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The The 1950s1950s
1950s BROUGHT CHANGES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE1950s BROUGHT CHANGES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE1950s BROUGHT CHANGES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE1950s BROUGHT CHANGES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE
1951 -- 1951 -- First IBM First IBM (commercial)(commercial)
Mainframe ComputerMainframe Computer
1952 -- 1952 -- Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb Test Test
1953 -- 1953 -- DNADNA Structure Discovered Structure Discovered
1954 -- 1954 -- Polio VaccinePolio Vaccine Tested Tested –– JonasJonas SalkSalk
1957 -- First Commercial 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power PlantU. S. Nuclear Power Plant
1958 -- 1958 -- NASANASA Created Created
ENIAC, first mainframe computer, ENIAC, first mainframe computer, 19451945
Automation: 1947-1957 - factory Automation: 1947-1957 - factory workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs.1.5 million blue-collar jobs.
CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: PoliticsPolitics
Election of 1952: Dwight D. Election of 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower Eisenhower
““Modern Republicanism”Modern Republicanism” Fiscal Conservative: Fiscal Conservative: sound sound
business principles, Reduce business principles, Reduce federal spending, balance federal spending, balance budget and cut taxesbudget and cut taxes
Social Moderate: Social Moderate: maintain maintain existing social and existing social and economic legislationeconomic legislation
Federal Highway Act Federal Highway Act (1956)(1956)
President President EisenhowerEisenhower (Courtesy Dwight D. (Courtesy Dwight D. Eisenhower Library)Eisenhower Library)
Ike with VP Ike with VP Nixon on the Nixon on the Links.Links.
AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Growth of Growth of SuburbsSuburbs
REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SUBURBS SUBURBS
Growth of families Growth of families (“baby boom”)(“baby boom”) Home-ownership became more affordableHome-ownership became more affordable
Low-interest mortgage loans Low-interest mortgage loans gov’t-backed & interest tax-deductablegov’t-backed & interest tax-deductable
Mass-produced subdivisions Mass-produced subdivisions Levittown – 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced homes Levittown – 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced homes William Levitt produced 150 houses per week. William Levitt produced 150 houses per week. $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.$7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.
Expressways – facilitated commutingExpressways – facilitated commuting
CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: TelevisionTelevision
Television arrived in the 50sTelevision arrived in the 50s 1946 - 7,000 TV sets in U.S.; 1960- 46,000,000 1946 - 7,000 TV sets in U.S.; 1960- 46,000,000
“vast wasteland” “vast wasteland” Common mass culture Common mass culture
Suburban middle class Suburban middle class
Beginnings of Rock MusicBeginnings of Rock Music
The The DominoesDominoes
Alan FreedAlan Freed
Bill Haley & the CometsBill Haley & the Comets
Elvis(Michael Barson Collection/Past Perfect)
U.S and Soviet aims around the worldU.S and Soviet aims around the world United StatesUnited States• Encourage democracy in other Encourage democracy in other
countries to help prevent the countries to help prevent the rise of new totalitarian rise of new totalitarian governments.governments.
• Rebuild European governments Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create to ensure stability and to create new markets for American new markets for American goods.goods.
• Reunite Germany, believing Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be more that Europe would be more secure if Germany were secure if Germany were productive and less bitter about productive and less bitter about defeat.defeat.
Soviet UnionSoviet Union• Encourage Communism in other Encourage Communism in other
countries as part of the worldwide countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the struggle between workers and the wealthy.wealthy.
• Control Eastern Europe to balance Control Eastern Europe to balance the US influence in Western the US influence in Western Europe.Europe.
• Keep Germany divided and weak, Keep Germany divided and weak, since the Germans had waged war since the Germans had waged war against Russia twice in 30 years against Russia twice in 30 years and had caused most of the 20 and had caused most of the 20 million Soviet deaths in WWII.million Soviet deaths in WWII.
Cold War Cold War Tensions Tensions
& & SocietySociety
Duck and Duck and CoverCover
1960s1960s
KENNEDY’S “NEW FRONTIER”KENNEDY’S “NEW FRONTIER” 1960 Election1960 Election
John F. Kennedy defeats Richard NixonJohn F. Kennedy defeats Richard Nixon Strength was televised presidential Strength was televised presidential
debatesdebates
New FrontierNew Frontier
Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 19601960
November 22, 1963November 22, 1963 Dallas, TexasDallas, Texas Lee Harvey Oswald—communist sympathizerLee Harvey Oswald—communist sympathizer
Warren Commission Report—Oswald acted Warren Commission Report—Oswald acted alone! alone!
Kennedy AssassinationKennedy Assassination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEVfKKjODBg
JOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETYJOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETY
Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson With assassination of Kennedy, LBJ tries to carry out his New Frontier. With assassination of Kennedy, LBJ tries to carry out his New Frontier. He passes two important pieces of legislation:He passes two important pieces of legislation:
Civil Rights Act of 1964—end racial and gender discrimination in Civil Rights Act of 1964—end racial and gender discrimination in employment opportunitiesemployment opportunities
Economic Opportunity Act—creates Job Corps—to end povertyEconomic Opportunity Act—creates Job Corps—to end poverty Johnson wins election in 1964Johnson wins election in 1964
Used theme GREAT SOCIETYUsed theme GREAT SOCIETY 4 straight Democratic Presidents4 straight Democratic Presidents
Lyndon B. Lyndon B. JohnsonJohnson
JOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETYJOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETY
The Wilderness Protection Act saved 9.1 million acres of forestland from industrial development.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act The Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests and other discriminatory methods
to deny African Americans the right to vote. Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly. The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities used public money to
fund artists and galleries. The Immigration Act ended discriminatory quotas based on ethnic origin. An Omnibus Housing Act provided funds to construct low-income housing. Congress tightened pollution controls.
Standards were raised for safety in consumer products.
FOREIGN FOREIGN AFFAIRSAFFAIRS
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 1960s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 1960s: CONTAINMENT LEADS CONTAINMENT LEADS TO VIETNAMTO VIETNAM
Bay of PigsBay of Pigs US plan to overthrow communist dictator Fidel CastroUS plan to overthrow communist dictator Fidel Castro Plan was to train and support Cuban immigrantsPlan was to train and support Cuban immigrants Total FailureTotal Failure Made USA and Kennedy look weakMade USA and Kennedy look weak
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the
1960s:1960s: CONTAINMENT LEADS TO CONTAINMENT LEADS TO VIETNAMVIETNAM
Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev Berlin WallBerlin Wall
Soviet and American Soviet and American tanks face off. tanks face off. "Checkpoint Charlie," "Checkpoint Charlie," August 1961August 1961
Berlin Wall Goes Up, August Berlin Wall Goes Up, August 19611961
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 1960s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 1960s: CONTAINMENT LEADS TO CONTAINMENT LEADS TO VIETNAMVIETNAM
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisAs close to Nuclear War as we got with the USSR.As close to Nuclear War as we got with the USSR.A week long crisis where U2 spy plane takes pictures of Soviet missiles in CubaA week long crisis where U2 spy plane takes pictures of Soviet missiles in CubaKennedy announces and says USSR must removeKennedy announces and says USSR must removeSoviet Ships sailing toward CUBASoviet Ships sailing toward CUBAUSA blockade…who will blink?USA blockade…who will blink?Soviet ships turn aroundSoviet ships turn aroundJFK redeems himself and USA looks strongJFK redeems himself and USA looks strong
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W50RNAbmy3M
Vietnam WarVietnam War
United States entered the war to stop the spread of United States entered the war to stop the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia. American leaders feared Communism in Southeast Asia. American leaders feared
that Communist forces would gain control of Vietnam. that Communist forces would gain control of Vietnam. After that, nation after nation might fall.After that, nation after nation might fall.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS:FOREIGN AFFAIRS: CONTAINMENT LEADS TO VIETNAMCONTAINMENT LEADS TO VIETNAM
LBJ LBJ ““quagmire”quagmire” Problem was N. Vietnamese Problem was N. Vietnamese
did not engage in did not engage in traditional warfaretraditional warfare
Used guerilla warUsed guerilla war Could not tell allies from Could not tell allies from
enemiesenemies Friends during day; attack Friends during day; attack
at nightat night Move to air attacksMove to air attacks
Can’t win with air attacks Can’t win with air attacks and no ground supportand no ground support
My Lai Massacre, My Lai Massacre, March 1968March 1968 My Lai Massacre was a mass murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968. It was committed by the U.S. Army soldiers
Victims included women, men, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated.
Twenty six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only Second Lieutenant William Calley Jr., a platoon leader in C Company, was convicted.
Found guilty of killing 22 villagers, he was originally given a life sentence, but served only three and a half years under house arrest.
The War at The War at HomeHome
Costs of VietnamCosts of Vietnam
By the end of the 1960s, U.S. was tired of the war and looking for a way to end this costly war
--3,000,000 Vietnamese killed--58,000 U.S. soldiers killed + 300, 000
wounded--$150,000,000, 000 spent on the war—
leads to under funded domestic program--US morale is down, trust in government
is down, and people generally lack nationalism
Space ProgramSpace ProgramFirstFirst man on Moon in 1969man on Moon in 1969
Achieves JFK goalAchieves JFK goal