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THE 1950s:
THE 1950s:
““Anxiety, Alienation, and Anxiety, Alienation, and Social Unrest” Social Unrest” ????
““Conservatism, Conservatism, Complacency, and Complacency, and
Contentment”Contentment”OROROROR
2B. Suburban Living2B. Suburban Living
SHIFTS IN POPULATION SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION,
1940-19701940-1970
19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970Central CitiesCentral Cities 31.6% 32.3% 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0% 32.6% 32.0%SuburbsSuburbs 19.5% 23.8% 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 30.7% 41.6%41.6%Rural Areas/Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4% 36.7% 26.4%Small TownsSmall Towns
U. S. Bureau of the Census.U. S. Bureau of the Census.
3a. Consumerism3a. Consumerism
1950 1950 Introduction of the Diner’s Introduction of the Diner’s CardCard
All babies were potential consumers All babies were potential consumers who spearheaded a brand-new market who spearheaded a brand-new market for food, clothing, and shelter.for food, clothing, and shelter. -- Life -- Life Magazine (May, 1958) Magazine (May, 1958)
4A. A Changing Workplace
4A. A Changing Workplace Automation:
1947-1957 factory workers decreased by 4.3%, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs.
By 1956 more white-collar than blue-collar
jobs in the U. S.
Computers Mark I (1944). First IBM mainframe computer (1951).Corporate Consolidation:
By 1960 600 corporations (1/2% of all U. S. companies) accounted for 53% of total corporate income.
WHY?? Cold War military buildup.
5A. The Culture of the Car
5A. The Culture of the Car Car registrations: 1945 Car registrations: 1945
25,000,00025,000,000 1960 1960 60,000,000 60,000,000
2-family cars doubles from 1951-19582-family cars doubles from 1951-1958
1956 1956 Interstate Highway ActInterstate Highway Act largest largest public works project in American public works project in American history! history!
Å Cost $32 billion.Cost $32 billion.
Å 41,000 miles of new highways 41,000 miles of new highways built.built.
1959 Chevy 1959 Chevy CorvetteCorvette
1958 Pink 1958 Pink CadillacCadillac
Eisenhower Interstate System
5B. The Culture of the Car
5B. The Culture of the Car
First McDonald’s First McDonald’s (1955)(1955)
America became a more America became a more homogeneous nation because homogeneous nation because of the automobile.of the automobile.
Drive-In Drive-In MoviesMovies
Howard Howard Johnson’sJohnson’s
6A. Television6A. Television 1946 1946 7,000 TV sets in the U. S. 7,000 TV sets in the U. S.
1950 1950 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S.S.
Mass Audience Mass Audience TV celebrated TV celebrated traditionaltraditional
American values. American values.
Television is a vast wasteland.Television is a vast wasteland. Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, Federal Communications Commission, 19611961
Truth, Justice, and the American way!Truth, Justice, and the American way!
7A. Teen Culture
7A. Teen CultureIn the 1950s In the 1950s the word the word “teenager”“teenager” entered entered
the American language. the American language.
By 1956 By 1956 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend 13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend a year. a year.
1951 1951 “race music”“race music” “ROCK ‘N “ROCK ‘N ROLL”ROLL”
Elvis PresleyElvis Presley “The King” “The King”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj0Rz-uP4Mk
7B. Teen Culture
7B. Teen Culture““Juvenile Juvenile
Delinquency” Delinquency” ??????
Marlon BrandoMarlon Brando inin
The Wild OneThe Wild One (1953)(1953)
James DeanJames Dean in inRRebel Without a ebel Without a
CauseCause (1955) (1955)
1951 1951 J. D. Salinger’sJ. D. Salinger’s A Catcher in the RyeA Catcher in the Rye
7C. Teen Culture
7C. Teen CultureThe “Beat” GenerationThe “Beat” Generation: :
rejection of standards, explicit rejection of standards, explicit portrayals of human conditionportrayals of human condition
f Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac On The RoadOn The Road
f Allen Ginsberg Allen Ginsberg poem, poem, “Howl”“Howl”
f Neal CassadyNeal Cassady
f William S. Burroughs William S. Burroughs ““BeatniBeatni
k”k”““Clean” Clean”
TeenTeen
7D. Teen Culture
7D. Teen Culture
Behavioral Rules of the Behavioral Rules of the 1950s:1950s:U Obey Authority.Obey Authority.
U Control Your Emotions.Control Your Emotions.
U Don’t Make Waves Don’t Make Waves Fit Fit in in with the Group.with the Group.
U Promiscuity NOT allowedPromiscuity NOT allowed
8A. Religious Revival
8A. Religious Revival Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in
the center of things.the center of things. -- -- TimeTime magazine, 1954 magazine, 1954
Church membershipChurch membership: : 1940 1940 64,000,000 64,000,000 1960 1960 114,000,000 114,000,000
Television PreachersTelevision Preachers: :
1. Catholic 1. Catholic Bishop Fulton J. SheenBishop Fulton J. Sheen “Life is “Life is Worth Living” Worth Living”
2. Methodist Minister 2. Methodist Minister Norman Vincent PealeNorman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive ThinkingThe Power of Positive Thinking
3. 3. Reverend Billy GrahamReverend Billy Graham ecumenical ecumenical message;message; warned against the evils of Communism. warned against the evils of Communism.
9A. Well-Defined Gender Roles
9A. Well-Defined Gender RolesThe The ideal modern womanideal modern woman married, cooked married, cooked
and and cared for her family, and kept herself cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out on the suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure.trampoline to keep her size 12 figure. -- -- LifeLife magazine, 1956 magazine, 1956
MarilynMarilynMonroeMonroe
The The ideal 1950s manideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house. -and the boss of the house. -- - LifeLife magazine, 1955 magazine, 1955
1956 1956 William H. Whyte, Jr. William H. Whyte, Jr. The The Organization Man Organization Man
A a middle-class, white a middle-class, white suburban suburban male is the ideal.male is the ideal.
Women in the 50s• Lost industrial jobs of wartime economy
• The modern woman could work part-time to help support family’s middle class lifestyle
• But it was expected that the suburban woman stayed home
• Even the government stated that the ability of women to stay at home “separated us from the communist world!”
• Did feminism disappear, or was it just hidden inside unhappy women?
How housing led to increased segregation
• Suburbs increased racial boundaries “white flight”• Federal agencies barred banks from giving
mortgages to non-whites –housing segregation, even though Supreme Court forbid this practice
• By 1960 Blacks represented less than 3% of population in Chicago’s suburbs
• The Housing Act authorized construction of public housing, but suburban neighborhoods successfully opposed public housing, so they were built in urban centers
• Non-whites remained in manual and unskilled jobs
• Excluded from educational opportunities at public and private universities
10A. Progress Through Science10A. Progress Through Science
1951 -- 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe First IBM Mainframe ComputerComputer
1952 -- 1952 -- Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb Test Test
1953 -- 1953 -- DNADNA Structure Discovered Structure Discovered
1954 -- 1954 -- Salk VaccineSalk Vaccine Tested for Tested for PolioPolio
1957 -- First Commercial 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. U. S. NuclearNuclear Power Plant Power Plant
1958 -- 1958 -- NASANASA Created Created
1959 -- Press Conference of the 1959 -- Press Conference of the First 7First 7 American Astronauts American Astronauts
The postwar era witnessed The postwar era witnessed tremendous economic growth and tremendous economic growth and rising social contentment and rising social contentment and conformity. Yet in the midst of such conformity. Yet in the midst of such increasing affluence and comfortable increasing affluence and comfortable domesticity, social critics expressed a domesticity, social critics expressed a growing sense of unease with growing sense of unease with American culture in the 1950s.American culture in the 1950s.
Assess the validity of the above Assess the validity of the above statement and explain how the statement and explain how the decade of the 1950s laid the decade of the 1950s laid the groundwork for the social and groundwork for the social and political turbulence of the 1960s.political turbulence of the 1960s.
Class Discussion Topic:
Class Discussion Topic: