Thanos & Arentzen 2014 - Schliemann and the Californian Gold Rush - eBook

8/10/2019 Thanos & Arentzen 2014 - Schliemann and the Californian Gold Rush - eBook

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_ofh`cldaa dan tfc

Odh`gmra`d Kmhn Rusf

cn`tc n by5

Ofr`s tm ^fdams & [mut Drcatzca

^FC4639-4632 DLCR@ODA^RDWCHEMSRADHMGFC@AR@OF_OFH@CLDAA5 D^RDA_OR@Y^@MADAN

^RDA_HD^@MA


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_`ncstmac YrcssD acw kcacrdt`ma mg Yubh`sfàk

Pmu drc rcdnàk d guhh vcrs`ma mg tf`s bmmj, gmr grcc!

^f`s bmmj `s pdrt mg tfc _`ncstmac c-h`brdry wfcrc lmst mg mur

pubhòdt`mas drc guhhy doocss`bhc gmr grcc. Gmr doocss tm lmrc

grcc bmmjs v`s`t5 www.s`ncstmac.oml/h`brdry

Nmwahmdn Guhh YNG

W`s`t tfc _`ncstmac c-h`brdry tm brmwsc mur c-bmmjs. Gmr d là`ldh

gcc ymu oda purofdsc d guhhy guaot`madh YNG dan by nmàk sm, ymu

fchp tm jccp mur h`brdry ruaaàk.

www.s`ncstmac.oml/h`brdry


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_`ncstmac Yrcss

_ofh`cldaa dan tfc



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_ofh`cldaa dan tfc


cn`tcn by5

Ofr`s tm ^fdams & [mut Drcatzca

^FC4639-4632 DLCR@ODA^RDWCHEMSRADH MG

FC@AR@OF_OFH@CLDAA5 D^RDA_OR@Y^@MADAN

^RDA_HD^@MA

^fc _ofh `cldaa N`dr `cs 2

d


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Omatcats

@atrmnuot`ma ;

_ofh`cldaa dan tfc ldjàk mg f`s scoman gmrtuac ([mut Drcatzca) 0fc rdvch emuradh 0fc Odh`gmra`da kmhn rusf 49

D n`sdppmàtlcat à hmvc 47fc mutwdrn emuracy 40fc sf`pwrcoj 24fc Cdst Omdst 2>

D v`s`t tm tfc Yrcs`ncat 2;fc `tàcrdry ?2

Ydadld ?>fc emuracy grml Ydadld tm _da Grdao`som >2Odh`gmra`d >7Hunw`ks krdvc >6fc _dordlcatm R`vcr 39fc Kmhn g`chns 34fc Bdajàk Fmusc mg Fcary _ofh`cldaa 37_ofh`cldaa Ndv`nsma 77

D adsty wmuan ;>D Br`t`sf swcctfcdrt dan d acw adt`vc omuatry= ;6

Lcojhcaburk dan tfca fmlc 64Hdtcr rcoc`vcn àgmrldt`ma 6>fc omaghdkrdt`ma mg _da Grdao`som 66fc dutmb`mkrdpfy 03fc B`hh 07

_ofh`cldaas ndtcs dan wfcrcdbmuts(Ofr`stm fdams) 494

^fc trdasor`pt`ma (Ofr`stm fdams) 49;@atrmnuot`ma tm tfc trdasor`pt`ma 49;

fc emuradh 49;

Cn`tmr`dh lctfmn 496_ylbmhs uscn à tfc trdasor`pt`ma 496

fc trdasor`pt`ma mg tfc n`dry 490fc trdasor`pt`ma mg tfc dutmb`mkrdpfy 407

_pda`sf trdashdt`ma 293

A`cajc Brmuwcr (trdashdt`ma) dan [mut Drcatzca (cn`tmr dan omll.)

H`st mg g`kurcs 290

Rcgcrcaocs 244

@ancx 243


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@atrmnuot`ma

f`s s tfc scoman pdrt a tfc scr`cs fc _ofh`cldaa N`dr`cs. fc sct-up mg tf`s scr`cs

`s s`lphc5 tfc pubhòdt`ma mg dhh _ofh`cldaas n`dr`cs à tfc gmrl mg d trdasor`pt`ma,da Cakh`sf trdashdt`ma dan da àtrmnuot`ma tm tfc tcxt. fc d`l mg tf`s scr`cs `s tmuahmoj tm tfc pubhò tfc luht`-hàkudh n`dr`cs à Cakh`sf. fc mr`kàdh tcxt oda bcrcdn dan àtcrprctcn w`tf tfc fchp mg tfc trdasor`pt`ma. fc Cakh`sf trdashdt`madan tfc atrmnuot`ma (dan pmss`bhc gmmtamtcs) sfmuhn ldjc tfc n`dr`cs doocss`bhc tmcvcrybmny. fc `ncd `s tm fdvc tfc aulbcràk mg tfc n`dr`cs (D4, D2, . . .) omào`ncw`tf tfc aulbcràk mg tfc scr`cs. fus tfc g`rst n`dry D4 `s dhsm pdrt 4 mg tfc acwscr`cs. @ fmpc tfdt cvcry bmmj w`hh gmrl tfc bds`s gmr d gurtfcr a-ncptf stuny mg tfch`gc mg Fcàròf _ofh`cldaa.

Dgtcr tfc g`rst pdrt [`tfmut fdvàk scca tfc Tuccadppcdrcn, tfc qucst`ma drmsc

wfctfcr t wmuhn bc uscguh tm dhsm rcpubh`sf _ofh`cldaas scoman n`dry wfòf fdndhrcdny bcca pubh`sfcn by _f`rhcy [cbcr à 40>2. Ds da àtcas`vc ncbdtc fdn rdkcnbctwcca 4069 dan 4009 ds tm tfc trustwmrtfàcss mg _ofh`cldaa (bdscn pdrthy ma

[cbcrs pubhòdt`ma), `t scclcn `lpmrtdat tm lc tm hmmj dkdà dt tfc mr`kàdh tcxtdan tm ldjc `t w`nchy dvd`hdbhc.

@a tfc dutula mg 2942 @ dsjcn [mut Drcatzca tm omhhdbmrdtc w`tf lc matf`s acw bmmj, tm wfòf fc wfmhcfcdrtcnhy dkrccn. Fc `llcn`dtchy sct tm wmrjcacrkctòdhhy. [fca @ fdn mahy eust bckua tfc trdasor`pt`ma, fc fdn dhrcdny acdrhygà`sfcn tfc àtrmnuot`ma. @a Amvclbcr 2942 @ v`s`tcn tfc Kcaadnùs H`brdry (à

Dtfcas) tm omasuht _ofh`cldaas drof`vc. fdajs tm tfc fchp mg Chcgtfcr`d Ndhcz`mu

dan Adtdh`d Wmkc`jmgg, @ wds dbhc tm cxdlàc d hmt, hcdnàk tm lday acw às`kfts.fcrc drc twm nmoulcats à tfc D2 n`dry5 d b`hh à Nutof dan d sfmrt b`mkrdpfy

by _ofh`cldaa f`lschg. Bdscn ma tfc n`k`tdh vcrs`ma mg tfc n`dry wc crrmacmushydssulcn tfdt tfc b`hh wds khucn àtm tfc n`dry. Da cxdlàdt`ma mg tfc mr`kàdh bmmjsfmwcn fmwcvcr tfdt tfc b`hh wds hmmsc, ds wds tfc sfmrt b`mkrdpfy. Da cxdlàdt`mamg tfc pdkcs sfmwcn tfdt tfc pdpcr mg tfc b`mkrdpfy omrrcspmans gmrldt-w`sc w`tftfdt mg tfc n`dry, but dhsm tfdt tf`s pdpcr n`n amt mr`kàdtc grml tfc n`dry. fcpdkcs odlc grml d bmmj tfdt wds bmuan n`ggcrcat grml n`dry D2. Fcaoc, tfc b`hhdan tfc b`mkrdpfy drc scpdrdtc grml tfc n`dry. @t `s amt jamwa wfm put tfcsc twmnmoulcats à tfc n`dry, amr wfca.

Luof fds bcca wr`ttca a tfc pdst dbmut tf`s n`dry. @ dl khdn [mut Drcatzca fdsprmv`ncn acw às`kfts àtm tfc cxpcr`caocs mg _ofh`cldaa à tfc S_, à pdrtòuhdrby dhsm hmmjàk dt tfc gàdao`dh dspcot mg tfc stmry.

fc n`dry wds ldàhy wr`ttca à Cakh`sf, w`tf dbmut gmur pdkcs à _pda`sf. fc_pda`sf wds trdashdtcn àtm Cakh`sf à tfc 40>2 pubhòdt`ma. @ fdvc mptcn tm fdvctfc _pda`sf pdrt trdashdtcn dkdà sm tfdt tfc cat`rc tcxt fds bcca hmmjcn dt.

@ dl dkdà krcdthy àncbtcn tm [mut Drcatzca gmr supphyàk tfc lmst `lpmrtdatpdrt mg tf`s bmmj5 tfc àtrmnuot`ma. mkctfcr w`tf [mut, @ wmuhn h`jc tm tfdajfc Drof`vc mg tfc Fcàròf _ofh`cldaa Luscul Dajcrsfdkca, Nr [`hgr`cnBhjc, Jdted Bmknmamvd, fc Bdaormgt H`brdry Bcrjchcy, Odh`gmra`d _tdtc H`brdry,

Kcaadnùs H`brdry, Crò Kmund (Bmtdaòdh Kdrncas Strcoft), Nr Drlà Efac,


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[mut Drcatzca

_ofh`cldaa dan tfc ldjàk mg f`sscoman gmrtuac

^fc rdvch emuradh

_ofh`cldaas Dlcròda trdvch emuradh wds pubh`sfcn à 40>2 by _f`rhcy F. [cbcr

ds _ofh`cldaas g`rst v`s`t tm Dlcròd 4639-46344 dan dppcdrcn à d Kcrldatrdashdt`ma à 4036 by Fcàròf Dhcxdancr _tmhh à f`s Dbcatcucr lcàcs HcbcasFcàròf _ofh`cldaa Crzfht.

@a omatrdst w`tf tfc trdvch emuradh mg f`s g`rst Curmpcda emuracy, tfc doomuat mg_ofh`cldaas trdvch dan smemura à tfc S_ `s d omhhcot`ma mg scvcrdh pdrts. 2@a tfcgrmat drc d b`hh by G.[.H. [cracr grml 46>3 dan da dutmb`mkrdpfy. Bmtf wcrc putàtm tf`s emuradh dt da uajamwa ndtc dan tfcy nm amt rcdhhy omast`tutc pdrt mg tfc

emuradh. Dhsm tfc ncsor`pt`ma mg tfc omaghdkrdt`ma mg _da Grdao`som wds dnncn dt dhdtcr t`lc. Fcrc fmwcvcr _ofh`cldaa f`lschg ofmsc tm khuc `t àtm tfc emuradh àlmrc mr hcss tfc r`kft phdoc. Ma oursmry rcdnàk, `t sccls tm bc pdrt mg tfc emuradh

but ma ohmscr àspcot`ma `t turas mut amt tm bc sm. fc bds`s mg tf`s trdvch emuradhomas`sts mg tfc amtcs _ofh`cldaa ldnc nuràk f`s emuracy dan stdy à Odh`gmra`d.@a tf`s àtrmnuot`ma @ w`hh sfmw tfdt `t omaocras fcrc rcdh trdvch amtcs. f`s àomatrdst tm tfc ncsor`pt`ma mg tfc g`rc dan tfc dutmb`mkrdpfy, wfòf w`hh bmtf fdvctm bc n`spdtofcn tm tfc rcdhl mg gdatdsy.?Dgtcr tfc can mg tf`s àtrmnuot`ma @ w`hhncdh w`tf tfcsc hmmsc pdrts, àncpcancathy mg tfc`r phdoc à tfc emuradh.

4 Odhncr 4002, 2?. ^c n`dry gmr _ofh`cldaas fflrst v`s`t tm Dlcròd fds bcca cn`tcn à 40>2 by dgmrlcr h`brdr`da mg tfc Kcaadnc`ma, _f`rhcy F. [cbcr. ^c tcxt `s doourdtc: amtcs là`ldh. [cbcracvcr qucr`cn wfdt _ofh`cldaa wrmtc but tfc ldtcr`dh à tf`s n`dry fflrst à 40;2 oduscn lc tm qucry_ofh`cldaas vcrdo`ty. N.D. rd`hh smma prmvcn gurtfcr dsscrt`mas à tfc n`dry wrmak. @g [cbcr àtfc lmuhn mg Lcycr fdn nmotmrcn tfc n`dry by supprcssàk mr dhtcràk daytfàk suspò`mus, tfc Acu_ofh`cldaa-Gmrsofuakwmuhn acvcr fdvc dr`sca.

2 [fca [cbcr ldnc d pubhòdt`ma à 40>2 mg tf`s trdvch emuradh, sfc ml`ttcn tfc b`hh dan sfc ldnc domatàumus stmry mg tfc tcxt. ^c Kcrlda trdashdt`ma, _tmhh 4036, fdrjs bdoj tm [cbcr. @a 40;6 rd`hhsfmwcn tfdt tfc rcpmrt mg tfc omafldkrdt`ma mg _da Grdao`som wds khucn àtm tfc tcxt dt d hdtcr ndtc.Ofdlbcrs 4009, ?0;, _ofh`cldaa f`lschg fds hcgt d guhh n`dry mg f`s fflrst v`s`t tm Dlcròd ....

? Hunw`k 40?2, 02. _ofh`cldaa wdr wfrcan ncs R`cscabrdancs à _da Grdao`som (>. Eua` 34), catkàkl`t jadppcr Amt ncl Satcrkdakc nurof Gcucr .... Lcycr 4070, 440, Uu càcl sofducrhòfca

Crhcba`s wurnc `fl bc` càcl kchckcathòfca Dugcatfdht à _da Grdaz`sjm ncr aofthòfc Brdan ncr_tdnt (?./>. Eua` 4634), ncl cr aur l`t jadppcr Amt catkàk.


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^fc Odh`gmra`da kmhn rusf

fc g`rst rcpmrts mg d scasdt`madh kmhn gàn dppcdrcn a tfc Odh`gmra`da acwspdpcrsà Ldrof 46>6. [f`hc _ofh`cldaa wds trdvchhàk à Curmpc gmr tfc scoman t`lc,tfc kmhn gcvcr cruptcn g`rst à Odh`gmra`d dan subscqucathy à Fdwd``. Ma 43 Euhy46>6 tfc Ymhyacs`daodlc w`tf d sh`kfthy dhdrlàk rcpmrt5

^c acws grml tfc kmhn rck`ma `s dt prcscat tfc dhh dbsmrbàk tmpò mg omavcrsdt`maà cvcry o`rohc mg smo`cty ... Mac vcssch, ormwncn w`tf pdsscakcrs, hcgt ma ucsndyhdst twm sd`h tm-ndy, dan smlc fdhg-nmzca lmrc w`hh sfmrthy gmhhmw ... ^c h`tthco`ty mg Fmamhuhu fds prmbdbhy acvcr bcgmrc w`tacsscn suof da cxo`tclcat ds tfc

kmhn gcvcr fds orcdtcn ... [c fmpc, gmr tfc sdjc mg fulda`ty, pcdoc dan mrncr w`hhbc prcscrvcn, but wc omagcss wc trclbhc gmr tfc rcsuht upma tfc lmrdhs mg tfc pcmphcdan tfc pcdoc mg tfc omuatry.Z>\

Grml Fdwd`` tfc acws sprcdn dhh mvcr tfc wmrhn dan wfcrcvcr `t dppcdrcn

pcmphc bcodlc àgcotcn w`tf tfc kmhn gcvcr. m k`vc da `lprcss`ma mg fmw tf`sacws f`t Curmpc, @ àohunc fcrc da drtòhc grml tfc Hmanma _tdandrnmg 7 Motmbcr46>65

@a ly omlluaòdt`ma by tfc F`bcra`d stcdlcr ycstcrndy, @ cxprcsscn nmubt ds tmtfc kmhn n`somvcr`cs à Odh`gmra`d. ^c [dsfàktma Sa`ma mg hdst a`kft pubh`sfcstfc gmhhmwàk cxtrdmrnàdry hcttcr grml da mocr à tfc Sa`tcn _tdtcs advy, grmlwfòf `t wmuhn dppcdr tfdt tfc doomuats fdvc bcca uancrstdtcn rdtfcr tfdamtfcrw`sc. @t s stdtcn tfdt cxpcn`t`mas mg kmhn fuatcrs drc scttàk mut grml dhh pmàtstm emà tfc scdrof dan kmhn wdsfàk5-

_àoc ly hdst hcttcr tm ymu, wr`ttca à _da Grdao`som, @ fdvc v`s`tcn tfc Yhdocr,Z3\

mr kmhn rck`ma mg Odh`gmra`d, dan gmuan `t dhh ds `t fdn bcca rcprcscatcn tm lc. Lydatò`pdt`mas wcrc guhhy rcdh`scn. ^c pdrt @ v`s`tcn wds tfc smutf gmrj mg tfc r`vcr

Dlcròda, wfòf emàs tfc _dordlcatm dt _utcrs Gmrt, mr twm l`hcs grml `t. ^`sr`vcr fds ts amrtf dan smutf gmrjs, brdaofàk lmrc tfda 29 l`hcs grml Gmrt _utcr.Ma tfcsc twm gmrjs tfcrc drc mvcr 4999 pcmphc n`kkàk dan wdsfàk gmr kmhn.

Ma Bcdr Orccj dan Fdhm Orccj, brdaofcs mg Gcdtfcr R`vcr, lday drc amwbckàaàk tm wmrj. @t `s suppmscn tfdt tfc bdajs dan bmttmls mg dhh tfcsc sldhhstrcdls omatdà vdst qudat`t`cs mg kmhn, dan tfdt tfc vdhhcys bctwcca tfcl drc ròfw`tf tfc sdlc lctdh. ^c pcmphc drc amw wmrjàk dt lday phdocs: smlc drc 69

l`hcs grml mtfcrs. ^c phdoc @ v`s`tcn wds dbmut d hcdkuc à cxtcat: ma tf`s wcrcdbmut 39 tcats: lday fdvc amt cvca tf`s omvcràk. Dt mac tcat, bchmakàk tm c`kftsàkhc lca, @ rcldàcn twm mr tfrcc ndys. ^csc lca fdn twm ldofàcs ldncà d ndy, grml 69 tm 499 gcct àof bmdrns, dan vcry rmukfhy put tmkctfcr. ^c`r

gmrl wds smlctfàk h`jc d of`hns ordnhc, w`tfmut tfc cans: dt mac can tfcrc wds dlmvcdbhc s`cvc mr rdoj tm wdsf nmwa tfc n`rt, dan sfdjc m tfc stmacs.

Fmhcs wcrc ldnc à tfc bmttml mg tfc ldofàc tm odtof tfc kmhn tf`s wdsf stmppcn,dan tf`s wds sordpcn mut fmurhy. ^csc twm ldofàcs kdtfcrcn cdof ndy @ wds

prcscat tfrccgmurtfs tm mac pmuan cdof, bcàk tfrcc tm gmur muaocs mg kmhn pcr lda.

> ^c Fdlpsf`rc Dnvcrt`scr Ncoclbcr 2, 46>6.3 Yhdocr Omuaty `s s`tudtcn bctwcca _dordlcatm, Hdjc dfmc dan tfc Acvdnd bmrncr.


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^csc lca fdn wmrjcn mac wccj w`tf tà pdas: tfc hdst wccj w`tf tfc ldofàc.@ sdw tfc rcsuht mg tfc fflrst ndys wmrj mg twm brmtfcrs: mac fdn scvca nmhhdrs, tfcmtfcr 62: tfcy wmrjcn ma tfc sdlc fflvc ydrns mg hdan: mac, fmwcvcr, wmrjcn hcsstfda tfc wfmhc ndy. ^c`r phda, h`jc fuanrcns mg mtfcrs, wds fflrst w`tf d pòj dan

sfmvch, ohcdr m twm gcct mg tfc tmp cdrtf, tfca put à d tà pda mr wmmnca bmwh dsfmvch mg n`rt, km àtm ruaaàk wdtcr, w`tf tfc fdan st`r up tfc n`rt dan fcdvc muttfc stmacs, uat`h tfcy fdvc rcldààk d spmmaguh mg clcry mr bhdoj sdan, omatdààkmac tm fflvc nmhhdrs. ^`s oda bc nmac maoc mr twòc d ndy.

Cdof ndy `s odusàk smlc sdvàk mg hdbmur by tfc `lprmvclcat à tfc rmukfldofàcs amw a usc. c ndy @ hcgt, smlc sldhh omlpda`cs mg fflvc tm c`kft lca fdnldofàcs grml wfòf tfcy datò`pdtc 399 tm 799 nmhhdrs d ndy. ^crc ocrtdàhylust tf`s ndy bc dt wmrj ma tfc n`crcat Yhdocrs, scvcrdh fuanrcns mg Dlcròdasdan mtfcrs, wfm drc ohcdaàk mac muaoc mg kmhn d ndy. @ fdvc tf`s wccj scca à

Lmatcrcy d Odh`gmra`da, wfm sfmws >99 nmhs. mg kmhn grml tfc hdbmur mg macwccj5 luof mg `t wds tfc s`zc mg wfcdt. @ lyschg wc`kfcn mac p`coc grml f`s bdk,

dan gmuan tfc wc`kft da cvca muaoc. Fc, h`jc lday mtfcrs, mahy wcat up tm tfckmhn rck`mas tm scc tfc phdoc, bmrrmwcn tmmhs, wmrjcn d gcw ndys, dan odlc fmlctm sfmw f`s hdbmur, dan tdjc up brmtfcrs dan omusàs dan prmv`s`mas. Ghmur dt tfcYhdocr `s sodroc dt 47 nmhs. pcr 499 hb. Dt dhlmst tf`s pròc `t lust omatàuc, ds

pcmphc drc gmrsdjàk tfc`r fflchns. @ nm amt tfàj @ dl cxdkkcrdtàk à cst`ldt ak tfcdlmuat mg kmhn mbtdàcn ma tfc r`vcrs @ fdvc lcat`macn dt 49,999 nmhs. d ndy, gmrtfc hdst gcw ndys. ^crc `s cvcry rcdsma tm bch`cvc tfc dlmuat w`hh amt tf`s scdsma(uahcss tfc wdsfcrs drc nr`vca grml tfc`r wmrj by sòjacss) bc day hcss. @a tf`s odsctfc dnn`t`ma mg wmrjlca amw emààk tfc fflrst macs, dan tfc cl`krdats grml tfc

Dthdatò _tdtcs wc sfdhh fdvc à Motmbcr dan Ncoclbcr, w`hh smma swchh tfc vdhuc

mg Odh`gmra`da kmhn tfdt w`hh bc wdsfcn mut tm da uafcdrn-mg vdhuc.Lday wfm fdvc scca tfc Yhdocr tfàj `t w`hh hdst ?9 mr >9 ycdrs. @ sfmuhn tfàjtfdt t wmuhn dmrn wmrj twm mr tfrcc ycdrs tm lday tfmusdans mg pcmphc, dan ldy

gmr vcry lday ycdrs, ds @ odaamt odhouhdtc tfc cxtcat mg omuatry fdvàk kmhn. ^cwmrjàk mg quòjs`hvcr làcs, h`jc cvcrytfàk chsc, `s stmppcn, tfrcc-gmurtfs mg tfcfmuscs à tfc tmwa mg _da Grdao`som drc sfut up. Fmuscs à Lmatcrcy drc bcàkohmscn tf`s wccj: tfc vmhuatccr omlpda`cs mg _mamld dan _da Grdao`som fdvc hmstscvcrdh lca by ncscrt`ma.

Sancr tfc prcscat cxo`tclcat, d sf`p mg wdr mr day mtfcr vcssch hyàk dt daofmrà _da Grdao`som wmuhn hmsc lday lca. @a tfdt tmwa tfcrc `s fdrnhy d lcofdaò

rcldààk. @ cxpcot tfc sdlc à Lmatcrcy à twm wccjs. Bmtf acwspdpcrs fdvcstmppcn. Dhh mr acdrhy dhh tfc fmtchs drc sfut up. Mac mg ly ohcrjs, wfm rcoc`vcn399 nmhhdrs dan bmdrn, amw rcoc`vcs a f`s stmrc, acdr Acw Fchvct`d (_utcrs Gmrn),499 nmhhdrs pcr lmatf: ly mtfcrs drc gdst ohmsàk tfc`r bmmjs tm hcdvc lc. @a gdot,@ fflan lyschg, mr sfdhh tf`s lmatf, w`tfmut d ohcrj, odrpcatcr mr scrvdat, dan dhhly fmuscs, gmrlcrhy rcatcn, k`vca up tm lc. @a twm wccjs Lmatcrcy w`hh bc acdrhyw`tfmut àfdb`tdats.Z7\

7 Hmanma _tdandrn Gr`ndy 7 Motmbcr 46>6.


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Dan tf`s wds mahy tfc bckàaàk. fcsc dan s`l`hdr acwspdpcr rcpmrts stdrtcn mggd fukc ghmojàk mg pcmphc tm Odh`gmra`d tfc gmhhmwàk ycdr. Dhtfmukf tfc Odh`gmra`dkmhn rusf stdrtcn à 46>6, tfc pdrtò`pdats wcrc kcacrdhhy odhhcn >0crs.

_mlct`lc bcgmrc fc hcgt gmr Russ`d, _ofh`cldaa fdn ldnc `t pmss`bhc gmr f`s

brmtfcr Hunw`k tm dhsm omlc tm Dlstcrndl. Ds Fcàròf mwcn f`s odrccr tm f`shdakudkc stun`cs, Hunw`k tmm stdrtcn tm prcpdrc f`s guturc à tf`s wdy. _mma fc `sdbhc tm scan f`s brmtfcr d sfmrt hcttcr à brmjca Cakh`sf. ;

@a 46>; tfc t`lc fds omlc tfdt dhsm f`s brmtfcr Yduh bckàs f`s trdààk dsd busàcss lda. F`s s`stcrs, [`hfchlàc dan Nmr`s, dsj Fcàròf wfdt tfc bcsthàc mg dot`ma wmuhn bc gmr f`l. Fc `s mg tfc mpà`ma tfdt Yduh sfmuhn dhsm kmtm Dlstcrndl, ds tfdt `s tfc r`kft phdoc tm bcomlc d busàcsslda. Fc tchhs Yduhcxdothy wfdt `s cxpcotcn mg f`l à mrncr tm suooccn tfcrc dan tfdt rdtfcr gr`kftcasYduh mgg. Fc nmcs amt km tm Dlstcrndl ds fc nmcsat gcch dbhc tm lcct dhh f`sbrmtfcrs ncldans. fàks n`n amt wmrj mut wchh gmr f`l. Fc fdn da uafdppy hmvc

dggd`r dan omll`ttcn suò`nc à 4632.6Dt tfc can mg 46>; Hunw`ks huoj turas. Dlstcrndl n`n amt sl`hc upma f`l ds

`t fdn nmac ma f`s brmtfcr. Fc hmscs f`s emb. Lcdawf`hc busàcss `s kmàk wchh à_t Yctcrsburk, sm fc dsjs f`s brmtfcr gmr d emb tfcrc. Fmwcvcr, Fcàròf nmcs amtscc luof à f`l.0Dppdrcathy Hunw`k fds amt kmt f`s brmtfcrs tdhcat gmr hcdraàkhdakudkcs. Hunw`k wmuhn amt bc day kmmn tm lc, Fcàròf wr`tcs f`s gdtfcr, `twmuhn tdjc dt hcdst tfrcc ycdrs bcgmrc fc fds hcdracn Russ`da dan dhh tfdt t`lc fcwmuhn amt bc mg day usc.49

Bmtf Fcàròf dan Hunw`k w`hh uanmubtcnhy fdvc rcdn dbmut tfc kmhn gàns àOdh`gmra`d. Amtfàk sfmws tfdt tf`s àgmrldt`ma fdn day àghucaoc ma Fcàròfs

nmàks à 46>6. F`s busàcss wds nmàk wchh, sm wfy wmuhn fc km dan sccj f`sgmrtuac à Odh`gmra`d= Ldttcrs wcrc n`ggcrcat gmr Hunw`k. Fc omuhn bdrchy jccpf`s fcdn dbmvc wdtcr à Dlstcrndl dan tfcrcgmrc nco`ncn tm km tm Dlcròd.44Fc wr`tcs tm f`s gdtfcr dan s`stcrs tfdt fc àtcans tm km tm Odh`gmra`d tm stdrt dbusàcss. Ds fc fds am stdrt-up odp`tdh, fc dsjcn f`s gdtfcr wfctfcr fc omuhn fdvcf`s ldtcradh àfcr`tdaoc, but f`s gdtfcr rcguscs. _m fc hcdvcs gmr tfc S_ w`tfmut dayodp`tdh. @t tdjcs d hmak t`lc bcgmrc f`s s`stcrs fcdr daytfàk grml tfc`r brmtfcr à

Dlcròd. Mahy à _cptclbcr 46>0 fc wr`tcs dbmut f`s dnvcaturcs. Fc `s wmrjàkà tfc kmhn g`chns w`tf d aulbcr mg gr`cans. @t `s fdrn wmrj dan tfcy fdvc dhrcdnybcca rmbbcn d aulbcr mg t`lcs5

; Kcaadnùs H`brdry _cr`c B, Bmx 4/39-?93 -474.6 Bhjc 2944, 403.0 Lcycr 403?, ?6. _ofh`cldaa tm f`s gdtfcr, 47/2/46>65 ... Hunw`k jmllt zul 4. Lrz ... dugs Acuc

ducr _tchhc, uan fdbc òf ndfcr _ofrncr & Om. à Dlstcrndl crsuoft, `fl lmadthòf >9 Kuhncagr lcàc Rcofauak duszuzdfhca. @of fdttc dagakhòf Hust Hunw`k dug lcà Omlptm`r zu acflca,fdbc lòf ecnmof bcndoft uan lòf catsofhmssca, `fa catwcncr à Fmhhdan zu hdssca mncr adof Ydr`smncr Hmanma zu sofòjca ...

49 Lcycr 403?, ?6. Bhjc 2944, 404.44 Lcycr 403?, ?0. Dlstcrndl, 6. Eua` 46>6. Lcà h`cbcr Bruncr! Nd n`c Uc`t nrakt, à wca`kca

_tuanca rc`sc òf vma f`cr db, ul lòf v`d Rmttcrndl pr. L`ss`ss`pp` Odpt. Fdrvcy (Dlcr`jdacr)adof Acw Pmrj càzusof`ca ...


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_dordlcatm, 23. 0. 46>0

O`ty Fmtch, dbcans 0 Sfr

... òf rc`sc lmrkca vmr _maacadugkdak adof nca acu catncojtca n`kkàks ma tfc

fcdn mg tfc _dordlcatm r`vcr & rà`ty r`vcr (?99 Lc`h. vma f`cr) & zwdr wchhdrlcn dan fflttcn mut, n`cs st wòft`k, nd cs nmrt scfr v`chc @an`dacr k`bt, n`c aurzu fufflk (w`c cs fc`t, but @ nm amt bch`cvc t) Daghhc dug n`c Dlcr`jdacr ldofca& Yrmv`s`maca camrl tfcucr sàn. [`r sàn uascrcr ;, n`c zusdllca kcfca &fdbca > Lduht`crc uan fmrscs bcs`ncs ... n`csc n`kkàks smhhca rcòfcr w`c dhhc b`sfcr

kcdrbc`tctca scà ... à nca 2 Lmadtca, n`c òf à nca Làca wdr, ldoftc òfnurofsofa`tthòf 4 Sazc prm tdk (f`cr $47,- wcrtf & à nca _tdtca $29) cxocptly cxpcascs @ ohcdrcn à tf`s t`lc $4>,- mg wfòf @ nch`vcrcn ycstcrndy $>29,39tm Lcssrs. Yr`cst Hcc & Om.Z42\tf`s O`ty gmr sdgc jccpàk, gr nca Rcst ldoftc òflcàca crwfatca mutfflt uan jdugtc zukhcòf gr bcr $499,- kmmns, su`tdbhc gmrtfc @an`das. _`cbcafuancrt ^dhcrZ4?\à 2 Lmadtca `st sm bch aòft! ... Zwm\ cs

bcrdhh mvcrormwcn st, uan ncr _trml vma pcmphc l`t ecncl dk zua`llt, bcrdhhda nca Ghssca s`cft ada vma dkcsdabruof t`hh dt a`kft n`c pòjmut flc``kcr

Drbc`tcr sofwàkca, n`c mgt sm nòft zusdllca kcnrakt sàn, nd ecncr 7 GuBrc`tc bcsofrajt `st. _trc`t`kjc`tca uan Rdub `rkcanwàcr Drt `st à nca Làcauabcjdaat, uan lda vcrht dl grfca Lmrkca scà hcòftcs Ucht sm ruf`k w`cà Ncutsofhdan cà kut vcrr`ckchtcs Fdus ecncr N`cbstdfh mncr Sarcnhòfjc`tw`rn `g prmvcn sdas gdma l`t ncl _tròj bczdfht. N`c Drbc`t `st scfr sofwcr, uanjdul 4/

?ncr Cl`krdatca stcfca cs hakcr w`c 6 dkc, v`chc v`chc wcrnca sofma

vma ncl gdtdhca gcvcr rdkuc, wds s`c kdaz fcruatcrbràkt, crkr`ca, dastcojcancJrdajfc`tca sàn uabcjdaat, uan ncaamof fflanca zdfhmsc _tcrbcghhc stdtt, f`crst`rbt cs vmrzkhòf stdrj, ncr uakcwfahòf sofachhc [cofsch ncr clpcrdturbràkt sm v`chc Crjhtuakca zu wckc, n`c crstc Fhgtc ncr Adoft `st dakcacflrdtfcr wdrl, ndaa stc`kt cà stdrjcr Acbch dug & C`sjhtc stchht sòf kckca Lmrkcacà, bc` dkc st cs sofduncrfdgt fc` uan vma 42 b`s 2 Sfr b`sfcr kdaz ualkhòfzu drbc`tca, lda drbc`tct a nca Làca vma dkcsdabruof b`s 44 Sfr, kcft ndaazu scàcl Uchtc, jmoft ndrà, rcà`kt scà Kmhn uan sofhgt 4 _tuanc, ul 24/

2kcft

lda w`cncr b`s suasct das [crj, òf bà scfr stdrj uan khdubc, jdaa cs schbst àncr adssca Edfrcszc`t à nca Làca stcfca ...Z4>\

Fmwcvcr, Hunw`k n`n amt stdy à tfc kmhn g`chns. Fc uancrstmmn tfdt tfc rcdhlmacy wds ldnc chscwfcrc, dan, tmkctfcr w`tf d pdrtacr, fc stdrtcn d fmtch à

_dordlcatm. @t dppcdrs tfdt Fcàròf dsjcn f`l dbmut gàdao`dh pmss`b`h`t`cs àDlcròd. Hunw`k àgmrls f`l ds bcst fc oda. @t `s ohcdr tfdt fc am hmakcr accns f`sbrmtfcr. fcy drc ma cqudh tcrls amw.

42 Yhdocr `lcs40 Ldy 46>0. Yr`cst Hcc & Om. [fmhcsdhc & Rctd`h Ncdhcrs à nry kmmns, krmocr`cs,h`qumrs, dan prmv`s`mas, ma tfc omracr mg _coman dan E strcct. _dordlcatm O`ty.

4? [fdt drc lcdat fcrc drc prcu`sofca ^dhcr, dhsm odhhcn Rcòfstfdhcr, wfòf wcrc uscn a dhlmst tfc

wfmhc mg Amrtfcra Kcrlday. ^`s tfdhcr wds rcphdocn à 463; by tfc Wcrcàstdhcr.4> Lcycr 403?, >?->>. Ròftcr 4002, 42>.


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_dordlcatm O`ty 2;. ?. 4639

Ncdrcst Fcary!

... Pmu drc dwdrc tfdt `t `s dbmut 4> lmatfs dkm sàoc @ hcgt Acw Pmrj & krcdt

ofdakcs am nmubt fdvc tdjca phdoc, ymu tfcrcgmrZc\ w`hh cxousc lc g @ dl smlcwfdth`l`tcn à ly rcldrjs. ^c bdajàk busàcss à Acw Pmrj `s am nmubt lmstdnvdatdkcmus `g mac `s wchh doqudàtcn w`tf tfc rmpcs, tfc Pdajccs drc lmst tmschfflsf & sldrt, dan `t tdjcs d strdakcr smlc t`lc tm bc wchh vcrscn à dhh tfc`rtròjs, wfòf drc omaacotcn w`tf tfdt hàc mg busàcss. Fmwcvcr @ dl surc tfdtcatcrpr`sàk dan dbhc lca w`hh smma surlmuat dhh nòuht`cs dan fflan d hdrkc danwchh ouht`vdtcn fflchn gmr tfc`r mpcrdt`mas ... Fmwcvcr dnvdatdkcmus tfc ofdaocs

gmr àvcstlcat ldy bc à tfc _tdtcs, `t `s amtfàk à omlpdr`sma w`tf mur KmhncaOmuatry, lmacy gctofcs fcrc amw cdsy grml ; tm 49% kmmn scour`ty pr lmatf dan`s rcdhhy wmrtf 39% lmrc à busàcss pr lmatf. @ jamw lmrc tfda d nmzca odscs,wfca lmacy wds dnvdaocn mg hdtc cvca dt 29 & 23% pr lmatf.

Lca omlàk tm tf`s omuatry sfmuhn bràk cvcry Ocat dhmak, àstcdn mg hcdvàk `tfmlc. @ancpcancat gmrtuacs fdvc bcca ldnc fcrc à d gcw lmatf & rcldà tmbc ldnc gmr lmrc tfda fdhg d ocatury tm omlc, ds Kmhn `s gd`rhy uancrstmmn tm bcàcxfdust`bhc, acdrhy 499 t`lcs ds luof kmhn fds bcca tdjca mut nuràk tfc hdstwàtcr lmatfs tfda nuràk tfc sdlc pcr`mn tfc ycdr bcgmrc, pcmphc jamw amw fmwtm wmrj `t dan nm amt hmmsc daylmrc tfc`r t`lc à prmspcotàk gmr tfc b`k-hulps.Kmhn `s dhh mvcr tfc omuatry dan cvca à tfmsc lmuatdàs drmuan _da Grdao`som,dan acw `lpmrtdat n`somvcr`cs drc grcqucathy ldnc. Pcstcrndy @ sdw twm gchhmws(sd`hmrs) grml tfc uppcr Eubd n`kkàks, tfcy fdn lmrc tfda >9 pmuans Kmhn cdof

dan wcrc rcdny tm km fmlc by tf`s stcdlcr. ^cy tmhn lc mg tfc`r krcdt sucràksdan pr`vdt`mas a tfc samw-fflchn mg wfòf tfcy fdn bcca surrmuancn gmr acdrhy twmlmatf, tfcy pd`n up tfcrc twòc gmr flcsf dan brcdn ds f`kf ds $29.- pcr pman ...

Mur O`ty s r`sàk vcry gdst, t n`n amt omatdà lmrc tfda mac sàkhc grdlc bu`hnàk,wfca @ odlc fcrc hdst Euhy & amw wc drc prmun tm stdtc tfdt wc omuat dhrcdny mvcr47.999 àfdb`tdats ...

@ dl busy grml cdrhy tm hdtc & dl nmàk d gd`r busàcss, @ tfàj @ ohcdr amw grml2 tm 239 nmhhdrs pr. wccj, dan vcry h`jchy @ oda nm lmrc. @ fdvc amw >3 stcdnybmdrncrs & bcs`ncs @ jccp d sldhh stmrc ma Grmat strcct, omatdààk Gdaoy Kmmns,h`qumrs dan gru`ts, da mhn Kcathclda, tfca d bmy, dttcan t gmr lc, @ ldjc dbmut

$42,- pr. ndy ohcdr lmacy ma tfc hdttcr ...Z43\

_dordlcatm fds bcomlc d b`k tmwa dan dhh tfc prmg`t ldnc tfcrc dttrdots `tsor`làdh`ty. @t ldy bc cdsy tm cdra lmacy quòjhy tfcrc but uamrtfmnmx lcdasfdvc tm bc uscn tm fmhn ma tm `t5

43 Lcycr 403?, >3->7.


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20tf Ldrof, wca`kc Dukcabhòjc vmr _ofhu ncr Ld`h. Hctztc Adoft wurnc càcrlcàcr Jmcr, `l bcnrmml stcfcan, vma ? gchhmws n`c bc` l`r hmk`rtca, crbrmof &od. $429,- fcrduskcamllca. Ncr N`cbstdfh wurnc od. 42 Sfr adofts duskcbt,òf gmhktc `faca n`csca Lmrkca zu Ygcrnc, l`t 2 Omhns Rcvmhvcry Y`stmhs bcwdact,

uan gdan n`cschbca vmr à 2 _tuanca uatcr càcr Gòftc rufcan. @of vcrhdakc ndsLcà`kc l`t càcl z`clhòfca Sakcstl & nrmftc dhhc tfc brdàs duszubhdsca,wcaa s`c aòft nds Kchn fcrduskbca, bcs`ncs `frc Rcofauak $>4,- bchducanbczdfhtca. _`c hcukactca fdrtaoj`k uan ldoftca càca Dagdhh dug lòf, òfrct`r`rtc cà`kc Pdrns uan gcucrtc ndrdug zwc` _ofssc dug nca l`r zuaofst zuHc`bc Jmllcanca, òf trdg `fa às Bcà, cr fflch uan sofrc` catsctzhòf. @of nrmftcnca bc`nca dancrca dug schbc [c`sc, wmrdug s`c sòf crkdbca uan l`r nca Gcfhcrcàkcstdanca. Dhhcs, wds òf fcrdusquctsofca jmaatc, wdr $39,-, nca Rcst fdttcas`c `l Ldas`ma-FdusZ47\vcrsp`cht. _`c sofwmrca, l`r nca Rcst à cà`kca [mofcacàzufan`kca uan kdbca l`r `frc zwc` Sfrca dhs Satcrpgdan. [rc òf l`tcà`kca zusdllca kcwcsca, sm fttca w`r s`c toft`k nurofkcfduca, nmof aua wdr

òf dhhcà uan f`cht lòf tdpgcr kcauk, s`c fdttca kdr jcàc [dca uan groftctcascfr lcà Bhc`.

@t wds mac grcaoflda, mac kcrlda bmy dan mac d h`tthc @r`sflda.Z4;\

Amt luof lmrc `s jamwa dbmut Hunw`ks stdy à Odh`gmra`d tfda tfcsc twmrcpmrts wr`ttca by f`lschg. Ma 2 Ldrof 4639 fc dan f`s pdrtacr phdocn dadnvcrt`sclcat à tfc Yhdocr `lcs5

[C FC SANCR_@KACN Mcr gmr sdhc ma h`bcrdh tcrls dhh mur t`thc danàtcrcst à tfc wchh grcqucatcn dan omavca`cat bmdrnàk fmusc odhhcn Cdkhc Fmuscà 2n st. acdr J st.

_OFH@CLDAA & MROFDRN, Yrmpr`ctmrs. _dordlcatm O`ty, Ldrof 4.Z46\

[fy fc dan f`s pdrtacr drc schhàk tf`s bmdrnàk fmusc `s amt ohcdr. Nmcs fch`l`t f`lschg amw tm f`s sfmp= @t dppcdrs grml tfc hcttcr tfdt fc wr`tcs tm f`s gdtfcrdan s`stcrs tfdt fc odaamt ompc vcry wchh w`tf tfc oh`ldtc à _dordlcatm. @t wds

47 _dordlcatm rdasor`pt24 Euac 4639. Ldn Nmk D nmk, suppmscn tm bc ldn wds j`hhcn hdst cvcaàkdt tfc Ldas`ma Fmusc, omracr mg E dan Grmat strccts. ^c da`ldh rusfcn àtm tfc fmusc, gmdlàk dttfc lmutf, dan sadppàk dt cvcrytfàk `t omuhn rcdof. ^c fmusc wds smma ohcdrcn mg pcmphc, dan Lr.

[dhhcr, tfc prmpr`ctmr, `llcn`dtchy sfmt tfc nmk w`tf d Omhts Rcvmhvcr.4; Lcycr 403?, >;. Ròftcr 4002, 42>-423.46 Yhdocr `lcs, 2 Ldrof 4639. rd`hh 2996, ?3. Dus Brc`gca, n`c cr ZFcàròf\ vma `fl ZHunw`k\

crfdhtca fdttc, wusstc _ofh`cldaa, ndss Hunw`k à _dordlcatm cà bcncutcancs Wcrlkca crwmrbcafdttc, ndruatcr cà Fmtch uan càca Hdnca. Kcaadnùs H`brdry N`dry D6, ?>, 49 _cptclbcr 4673Grml ly Zfmtch\wànmw @ scc tfc phdoc wfcrc ly pmmr brmtfcr uscn tm jccp f`s Fmtch, ma 2 nstr.

bctwcca J & H.: tfc hmst Zhmt\ `s mooup`cn by d bròj bu`hnàk w`tf `rma sfuttcrs, wfòf scrvcs dsfmusc mg `hh gdlc.


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uafcdhtfy tfcrc, dan tfcrc wds ychhmw gcvcr cvcrywfcrc.40@a Euhy 4639 _ofh`cldaa`s àgmrlcn tfdt f`s brmtfcr fds n`cn mg typfm`n à _dordlcatm.29

Doomrnàk tm _ofh`cldaas mggò`dh dutmb`mkrdpfy, ds pubh`sfcn by f`l à4664 ds da àtrmnuot`ma tm f`s @h`ms tfc o`ty dan omuatry mg tfc rmedas, fc wcat tm

Odh`gmra`d à 4639 ds fc fdn amt fcdrn grml f`s brmtfcr gmr d hmak t`lc. Maoctfcrc, fc n`somvcrcn tfdt Hunw`k wds ncdn.24

D n`sdppmàtlcat à hmvc

Doomrnàk tm f`s trdvch emuradh mg 46>7, _ofh`cldaa sdak tfc prd`scs mg Russ`dawmlca nuràk d nàacr à H`vcrpmmh.22Amt mahy wcrc tfcy bcdut`guh but dhsm vcryàtchh`kcat. fcy wcrc ghucat à dt hcdst tfrcc hdakudkcs dan à dnn`t`ma tfcy phdycntfc p`dam vcry wchh. Mac nrdwbdoj mg tfc Russ`da wmlda wds tfdt tfcy n`n amth`jc gmrc`ka lca. [fca wc hàj tf`s tm _ofh`cldaas dttclpts nuràk tf`s emuracy

tm pdss f`lschg mgg ds d Russ`da, mac smma kcts tfc `lprcss`ma tfdt fc maoc fdn damt vcry fdppy cxpcr`caoc w`tf d Russ`da wmlda. [fca wc subscqucathy rcdnfmw fc pdàts d wfmhhy uarcdh`stò pòturc mg tfc Russ`da lda tm d Grcaof wmldaà tfc trdà tm Datwcrp, tfcrc `s d gcchàk tfdt fc fds amt yct k`vca up dhh fmpc.

Doomrnàk tm _ofh`cldaa tfc kmdh à tfc h`gc mg d Russ`da lda `s tm casurc tfdtf`s w`gc w`hh kct fcdvca ma cdrtf. Nmlcstò fdrlmay `s doomrnàk tm _ofh`cldaatfc f`kfcst fdppàcss lda oda dttdà. [fctfcr fc dotudhhy fdn d wmlda à làndt tfdt lmlcat mr mahy nrcdlt dbmut fcr `s uaohcdr. @a f`s dttclpts tm bcomlc dRuss`da, _ofh`cldaa prmbdbhy cvca wcat sm gdr ds tm tdjc d Russ`da adlc. Hdtcr mawc sfdhh scc tfdt @vdamvòf Yrmjmpy Ymamldrcv fcdncn f`s hcttcrs tm _ofh`cldaa à

4632 w`tf Ly ncdr Lr Dhcjsdanr A`jmhdcv`.2?

Dt tfc can mg 46>; _ofh`cldaas pursu`t mg nmlcstò bh`ss ohcdrhy sccls tm tdjcsfdpc. Dt hcdst `g tfc rulmur `s truc tfdt f`s brmtfcr Hunw`k fds fcdrn. Fc wr`tcsf`s brmtfcr d hcttcr à rcdsmadbhy kmmn Nutof à wfòf fc sdys tfdt fc fds fcdrntm f`s dldzclcat tfdt Fcàròf fds bcca struoj by Oup`ns drrmws dan phdas tmkct ldrr`cn. Fc dnv`scs f`s brmtfcr strmakhy tm bc odrcguh dan tm tfàj fdrn bcgmrctdjàk tf`s b`k stcp. Hunw`k dssulcs tfdt tfc àtcancn br`nc `s ròf dan tfdt f`s

40 Pchhmw gcvcr `s da àgcot`mus n`scdsc dan bchmaks tm tfc Ghdv` v`ruscs. Hunw`k _ofh`cldaa prmbdbhyomaguscn tfc adlc mg tfc `hhacss, ds tf`s v`rus nmcs amt moour à tfc surrmuanàks mg _dordlcatm.

29 Lcycr 403?, ?96. bcr H.s mn sofrc`bt _. dl 2?. Euh` da nca ncutsofca Jmasuh à _da Grdao`som5Hunw`k fdttc sòf dug nca [ck adof nca Làca vma Amrtfgmrj Zkcldoft\. Cr wmhhtc dug càcr `fldakczc`ktca scòftca _tchhc càca `fl `l [ck h`ckcanca Ghu pdss`rca, fdttc dbcr nds Sakhoj,à n`c `cgc zu kcrdtfca. Cr pdojtc sòf jrgt`k das Ygcrn, wchofcs tdpgcr nurofsofwdll, crf`chtdbcr à Gmhkc ncs jdhtca Mjtmbcrtdkcs uan ncr adssca Jhc`ncr, n`c cr aòft zu trmojaca `l _tdancwdr, nds G`cbcr, à wchofcl cr 42 dkc krtcatfc`hs mfac Bcsàauak ... vma eckhòfcr lcasofhòfcrF`hgc vcrhdssca zubrdoftc. N`c Adtur s`cktc, cr crwdoftc dus ncl mncssofhdg ... cr Zjcfrtc\ adof_dordlcatm zurj. Ncr Drzt Zfdt\ `fl nmrt kcfmhgca, dbcr n`c Lcn`zà wdr zu stdrj l`t Tucojs`hbcrvcrsctzt ... @g tf`s rcpmrt `s omrrcot, tfca Hunw`k n`n amt n`c mg typfm`n but mg tfc lcnòdt`ma gmr domhn mr flu.

^c _dordlcatm O`ty Oclctcry 46>0-2999àncx tchhs us tfdt Hmu`s Fcary _ofh`clda, Dkc 23, n`cn dtLdy 24, 4639 dan wds bur`cn dt Lr. Bcaactts fmusc.

24 _ofh`cldaa 4664, 42.

22 _cc ^dams & Drcatzca 2942, 6;-66.2? _cc gmr àstdaoc Kcaadnùs H`brdry Bmx ;, >>6 / 2??6 707;.


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brmtfcr tfàjs tf`s d kmmn rcdsma tm ldrry fcr. Fcàròf sfmuhn bcdr à làntfdt fc w`hh tdjc tfc wrmak stcp `g fc nmcs amt gcch hcs scat`lcats hcs phus ambhc.fc ofdrdotcr dan tfc gcchàk sfmuhn omrrcspman, lmacy dhmac `s amt camukf.Fcàròf sfmuhn wr`tc Hunw`k dbmut `t à nctd`h, gmr tfc t`lc bcàk fc w`hh amt tchh

daybmny.2>

Fmw tf`s stmry cagmhns `s amt tmtdhhy ohcdr. @a 46>6 _ofh`cldaa tdjcs up Russ`da

o`t`zcasf`p. Fc `s amw d rcdh Russ`da dan tfcrc `s amtfàk hcgt tfdt oda kct à tfcwdy mg ldrr`dkc tm d Russ`da wmlda. @a tfdt sdlc ycdr fc wr`tcs tm f`s s`stcrs tfdtfc fds d wmlda ma f`s làn. Fc fds amw, à f`s mwa wmrns, rcdofcn tfc pàadohcmg fdppàcss. fc wmlda mg f`s nrcdls phdys tfc p`dam bcdut`guhhy dan sfc spcdjstfrcc hdakudkcs ghucathy. Lmrcmvcr, sfc `s tfr`gty sm tfdt _ofh`cldaa cxpcots tm bcdbhc tm bcomlc wcdhtfy w`tf fcr.23@g wc omlpdrc tf`s rcldrj w`tf fmw _ofh`cldaatrcdtcn w`tf omatclpt tfc hdn`cs à H`vcrpmmh, wc oda dsj murschvcs fmw hmak fcfdn bcca pursuàk tf`s wmlda, mr wfctfcr tf`s ymuak hdny eust fdppcacn tm sdt`sgy

f`s `ncdh`zcn pòturc. mwdrns tfc can mg tfc ycdr cvcrytfàk sccls tm bc drrdakcn.Ma 26 Motmbcr 46>6, _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs tm f`s gdtfcr tfdt fc `s cakdkcn tm bcldrr`cn. Fc fds gmuan à _t Yctcrsburk d Kcrlda-Russ`da k`rh, _mpf`c Fcojcr._ofh`cldaa `s ncgà`t`vchy à hmvc dan vcry fdppy. [`c sofa ncr Kcndajc, càctrcuc Kcgfrtà zu bcs`tzca, n`c Grcuanc uan Fcrzchc`n tc`ht. 27D ycdr dgtcr fc kmtcakdkcn tfàks km dwry ma 43 Amvclbcr 46>0. _mpf`c `s d b`t tmm mbv`mus à fcrh`jàk gmr d ymuak mggòcr. f`s `s gmr _ofh`cldaa d s`ka tfdt sfc `s gr`vmhmus danfc brcdjs mgg tfc cakdkclcat.2;Fc wr`tcs f`s gdtfcr tfdt tfc phdaacn wcnnàk `smgg dan tfdt tfdt `s d kmmn tfàk. _mpf`c `s st`hh tmm ymuak dan tdjcs cvcrytfàktmm h`kft-fcdrtcnhy. @t `s amt `lpmrtdat. Gmr smlcbmny h`jc f`l w`tf d kmmn adlc,

am ncbts dan d gmrtuac mg 49,999 tfdhcr, `t sfmuhn bc am prmbhcl tm gàn d w`gc.Ds fc fmpcs tm cdra damtfcr 47,999 tfdhcr à 46>0, fc w`hh mahy fdvc tm wd`t uat`htfc dutula dan fc w`hh bc mggcrcn tfc ròfcst dan lmst bcdut`guh ndukftcrs. Butfc nmcs amt rcdhhy fdvc tfc pdt`caoc gmr tfdt. Bcgmrc fc lct _mpf`c, fc bcodlcdoqudàtcn w`tf damtfcr Russ`da wmlda. _fc `s bcdut`guh dan scas`bhc but fds amgmrtuac.26_fc `s Ecjdtcràd Yctrmwad Hysfàd (4627-4607). @t sccls, fmwcvcr, tfdt

Ecjdtcràd wds amt rcdhhy dttrdotcn tm _ofh`cldaa dan tfus tf`s dttclpt tm gàn dw`gc dhsm rcsuhtcn à d n`sdppmàtlcat.

Doomrnàk tm _ofh`cldaas mggò`dh dutmb`mkrdpfy, fc trdvchhcn tm tfc S_ àcdrhy Gcbrudry 4639.20But wfca wc hmmj àtm tfdt ndtc `t `llcn`dtchy bcomlcs

ohcdr tfdt tf`s stdtclcat odaamt bc r`kft. Doomrnàk tm tfc trdvch emuradh tfdt fcjcpt nuràk f`s stdy à tfc S_, fc trdvchhcn tfrmukf [cstcra Curmpc gmr tfc scomant`lc à Gcbrudry 4639. Dan doomrnàk tm tfdt emuradh fc mahy hcgt _t Yctcrsburk

2> Kcaadnùs H`brdry _cr`c B, Bmx 4/39, ??9 ?20 22;9. _cc dhsm Drcatzca 2942, 4>6.23 Hunw`k 40?2, 62-6?, ndtcs tf`s cvcat à 46>;. Lcycr 4070, 4>9-4>4 k`vcs tfc sdlc stmry w`tfmut d

ndtc.27 Hunw`k 40?2, 6?.2; Hunw`k 40?2, 67-6;, Lcycr 4070, 4>9-4>4. rd`hh 4003, 2?. Fcr gdtfcr, wfm wdatcn d ròf sma-à-

hdw, pcrsudncn fcr dkdàst fcr mwa w`sfcs, tm doocpt. rd`hh bdscs f`lsch g ma Hunw`k 40?4, 69-4, but@ fdvc amt bcca dbhc tm fflan daytfàk tm suppmrt tf`s stdtclcat.

26 Hunw`k 40?2, 6?.20 _ofh`cldaa 4602, 46


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ma 49 Ncoclbcr 4639. @g Hunw`k _ofh`cldaa fds rcdhhy daytfàk tm nm w`tf_ofh`cldaas ncpdrturc gmr tfc S_, tfca tf`s ndtc `s lmrc phdus`bhc. Ds wc fdvcscca Hunw`k wrmtc f`s brmtfcr grml _dordlcatm ma 2; Ldrof 4639. @a tf`s hcttcrfc pdàts gmr Fcàròf d gàdao`dh wmancrhdan wfcrc mac oda ldjc d gmrtuac à

tfc sfmrtcst t`lc.Lca omlàk tm tf`s omuatry sfmuhn bràk cvcry Ocat dhmak, àstcdn mg hcdvàk `tfmlc. @ancpcancat gmrtuacs fdvc bcca ldnc fcrc à d gcw lmatf ...Z?9\

Ma 29 Euhy 4639 _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs tm d omusà dsjàk f`l tm omavcy tm f`ss`stcrs à d tdotguh wdy tfc lcssdkc mg tfc ncdtf mg tfc`r brmtfcr. Fc fds fcdrn tfdtHunw`k fds n`cn mg typfm`n à _dordlcatm, Odh`gmra`d, ma 24 Ldy. D busàcssrchdt`ma a Acw Pmrj, O.N. Bcfrcas, fds scat f`l d acwspdpcr a wfòf _ofh`cldaagàns tfc gmhhmwàk scatcaoc5

Ma tfc 24st n`cn à _dordlcat O`ty, mg ypfm`n gcvcr, Lr. Hmu`s _ofh`cldaa,gmrlcrhy mg Kcrlday, hdtc mg Acw Pmrj O`ty, dkcn 23 ycdrs.Z?4\

@a f`s hcttcr mg 29 Euhy _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs tfdt f`s brmtfcr wmuhn fdvc ldnc dsldhh gmrtuac mg ;999 tfdhcr?2 à d sfmrt t`lc. Fc fds dhrcdny wr`ttca tm damtfcrgdl`hy lclbcr tm drrdakc tfc acocssdry pdpcrs. fc àtcat`ma `s tfdt tfc s`stcrstry tm kct fmhn mg Hunw`ks àfcr`tdaoc v`d B.F. _ofrncr & Om. à Dlstcrndl.Lmst b`mkrdpfcrs dssulc tfdt scouràk tfc cstdtc mg f`s brmtfcr wds tfc rcdsmagmr _ofh`cldaas emuracy tm Odh`gmra`d,??but @ fdvc amt gmuan day ànòdt`mas mgtf`s. @a f`s trdvch emuradh _ofh`cldaa f`lschg k`vcs ds rcdsma gmr tf`s emuracy f`sàsdt`dbhc ncs`rc gmr trdvchhàk.?>

Ma 40 Motmbcr 4639 _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs d rdtfcr oryptò hcttcr tm Bcfrcas àAcw Pmrj. Fc dsjs f`l tm supphy f`l w`tf àgmrldt`ma by rctura mg ld`h ma tfcpmss`b`h`t`cs tfdt drc bcàk orcdtcn gmr d odp`tdh`st à Odh`gmra`d. D gr`can mg f`s,wfm fds dbmut

$ ?9,999 wmuhn h`jc tm km tm _da Grdao`som acxt spràk à mrncr tm àvcst tfdtlmacy ds bcst ds pmss`bhc. Fc `s d ymuak lda w`tf hmts mg cacrky dan da cxtcas`vcjamwhcnkc mg d lcrofdats mooupdt`ma. [muhn `t bc pmss`bhc tm àvcst f`s lmacy

?9 Lcycr 403?, >3.?4 Lcycr 403?, >;->6. Nd`hy Dhtd Odh`gmra`d, 23 Ldy 4639.?2 4 ^dhcr wds ? Ldrj wds Gh. 4,69.?? Hunw`k 40?2, 60-095 Nrc` Lmadtc adof ... Zncl\ hctztca Br`cg crfht _ofh`cldaa càc Uc`tuaksamt`z

bcr nca mn ncs Bruncrs ... [ca`kc Lmadtc sptcr sof`t sòf _ofh`cldaa cà, ul nds Krdb ncsBruncrs zu suofca uan nds Kmhn vma Jdh`gmra`ca. Lcycr 4070, 44>5 Ncr Wcrstmrbcac zmk ncabcrhcbcanca Bruncr adof à n`c Grclnc. Lmmrcfcdn 400>, ?25 @t wds Hmu`s wfm wds rcspmas`bhcgmr tfc acxt ofdptcr à _ofh`cldaas h`gc ... Ncohdràk tfdt fc wds àtcanàk tm àvcst`kdtc wfdt fdnfdppcacn tm Hmu`ss gmrtuac Zdgtcr f`s ncdtf\, à mrncr tm bràk bdoj wfdt fc omuhn sdhvdkc gmr f`ss`stcrs, fc ldnc phdas tm sd`h gmr Acw Pmrj ... Rdttacr & Ndazcr 2997, 375 ... càcr scàcr Brncrfdttc sòf `l jdh`gmra`sofca _dordlcatm a`cncrkchdssca uan sòf nmrt dl Kmhnrdusof bctc`h`kt. Ndbc`

crjrdajtc cr da ypfus, uan Fcàròf rc`stc bcr nca Mzcda, ul `fl bc`zustcfca.?> [cbcr 40>2, 42. D2 n`dry Z4\


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... suppmsc suof da Shysscs ... tm omlc tm smlc `shdan mg Odhypsm, smlc wchh-àfdb`tcn o`ty, uancr tfc ruhc mg pmwcrguh dan bca`kadat, but phdàhy, fc lustbch`cvc, supcrfulda àflucaocs, dan tfcrc tm fflan tfdt `ldkc mg tfc wmrhn dan `tsdrts, wfòf fc fdn vdàhy tr`cn tm bu`hn up a f`s làn, cxf`b`tcn bcgmrc f`s bmn`hy

cyc a d vdst orystdh grdlc: truc a cvcry làutc tfrcdn dan fuc, grml tfc spdrjhcmg tfc n`dlman tm tfc l`kfty buhj mg tfc omhmssus: truc tm tfdt wfòf bchmaks tmcvcry pdrt mg tfc cdrtf: dan tf`s, w`tf tfc ccots wfòf tfc drts prmnuoc, amt dttfc àtcrvdhs mg tfc trdvchhcrs wcdry emuracy, but cvcrywfcrc dt tfc prcscat fmur... [fca wc fdvc suppmscn suof d v`s`ma, nm wc amt sccl tm fdvc kmac bcyman dhhtfc wmancrs mg tfdt wmanrmus dao`cat Mnysscda tdhc= Dan yct, à ldjàk suof dsuppms`t`ma, fdvc wc amt bcca cxdothy ncsor`bàk tfdt wfòf wc fdvc scca w`tfàtfcsc gcw lmatfs=Z?6\

@a d t`lc wfca dhh àtchhcotudhs dkrccn tfdt tfc ohdssòdh ouhturc wds tfc f`kfcstdttdàdbhc, tfc Cakh`sf w`tf tfc`r Orystdh Ydhdoc fdn cxoccncn tf`s.

fc Krcdt Cxf`b`t`ma wds `llcaschy pmpuhdr w`tf tfc Cakh`sf pubhò. mk`vc _ofh`cldaa da `ncd mg tf`s, Kcmrkc Fdrv`s Chh`s, tm wfml @ w`hh rctura hdtcr,omlcs à mac mg f`s hcttcrs w`tf da daconmtc tfdt sfmws wfdt tfc Cakh`sf wcrcw`hhàk tm nm gmr d v`s`t tm tf`s cxf`b`t`ma5

?6 [fcwchh (46342), 44-4?.

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Adrvd

Nmrpdt

R`kd

^durmkkca

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[csch

G`kurc 45 _ofh`cldaas trdvch grml _t Yctcrsburk tm Dlstcrndl mvcr hdan (smh`n hàc5 by trdà)


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m k`vc ymu da àstdaoc mg tfc krcdt ncs`rc cvàocn by tfc pcmphc tm scc tfc wmrhnsànustry d pdwabrmjcr dt Hccns à Pmrjsf`rc ma tfc cvc mg tfc ncpdrturc mg dacxours`ma trdà tm Hmanma fdn pdwacn dt f`s sfmp 2 Busfchs mg [dtofcs by pcrsmaswfm omuhn acvcr fdvc scca tfc Cxf`b`t`ma but gmr tfc lmacy hcat ma tfcsc drtòhcs.Z?0\

fc acxt ndy _ofh`cldaa wcat tm Hmanma Umm tm fdvc d hmmj dt tfc acxtCakh`sf fypc mg tfdt lmlcat5 tfc f`ppmpmtdlus Mbdysof (o. 46>0-46;6). f`swds tfc g`rst f`ppmpmtdlus tm rcdof Amrtfcra Curmpc à lmncra t`lcs. @a lmncrat`lcswds dnncn guhh mg pr`nc ds amt hmak bcgmrc `t fdn bcca n`somvcrcn, bdscn magmss`hs, tfdt tfcrc maoc fdn bcca d t`lc wfca f`ppmpmtdl` fdn h`vcn à AmrtfcraCurmpc. Mbdysof fdn amtfàk tm nm w`tf tfcsc gmss`hs, ds fc fdn omlc strd`kft grmlCkypt. Fc fdn bcca odpturcn tfcrc, tmkctfcr w`tf smlc mtfcr cxmtò da`ldhs matfc mrncr mg Dbbds Ydsfd (464?-463>). Fc fdn swdppcn f`l gmr smlc krcyfmuansw`tf tfc Br`t`sf Omasuh Dukust Lurrdy (F`ppmpmtdlus Lurrdy 4697-4603).

fc f`ppm wds adlcn dgtcr tfc `shdan à tfc A`hc wfcrc fc wds odpturcn. Fcfdn bcca trdaspmrtcn tm Od`rm by bmdt mvcr tfc A`hc dan tfca sf`ppcn by Y & Mstcdlcr tm _mutfdlptma. Dan ma 23 Ldy 4639 fc fdn drr`vcn à Hmanma Ummwfcrc fc `llcn`dtchy bcodlc d ordzc.>9

Doomrnàk tm tfc amtcs à f`s emuradh, _ofh`cldaa v`s`tcn ma f`s hdst cvcaàk àHmanma tfc Yràocs fcdtrc wfcrc fc sdw tfc hdst pcrgmrldaoc mg tfc ochcbrdtcntrdkcn`da Ldorcdny. Fc `s [`hh`dl Ofdrhcs Ldorcdny (4;0?-46;?) dan_ofh`cldaa n`n amt dttcan f`s rcdh hdst pcrgmrldaoc but mac mg tfc pcrgmrldaocs mgf`s gdrcwchh prmnuot`ma. Ldorcdny phdycn f`s rcdh hdst sfmw ma 27 Gcbrudry 4634.>4Omaocraàk tfc tfcdtrc, tfcrc `s smlctfàk pcouh`dr tfcrc. _ofh`cldaa lust fdvcldnc d l`stdjc fcrc mac wdy mr tfc mtfcr. Fc wr`tcs à f`s emuradh tfdt fc wcat tmtfc Yràocs fcdtrc, wfòf wds à Mxgmrn _trcct. But Ldorcdny n`n amt phdy tfcrc.Fc wds dssmo`dtcn w`tf tfc fcdtrc Rmydh à Nrury Hdac. [fca _ofh`cldaa ldncf`s amtcs, fc prcsuldbhy l`xcn up tfcsc twm tfcdtrcs à f`s làn.

^fc sf`pwrcoj

Ma f`s g`rst scd vmydkc, _ofh`cldaa fdn bcca sf`pwrcojcn mgg cxch à 46>9. fcvdr`mus rcpmrts fc ldnc mg tf`s à tfc omursc mg f`s h`gc nm n`ggcr w`nchy dan amacmg tfcl rcdhhy dkrcc w`tf tfc rcpmrt tfdt tfc odptdà fdn nrdwa up w`tf d amtdry

pubhò ma cxch.>2fc omascqucaoc mg tf`s `s tfdt mac oda wmancr fmw doourdtc_ofh`cldaas rcpmrt mg tfc ncsor`bcn sf`pwrcoj à tf`s emuradh `s.

_m tfdt tfc rcdncr oda ofcoj _ofh`cldaas stmry, @ w`hh rcprmnuoc fcrc d hdrkcpdrt mg d rcpmrt ds dppcdrcn à tfc Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buacmg 4; Gcbrudry 46345

?0 Kcaadnùs H`brdry >7? (d-o) >?;, 70?3-70?6.>9 Rmmt 400?.

>4 Caoyohmpdcn`d Br`tdaaòd.>2 _cc Drcatzca 2944.


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Drr`vdh mg tfc Dgròd ^c Dthdatò sdgc dt Omrj!^c Ouadrn stcdlcr Dgròd, Odpt Ryr`c, drr`vcn dt tf`s pmrt grml H`vcrpmmh dt 0mohmoj _dturndy cvcaàk, dgtcr d pdssdkc mg gmurtcca ndys 0 fmurs.

_fc brmukft tfc emyguh àtchh`kcaoc mg tfc sdgcty mg tfc Dthdatò, wfòf oduscnua`vcrsdh nch`kft tfrmukfmut tfc o`ty. ^c pdrtòuhdrs mg tfc vmydkc mg tfc Dthdatòdan fcr sdgc drr`vdh dt Omrj, @rchdan, drc ds gmhhmws5

^c Wmydkc dan N`sdstcr mg tfc Dthdatò.(Grml tfc H`vcrpmmh Lcroury)

[c fdvc rcoc`vcn tfc gmhhmwàk stdtclcat grml d kcathclda mg omas`ncrdbhcadutòdh cxpcr`caoc wfm wds d pdsscakcr ma bmdrn tfc stcdlcr5 ^c Dthdatò hcgtH`vcrpmmh ma tfc dgtcramma mg tfc 26tf, fdvàk strmak kdhcs tm tfc wcstwdrn. [c

kmt mvcr tfc bdr dbmut s`x tfc sdlc cvcaàk, dan, ldjàk d sphcan`n rua dkdàstfcdn wàns, pdsscn Odpc Ohcdr ma _uandy a`kft dbmut fdhg pdst aàc mohmoj.

Dgtcr tf`s wc caomuatcrcn d suoocss`ma mg wcstcrhy kdhcs: but tfc stcdlcr bmrc updkdàst tfcl dhh w`tf da cxtrdmrnàdry nckrcc mg strcaktf: dan fcr ldofàcrywmrjcn bcdut`guhhy, t`hh, sunncahy dan uacxpcotcnhy, ma tfc 7tf sfc brmjc nmwadan wds n`sdbhcn. Mur pms`t`ma tfca wds, hdt. >7m42 amrtf, hma. >4m?9 wcst:n`stdaoc grml Fdh`gdx, 60; l`hcs: dan Acw Pmrj, 4,>99 l`hcs. [c hd`n tm uancrodavdss tf`rty fmurs, tm kct tfc flmdts m tfc pdnnhcwfcchs, &o., dan nr`gtcn s`xtyl`hcs tm tfc smutfwdrn. [c ldnc sd`h, Edaudry ;, dt amma, w`tf tfc wàn grml

tfc wcstwdrn. Ma Edaudry 0, Y.L., wc fdn d kdhc grml tfc smutfwcst, dan dkdàhd`n tm. Ma tfc 44tf wc bmrc dwdy grml Odpc Ohcdr, dan caomuatcrcn d strmak

G`kurc 25 Mbdysof tfc F`ppmpmtdlus Hmanma Umm 4632. Yfmtm by Nma Euda, Omuat mg

Lmat`za


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[.A.[. kdhc, tfc Odpc bcàk n`stdat 4,?39 l`hcs. Amtfàk gurtfcr trdasp`rcntfdt `s wmrtfy mg amtc t`hh wc daofmrcn à tfc Omvc mg Omrj, Edaudry 22, tfdajguh

gmr mur prcscrvdt`ma: dan dhh ma bmdrn sdt`sfflcn w`tf tfc sj`hguh ldadkclcat mgtfc cxpcr`caocn Odptdà uancr suof n`sdnvdatdkcmus o`roulstdaocs. ^c vcssch @bch`cvc tm bc ds strmak dan ds dbhc ds cvcr.Z>?\

[`tf d gcw vdr`dt`mas, wc kct tf`s stmry twòc lmrc à tfc vcrs`ma mg tfc Omrj

Cxdlàdr dan tfc H`vcrpmmh Dhb`ma supphclcatcn by stdtclcats suppmrtàk tfcodptdà grml bmtf pdsscakcrs dan orcw. fc drtòhc omaohuncs w`tf tfc pdsscakcrh`st mg tfc Dthdatò, grml wfòf @ fdvc omp`cn tfc hdst pdrt.

fc gmhhmwàk `s tfc Dthdatòs pdsscakcr h`st, dhh mg wfml, wc bch`cvc, odlc àtfc Dgròd5

Emfa E. Hmràk, Bmstma Ndv`n Rdajà, Yf`hd.E._. [dnswmrtf, A. Pmrj F.Y. [dhjcr, Ofdrhcstma[. Bcaedlà, er. A. Pmrj R.F. Fdrr`s, Bdht`lmrcH. Dhcxdancr, @crhdan E.F. Ymttcakcr, Bdht`lmrc

F.E. Buttcrg`chn, A. Pmrj C.F. Kr`ggà, Wdhpdrd`smO.O. Fdtof dan hdny, A.P. Kcm B Rccsc, Yf`hd

D. Hdurcaoc, er., Bmstma Kcm LoJàz`c, Yòtmu[.C. Odsc dan hdny, A.P. O. _frmncr, Fdlburk[.D. [fcchmoj & hdny, A.P. F. _fh`clda, _t. YctrsbrkfK.D. Ourt`s, Bmstma N.F. Jhdcacr, Kdhvcstma

E.F. Cdstcr, Bdht`lmrc K. Kmhnstcà, CakhdanE.H. Hmwrcy, A. Pmrj fms H`tthc, @rchdanKcm N. _uttma. A. Pmrj>>

>? Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Lmandy, Gcbrudry 4;, 4634.>> Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Lmandy, Gcbrudry 4;, 4634.

Dlstcrndl

RmttcrndlHmanma

H`vcrpmmh

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hà

Fmhyfcdn

Bdakmr

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G`kurc ?5 _ofh`cldaas trdvch grml Dlstcrndl tm Tuccastmwa (smh`n hàc5 by trdà, bhuc hàc5

by bmdt)


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2>

Ds mahy g`rst ohdss pdsscakcr adlcs ldnc `t àtm tfc pdpcr, `t dt maoc bcomlcsohcdr tfdt _ofh`cldaa n`n amt kct tm tfc S_ ma d sfmcstràk tm sccj f`s gmrtuacstfcrc, ds tfc dvcrdkc kmhn n`kkcr n`n. Fc trdvchhcn à tfc styhc tfdt bcg`ttcn f`sstdtus ds d prmspcrmus busàcsslda.

[fdt cxdothy fdppcacn upma drr`vdh à Acw Pmrj @ fdvc amt bcca dbhc tmgàn mut. @a d hcttcr tm Emfdaa Fcàròf (Emfa Fcary) _ofrncr (4;6>-466?) àHmanma, _ofh`cldaa wrmtc à 467; tfdt d n`vmroc wmuhn amt odusc f`l tmm ldayprmbhcls ds fc fdn bcomlc da Dlcròda o`t`zca à Gcbrudry 4634.>3Dan à 4670fc wr`tcs tm f`s omusà Dnmhpf _ofh`cldaa (464;-46;2) tfdt fc fds rcamuaocn tfcRuss`da Clpcrmr ma 4; Gcbrudry 4634 dan subscqucathy fds swmra dhhck`daoc tmtfc Sa`tcn _tdtcs mg Amrtf Dlcròd.>7@t `s ohcdr tfdt _ofh`cldaa tfmukft fc wdsda Dlcròda, but @ fdvc amt bcca dbhc tm gàn day prmmg mg tf`s à tfc drof`vcs.@t `s ocrtdà tfdt upma drr`vdh à tfc S_ _ofh`cldaa wds amt adturdh`zcn tm da

Dlcròda, wfdtcvcr fc ldy fdvc wdatcn dt tfdt lmlcat.

Sagmrtuadtchy tfc pdsscakcr h`st mg tfc Dgròd fds bcca prcscrvcn mahy à pdrt.Ma tfc h`st tfdt oda bc omasuhtcn tmndy, amac mg tfc pdsscakcrs drc lcat`macn wfmwcrc mr`kàdhhy ma bmdrn tfc Dthdatò doomrnàk tm tfc acwspdpcrs. @a tfc pdrt mgtfc h`st tfdt `s st`hh doocss`bhc tmndy, dgtcr cdof adlc `s lcat`macn dpdrt grml dkc,scx, prmgcss`ma dan omuatry mg mr`kà, wfctfcr mac wdats tm rcldà à tfc S_mr amt. Yrcsuldbhy tfc pdsscakcrs wcrc dsjcn ma bmdrn wfctfcr tfcy wdatcn tm`ll`krdtc mr amt. Dhtfmukf _ofh`cldaas adlc nmcs amt moour ma tf`s h`st dan wctfcrcgmrc nm amt jamw wfdt fc n`n daswcr tm tf`s hdst qucst`ma, `t `s phdus`bhc tmdssulc tfdt fc stdtcn tfdt fc wdatcn tm rcldà à tfc S_. Yrcsuldbhy fc tfmukfttfdt by nmàk sm fc fdn bcomlc Dlcròda.

^fc Cdst Omdst

@a Acw Pmrj _ofh`cldaa ofcojcn àtm tfc bcst fmtch mg tfc o`ty, Dstmr Fmusc. f`sfmtch wds bu`ht à 46?7 by tfc luht`-l`hh`mad`rc Emfa Edomb Dstmr (4;7?-46>6). @tfdn 7 ghmmrs dan ?90 rmmls tfdt wcrc dhh h`t w`tf kds. Dan `g tfdt wds amt camukfhuxury, tfcrc wds ma cvcry ghmmr d tm`hct dan d bdtfrmml. Mahy suoocssguh danwcdhtfy pcmphc omuhn dggmrn tm stdy tfcrc.

Ds usudh, dhsm à Acw Pmrj, _ofh`cldaa v`s`tcn dhh tfc dttrdot`mas tfdt sfmuhn amtbc l`sscn. fc bcst-jamwa mg tfcsc wds uanmubtcnhy Bdrauls Luscul. Ncsp`tc

`ts adlc, tf`s àst`tut`ma wds amt sm luof d luscul but lmrc d ormss bctwcca domhhcot`ma mg our`ms`t`cs dan d tfcdtrc. Amt gmr amtfàk wds Yfàrds dyhmr Bdraul(4649-4604) odhhcn tfc Jàk mg tfc Fulbuk. By sfmwàk acw our`ms`t`cs dhh tfct`lc (nwdrgs, _`dlcsc twàs, d stuggcn lcrld`n, cto.) fc ncvchmpcn f`s lusculàtm mac mg Acw Pmrjs hdrkcst dttrdot`mas.>;. m kct da `lprcss`ma mg wfdt wdsldàhy sfmwa fcrc, @ w`hh hmmj dt tfrcc rdanml dnvcrt`sclcats grml 4639 dan46345

>3 Lcycr 403?, 426.

>7 Hcttcr mg 43-6-4670 grml _ofh`cldaas hcttcr bmmj. _cc Bhjc 294?, ;0-4>7.>; Lcycrs Krmcs jmavcrsdt`mas-Hcx`jma4090.


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Bdrauls Luscul. ml ûlb dan tfc Ofàcsc Luscul bmtf mg tfcl amwdnncn tm tfc Our`ms`t`cs dt tf`s ochcbrdtcn cstdbh`sflcat, drc dttrdotàk d vdst ncdhmg pubhò dttcat`ma. Kcacrdh ml `s tfc wmancr mg tfc dkc, dan Ofàd ds `t `s,cxochs cvcrytfàk. _dhmma pcrgmrldaocs dgtcramma dan cvcaàk omlcny dan gdroc

tmkctfcr.

Z>6\

Kcacrdh ml fulp, Ofdrhcs _fcrwmmn _trdttma (46?6-466?), wds mahy 492ol tdhh. Fc bcodlc gdlmus tfrmukf f`s om-mpcrdt`ma w`tf Bdraul. fc OfàcscLuscul sfmwcn d Ofàcsc gdl`hy à Ofàcsc ohmtfàk surrmuancn by Ofàcscgura`turc, cto.

_cdsmadbhc Dlusclcats Wcry h`vchy dan ccot`vc catcrtdàlcats drc amw tm bcgmuan dt Bdrauls Luscul. Ofdrhmttc clphc, pcrgmrlcn tf`s cvcaàk, w`hh nrdwd ormwn. ^c omlò p`cocs tf`s dgtcramma drc `rrcs`st`bhc. ^c Luscul `s dhwdysdttrdot`vc.Z>0\

@a tfc ldemr`ty mg tfc dnvcrt`sclcats mg can 4639 / bckàaàk 4634 tfcpubhòs dttcat`ma `s nrdwa tm tfc tfcdtrc s`nc mg tfc luscul. fc pcrgmrldaoc mgOfdrhmttc clphc `s typòdh mg tfc jàn mg catcrtdàlcat tfca dpprco`dtcn. f`sphdy wds bdscn ma d amvch by _usdaad Rmwsma (4;72-462>) grml 4;04. Dhtfmukfmr`kàdhhy pubh`sfcn à Cakhdan, tf`s sm-odhhcn scnuot`ma amvch `s ofdrdotcr`stò mgcdrhy Dlcròda h`tcrdturc. f`s s tfc stmry dbmut d sofmmhk`rh wfm s bcàk scnuocnby d smhn`cr. _fc kcts prckadat dan fc dbdanmas fcr. Mg omursc amtfàk but l`scryw`hh omlc mg tf`s dan uht`ldtchy sfc omlcs tm d adsty can. m ldjc tfc wfmhc lmrcdttrdot`vc tfc v`hhdà tmm `s lcctàk da uaphcdsdat can. Cdrhy Dlcròda h`tcrdturcjamws d hdrkc aulbcr mg amvchs dan phdys bdscn ma tf`s tfclc dan tfcy wcrccdkcrhy pcrgmrlcn à Bdrauls Luscul.

>6 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Amvclbcr 29, 4639.>0 Acw Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Edaudry 7, 4634.

G`kurc >5 Bdrauls

Dlcròda Luscul, Acw

Pmrj 4634 (drt`st uajamwa)


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cdrs mg Emy. Pmu lust sfcn tcdrs ymu odaamt fchp t dt tfc pcrgmrldaocs a tfcldka`fflocat _dhmma mg Bdrauls Luscul. @a tfc cvcaàk, Ldnchdàc `s d lmrdh

phdy, sm tmuofàk dan sm bcdut`guh bcst ourc gmr nruajcaacss à tfc wmrhn. @a tfcdgtcramma, E`l Ormw Ròc wmuhn ldjc da dakch hdukf f`s wàks m. Eust try bmtf.

_cc dan bch`cvc.

Z39\

E`l Ormw Ròc, fmlds Ndrtlmutf Ròc (4696-4679) wds d bhdoj làstrch.@t `s amt jamwa wfdt _ofh`cldaa rcdhhy sdw à Bdrauls Luscul. Kcacrdh

ml fulb lust fdvc bcca tfcrc, but ac`tfcr fc amr mac mg f`s gchhmw dttrdot`masldnc camukf mg da `lprcss`ma ma f`l tm ldjc `t àtm f`s emuradh.

@a day odsc, _ofh`cldaa n`n amt scc Bhdoj làstrchs à Bdrauls Luscul.Gmr tfcl fc wcat tm Gchhmws Mpcrd Fmusc wfcrc fc sdw Gchhmws Làstrchs. fcscwcrc tfc fcyndys mg tfc Bhdoj Làstrchs, sldhh krmups mg wf`tc lca tmuràk tfcomuatry dan w`tf bhdojcacn gdocs catcrtdààk tfc ormwns cvcrywfcrc w`tf emjcsdan smaks.34fcy phdycn tm d wf`tc dun`caoc mahy dan à kcacrdh tfc`r suoocss wds

nuc tm tfc rdo`dh odròdturc tfcy pmrtrdycn ma stdkc, wfòf wds sm wchh jamwa bytfc`r pubhò. _ofh`cldaa wds dhsm amt `lprcsscn by tf`s, prmbdbhy bcodusc grcsfgrml Curmpc, fc n`n amt dpprco`dtc tfc `ldkc mg tfc of`hn`sfhy stup`n ackrm wfmomuhn sàk suof hmvchy smaks.

D Curmpcda mr`kà wds by tfc wdy am kudrdatcc tfdt upma drr`vdh à tfc S_mac omuhn amt `llcn`dtchy gdhh prcy tm rdo`st gcchàks. [fca tfc _w`ss kcmhmk`stHmu`s Dkdss`z (469;-46;?) odlc gmr tfc g`rst t`lc à 46>7 àtm omatdot w`tf bhdojpcmphc, fc wds vcry put mgg, ds `s sfmwa by d hcttcr tm f`s lmtfcr5

@t wds à Yf`hdnchpf`d tfdt @ fflrst gmuan lyschg à prmhmakcn omatdot w`tf ackrmcs:

dhh tfc nmlcstòs à ly fmtch wcrc lca mg omhmr. @ oda sodrochy cxprcss tm ymu tfcpdàguh `lprcss`ma tfdt @ rcoc`vcn, cspco`dhhy sàoc tfc scat`lcat tfdt tfcy àsp`rcnà lc `s omatrdry tm dhh mur `ncds dbmut tfc omagrdtcra`ty mg tfc fulda typc dantfc ua`quc mr`kà mg mur spco`cs ... wfca tfcy dnvdaocn tfdt f`ncmus fdan tmwdrnsly phdtc à mrncr tm scrvc lc, @ w`sfcn @ wcrc dbhc tm ncpdrt à mrncr tm cdt d p`cocmg brcdn chscwfcrc, rdtfcr tfda tm nàc w`tf suof scrvòc.Z32\

Dkdss`z rcpuhs`ma wds sm krcdt tfdt fc omuhn amt `ldkàc tfdt bhdojs dan wf`tcswcrc rchdtcn tm cdof mtfcr. Ds tfcrc wcrc scvcrdh rdocs, tfcrc fdn tm fdvc bcca scvcrdhorcdt`mas. Dhtfmukf _ofh`cldaa ldjcs scvcrdh rdo`dh rcldrjs à tf`s emuradh, wcamwfcrc kct tfc `lprcss`ma tfdt tfc gcchàks wcat nccpcr w`tf f`l tfda tfc usudh

prceunòcs mg f`s t`lc.

39 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Ldrof ?4, 4634.34 _hmut 299;, 29? ^c trmmps wcrc sldhh, omlpr`sàk dbmut scvca mr c`kft, àohunàk tfc dkcat ...

^c làstrchs ldnc tfc`r mwa w`ks prào`pdhhy mg ourhcn fd`r grml ldttrcsscs mr smgds. D gcw omrjs,buracn dt kds ects mr àoàcrdtcn à da mhn tà pd`h, gura`sfcn tfc ldjc-up. _mlct`lcs tfcy bhdojcn

up w`tf burat pdpcr.32 Kmuhn 4062, 4;?.


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Dgtcr da mvcra`kft stdy à Bdht`lmrc, _ofh`cldaa acxt trdvchs tm [dsfàktma.Dkdà fc mpts fcrc gmr tfc bcst fmtch, Bdrauls, tm stdy tfc a`kft. Nuràk f`semuracy tfrmukf tfc S_ à 46>2, Ofdrhcs Nòjcas (4642-46;9) stdycn à tfc sdlcfmtch3?dan fc sdak `ts prd`scs5

^c lmst omlgmrtdbhc mg dhh tfc fmtchs mg wfòf @ fdn day cxpcr`caoc à tfc Sa`tcn_tdtcs, dan tfcy wcrc amt d gcw, `s Bdrauls, à tfdt o`ty ZBdht`lmrc\5 wfcrc tfcCakh`sf trdvchhcr w`hh fflan ourtdàs tm f`s bcn, gmr tfc fflrst dan prmbdbhy tfc hdstt`lc à Dlcròd (tf`s `s d n`sàtcrcstcn rcldrj, gmr @ acvcr usc tfcl): dan wfcrcfc w`hh bc h`jchy tm fdvc camukf wdtcr gmr wdsfàk f`lschg, wfòf `s amt dt dhh domllma odsc.Z3>\

D v`s`t tm tfc Yrcs`ncat

Maoc à [dsfàktma, _ofh`cldaa wcat tm tfc Odp`tmh tm h`stca tm d emàt lcctàkmg tfc _cadtc dan tfc Fmusc mg Rcprcscatdt`vcs. Mac mg tfc `tcls ma tfc dkcandtfdt ndy wds tfc r`mts tfdt fdn tdjca phdoc à Bmstma amt hmak dkm.

@a 4639 tcas`mas stdrtcn tm r`sc bctwcca prm- dan dat`-shdvcry stdtcs. Cxtrdprmbhcls drmsc wfca Odh`gmra`d wdatcn tm emà tfc Sa`ma. @a mrncr tm prcvcat dgurtfcr csodhdt`ma mg tfc prmbhcls, tfc 4?tf Yrcs`ncat mg tfc S_, L`hhdrn G`hhlmrc(4699-46;>) gmrluhdtcn w`tf d gcw omag`ndats fc Omlprml`sc mg 4639. @a tf`somlprml`sc dlmakst mtfcrs tfc catry mg Odh`gmra`d àtm tfc Sa`ma wds drrdakcndan d hdw wds prmluhkdtcn wfòf gmrbdnc tfc fchpàk mg shdvcs wfm fdn ghcn tmtfc Amrtf, tfc sm-odhhcn Guk`t`vc _hdvc Dot. f`s hdttcr dot à pdrtòuhdr lct d hmt mg

mppms`t`ma mg tfc amrtfcracrs. [fca ma 23 Motmbcr 4639 twm smutfcra ldrsfdhsdrr`vcn à Bmstma tm omhhcot d shdvc wfm fdn ghcn tfcrc, tfc ghdlc wds `ka`tcn5

Bmstma, _uandy, Mot 2;.

Dt dbmut fdhg-pdst > mohmoj ycstcrndy lmraàk, [.E. Ja`kft, wfm `s dhhckcn tmbc d shdvcodtofcr grml Kcmrk`d, wds drrcstcn by Ncputy _fcr` Rukk, ma d wr`t

gmr shdancr. ^c wr`t dhhckcs tfdt Ja`kft ofdrkcn [`hh`dl Ordgts, d o`t`zca mgLdssdofusctts, w`tf bcàk d shdvc, tm tfc ndldkc mg f`s busàcss dan nctr`lcat mgf`s ofdrdotcr, a tfc sul mg $ 49,999. Ja`kft wds tdjca tm Lr. Rukks moc, wfcrcd krcdt ormwn smma dssclbhcn, omlpmscn mg wf`tcs dan bhdojs. Dbusc wds fcdpcnupma tfc pr`smacr, but am v`mhcaoc mcrcn. Ja`kft, dgtcr rcldààk à oustmnydbmut fdhg da fmur mbtdàcn bd`h à $ 49,999, dan wds sct dt h`bcrty. ^`s `s sd`ntm bc mac lmvclcat mg d scr`cs by tfc mppmacats mg tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc Hdw tm rcancr`ts cxcout`ma ds mbamx`mus ds pmss`bhc. c Omll`ttcc mg W`k`hdaoc fdvc fdn scvcrdhscss`mas, dan fdvc, `t `s sd`n, rcsmhvcn tm àv`tc tfc suspcotcn guk`t`vc shdvc sccjcrs tmhcdvc tfc O`ty gmrtfw`tf. _m gdr, am dttclpt fds bcca ldnc tm drrcst d guk`t`vc. cwdrrdats h`c ncdn a tfc Ldrsfdhs moc. c cxo`tclcat s krcdt. Lday sdy tfc hdwsfmuhn bc cagmrocn, wf`hc mtfcrs sdy tfdt t sfdhh amt. D aulbcr mg guk`t`vcs, gcdràktfcy odaamt bc prmtcotcn, fdvc flcn tm Odadnd.Z33\

3? _ofh`cldaa sdw Nòjcas ma > Edaudry 4676. _cc rd`hh 400?, 74-7?.

3> Nòjcas 460;-409?, Wmh VVW@@@, 47?33 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Motmbcr 26, 4639.


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@a tfc can [`hh`dl dan f`s w`gc Chhca Ordgt37 n`n amt stdy à Bmstma. @aNcoclbcr 4639 tfcy ghcn tm H`vcrpmmh wfcrc tfcy krcw àtm hcdnàk g`kurcs àtfc dat`-shdvcry lmvclcat. @a 4679 tfcy pubh`sfcn tfc`r dnvcaturcs ds Ruaaàk dtfmusdan l`hcs gmr grccnml.

[c sfdhh dhwdys ofcr`sf tfc nccpcst gcchàks mg krdt`tunc tm tfc W`k`hdaoc Omll`ttccmg Bmstma (upma wfòf wcrc lday mg tfc hcdnàk dbmh`t`ma`sts), dan dhsm tm muraulcrmus gr`cans, gmr tfc vcry jàn dan ambhc ldaacr à wfòf tfcy dss`stcn us tm

prcscrvc mur h`bcrt`cs dan tm csodpc grml Bmstma, ds `t wcrc h`jc Hmt grml _mnml,tm d phdoc mg rcgukc, dan ffladhhy tm tf`s truhy grcc dan khmr`mus omuatry: wfcrc amtyrdat, hct f`s pmwcr bc cvcr sm dbsmhutc mvcr f`s pmmr trclbhàk vòt`ls dt fmlc,ndrc omlc dan hdy v`mhcat fdans upma us mr upma mur ncdr h`tthc bmys, dan rcnuocus tm tfc hckdh hcvch mg tfc bcdst tfdt pdr`sfcs. Z3;\

@t w`hh bc ohcdr tfdt prmpmacats mg shdvcry v`cwcn tf`s dot`ma tmtdhhy n`ggcrcat.

fc shdvc stdtcs ncldancn tfdt smlctfàk sfmuhn bc nmac. Dgtcr damtfcr suofào`ncat moourrcn à Bmstma ma 46 Gcbrudry 4634, G`hhlmrc gcht mbh`kcn tm ldjcd prmohdldt`ma5

... tm tfc can tfdt tfc dutfmr`ty mg tfc hdws ldy bc ldàtdàcn, dan tfmscomaocracn à v`mhdtàk tfcl brmukft tm `llcn`dtc dan oman`ka pua`sflcat, @fdvc `ssucn tf`s ly prmohdldt`ma, odhhàk ma dhh wchh n`spmscn o`t`zcas tm rdhhytm tfc suppmrt mg tfc hdws mg tfc`r omuatry, dan rcqu`ràk dan omlldanàk dhhmocrs, o`v`h dan l`h`tdry, wfm sfdhh bc gmuan w`tfà tfc vòà`ty mg tf`s mutrdkc,tm bc d`nàk dan dss`stàk, by dhh lcdas à tfc`r pmwcr, à quchhàk tf`s dan mtfcrsuof omlbàdt`mas, dan dss`stàk tfc Ldrsfdh dan f`s Ncput`cs a rc odpturàk tfc

dbmvclcat`macn pr`smacrs.Z36\

fc hdw `s tfc hdw dan grccn shdvcs sfmuhn bc rcodpturcn. fcrcs am csodpcgrml tfdt. [`tf tf`s prmohdldt`ma tfc ldttcr wds fmwcvcr amt rcsmhvcn. Rcs`stdaoctm tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc Dot rcldàcn f`kf, dhsm dlmak tfc Rcprcscatdt`vcs. @t wdsmac mg tfc lday ncbdtcs ma tf`s subecot tfdt _ofh`cldaa dttcancn ma Gr`ndy 24Gcbrudry 4634.30

@a f`s rcpmrt _ofh`cldaa lcat`mas d aulbcr mg _cadtmrs5 Fcary Ohdy (4;;;-4632), _cadtmr mg Jcatuojy. Ohdy wds d suppmrtcr mg tfc

dbmh`t`ma mg shdvcry a tfc hmak tcrl. m ldàtdà tfc pcdoc bctwcca suppmrtcrs

dan mppmacats, fc bcodlc mac mg tfc gmrluhdtmrs mg tfc Omlprml`sc mg4639.

Emfa Ydrjcr Fdhc (4697-46;?), _cadtmr mg Acw Fdlpsf`rc. Fdhc wds tfc g`rstscadtmr wfm turacn dkdàst shdvcry. Fc wds da mppmacat mg tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc

Dot dan ncgcancn tfc lclbcrs mg tfc Bmstma W`k`hdaoc Omll`ttcc wfm wcrcdrrcstcn à omaacot`ma w`tf tfc grccàk mg csodpcn shdvcs.

37 [`hh`dl Ordgt (462>-4099), Chhca Ordgt (4627-4604).3; ZOrdgt\ 4679, 0?.36 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Gcbrudry 29.30 Ma 4? Ldrof 4634 tfc Khdskmw [ccjhcy `lcs phdocn uancr tfc fcdnàk Rcs`stdaoc tm tfc hdw

à Bmstma, [dsfàktma, Gcb. 24, 4634 tfc cxphdadt`ma G`hhlmrc kdvc tm Omakrcss dbmut f`sprmohdldt`ma.


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Edlcs Lurrdy Ldsma (4;06-46;4), _cadtmr mg W`rkà`d. Ldsma wds mac mg tfcdutfmrs mg tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc Dot.

_tcpfca D. Nmukhds (464?-4674), _cadtmr mg @hhàm`s. Fc wds om-dutfmr mgfc Omlprml`sc mg 4639, but fc, omatrdry tm G`hhlmrc dan Ohdy, wds ma tfc

s`nc mg tfc shdvcfmhncrs. @a f`s Jdasds-Acbrdsjd Dot mg 463> fc tr`cn tm cxtcantfc pmss`b`h`t`cs mg jccpàk shdvcs.

Emfa Ndv`s (4;6;-463>), _cadtmr mg Ldssdofusctts. Fc wds da mppmacat mgshdvcry. Ds fc bchmakcn tm tfc sdlc pdrty ds G`hhlmrc, fc tr`cn tm suppmrt f`là fc Omlprml`sc mg 4639. Fc prmpmscn da dlcanlcat tm tfc Guk`t`vc_hdvc Dot à wfòf `t wds gmrb`nnca tm drrcst gmrlcr shdvcs wfm fdn bcomlcscdlca. fc dlcanlcat wds rcecotcn.

@t `s ohcdr tfdt _ofh`cldaa fcdrn da àtcrcstàk omhhcot`ma mg suppmrtcrs danmppmacats ncbdtàk. fc lcat`ma à f`s emuradh `s vcry br`cg tfmukf dan tfus mackcts tfc `lprcss`ma tfdt fc wds tfcrc lmrc gmr tfc v`cw tfda gmr tfc omatcats.

fdt sdlc cvcaàk _ofh`cldaa wcat tm scc tfc Yrcs`ncat, wfm rcoc`vcn f`lvcry omrn`dhhy dan àtrmnuocn f`l tm f`s w`gc, ndukftcr dan gdtfcr. fc gdl`hyomavcrscn w`tf _ofh`cldaa gmr da fmur dan d fdhg dan fc wds tfca àv`tcn tm stdygmr tfc rcocpt`ma tfdt tfc Yrcs`ncat fmstcn tfdt cvcaàk. Eust `ldkàc, ymu drr`vcà [dsfàktma ds d gmrc`kacr, ràk tfc bchh mg tfc [f`tc Fmusc dan drc rcoc`vcn. @gymu rchdtc tfdt stmry tm ymur gr`cans, amac w`hh bch`cvc ymu.

[fca [`hh`dl L. Odhncr @@@ à tfc a`kft grml 3 tm 7 Edaudry 40;2 kdvc f`sL`ttcradoftshcsuak à Acubujmw, amw gdlmus w`tf _ofh`cldaa rcscdrofcrs, tf`swds mac mg tfc g`rst pmàts w`tf wfòf fc sfmwcn tfdt _ofh`cldaa fdn h`cn à f`sdutmb`mkrdpfòdh wr`tàks.79 [muhn day hdny fc rcdsmacn, cvca Lrs G`hhlmrc,spcan mac dan d fdhg fmurs ofdttàk odsudhhy w`tf da uajamwa twcaty-c`kft-ycdr-mhn bmy grml Lcojhcaburk, wfca dt tfc can mg tf`s t`lc sfc wds tm catcrtdà tfc699 lmst prmlàcat o`t`zcas mg fcr omuatry=74Ds wc fdvc scca _ofh`cldaa wdsncsor`bcn à tfc pdsscakcr h`st mg tfc Dgròd/Dthdatò ds d busàcsslda grml _tYctcrsburk. @t `s tfcrcgmrc vcry h`jchy tfdt fc n`n amt àtrmnuoc f`lschg tm G`hhlmrcds da uajamwa bmy grml Lcojhcaburk but ds da `lpmrtdat busàcsslda grmlRuss`d dan tfdt wmuhn uanmubtcnhy fdvc ldnc d n`ggcrcaoc.

f`s `s fmwcvcr mahy ào`ncatdh cv`ncaoc. fc bds`s mg Odhncrs doousdt`mah`cs à tfc rcocpt`ma tfdt _ofh`cldaa ncsor`bcs. @a tfc qu`ct wmrhn mg 4634

Dlcròd suof d n`stàku`sfcn rcocpt`ma wmuhn fdvc bcca amtòcn à omatclpmrdryacwspdpcrs.72But Odhncr fds amt bcca dbhc tm gàn daytfàk à day pdpcr dbmuttf`s rcocpt`ma. f`s rcocpt`ma oda tfcrcgmrc amt fdvc tdjca phdoc, crkm tf`s `s d ohcdr

79 Gmr tfc o`roulstdaocs mg tf`s hcoturc, scc Jrusc 2944. Hunw`k 40?2, 04 fdn dhsm bcca surpr`scn bytf`s v`s`t5 [`c krm lu n`c _òfcrfc`t n`cscs euakca Ncutsofca scà, ncr jcàca Kcsdantca suoftuan brduoft uan sòf, wdfrsofcàhòf nurof Clpgcfhuakca dus Fmhhdan uatcrsttzt, nca [ck zulcrstca Ldaa ncs Hdancs bdfat!

74 Odhncr 40;2, ?>9. ^c sdlc omatcats oda dhsm bc gmuan à Odhncr 4067. Fmhnca 4003, 0 Fcàròfdhsm stmppcn à [dsfàktma, N.O., wfcrc, pmsscssàk àorcn`bhc acrvc, fc qu`zzcn Yrcs`ncat L`hhdrn

G`hhlmrc gmr da fmur dan d fdhg ma tfc comamlò stdtc mg tfc adt`ma.72 Odhncr 40;2, ?>9.


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h`c mg _ofh`cldaa. fc catry rcldàs d ldstcrp`coc mg `ts kcarc, tfc adrrdt`ma mgmutrdkcmus uatrutf w`tfà tfc scttàk mg doourdtc nctd`h.7?

[fca wc hmmj dt tfc hcaktf dan tfc phdoc mg _ofh`cldaas ncsor`pt`ma mg tf`sv`s`t, tfc qucst`ma r`scs wfy suof d ldstcrstrmjc `s sm sldhh dan àomaspòumus.But tf`s d by tfc wdy.

Fmw `lphdus`bhc `t ldy sccl tfdt _ofh`cldaa eust rdak tfc Yrcs`ncats bchh,wc sfmuhn omas`ncr tfdt tfc lurncr mg Dbrdfdl Hàomha (4690-4673) wmuhn tdjcphdoc mahy à 4673. @a 4634 tfc emb mg bcàk Yrcs`ncat mg tfc S_ wmuhn fdvc bccaomas`ncrdbhy hcss ndakcrmus tfda `t wmuhn bcomlc hdtcr. @t omuhn wchh fdvc bcca

tfdt G`hhlmrc wds d hmt lmrc dpprmdofdbhc tfda wc wmuhn cxpcot tmndy.7>

Hcts stdrt by hmmjàk wfctfcr `t omuhn bc cxpcotcn tfdt tfc rcocpt`ma lcat`macnby _ofh`cldaa fdn tm bc lcat`macn à mac mg tfc acwspdpcrs. [ds tf`s rcdhhy suofda cxocpt`madh moods`ma=

Ma 29 Gcbrudry, d ndy bcgmrc _ofh`cldaa lccts tfc gdtfcr mg tfc Yrcs`ncat, fcRuthdan Fcrdhnpubh`sfcs d sfmrt `tcl tfdt `s `lpmrtdat gmr us5

7? Odhncr 4067, 2>.7> Bdrrc 4637, >9? ^crc s d ua`gmrl`ty dbmut tfc ldaacrs mg Lr. G`hhlmrc tfdt `s str`jàkhy lda`gcst.

@a tfc wf`tc fmusc, à tfc o`ty, dlmak f`s gr`cans, à tfc qu`ct scohus`ma mg fmlc, làkchàk w`tf f`s

gchhmw o`t`zcas, mr dlmak tfc ormwacn fcdns mg Curmpc, fc `s tfc sdlc phdà, uamstcatdt`mus, dl`dbhc,dan pmh`sfcn kcathclda.

G`kurc 35 L`hhdrn G`hhlmrc

(4699-46;3), pfmtm by L.B.

Brdny, o. 4633-4673


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^c gdtfcr mg Yrcs`ncat G`hhlmrc, c`kfty ycdrs mg dkc, drr`vcn dt tfc [f`tc Fmusc maGr`ndy cvcaàk, wf`hc tfc Yrcs`ncat wds fmhnàk f`s usudh Gr`ndys hcvcc.Z73\

[c amw jamw amt mahy gmr ocrtdà tfdt _ofh`cldaa omuhn fdvc lct G`h hlmrcsgdtfcr, lmrc `lpmrtdathy wc jamw tfdt tfc Yrcs`ncat fchn d rcocpt`ma cvcry Gr`ndycvcaàk. [fdt cxdothy wcrc tfc oman`t`mas ma wfòf mac omuhn bc dnl`ttcn tm tfcYrcs`ncat nmcs amt bcomlc ohcdr grml tf`s lcssdkc. D gcw ndys dgtcr _ofh`cldaasv`s`t fmwcvcr smlctfàk fdppcas à tfc G`hhlmrc gdl`hy ds d rcsuht mg wfòf tfcYrcs`ncat odaochs f`s rcocpt`mas. Fc daamuaocs tf`s tm cvcrybmny v`d d lcssdkc àtfc Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buacmg 2; Gcbrudry5

@a omascqucaoc mg tfc rcocat ncocdsc dt _danusjy O`ty, Mf`m, mg tfc s`stcr mg Lrs.G`hhlmrc, tfc Yrcs`ncats rcocpt`mas fdvc bcca n`somatàucn gmr tfc rcldàncr mgtfc scdsma.Z77\

Ds tfc Yrcs`ncat àgmrlcn f`s guturc v`s`tmrs v`d tfc acwspdpcrs, tfc `ncd `sorcdtcn tfdt tf`s wds d vcry hdrkc krmup tfdt omuhn amt bc rcdofcn à pcrsma. Dands am ndy `s lcat`macn ma wfòf tfc Yrcs`ncat oustmldr`hy fchn f`s rcocpt`mas, tfc`lprcss`ma `s k`vca tfdt fc omuhn dssulc tfdt cvcry rcdncr jacw tfdt tf`s wds mad Gr`ndy.

fc gdot tfdt tfc wfmhc omuatry jacw tfdt mac omuhn scc tfc Yrcs`ncat ma dGr`ndy `s dhsm sfmwa by d sfmrt drtòhc tfdt tfc _dordlcatm rdasor`ptdnmptcn grmltfcDhbday Emuradh5

^c cn`tmr mg tfc Dhbday Emuradh, à wr`tàk grml [dsfàktma, lcat`mas fdvàklct dt tfc Yrcs`ncats hcvcc, ma Gr`ndy cvcaàk, twm s`stcrs mg L`tofchh,Z7;\tfc @r`sf

Ydtr`mt.Z76\

Dhtmkctfcr, `t sccls tfdt tfc rcocpt`ma tm wfòf _ofh`cldaa wds dnl`ttcnwds hcss `lpmrtdat tfda _ofh`cldaa dan Odhncr tfmukft. @t sccls h`jchy tfdt_ofh`cldaas v`s`t tm G`hhlmrc wds gmr tfc Yrcs`ncat d amrldh Gr`ndy v`s`t, dhbc`ttfdt tf`s Russ`da lcrofdat drr`vcn 09 làutcs cdrhy. Ds d pmh`tc lda, tfc Yrcs`ncatrcoc`vcn tf`s cdrhy drr`vdh dan tdhjcn tm f`l uat`h tfc mtfcr v`s`tmrs drr`vcn.70

73 ^c Ruthdan Fcrdhn, Gcbrudry 29, 4634.77 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Gcbrudry 2;, 4634. Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Ldrof 4?, 4632 Yrcs`ncat`dh

Hcvccs. [dsfàktma, Gr`ndy, Ldrof 42, 4632 ^c Adt`madh @atchh`kcaccr stdtcs tfdt tfc Yrcs`ncat`dhhcvccs drc tm bc n`somatàucn dgtcr tm-a`kft.

7; Emfa L`tofch (4643-46;3)76 _dordlcatm rdasor`pt, ?9 Dpr`h 4639.70 Bdrrc 4637, ?6; @a tfc nmlcstò o`rohc, tfc dl`db`h`ty mg f`s tclpcrdlcat sfàcs lmst omaspòumushy.

Bdrrc 4637, ?60 Am lda oda bc gmr da fmur à f`s prcscaoc, w`tfmut bcomlàk `lprcsscn w`tf tfcbch`cg tfdt fc hmvcs f`s gchhmw lca. @t sccls tfdt tfc mppmrtua`ty tm v`s`t tfc prcs`ncat rcldàcnhmakcr pmss`bhc tfda mac wmuhn cxpcot. Hdtc 4026, cdrhy 4020 tfc Kcrlda omllua`st Ckma CrwàJ`sf (4663-46>6) trdvchhcn tfrmukf tfc S._. Dbmut f`s cxpcr`caocs nuràk tf`s emuracy fc pubh`sfcnà 40?9 d bmmj5 Ydrdn`cs Dlcr`jd. @a `t fc tdhjs dlmak mtfcrs dbmut f`s v`s`t tm Yrcs`ncat EmfaOdhvà Ommh`nkc (46;2-40??). [cr sòf hdakwc`ht à [dsfàftma ... kcft ul cà W`crtch càszul Yrs`ncatca ncr Wcrcà`ktca _tddtca uan softtcht `fl n`c Fdan. Lda brduoft sòf aur `lWmrz`llcr ncs Cxcout`vc Moc càzusofrc`bca ... uan ndrg sòf càrc`fca à nca Uuk, ncr sòf

hdaksdl kckca nca Odbàct Rmml vmrwrts bcwckt. @ wmuhn h`jc tm tfdaj Krcth Bhjc gmr pmàtàkmut tf`s tm lc.


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... [`c Nu wc`t sof`tc òf lòf dl 26 Ncobr. à H`vcrpmmh adof Acw Pmrjcà. Dbcr adofncl w`r 04/

2dkc dug _cc wdrca, brdof uas n`c Ndlpgldsofàc u

mbkhcòf sofma 4699 cakh Lc`hca vma Cakhdan catgcrat lutca w`r uljcfrca uhdaktca dl 22 Edaudr w`cncr a Omrj a @rhdan da. @of kàk vma nmrt bcr Nubhà,

H`vcrpmmh, Hmanma & Datwcrpca adof Dlstcrndl zuroj u. sof`tc lòf dl 4Gcbr à H`vcrpmmh dug ncl Ndlpgbmmtc Dgròd adof Acw Pmrj cà. Adof càcrstrl`sofca Rc`sc vma 4>4/

2dkca jdl òf dl 43 ns Lts à Acw Pmrj da u. ul

n`cs fcrrhòfc Hdan afcr jcaaca zu hcraca kàk òf dl 29 ns bcr Yf`hdnchpf`d& Bdht`lmrc adof [dsfàktma, wm òf dl dkc ndrdug dajdl. @of bcsuoftc f`crbcrc`ts vcrsof`cncac Ldhc n`c _`tzuakca ncs _cadts u ncr Ncput`crtca-Jdllcr lOdp`tmhùl, bcsuoftc nca Yrs`ncatca ncr Wcrcà`ktca _tddtca, ncr lòf à scàcGdl`h`c càgfrtc, gufr kcstcra adof ncl Bcrkc Wcrama wm ncr krmc [dsfàktmabckrdbca h`ckt, ncl n`cs Hdan scàc Grc`fc`t, n`csc _tdnt dbcr `frc Kranuak u`frca Adlca vcrndajt u òf jdaa N`r kdr aòft sdkca, w`c scfr òf lòf f`crbchust`kc u. w`c khojhòf òf lòf `l sofaca Dlcròd gfhc. Nca càh`ckcanca

Bdadaca-_trduof pflojtc of kcstcra bc`l Ghussc Ymtmldo dug ncl Bcrkc Wcramadug ncl Krdbc vma [dsfàktma. Nràkcan b`ttc òf Nòf, sofòjc smkhcòf bcyNurofhcsuak n`csca Br`cg zusdllca l`t ncl Bdadadazwc`kc zur _ofwcstcr àW`ppcrmw u. crsuofc n`cschbc nca Uwc`k zu lcàcl Dancajca u. dhs dh`slda

gr sòf schbst dugzubcwdfrca. -Lmrkca wmfac òf w`cncrul nca _`tzuakca `lOdp`tmhùl bcy u lmrkca Dbcan ul 3 Sfr gdfrc òf adof Yf`hdnchpf`d, wmòf lòf wmfh 2 dkc dugfdhtca u. bchust`kca wcrnc. Dl 2; ns bà òf w`cncrà Acw Pmrj u dl 26tca ns bà òf l`t ncl Ndlpgbmmtc Orcscat O`ty adofOfdkrcs dug ncr Hdancakc vma Ydadld. @of bcrsofrc`tc n`c kcb`rk`kc Hdancakcdug Lduhcscha u. sof`c lòf dl 43. Lrz l`t ncl Ndlpgbmmtc Odh`gmra`dadof _da Grdao`som cà. @a hctztcrcl Mrtc bhc`bc òf wmfh cà`kc [mofca u. kcfc

ndaa pcr Ndlpgcr adof Odatma à Ofàd u sptcr bcr Mstàn`ca, Drdb`ca u.Ckyptca adof Curmpd zuroj.Z;4\N`csc Rc`sc fdt l`r sofma tduscanc kcjmstct uw`rn l`r amof v`chc tduscanc jmstca, dbcr n`c v`chca atzhòfca Jcaata`ssc uCrgdfruakca n`c òf bcy ecncl _ofr`ttc càsdllchc sàn uabczdfhbdr ... Cs `stf`cr càc dgròda`sofc F`tzc u lda sofw`tzt sofrcojhòf wcaa lda `l naaca_mllcrrmojc duskcft. Sl n`csca Br`cg sòfcr da Nòf kchdakca zu hdca, sofh`ccòf ncaschbca adof _t. Yctcrsburk bcy. @of bà scfr wmfh, wcrnc dbcr hc`ncr scfrnòj uatcr ncl sckacanca Càfluc ncs fcrrhòfca Oh`lds u ncr wuancrsofaca_pc`sca. A`c a lcàcl Hcbca fdbc of sm fcrrhòfc Dustcra kckcca dhs f`cr. Càca

kdazca _ofcch Dustcra jdaa lda f`cr gr gagzcfa _`hbcrkrmsofca jdugca. Lda`t f`cr n`c Dustcra a`cldhs rmf u `llcr kcbrdtca, kcslmrt mncr càkcldoft ...Z;2\

_m _ofh`cldaa `s amt ma f`s wdy tm Odh`gmra`d tm wmrj tfcrc à tfc kmhn g`chns.@t sccls tfdt fc fds k`vca up tfc tfmukft mg àvcstàk f`s lmacy à tf`s acw stdtc._da Grdao`som `s am lmrc tfda damtfcr stmp ma d wmrhn tmur.

Ma tfc gmhhmwàk Lmandy, ds _ofh`cldaa wrmtc à f`s emuradh, Omakrcssncbdtcn tfc ofcdp-pmstdkc b`hh.;?

;4 Lcycr 4070, 443 _càc Rc`schust adof grclnca Hancra ht fl adof ncr dancrca _c`tc ncr Ydz`ffljbhòjca, adof Ofàd uan @an`ca ...

;2 ^`s hcttcr wds smhn ma 2?/2>.93.2993 à Jcttcr Juast Dujt`ma 20>, Hmt 4??4.;? D rcpmrt ma tf`s trcdtlcat oda d.m. bc gmuan à tfc Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Gcbrudry 23, 4634.


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@a Yf`hdnchpf`d fc dkdà ormsscs tfc pdtf mg Nòjcas wfca fc tdjcs d rmmlà tfc Sa`tcn _tdtcs Fmtch.;> @a tf`s tmwa, _ofh`cldaa v`s`ts dlmakst mtfcrs tfc_tdtcs pr`sma. @a tf`s pr`sma da dttclpt wds ldnc tm trdasgmrl or`làdhs by fdvàktfcl hmojcn up à smh`tdry omagàclcat gmr ycdrs. Nòjcas fdn dhsm v`s`tcn tf`s

àst`tut`ma but fc n`n amt dt dhh dkrcc w`tf _ofh`cldaa ma tfc sdhutdry cggcot mgtf`s ast`tut`ma5

Ly fflrl omavòt`ma `s tfdt, àncpcancat mg tfc lcatdh daku`sf `t moods`mas dadaku`sf sm doutc dan sm trclcanmus, tfdt dhh `ldkàdt`ma mg `t lust gdhh gdr sfmrtmg tfc rcdh`ty t wcdrs tfc làn atm d lmrb`n stdtc, wfòf rcancrs t uafflt gmr tfcrmukf omatdot dan busy dot`ma mg tfc wmrhn. @t `s ly fflxcn mpà`ma tfdt tfmsc wfmfdvc uancrkmac tf`s pua`sflcat, lust pdss àtm smo`cty dkdà lmrdhhy uafcdhtfydan n`scdscn.Z;3\

Ydadld

fcrc wcrc twm wdys tm trdvch by scd grml Acw Pmrj tm _da Grdao`som. fcmrctòdhhytfcrc wcrc tfrcc but tfc mvcrhdan rmutc wds mahy gmr tfc àtrcp`n wfm fdn tfc kutstm trdvch tfrmukf @an`da tcrr`tmry w`tf dhh tfc omaoml`tdat ndakcrs. fc sdgcst,dan hmakcst, rmutc wds v`d Odpc Fmra. f`s wds tfc rmutc _ofh`cldaas brmtfcrHunw`k fdn tdjca. D sfmrtcr rmutc wds v`d tfc Ydadld @stflus. Pmu tmmj tfc bmdttm Ofdkrcs, gmhhmwcn tfc r`vcr àhdan ds gdr ds pmss`bhc dan tfca trdvchhcn mvcrhdantm Ydadld. fcrc ymu bmdrncn d bmdt tm _da Grdao`som. Dhtfmukf tf`s rmutc wdsomas`ncrdbhy lmrc ndakcrmus, lmst gmrtuac sccjcrs tmmj `t ds `t wds sfmrtcr dan

ofcdpcr.[fca _ofh`cldaa drr`vcn à Ofdkrcs, tfc Odh`gmra`da Kmhn Rusf fdn bccakmàk gmr sm hmak dan tfc aulbcr mg pcmphc ormssàk tfc @stflus sm hdrkc tfdt `tfdn pd`n mgg tm bu`hn d rd`hwdy hàc. fc wmrj ma tf`s hàc bckda à 4639 w`tf tfcomastruot`ma mg d fdrbmur ma tfc Dthdatò Mocda acdr Dspàwdhh, amw Omha. fchmodt`ma fdn bcca ofmsca ma comamlò krmuans but `t wds dbmut tfc wmrst phdoc`ldkàdbhc tm bu`hn d rd`hwdy. fc g`rst pdrt mg tfc hàc wcat tfrmukf d swdlpwfcrc tfmusdans mg trcc truajs fdn tm bc nr`vca àtm tfc krmuan ds gmuandt`ma gmrtfc rd`hwdy hàc. @a vcry gdvmurdbhc oman`t`mas tf`s wmuhn fdvc bcca d vcry n`ggòuht

emb but tm ldjc ldttcrs wmrsc wmrj stdrtcn à tfc wrmak scdsma5

@t wds à tfc ncptf mg tfc rdày scdsma, dan tfc wmrjàk pdrt`cs, à dnn`t`ma tmbcàk omastdathy nrcaofcn grml dbmvc, wcrc gmrocn tm wdnc a grml twm tm gmur gcctmg lun dan wdtcr, mvcr tfc ldakrmvc stulps dan tdakhcn vàcs mg tfc `lpcrgcotmpcaàks out by tfc adt`vcs, wfm, w`tf tfc`r ldofctds prcocncn tfcl tm ohcdr tfc

;> _danmvdh-_trdusz 299;, 3? ^c Sa`tcn _tdtcs Fmtch, d fflvc-stmry struoturc tfdt grmatcn brmdnhy maOfcsaut _trcct, mpcacn gmr busàcss à 4626. H`tthc àgmrldt`ma surv`vcs rckdrnàk `ts odpdo`ty, buttfc s`xty-fflvc wànmws ma `ts ldà gddnc sukkcst d omlphclcat mg bctwcca mac fuanrcn dan twm

fuanrcn kucst rmmls.;3 Nòjcas 460;-409?, Wmh VVW@@@, 420.


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tfcl, dan rdkcn sm fflcrochy tfdt à d gcw wccjs sodrochy twm fuanrcn rcldàcn.^c grcsfhy-`lpmrtcn @r`sflca dan Grcaoflca dhsm sucrcn scvcrchy, dan tfcrc wds

gmuan am mtfcr rcsmuroc but tm rcsf`p tfcl ds smma ds pmss`bhc ...Z;;\

[fca _ofh`cldaa drr`vcn fcrc, mahy pdrt mg tfc rmutc fdn bcca omlphctcn.fc bu`hnàk omsts fdn fmwcvcr r`sca lmrc tfda cxpcotcn dan à mrncr tm cdrasmlctfàk amw dan tm tfus rcdssurc àvcstmrs, pdsscakcrs wcrc trdaspmrtcn mvcrtfdt pdrt mg tfc hàc tfdt omuhn bc uscn. Ma tfc wdy mut _ofh`cldaa n`n amt usctf`s trdà but fc n`n ma tfc wdy bdoj wfca fc wds g`kftàk d adsty àgcot`ma maf`s hck.

H`jc tfc pcmphc wmrjàk ma tfc omastruot`ma, tfc trdvchhcrs ormssàk tfc @stflusdhsm mgtca suggcrcn à tf`s uafcdhtfy oh`ldtc. Ma acdrhy cvcry pdsscakcr h`st tfdt

wds pràtcn à tfc Odh`gmra`d pdpcrs mg tfdt pcr`mn, tfcrc wds d adlc mg smlcbmnyfdvàk n`cn mg Ydadld gcvcr.;6

Dan tf`s wds amt tfc mahy ndakcr gdoàk tfc trdvchhcrs. @a da drcd wfcrc àsuof d rchdt`vchy sfmrt pcr`mn hmts mg pcmphc dppcdr dan wfcrc sm luof wcdhtf `strdaspmrtcn, or`lc dppcdrs ds wchh.

;; Mt`s 467;, ?3-?7.

;6 @t omaocracn fcrc bmtf ychhmw gcvcr dan ldhdr`d dan dt tfdt t`lc am n`stàot`ma wds ldnc bctwccatfcsc twm.

G`kurc 65 ^fc Ydadld rd`hrmdn à

467;, nrdwàk by G.A. Mt`s


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Da Doomuat mg tfc Krcdt Kmhn Rmbbcry

[c ZAcw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac\ fflan à tfc Ydadld _tdr mg tfc ?4st uht. ZNcoclbcr4639\ tfc gmhhmwàk nctd`hcn doomuat mg tfc krcdt rmbbcry mg kmhn nust5

Eust dgtcr mur pdpcr wds put tm prcss hdst Lmandy cvcaàk mur o`ty ZYdadld\ wdstfrmwa atm d krcdt stdtc mg cxo`tclcat by tfc rulmur tfdt tfc kmhn trdà mg Lcssrs.Udofr`ssma, Achsma & Om. à wfòf wds upwdrns mg $2,999,999 a kmhn nust, fdnbcca dttdojcn d gcw l`hcs grml tfc o`ty, by da drlcn bmny mg lca wfm suooccncn aj`hhàk mac mr twm mg tfc luhtccrs, dan ldjàk m w`tf smlc $429,999 mg trcdsurc... _mlc twcaty mr twcaty-fflvc smhn`crs wcrc mrncrcn mut, dan wcrc smma ma tfcldrof. Lr Achsma bcàk tfc fflrst tm fcdr tfc acws, fdn dhrcdny pusfcn gmrwdrn.

Grml Lr. Achsma wc kdtfcr tfcsc gdots mg tfc wfmhc dd`r. c dttdoj wds ldnc matfc pdrt mg tfc trdà, uancr ofdrkc mg _camr Dr`ds, omlpr`sàk c`kft luhcs, wfòffdn bcca uadvm`ndbhy nctdàcn à tfc o`ty tm d hdtcr fmur mg tfc ndy tfda wdsusudh. Ma drr`vàk acdr d rdaof mr mpca spdoc ma tfc rmdn jamwa ds tfc Kuydbdh,

fflvc drlcn lca, w`tf tfc`r gdocs bcslcdrcn w`tf lun mr pdàt, sprdak àtm tfcrmdn, dan mac mg tfcl sc`zàk tfc br`nhc rcà mg Dr`ds, damtfcr prcscatcn d p`stmhtm f`s brcdst dan tmhn f`l tm mrncr d fdht mg f`s trdà. _mlc fflvc mr s`x lmrc mg tfcrmbbcrs tfca sfmwcn tfclschvcs grml tfc mppms`tc s`nc mg tfc rmdn.

Ds smma ds tfc fdht wds odhhcn, Dr`ds wds rchcdscn, dan stdrtcn à d kdhhmp gmrtfc Kuydbdh amt bcgmrc, fmwcvcr, d rcvmhvcr fdn bcca sadppcn dt f`l. Dt tfcKuydbdh fc mvcrtmmj damtfcr nctdoflcat mg tfc trdà uancr ofdrkc mg _camr EmsYdrcncs, wfm, ma hcdraàk tfc pdrtòuhdrs mg tfc dd`r ... fdstcacn bdoj tm tfc socacmg tfc rmbbcry, wfcrc, pcactrdtàk àtm tfc wmmns d gcw rmns, tfcy odlc upma tfcrmbbcrs, wfm, fflràk upma tfcl wcrc à tura fflrcn upma, dan mac mg tfcl bdnhy

wmuancn by d bdhh grml Yrcncs p`stmh. Ds Lr. Y. fmwcvcr, fdn f`s mwa nctdoflcatmg luhcs tm kudrn, dan ds f`s gmroc wds cat`rchy tmm sldhh tm dhhmw mg d fmpc mgscouràk day mg tfc rmbbcrs, uat`h rcàgmrocn, fc dan f`s omlpda`mas rcemàcn tfc`rtrdà dan pusfcn ma.

Dt dbmut 6 mohmoj dt a`kft, Lr. Achsma dan f`s pdrty drr`vcn ma tfc krmuan grmltfc o`ty, but `t bcàk tmm hdtc tm ccot day dot`vc mpcrdt`mas, amtfàk gurtfcr omuhnbc nmac tfda tm stdt`ma kudrns dt tfrcc n`crcat pdsscs, wfòf `t wds tfmukftwmuhn ccotudhhy out m tfc rctrcdt mg tfc rmbbcrs, cxocpt by tfc wdy mg tfc R`mKrdanc. Odpt. Kdrr`sma, w`tf mac mr twm mtfcrs tfca rcturacn tm tfc o`ty, gmr tfc

purpmsc mg kcttàk d bmdt, dan tdjàk d stdt`ma dt tfc lmutf mg tfdt R`vcr, wfcrc

tfc pdrty jcpt wdtof tfdt a`kft, but sdw am suspò`mus pcrsmas.Ma ucsndy lmraàk dt ordoj mg ndy, Lr. Achsmas pdrty, fcdncn by Lr. BdhtdodrTuàtcrm, da cxpcr`caocn wmmnslda, stdrtcn ma tfc trd`h. ^cy fdn amt kmac gdrwfca tfcy gmuan d gcw odrtr`nkcs, dan tfca d ja`gc, dan tfca d hcttcr, dan smlcmtfcr drtòhcs: but dgtcr kcttàk smlc n`stdaoc à tfc wmmns, tfc krcdtcr n`somvcrywds ldnc mg scvca mg tfc bmxcs mg kmhn, strdppcn tmkctfcr! Fmhcs fdn bcca nukà tfc krmuan acdr by, cv`ncathy w`tf tfc àtcat`ma mg buryàk tfcl, but tfcdpprmdof mg pursucrs fdn nr`vca tfc rmbbcrs grml tfc`r purpmsc, dan tfcy wcrcmbh`kcn tm dbdanma tfc`r phuancr tm sdvc tfclschvcs grml bcàk odpturcn. [f`hcd suo`cat kudrn wds hcgt w`tf tfc rcomvcrcn trcdsurc, tfc bdhdaoc mg tfc pdrty


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pusfcn ma à fmt pursu`t, dan dgtcr tm`hàk gmr fmurs à dsocanàk tfc lmuatdàs,dan sordlbhàk tfrmukf br`drs dan brdlbhcs, ma rcdofàk d ncasc tfòjct, tfcywcrc mrncrcn tm fdht by da uajamwa vmòc.

Lr. Rda Ruaat`s dan Lr. Achsma `llcn`dtchy ofdrkcn àtm tfc tfòjct, gmhhmwcn

by tfc`r pdrty, wfca tfcy wcrc krcctcn by d vmhhcy grml tfc rmbbcrs, wfòf wdsrcturacn dt rdanml, ds mwàk tm tfc ncas`ty mg tfc uancrkrmwtf but h`tthc prco`s`mamg d`l omuhn bc mbtdàcn. ^c pursuàk pdrty bmhnhy pusfcn ma, dan dgtcrcxofdakàk mac mr lmrc vmhhcys, tfc rmbbcrs fflanàk tfclschvcs à d t`kft phdoc,tmmj tm fl`kft, hcdvàk wfdt tfcy fdn w`tf tfcl mg tfc`r `hh kmttca kdàs ma tfc

krmuan.

Ma omlàk tm tf`s spmt, tfc pursucrs n`somvcrcn trdocs mg bhmmn, dan gmhhmwàk tfctrd`h, tfcy prcscathy odlc upma d pmwcrguh ackrm gchhmw, wfmsc tf`kf fdn bccaomlphctchy sfdttcrcn by d lusjct bdhh. Fc wds `llcn`dtchy rcomka`zcn ds d gchhmwwfm drr`vcn fcrc grml H`ld ma tfc rcocat tr`p mg tfc stcdlsf`p Of`h`. Dbmut tf`s

spmt wcrc gmuan aàc oda`stcrs mg tfc kmhn nust. Hcdvàk d strmak kudrn w`tf tfcackrm, dan w`tf mrncrs tm sfmmt f`l `g day rcsouc wcrc dttclptcn, Lr. Achsmaspdrty stdrtcn tm rctura tm Kuydbdh.

Ma rcdofàk tfc Kudydbdh, `t wds gmuan tfdt _camr Dr`ds, wfm fdn twm smhn`crsw`tf f`l, dan wfm fdn rcturacn à dnvdaoc mg tfc ldà pdrty, fdn n`somvcrcnfdhg d luhc hmdn, omas`stàk mg tfrcc bmxcs mg kmhn, bur`cn acdr d sldhh brmmj.

Dgtcr scanàk bdoj d fdllmoj à wfòf tm omavcy tfc wmuancn pr`smacr tm tmwa,tfc cxpcn`t`ma dkdà sct mut à scdrof mg lmrc kmhn dan rmbbcrs. Acdr tm wfcrc_camr Dr`ds fdn n`somvcrcn tfc fdhg luhc hmdn, tfc bdhdaoc wds gmuan, suaj à d

pmmh mg lunny wdtcr.

D nctdoflcat mg tfc smhn`crs, uancr tfc omlldan mg Odpt. Bd`hy, doomlpda`cnby Lr. Lo[`tfcy, omatàucn tfc scdrof uat`h a`kft, wfca tfcy caodlpcn à tfcwmmns. Acxt lmraàk, rcsulàk tfc`r cxphmrdt`mas, tfcy odlc tm d rdaof wfcrctfcy stmppcn tm prmourc d oup mg omcc, wf`hc wd`tàk gmr wfòf, Lr. Lo[`tfcyn`somvcrcn twm lca à tfc busfcs. @astdathy k`vàk tfc dhdrl, fc omlldancn tfctwm lca tm stdan, dan ds f`s mrncrs wcrc scomancn by tfc wfmhc l`h`tdry gmroc

prcscat omvcràk tfc twm lca w`tf tfc`r hmdncn dan omojcn lusjcts, tfcy fdnam mtfcr dhtcradt`vc but tm surrcancr. ^cy prmvcn tm bc twm Of`h`das mac wf`tcdan tfc mtfcr mg @an`da bhmmn. ^c hdttcr omagcsscn tfdt tfcy tmm wcrc mg tfc bdan,dan tfdt tfc ackrm wfm fdn bcca sfmt dan odpturcn wds tfc`r Odptdà: tfdt

tfcrc wcrc tca à tfc bdan, wfòf omlpr`scn mahy Of`h`das dan Ycruv`das amDlcròdas bcàk dlmak tfcl. ^c twm pr`smacrs wcrc scourcn dan scat à tm tmwa,dan omll`ttcn tm pr`sma.

Spma tfc n`crcaoc pdrt`cs dkdà lcctàk dt tfc Kudydbdh, `t wds gmuan tfdt dhhtfc kmhn, w`tf tfc cxocpt`ma mahy gmur mr fflvc tfmusdan nmhhdrs fdn bcca rcomvcrcn dan tfdt tfrcc mg tfc rmbbcrs fdn bcca odpturcn. Mac mtfcr mg tfc bdan wds jamwatm bc wmuancn by mac mg tfc sfmts fflrcn by Lr. Ydrcncs, dan `t wds nctcrlàcntfdt wf`hc tfc ldemr`ty mg tfc pdrty sfmuhn rctura tm tmwa, d nctdoflcat mg tfcsmhn`crs sfmuhn acxt ndy rcsulc dan omatàuc tfc scdrof gmr tfc dpprcfcas`ma mgtfc wfmhc bdan.


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Ma [cnacsndy lmraàk, tfc lda sfmt by Ydrcncs ldnc f`s dppcdrdaoc dt d rdaofgmr tfc purpmsc mg kcttàk smlctfàk tm cdt, ds wchh ds tm fdvc f`s wmuans nrcsscn.^c mwacr mg tfc rdaof `llcn`dtchy ldnc pr`smacr mg f`l, dan lmuatàk f`lma d luhc dan scouràk f`l brmukft f`l, àtm tmwa dan nch`vcrcn f`l up tm tfc

dutfmr`t`cs.^csc drc tfc ldà gdots mg tfc wfmhc dd`r. ^c cxo`tclcat à mur o`ty nuràk

Lmandy cvcaàk dan tfc wfmhc mg ucsndy oda bc bcttcr `ldkàcn tfda ncsor`bcn.

^c wmuancn ackrm, wfm wds odptdà mr hcdncr mg tfc bdan `s amw à tfc o`tyFmsp`tdh, wfcrc f`s wmuan `s bcàk dttcancn tm. [c drc àgmrlcn tfdt fc fds bccaomanclacn tm bc sfmt à d vcry sfmrt t`lc, dan tfdt tfc mtfcr twm pr`smacrs drc tmbc omafflacn à tfc ofdà-kdak gmr h`gc.Z;0\

Dan wfdt tm tfàj mg tfc lurncrs tfdt _ofh`cldaa lcat`mas. fcrc `s d sfmrtbut rcldrjdbhc rcpmrt à tfcEcggcrsma`da Rcpubhòdamg 2; Ldrof5

D pdrty mg tf`rtcca pcrsmas, suppmscn tm bc pdsscakcrs à tfc Clp`rc O`ty ma fcr hdsttr`p, wcrc lurncrcn wf`hc ormssàk tfc @stflus, by d bdan mg Odrtfdkca`das69danackrmcs. Dlmak tfmsc lurncrcn wcrc twm hdn`cs dan tfrcc of`hnrca. c lurncrcrswcrc drrcstcn, dan omagcsscn tfc`r ku`ht.Z64\

Acws grml tfc Ydadld @stflus tmmj smlc t`lc tm rcdof day mg tfc Dlcròdaacwspdpcrs. fc Kdhh`pmh`s Emuradhodlc ma ? Dpr`h w`tf d nctd`hcn rcpmrt ma tfcn`somvcry mg tf`s lurncr5

Lurncrs ma tfc Ofdkrcs R`vcr.

By tfc hdtc drr`vdhs grml tfc @stflus mg Ydadld, wc rcoc`vc guhh fflhcs mg pdpcrsdan hcttcrs, dhh mg wfòf omatdà doomuats mg d fmrr`bhc lurncr omll`ttcn ma tfcOfdkrcs r`vcr, acdr tfc hdst mg Gcbrudry. ^c wfmhc @stflus wds à da àtcascstdtc mg cxo`tclcat à rchdt`ma tm tf`s omhn bhmmncn ldssdorc mg chcvca pcrsmas ...^c ldaacr à wfòf tfc uagmrtuadtc vòt`ls wcrc n`somvcrcn, wds ds gmhhmws5 D

kcathclda wds dsocanàk tfc Ofdkrcs r`vcr, tfc 2;tf mg Gcbrudry, a da mpca bmdt,wfca fc n`somvcrcn tfc bmny mg d lda dttdofcn by f`s ohmtfàk, tm d sadk à tfcr`vcr. Fc mrncrcn f`s bmdtlca tm dpprmdof tfc bmny, but dgtcr kcttàk acdr camukftm n`somvcr tfdt tfc gmrcfcdn mg tfc ncocdscn fdn bcca ohcdvcn, ds w`tf d fcdvy ja`gcmr dxc, tfc bmdtlca rcguscn tm km dhmaks`nc mg t. Yrmoccnàk up tfc r`vcr, tfc bmn`cs

mg mac, twm, tfrcc, dan gmur mtfcr lca, dan mac wmlda, wcrc dhsm n`somvcrcn a tfcr`vcr, lmst mg tfcl fdvàk bcomlc dttdofcn, by tfc`r ohmtfàk, tm sadks.

^c bmn`cs mg lmst mg tfc ncocdscn wcrc à d fmrr`n oman`t`ma. ^c catrd`hs mgscvcrdh mg tfcl fdn bcca r`ppcn mpca, ds tfcy wcrc flmdtàk ma tfc surgdoc mg tfcwdtcr, dan tfc buzzdrns wcrc gcdstàk ma tfc`r odrodsscs.

Ma d bdr eust bchmw Yàd Bhdaofc tfc kcathclda n`somvcrcn twm

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