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The Crusades The Crusades
The CrusadesThe Crusades
Importance of the Church Church and Politics
Church and Art Church and Daily
Life
The Christian Church
and Society
The kingdoms in Europe were tied by religion because nearly everyone was Christian.
Because Christianity was so important in Europe, the Christian church gained a great deal of influence.
The pope was the head of the church.
The Crusades were the wars fought between the Christians and the Muslims over the Holy Land. New goods were brought back
and trade increased between Europe and Asia.
Relations with Muslims worsened.
Painters and sculptors used religious subjects in their works.Most music and literature centered on religious themes.
Greatest examples of religious art were church buildings.
Gothic architecture is known for its high pointed ceilings, tall towers, stained glass windows.
Most people worshipped at small local churches.
Markets, festivals, ceremonies all took place at the church.
Local priests advised people how to live.
People could not read or write, they depended on the church to keep records.
Role of Church in Middle Role of Church in Middle AgesAges
Never was there Never was there a time when the a time when the Church was so Church was so powerful in powerful in Western Western CivilizationCivilization..
The Church was The Church was led by popes. led by popes. Priests and nuns Priests and nuns converted, gave converted, gave care to peoplecare to people
Role of ChurchRole of Church
Monks were Monks were spiritual leaders spiritual leaders (obviously)(obviously)
They lived in They lived in monasteries that monasteries that acted like trade acted like trade schools and schools and YMCAs YMCAs
Role of ChurchRole of Church
They spent They spent years years transcribing the transcribing the Bible since the Bible since the printing press printing press wasn’t used in wasn’t used in Europe yet.Europe yet.
Churches and Cathedrals Churches and Cathedrals during the Middle Agesduring the Middle Ages
History of Stained GlassHistory of Stained Glass
Stained glass, considered a precious object, was linked in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to the aesthetics of precious stones and metalwork; it therefore received a place of honor in the building that housed it.
Stained glass was viewed as the light that is strongly associated in the Christian religion as holy or “God-like”.
These transparent tapestries carry messages about the history of salvation and were used to tell stories, allow parents to teach children simple lessons, help theologians explain complex lessons, enable worshippers to focus on images as they meditate or pray…and, of course they light a dark church in a colorful and decorative way.
Glass was made from one part river sand and two parts from the pot-ash from dried beech-wood. How were different colors created? Well, you may not have thought about it before, but stained glass workers were chemists. Colors were created from different elements. The famous medieval blues were obtained from cobalt oxide, ruby red from copper oxide, green from iron oxide, and yellow from soot or sulfur.
Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France. Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period. Their popularity was revived, with other medieval features, during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world.
What are Rose Windows?
Rheims CathedralRheims Cathedral
Role of ChurchRole of Church
Since there were Since there were no strong no strong empires or empires or kingdoms the kingdoms the Church was one Church was one organization that organization that had respect and had respect and power.power.
Popes were more Popes were more powerful than powerful than kings!kings!
CrusadesCrusades
The The Crusades Crusades were were a series of battles a series of battles between Christians between Christians and Muslims in the and Muslims in the Middle East.Middle East.
Christian knights Christian knights wanted to take the wanted to take the Holy Land and give Holy Land and give it back to it back to ChristiansChristians
Why was Constantinople Why was Constantinople so important so important
geographically?geographically?
CrusadesCrusades
Thousands of Thousands of knights and knights and “barbarian” “barbarian” soldiers united soldiers united under Christianity under Christianity attacked Muslims attacked Muslims and Jews in Turkey and Jews in Turkey and Jerusalem to and Jerusalem to gain the land for gain the land for Christians.Christians.
The CrusadesThe Crusades
There were a total of 7 CrusadesThere were a total of 7 Crusades First Crusade began in 1095. Last one First Crusade began in 1095. Last one
ends in 1272ends in 1272 Crusaders marched to Constantinople Crusaders marched to Constantinople
killing and looting along the waykilling and looting along the way Crusaders take Jerusalem in 1099Crusaders take Jerusalem in 1099 Need Second Crusade to hold itNeed Second Crusade to hold it Jerusalem falls to Muslims in 1187Jerusalem falls to Muslims in 1187 Fourth Crusade to retake; sack Fourth Crusade to retake; sack
ConstantinopleConstantinople
Impact of the CrusadesImpact of the Crusades
Persecution of Persecution of Jews and Jews and MuslimsMuslims
Economic Economic development via development via tradetrade
Kings and popes, Kings and popes, gained power as gained power as a result.a result.
