needed for top 4 waste generating sectors (Medical/Health Services; Restaurants; Other Retail Trade; and Business Services)
c) Institutional and commercial discarded food collection and composting
d) Expanded emphasis on deconstruction and support for adaptive reuse
e) Expanded recovery, reuse and recycling of used building materials
f) Expanded support for collection and drop-off of other reusable products
g) Successful implementation of City’s new ordinance to encourage construction, remodeling, landclearing and demolition debris recycling.
(2) Whenever referenced, also includes food contaminated paper (e.g., pizza boxes and frozen foodcontainers) and assumes CIWMB hierarchy for food scrap management is followed, to (1) preventfood waste, (2) feed people, (3) convert to animal feed and/or rendering, and (4) compost (seehttp://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/FoodWaste/).
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic PlanKEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 Continued
STRATEGY 5:
Support existing reuse, recycling and composting businesses and nonprofit organizations and help them expand to the degree the operators of them want to do so, to minimize public investments required. Develop locally owned and independent infrastructure, on an open, competitive basis.(3) Develop local or regional resource recovery park(s) to provide locations for expansion of reuse, recycling and composting businesses.
STRATEGY 6:
Extend use of landfills (Palo Alto and Kirby Canyon) as long as possible, so don’t have to arrange for more capacity elsewhere. Minimize long-term landfill liabilities by ensuring that full capital and operating, closure and post-closure costs are factored into current rates and financial assurances.
STRATEGY 7:
Adopt Precautionary Principle and expand focus on purchasing environmentally preferable products. Help City’s Sustainable Purchasing Committee to expand the purchase of environmentally preferable products. Encourage or require all new private construction and major renovation projects in Palo Alto to follow the lead of the City’s Green Building policy and build only LEED-certified Green Buildings.
(3) http://www.crra.com/irc/guide.html
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic Plan
KEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 Continued
STRATEGY 8: Support state and federal policies to eliminate subsidies, internalize externalities for virgin material production and wasting, and involve producers in taking physical and/or financial responsibility for their products and packaging to reuse, repair or recycle them back into nature or the marketplace. Work with other local governments and businesses to build useful alliances and share successes.
STRATEGY 9: Adopt Zero Waste as an economic development priority to make Palo Alto businesses more sustainable and globally competitive.
STRATEGY 10:
Fund community Zero Waste initiatives with fees levied on the transport, transfer and disposal of wastes and by leveraging the investments of the private sector. Structure fees and taxes in ways that provide additional incentives for designing out waste, reuse, recycling and composting.
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic PlanKEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 Continued
STRATEGY 11:
Develop Zero Waste Implementation Plan (ZWIP) after the City updates its detailed 1997 waste characterization study (scheduled for FY2005-2006), to detail proposed policies and programs, budget and cost implications, and timing of implementation. Identify City priorities for additional publicly financed facilities to support to be developed, including appropriate reuse, recycling and/or composting activities for Palo Alto Landfill site consistent with existing zoning once the landfill is closed. Recommendations must be environmentally sustainable, practically implementable, economically viable, and socially responsible. Do not implement local bans, mandates and required product stewardship policies until the adoption of the ZWIP and evaluation of progress over the course of the year after adoption of the City’s Zero Waste Policy. However, immediately support state and federal producer responsibility and advanced recycling charges for difficult to recycle or toxic materials. Evaluate implementation of new policies and programs and recommend how to continuously improve them after adoption of the ZWIP.
Palo Alto Zero Waste Strategic Plan
KEY STRATEGIES with TACTICSInclude appropriate tactics from “Menu of Policy Options” and program recommendations after agreeing on Mission, Objectives and Strategies (similar to those suggested in Draft 1 of the “Outline of Palo Alto ZW Action Plan”).
Service Needs Assessment
The Needs Analysis will identify possible areas that would benefit from expanded services. Identify service needs by class and discard item.
Item Programs Facilities Needs
1. REUSABLE
Appliances
Small Appliances
Durable Plastic Items
Textiles
Mattresses & Furniture
Composite C & D
Books & Catalogues
Other Reusables and Repairables
Service Needs Assessment Continued
Item Programs Facilities Needs
2. PAPER
Cardboard
White Ledger
Newsprint
Magazines / Catalogs
Other Office Paper
Paperboard
Other / Composite Paper
3. PLANT DEBRIS
Leaves & Grass
Prunings
Branches & Stumps
Service Needs Assessment Continued
Item Programs Facilities Needs
4. PUTRESCIBLES
Food Waste
Fish and Meat Waste
Sewage Sludge
5. WOOD
Untreated Wood
Treated Wood
6. CERAMICS
Concrete
Asphalt Paving
7. SOILS
Gypsum Board
Fines
Service Needs Assessment ContinuedItem Programs Facilities Needs
8. METALS
Auto Bodies
Aluminum Cans
Steel Cans
Ferrous Metals
Non-Ferrous
9. GLASS
Clear Glass Containers
Mixed Glass Containers
Clear Glass
Green Glass
Mixed Glass
Brown Glass
Window Glass
Other Glass
Service Needs Assessment ContinuedItem Programs Facilities Needs
10. POLYMERS
#1 PET (CRV)
#2 HDPE Colored
#2 HDPE Natural
#1 PET Plastic
#4 Plastic Bags
Tires
Other Plastics
Asphalt Roofing
Film Plastics
11. TEXTILES
Poly Fibers
Cotton and Wool
Service Needs Assessment ContinuedItem Programs Facilities Needs
12. CHEMICALS
Used Motor Oil
Household Hazardous Waste
Disposable Diapers / Feminine Hygiene
Treated Medical Waste
Del Norte Discard Composition Analysis
Categories* Discarded Tons/Year Discarded %Discarded Tons/Day**
1. Reusables 1,014 5.7 2.8
2. Paper 3,780 21.2 10.5
3. Plant Debris 472 2.6 1.3
4. Putrescibles
Sludge 876 4.9 2.4
Other 3,781 21.2 10.5
5. Wood 328 1.8 0.9
6. Ceramics 1,772 9.9 4.9
7. Soils 1,045 5.9 2.9
8. Metals 1,662 9.3 4.6
9. Glass 673 3.8 1.9
10. Polymers 1,671 9.4 4.6
11. Textiles 507 2.8 1.4
12. Chemicals 236 1.3 0.7
Total 17,817 100 49.5* Source: Based on data from 1999 Del Norte County Discard Generation Study and Urban Ore “Clean Dozen” scrap categories.** 360 days/year
Source Separation Categories/Clusters and Destination Points
TWELVE MASTERCATEGORIES of
DISCARD MATERIAL
CLUSTERS PROCESSING CENTERS
• Reusable • Paper• Vegetable
Debris • Putrescibles • Wood• Ceramics • Soils• Metals • Glass • Polymers • Textiles • Chemicals
Paper and Containers;Paper, Metals, Glass, Polymers
Organics;Food, vegetative debris, food dirty paper, paper, plant debris, putrescibles, wood
Discarded Items;Furniture, appliances, clothing, toys, tools, reusable goods, textiles
Special Discards;Chemicals, construction and demolition materials, wood, ceramics, soils
Recyclables;Papers, plastic, glass and metal containers
Organics;Food, vegetable debris, and food paper, putrescibles, untreated wood and sheetrock
Reuse & Repair;Reuse, repair, dismantling, reconditioning, remanufacturing, manufacturing and resale of furniture, large and small appliances, electronics, textiles, toys, tools, metal and ceramic plumbing, fixtures, lighting, lumber and other used building materials
Metals; scrap metals and auto bodies
Inerts;Rock, soils, concrete, asphalt, brick, land clearing debris, and mixed construction and demolition materials
Household Hazardous Wastes;Used motor oil, paint, pesticides, cleaners, and other chemicals
Cost/Benefit Analysis of Resource Recovery Park by Cluster
ClusterCapital$/Year*
O&M$/Year
AnnualCosts
Trans/Disp.
**Savings
Sales$/Year
Tons/Year
Captured
Benefits/(Costs)$/Ton
Reuse 34,817432,31
1467,12
8106,425
413,700
1,419 +$37
Recycling 58,475169,92
8228,40
3323,925
108,410
4,319 +$47
RRP Organics
79,113158,92
8238,04
1509,000 74,040 6,796 +$51
Total172,40
5761,167 933,572 940,050
596,150
12,534 +$48
* Amortization; 20 years land and structures, 6 years equipment and fixtures** $75 dollar per ton savings from avoided transfer and disposal. Cost/Benefit Analysis of Resource Recovery Park by Cluster
“Site Plan for Del Norte Resource Recovery Park” Prepared in March 2001 by Mark Gorell, Urban Ore